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Journal articles on the topic 'Capillary gas chromatography screening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Soo, V. A., R. J. Bergert, and D. G. Deutsch. "Screening and quantification of hypnotic sedatives in serum by capillary gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector, and confirmation by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.2.325.

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Abstract We describe a quantitative screen for hypnotic-sedative drugs in which we use capillary gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) as the primary method and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmation. GC retention times of the acid-extracted underivatized drugs were stable (CVs less than 1%), and the detector response varied linearly over a 20-fold concentration range with a mean correlation coefficient for 11 drugs of 0.989. The limits of detection were satisfactory (0.5 mg/L in a 0.5-mL serum sample and 1-microL injection volume), as were precision (average CV 5.2% within day, 6.4% between day). The complementary use of capillary GC-MS not only unambiguously confirms presumptive peaks identified by GC, but also prevents reports of false positives and identifies compounds not included in the quantitative GC screen that may be listed in the GC-MS library.

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2

Havenga, Willem J., and Egmont R. Rohwer. "Rapid screening of rolling mill oils using high-temperature capillary gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 669, no. 1-2 (May 1994): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80345-5.

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3

Julkunen-Tiitto, R. "Chemotaxonomical screening of phenolic glycosides in northern willow twigs by capillary gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 324 (January 1985): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81312-1.

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4

Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig, Svein Ingar Semb, John Vedde, Einar Magne Brevik, and Tyge Greibrokk. "Environmental screening by capillary gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectroscopy." Chemosphere 32, no. 6 (March 1996): 1103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00013-6.

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5

Hoffmann, G., S. Aramaki, E. Blum-Hoffmann, W. L. Nyhan, and L. Sweetman. "Quantitative analysis for organic acids in biological samples: batch isolation followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.587.

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Abstract This new method for qualitative and quantitative determination of organic acids, aldehydes, and ketones in biological samples is effective for use with urine, plasma, and amniotic fluid, and it requires no deproteinization. Isolation by batch-wise liquid partition chromatography on silicic acid follows formation of the O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oximes of oxoacids, aldehydes, and ketones. The total organic acid content of the sample provides a rapid screening test for metabolic abnormality. A wide-bore, bonded-phase capillary column was used for quantitative gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, followed by automated identification and quantification. Analytical recoveries were quantitative for a wide variety of metabolites. Gas-chromatographic retention indices, discriminating ions, and control ranges in amniotic fluid, plasma, and urine of adult subjects were determined for 61 biologically important compounds.

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6

Dheer, Reema, and Surendra Swarnkar. "Pesticidal residue analysis and phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 12, 2018): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1908.

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In the present study emphasize on phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The extract of plant materials total ash content, extractive value, water soluble ash, and loss on drying values were identified. Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues, which accumulate from agriculture practices, such as spraying, treatment of soils during cultivation and administration of fumigants during storage. It is therefore recommended that every sample of medicinal plants used for such type of studies should be analyzed for the pesticidal residues. Therefore in the present study parts of the herb used for their antidiabetic potential were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, which are persistent and remain in the food chain for longer periods. The samples of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were ground coarsely and then preceded for the extraction procedure. The sample of extracts were analysed for residues of organochlorine pesticides by Gas Chromatography (GC). Analysis were carried out on a Schimadzu Model 2010 Gas Chromatograph (GC) equipped with 63 NI electron capture detector (ECD) and a capillary column HP ultra 2. The instrument was supported by Lab Solution software. The pesticide residues detected in them in the GC were within the limits. For phytochemical screening, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained were prepared and subjected to various qualitative tests in order to reveal the presence or absence of common phytopharmaceuticals by using standard tests. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Pesticidal residues, Barleria prionitis Gas Chromatography, Ash value, extractive value.

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7

C, Yogeshwari, and Kumudha P. "PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF TILIACORA RACEMOSA COLEBR. USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS)." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23361.

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Objective:The objective of this study is to characterize the phytoconstituents of Tiliacora racemosa Colebr. using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: Preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures. GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract was carried out using Thermo GC-Trace Ultra version: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ with a DB 35MS capillary standard non-polar column and gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass selective detector (MS DSQ II) with Xcalibur software.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, saponins and coumarin. Quinones, anthraquinones, glycosides and fixed oil were absent. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 28 compounds of which quinic acid (retention times [RT]: 15.65) and inositol, 1-deoxy-(CAS) (RT: 19.24) was observed as abundant compounds.Conclusion: The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the medicinal importance and it’s application for curing various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation and characterization of potential bioactive compounds would lead to drug formulation.

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8

Simpson, D., J. Greenwood, D. R. Jarvie, and F. M. L. Moore. "Experience of a Laboratory Service for Drug Screening in Urine." Scottish Medical Journal 38, no. 1 (February 1993): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309303800108.

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The use of a drug screening service has been investigated over a nine month period during which 1500 urine samples from 765 patients were analysed. Preliminary drug screening of urine samples was performed by EMIT immunoassays adapted for use on the Cobas Bio analyser; further identification and confirmation were carried out by Ton-Lab thin-layer chromatography and capillary gas chromatography. A large number of positive results were obtained for benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, methadone and opiates (mainly dihydrocodeine). Only a limited number of urines gave positive results for amphetamine and related stimulants; cocaine metabolite was rarely detected in samples. The service proved to be of considerable value in the management of drug misusers, and for the identification of new substances taken by the local population.

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9

Chia, David T., and Jeffrey A. Gere. "Rapid drug screening using toxi-lab® extraction followed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy." Clinical Biochemistry 20, no. 5 (October 1987): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(87)80076-0.

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10

BASHEER, CHANBASHA, MUTHALAGU VETRICHELVAN, AGAMPODI PROMODA P. PERERA, SURESH VALIYAVEETTIL, and HIAN KEE LEE. "OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXENE IN A SIMPLE CAPILLARY-MICROREACTOR." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 04 (August 2005): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003310.

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A simple glass capillary-microreactor for studying the epoxidation of cyclohexene is described in this paper. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve high reaction yield. The microreactor is easy to fabricate, fast and easy way for reliable catalyst screening in studying homogeneous oxidation reactions. Four different catalysts (i.e. manganese(II) and copper(II) metal complexes of Schiff and reduced Schiff base ligands) were synthesized and used. The reaction products were monitored by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The reaction performance was compared with conventional (batch scale) reaction. In both cases, catalytic activities and the product yields were found to be relatively higher for the copper(II) complexes when compared with the conventional route.

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11

dos Santos Pereira, Alberto, Silvia Albero Carbonell, Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto, Ana Claudia Fernandes do Amaral, and Roderick A. Barnes. "High-temperature gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with glass capillary columns for the screening of natural products." Journal of Chromatography A 947, no. 2 (February 2002): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01569-2.

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12

Rood, Harold D., William B. Buck, and Steven P. Swanson. "Gas Chromatographic Screening Method for T-2 Toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, Deoxynivalenol, and Related Trichothecenes in Feeds." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.3.493.

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Abstract A gas chromatographic method for screening trichothecene mycotoxins in feeds is described. Feed is extracted with acetonitrile-water, and the toxins are purified with charcoal-alumina-Celite, Florisil, and silica mini-columns. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin, and their fungal metabolites are hydrolyzed to their corresponding parent alcohols (DON, NIV, scirpentriol, or T-2 tetraol) by alkaline hydrolysis. After derivatization to their pentafluoropropionyl analogs, they are quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Identity can be confirmed and sensitivity can be increased by using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry with no additional sample workup. Recoveries of DAS, DON, and T-2 toxin averaged, respectively, 80, 65, and 85% in corn; 84, 65, and 88% in soybeans; and 70, 57, and 96% in mixed feeds at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 ppm. Recoveries of 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), HT- 2, NIV, and T-2 tetraol were 97, 97, 86, and 56%, respectively, in corn at a concentration of 0.25 ppm. A detection limit of 0.02 ppm in corn, soybeans, and mixed feeds, and 0.05 ppm in silages is estimated.

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13

Fehringer, Norbert V., and Stephen M. Walters. "Evaluation of Capillary Gas Chromatography for Pesticide and Industrial Chemical Residue Analysis. II. Comparison of Quantitative Results Obtained on Capillary and Packed Columns." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.1.90.

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Abstract Results of pesticide and industrial chemical residue determinations, using both capillary and packed column gas chromatography (GC), in 3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratories have been compiled and compared. Samples consisted of food products collected for routine residue screening by the respective laboratories. Extracts were prepared by conventional multiresidue methodology. Capillary column systems and operating conditions were selected at the discretion of each laboratory and were therefore variable, although split/splitless injectors in the split mode were used with prescribed precautions in all cases. Packed column systems were operated as specified in the FDA Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM). Overall correlation between the 2 systems, expressed as the average ratio of packed column result to capillary column result, was 0.99 for 120 determinations in 41 samples. The higher resolving power of the capillary systems allowed quantitation of several residues that were incompletely separated and therefore unquantifiable using the packed columns. Capillary column GC with the split injection technique, used with appropriate precautions, was found to be both reliable and advantageous for regulatory determination of pesticide and industrial chemical residues in foods and feeds.

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14

Pylypiw, Harry M. "Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for the Multiresidue Screening of Fruits and Vegetables for Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 6 (November 1, 1993): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.6.1369.

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Abstract A rapid and reliable method was developed for the determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. A100 g sample is extracted with a mixture of 200 mL petroleum ether and 100 mL 2-propanol. The extract is backwashed 4 times, twice with aqueous sodium sulfate and twice with 350 mL distilled water, and then dried over 15 g sodium sulfate. The dried extract is analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with selective organochlorine and organophosphorus detection. The method determines primarily nonpolar pesticides, with recoveries ranging from 81 to 114%, and has an average limit of detection of 10 ppb for both detectors.

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15

Jones, C. E., F. H. Wians, L. A. Martinez, and G. J. Merritt. "Benzodiazepines identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with specific ion screening used to detect benzophenone derivatives." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1394.

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Abstract We developed algorithms for confirmation and identification of benzodiazepines and their metabolites, initially detected in urine samples by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT). These algorithms are based on the pattern of benzophenone derivatives of benzodiazepines obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with use of a modified specific ion selection mode. Benzophenone derivatives were produced by acid hydrolysis of urine samples containing benzodiazepines and (or) their metabolites. We present mass spectra of the newer benzodiazepines--alprazolam, midazolam, and triazolam--and we determined the detection limit (0.2 mg/L) for these drugs as measured with the EMIT d.a.u. benzodiazepine assay and the ETS instrument (both from Syva Co.). We conclude that these algorithms are useful mostly in forensic toxicology in which unequivocal identification of benzodiazepines is the desired goal.

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16

Ojanperä, Ilkka, Ilpo Rasanen, and Erkki Vuori. "Automated Quantitative Screening for Acidic and Neutral Drugs in Whole Blood by Dual-Column Capillary Gas Chromatography." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 15, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/15.4.204.

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17

Coudoré, François, Jean-Marc Alazard, Monique Paire, Guy Andraud, and Jeannine Lavarenne. "Rapid Toxicological Screening of Barbiturates in Plasma by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography and Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 17, no. 2 (March 1, 1993): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/17.2.109.

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18

Zhu, Qing, Ao Fan, Yuanshan Wang, Xiaoqin Zhu, Zhao Wang, Minghuo Wu, and Yuguo Zheng. "Novel Sensitive High-Throughput Screening Strategy for Nitrilase-Producing Strains." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 19 (August 3, 2007): 6053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01089-07.

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ABSTRACT Nitrilases have found wide use in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of fine chemicals, and it is important to have a method by which to screen libraries of isolated or engineered nitrilase variants (including bacteria and fungi). The conventional methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, or gas chromatography, are tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, a direct and sensitive readout of the nitrilase's activity has to be considered. In this paper, we report a novel time-resolved luminescent probe: o-hydroxybenzonitrile derivatives could be applied to detect the activity of the nitrilases. By the action of nitrilases, o-hydroxybenzonitrile derivatives can be transformed to the corresponding salicylic acid derivatives, which, upon binding Tb3+, serve as a photon antenna and sensitize Tb3+ luminescence. Because of the time-resolved property of the luminescence, the background from the other proteins (especially in the fermentation system) in the assay could be reduced and, therefore, the sensitivity was increased. Moreover, because the detection was performed on a 96- or 384-well plate, the activity of the nitrilases from microorganisms could be determined quickly. Based on this strategy, the best fermentation conditions for nitrilase-producing strains were obtained.

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19

Pardeshi, Sushma, Anupama Kumar, and Rita Dhodapkar. "Molecular Imprinting: Mimicking Molecular Receptors for Antioxidants." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.515.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been demonstrated to be a promising class of biomimetic materials that can be tailored to meet specific end use recognition requirements. Molecular imprinting is achieved by the interaction, either covalent or non-covalent between complementary groups in a template molecule and functional monomer units through polymerization. MIPs have been widely employed for divers applications such as chiral separation, chemical sensing, catalysis, drug screening, chromatographic separations and solid phase extraction. During respiration and metabolism, human body produce free radicals as by products, which can damage genetic material, lipids and proteins leading to several fatal diseases such as Cancer, Cardio-vascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Immune dysfunction etc. Antioxidants define a family of natural or synthetic nutrients in food, which acts as free radical scavengers. They are present in complex matrix such as herbs, fruit pulp in small concentration, either combined or in free form. Although several techniques have been developed for their detection, (e.g. HPLC, Thin layer chromatography, Capillary gas chromatography, Supercritical fluid chromatography), to achieve highly specific and sensitive analysis, high affinity, stable and specific recognition agents are needed. In this review, special attention is paid to the MIPs based analytical methods for antioxidants, focusing on solid phase extraction, chromatographic and non chromatographic separations and sensing approaches as well as on novel approaches for the discovery of new imprinted materials for antioxidants.

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20

Turcant, A., A. Premel-Cabic, A. Cailleux, and P. Allain. "Screening for neutral and basic drugs in blood by dual fused-silica column chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.7.1492.

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Abstract We describe a capillary gas-chromatographic method for detection and quantification of basic and neutral drugs in the plasma of patients thought to be poisoned after dangerous overdose. Without further derivatization, the drugs are extracted from 1 mL of plasma, at basic pH, into diethyl ether. The extracts are injected onto two fused-silica capillary columns of different polarity (Ultra 1 and CP Sil 19 CB) coupled to nitrogen-phosphorus detectors. Under these conditions, drug-free plasmas give blank chromatograms, with a peak only for the internal standard (RN 927, an antihistamine not being marketed). Plasma samples from patients who have taken drugs show additional peaks, the relative retention times (RRTs) of which are used to identify the drugs. Here we list the RRTs of about 200 drugs on the two columns. Analyses are routinely performed with an automatic injector; overall analysis time is about 1 h per sample. During the last six years, more than 1000 plasma samples per year have been analyzed. We find this method a powerful tool for toxicological analysis, especially in cases of multi-drug intoxications.

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21

Leloux, Mirjam S., Ed G. De Jong, and Robert A. A. Maes. "Improved screening method for beta-blockers in urine using solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 488, no. 2 (January 1989): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82960-6.

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22

Ehresman, David J., Susan M. Price, and David J. Lakatua. "Screening Biological Samples for Underivatized Drugs Using a Splitless Injection Technique on Fused Silica Capillary Column Gas Chromatography*." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 9, no. 2 (March 1, 1985): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/9.2.55.

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23

Brumley, William C., Andrew H. Grange, Virginia Kelliher, Dennis B. Patterson, Alice Montcalm, Jack Glassman, and John W. Farley. "Environmental Screening of Acidic Compounds Based on Capillary Zone Electrophoresis/Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection with Identification by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.5.1059.

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Abstract This paper describes the application of capillary zone electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence detection (CZE/LIF) to the discovery of acidic compounds in environmental matrixes or the screening of extracts for acidic components. Published studies indicate that coal-derived materials contain a significant fraction of acidic compounds relative to materials derived from petroleum and shales. Such compounds may be useful as marker compounds for site assessment and source apportionment issues, and their identification may be important in toxicological and other health issues. We used deep-UV light from the frequency-doubled Ar ion laser at 244 and 257 nm to study extracts of samples. The CZE/LIF technique possesses good sensitivity and therefore overcomes one of the limitations of CZE with UV detection. The present work depends on high pressure/temperature solvent extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA)-contaminated soil, followed by separation using CZE. The anionic analytes were separated by using borate or phosphate buffer (pH 9.2–12.3) after a chemical class separation. Samples were also characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using full scans at low resolution, and elemental compositions were determined unequivocally by GC/high-resolution MS (GC/HRMS) using mass peak profiling (MPP). The similarity of low-resolution electron ionization mass spectra for a standard, 1-hydroxypyrene, and for a series of compounds in a contaminated-soil extract suggested that several types of phenolic and hydroxy-PNAs were present, including hydroxylated derivatives of fluorenes, fluoranthenes, and pyrenes. GC/HRMS using MPP confirmed the elemental compositions of the hydroxyfluorenes and hydroxypyrenes (and presumably hydroxyfluoranthenes) as [C13H10O] and [C16H10O], respectively. A new version of the MPP software was written for the Finnigan-MAT 900S-Trap and was similar to that developed previously for the VG 250SE. Inclusion of a calibration ion in addition to a lock mass ion in the multiple-ion detection descriptor provided errors of <1 ppm for the 3 partial profiles of the analytes. A mass resolution of 31 000 was used to resolve the analyte signals from interferences evident in the full M+1 and M+2 profiles in the case of the hydroxyfluorenes. Derivatization was also performed to form the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of phenolic hydroxy groups as a further confirmation of structure.

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24

Manca, D., L. Ferron, and J. P. Weber. "A system for toxicological screening by capillary gas chromatography with use of a drug retention index based on nitrogen-containing reference compounds." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.601.

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Abstract Capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection allows rapid screening of numerous drugs of toxicological interest. However, for accurate identification of individual peaks, the system must be well calibrated, e.g., through the use of retention indices (RI). To overcome problems associated with the use of RI's based on homologous series determined with nitrogen-specific detectors, we have developed an RI reference system based on molecular masses and retention times of nitrogen-containing compounds. The standards chosen are easily available in highly purified form and can be detected by the unmodified nitrogen-specific detector. By using temperature programming, we can obtain a linear relationship between the molecular masses of standards and their retention times. Used in conjunction with microcomputer data handling, this screening system is rugged and reliable, operating 22 h per day. In the past two years, we have screened greater than 3000 samples (blood, serum, urine, gastric lavage) without major problems.

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25

Sharp, M. E. "Evaluation of a Screening Procedure for Basic and Neutral Drugs: N-Butyl Chloride Extraction and Megabore Capillary Gas Chromatography." Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 19, no. 2 (January 1986): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085030.1986.10757404.

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26

Ichrak, Ghalbane, Belaqziz Rim, Ait Said Loubna, Oufdou Khalid, Romane Abderrahmane, and El Messoussi Said. "Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils from Thymus satureioides and Thymus pallidus." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 10 (October 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601025.

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This study was designed to examine the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils (EOs) of Thymus satureioides ( T.s) and T. pallidus ( T.p). EOs were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents of the volatile fraction of T. satureioides were borneol (29.5%), carvacrol (9.1%), and β-caryophyllene (8.2%), while those of T. pallidus were camphor (29.8%), dihydrocarvone (17.6%), borneol (7.6%) and camphene (7.5%). The essential oils were tested against a panel of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria by using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The data indicated that the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive strain producing an average inhibition zone of 51.7 mm. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known as a resistant strain, was also sensitive. The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The IC50 values of the oil of T. satureioides and T. pallidus were 0.32 and 11.6 mg/mL, respectively.

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27

Taylor, Sue G. "General Method for Determination of Pesticides in Soil Samples from Pesticide Mixer/Loader Sites." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.5.878.

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Abstract A method was developed using gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) for the general pesticide screening of soil samples from mixer/loader sites. Samples were extracted in methanol-acetone in a sonicator and concentrated before analysis. Capillary GC with flame ionization detection and LC-dlode array were used for the screening of the soil extracts. Chromatograms were compared to standard tables for possible matches, and spectral confirmation was achieved In every case before a finding was reported as a contaminant. Also, the confirmed contaminations were quantltated on at least 2 weighings of the sample with at least 2 separate standards. Spike recoveries were performed for all soils found to contain a pesticide contaminant to determine the effect of the soil matrix on the extraction of the pesticide. Spike recovery and reproducibility data suggest that the method can be used effectively to determine pesticide contaminants in soil samples. The proposed method is a general method for screening many types of soils for many kinds of pesticides

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28

Brumley, William C., Alan J. Sheppard, Theodore S. Rudolf, Chih-Shang J. Shen, Parvin Yasaei, and James A. Sphon. "Mass Spectrometry and Identification of Sterols in Vegetable Oils as Butyryl Esters and Relative Quantitation by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.701.

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Abstract Electron ionization mass spectrometry (MS) of sterol butyrates is ' described. Fragmentation of common sterol butyrates is related to structure and is discussed in relation to the fragmentation of free sterols I and of commonly used sterol derivatives. Derivatized samples of vegetable oils are introduced using a 10 m capillary gas chromatographic ) (GC) column for complete separation of the sterol butyrates. Quantitation of sterol butyrates in vegetable oils by packed column GC/flame ionization detection is based on percent relative area of peaks identified } by MS. Results of analyses of sunflower, castor, rapeseed, and virgin f olive oils, and other oils are presented. These techniques have been applied to the rapid screening of marketed olive oils for possible adulteration.

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29

Liao, Wenta, Ton Joe, and William G. Cusick. "Multiresidue Screening Method for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables with Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 3 (May 1, 1991): 554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.3.554.

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Abstract A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) screening method has been developed for the determination of pesticide residues in a variety of crop samples. Samples are extracted with acetonitrlle and partitioned with sodium chloride saturated aqueous solution. Targeted pesticide analytes are separated on a short, narrow bore capillary column, identified by electron ionization MS scanned from 100 to 400 amu, and quantitated by the monitoring of base ions and internal standards. The accuracy of the quantitative determination measured in terms of average percentage recovery of 143 compounds in 13 crop samples was 92% with a relative standard deviation of 22%.

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Brumley, William C., and William J. Jones. "Comparison of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with capillary gas chromatography in the separation of phenols, anilines and polynuclear aromatics Potential field-screening applications of MEKC." Journal of Chromatography A 680, no. 1 (September 1994): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80064-2.

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Girotti, J., I. Malbrán, G. Lori, and M. Juárez. "Use of solid phase microextraction coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for screening Fusarium spp. based on their volatile sesquiterpenes." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1182.

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Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used to evaluate the use of fungal volatiles to discriminate Fusarium species from wheat cultivars in the Argentina pampa region. Monosporic fungal isolates were grown on rice in sealed containers for 1 week and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were sampled for 30 min from the head space by SPME and analysed by CGC and CGCMS. VOC profiles of Fusarium species F. graminearum, F. poae, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum were discriminated by comparison of their profiles in the elution zone corresponding to sesquiterpenes. Trichothecene-producer and non-trichothecene producer Fusarium species were separated by the presence of trichodiene in their VOC fingerprints. Within trichothecene-producers, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. equiseti differed on the structure of their volatile sesquiterpenes. This technique might be also helpful to detect F. graminearum, the major head blight disease-producing fungus in the region.

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Raja, Ganesan, Haripriya Gupta, Yoseph Asmelash Gebru, Gi Soo Youn, Ye Rin Choi, Hyeong Seop Kim, Sang Jun Yoon, Dong Joon Kim, Tae-Jin Kim, and Ki Tae Suk. "Recent Advances of Microbiome-Associated Metabolomics Profiling in Liver Disease: Principles, Mechanisms, and Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031160.

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Advances in high-throughput screening of metabolic stability in liver and gut microbiota are able to identify and quantify small-molecule metabolites (metabolome) in different cellular microenvironments that are closest to their phenotypes. Metagenomics and metabolomics are largely recognized to be the “-omics” disciplines for clinical therapeutic screening. Here, metabolomics activity screening in liver disease (LD) and gut microbiomes has significantly delivered the integration of metabolomics data (i.e., a set of endogenous metabolites) with metabolic pathways in cellular environments that can be tested for biological functions (i.e., phenotypes). A growing literature in LD and gut microbiomes reports the use of metabolites as therapeutic targets or biomarkers. Although growing evidence connects liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, the genetic and metabolic factors are still mainly unknown. Herein, we reviewed proof-of-concept mechanisms for metabolomics-based LD and gut microbiotas’ role from several studies (nuclear magnetic resonance, gas/lipid chromatography, spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis). A deeper understanding of these axes is a prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to improve liver health.

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Gentili, Stefano, Renata Solimini, Roberta Tittarelli, Giulio Mannocchi, and Francesco Paolo Busardò. "A Study on the Reliability of an On-Site Oral Fluid Drug Test in a Recreational Context." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1234581.

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The reliability of DrugWipe 5A on site test for principal drugs of abuse (cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates) detection in oral fluid was assessed by comparing the on-site results with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis on samples extracted by the device collection pad. Oral fluid samples were collected at recreational settings (e.g., discos, pubs, and music bars) of Rome metropolitan area. Eighty-three club goers underwent the on-site drug screening test with one device. Independently from the result obtained, a second device was used just to collect another oral fluid sample subsequently extracted and analyzed in the laboratory following HS-SPME procedure, gas chromatographic separation by a capillary column, and MS detection by electron impact ionization. DrugWipe 5A on-site test showed 54 samples (65.1%) positive to one or more drugs of abuse, whereas 75 samples (90.4%) tested positive for one or more substances following GC-MS assay. Comparing the obtained results, the device showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy around 80% for amphetamines class. Sensitivity (67 and 50%) was obtained for cocaine and opiates, while both sensitivity and accuracy were unsuccessful (29 and 53%, resp.) for cannabis, underlying the limitation of the device for this latter drug class.

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Dumasia, M. C., and E. Houghton. "Screening and confirmatory analysis of β-agonists, β-antagonists and their metabolites in horse urine by capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 564, no. 2 (April 1991): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(91)80519-i.

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Sandra, Pat, Bart Tienpont, and Frank David. "Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruits and baby food by stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1000, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00508-9.

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Serôdio, P., and J. M. F. Nogueira. "Multi-residue screening of endocrine disrupters chemicals in water samples by stir bar sorptive extraction-liquid desorption-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detection." Analytica Chimica Acta 517, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.045.

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Van Hoeck, Els, Francesca Canale, Chiara Cordero, Sien Compernolle, Carlo Bicchi, and Pat Sandra. "Multiresidue screening of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples by multi-stir bar sorptive extraction–single desorption–capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 393, no. 3 (September 9, 2008): 907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2339-7.

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Hopper, Marvin L. "Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues Using Simultaneous Injection of Two Capillary Columns with Electron Capture and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 6 (November 1, 1991): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.6.974.

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Abstract A system has been developed that will allow low level screening of 31 organochlorine pesticide residues using simultaneous injection on 2 dissimilar capillary columns. An electron capture detector was attached to a DB-1701 column, and an electrolytic conductivity detector in the halogen mode was attached to a DB-5 column. Chlorinated pesticide amounts ranging from 0.05 ng for γ-BHC to 1.5 ng for decamethrin can easily be quantitated and confirmed. The system can be used in either the column programmed mode or the isothermal column mode. Good reproducibility was obtained for injections in both modes. This system can easily be retrofitted to any gas chromatograph using on column or split/splitless injectors.

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Burton, Casey, and Yinfa Ma. "Current Trends in Cancer Biomarker Discovery Using Urinary Metabolomics: Achievements and New Challenges." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170914102236.

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Background:The development of effective screening methods for early cancer detection is one of the foremost challenges facing modern cancer research. Urinary metabolomics has recently emerged as a potentially transformative approach to cancer biomarker discovery owing to its noninvasive sampling characteristics and robust analytical feasibility.Objective:To provide an overview of new developments in urinary metabolomics, cover the most promising aspects of hyphenated techniques in untargeted and targeted metabolomics, and to discuss technical and clinical limitations in addition to the emerging challenges in the field of urinary metabolomics and its application to cancer biomarker discovery.Methods:A systematic review of research conducted in the past five years on the application of urinary metabolomics to cancer biomarker discovery was performed. Given the breadth of this topic, our review focused on the five most widely studied cancers employing urinary metabolomics approaches, including lung, breast, bladder, prostate, and ovarian cancers.Results:As an extension of conventional metabolomics, urinary metabolomics has benefitted from recent technological developments in nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis that have improved urine metabolome coverage and analytical reproducibility. Extensive metabolic profiling in urine has revealed a significant number of altered metabolic pathways and putative biomarkers, including pteridines, modified nucleosides, and acylcarnitines, that have been associated with cancer development and progression.Conclusion:Urinary metabolomics presents a transformative new approach toward cancer biomarker discovery with high translational capacity to early cancer screening.

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Frausto-Vicencio, Isis, Alondra Moreno, Hugh Goldsmith, Ying-Kuang Hsu, and Francesca M. Hopkins. "Characterizing the Performance of a Compact BTEX GC-PID for Near-Real Time Analysis and Field Deployment." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062095.

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In this study, we test the performance of a compact gas chromatograph with photoionization detector (GC-PID) and optimize the configuration to detect ambient (sub-ppb) levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). The GC-PID system was designed to serve as a relatively inexpensive (~10 k USD) and field-deployable air toxic screening tool alternative to conventional benchtop GCs. The instrument uses ambient air as a carrier gas and consists of a Tenax-GR sorbent-based preconcentrator, a gas sample valve, two capillary columns, and a photoionization detector (PID) with a small footprint and low power requirement. The performance of the GC-PID has been evaluated in terms of system linearity and sensitivity in field conditions. The BTEX-GC system demonstrated the capacity to detect BTEX at levels as high as 500 ppb with a linear calibration range of 0–100 ppb. A detection limit lower than 1 ppb was found for all BTEX compounds with a sampling volume of 1 L. No significant drift in the instrument was observed. A time-varying calibration technique was established that requires minimal equipment for field operations and optimizes the sampling procedure for field measurements. With an analysis time of less than 15 min, the compact GC-PID is ideal for field deployment of background and polluted atmospheres for near-real time measurements of BTEX. The results highlight the application of the compact and easily deployable GC-PID for community monitoring and screening of air toxics.

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Nataatmadja, Melissa, Angela W. S. Fung, Beryl Jacobson, Jack Ferera, Eva Bernstein, Paul Komenda, Andre Mattman, David Seccombe, and Adeera Levin. "Performance of StatSensor Point-of-Care Device for Measuring Creatinine in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Postkidney Transplantation." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 7 (January 2020): 205435812097071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054358120970716.

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Background: The StatSensor is a point-of-care device which measures creatinine in capillary whole blood. Previous studies reported an underestimation of the creatinine measurements at high creatinine concentrations and were performed in the prestandardization era for creatinine. Objective: This accuracy-based study evaluates the use of this device in kidney-transplanted patients and those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Design: Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study. Setting: Nephrology outpatient clinic in an urban tertiary center. Participants: Adults with CKD or a functioning kidney transplant. Measurements: Duplicate StatSensor creatinine measurements were performed on capillary whole blood samples collected by direct fingerstick and SAFE-T-FILL collection device. Results were compared with simultaneous venous blood sampling for serum and plasma creatinine measured by an enzymatic method on the Roche Integra 400 mainframe analyzer with traceability to the ID-GC-MS (isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry) reference method. Methods: Deming regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess accuracy and comparability between capillary whole blood measured by StatSensor and plasma creatinine measured by routine analyzer with traceability to the reference method. Estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rates were calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and concordance with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD stage classification was evaluated. Results: There were 60 participants (mean age = 61.9 ± 15.0 years, 55% men, 33% transplant, mean plasma creatinine = 137 ± 59 µmol/L). Bland-Altman analysis indicated a positive mean bias of 12.7 µmol/L between StatSensor fingerstick creatinine measurement and plasma creatinine. Comparison of eGFR (CKD-EPI) calculated from the StatSensor fingerstick creatinine versus plasma creatinine showed misclassification across all KDIGO CKD stages. Postanalytical correction of the bias did not improve misclassifications. The use of mean of duplicate StatSensor creatinine results did not improve performance compared with the use of singlet results. Limitations: Single center, limited participant numbers. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that the limiting characteristics of the StatSensor device are not only bias, but also imprecision. The level of imprecision observed may influence clinical decision-making and limit the usefulness of StatSensor as a CKD screening tool. If choosing to utilize it for either screening for or monitoring CKD, it is essential that clinicians understand the limitations of point-of-care devices and apply this knowledge to test interpretation.

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Suzuki, Toshesari, Kumiko Yaguchi, Kazuo Ohnishi, and Tatsunori Yamagishi. "Gas Chromatographic Detection of Tris(2-chloroethyl) and Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate in Groundwater by Large-Sample-Volume Injection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 6 (November 1, 1994): 1647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.6.1647.

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Abstract A capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector (GC–FPD) for splitless injection of large sample volume was developed. The GC–FPD effectively diverted dichloromethane from the analytical column through a solvent diversion column and quantitatively retained tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl)- phosphate (TBXP) on a cold-trap column in front of the analytical column. The optimum conditions for 100 uL injections of TCEP and TBXP in dichloromethane at concentrations from 1 to 100 ng/mL were investigated. With the GC–FPD, relative standard deviations of the peak area and the retention time of the triesters injected at 10 ng/mL were less than 7.0 and 0.05%, respectively. These results were similar to those from normal splitless injection of 1 μL at 1 μg/mL in dichloromethane. A screening method for TCEP and TBXP in groundwater combined with liquid–liquid extraction with dichloromethane permitted detection at low nanogram-per-liter levels. Recoveries of TCEP and TBXP in 500 mL of groundwater were greater than 77.2 and 81.4%, respectively, each at fortified level of 10ng/L.

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Aitzetmüller, K., Gisela Werner, and Nansadyn Tsevegsüren. "Screening of seed lipids for γ-linolenic acid: Capillary gas-liquid chromatographic separation of 18:3 fatty acids with Δ5 and Δ6 double bonds." Phytochemical Analysis 4, no. 6 (November 1993): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2800040602.

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Begerow, J., E. Jermann, T. Keles, T. Koch, and L. Dunemann. "Screening method for the determination of 28 volatile organic compounds in indoor and outdoor air at environmental concentrations using dual-column capillary gas chromatography with tandem electron-capture-flame ionization detection." Journal of Chromatography A 749, no. 1-2 (October 1996): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(96)00443-8.

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Ramig, Keith, Ashok Krishnaswami, and Leonid A. Rozov. "Chiral interactions of the fluoroether anesthetics desflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and analogues with modified cyclodextrins studied by capillary gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A simple method for column-suitability screening." Tetrahedron 52, no. 1 (January 1996): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4020(95)00860-b.

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46

Linkerh�gner, Manfred, and Hans J�rgen Stan. "Screening analysis of pesticide residues in plant foodstuffs by capillary gas chromatography using the DFG multiresidue method S19: a comparison of customory detection by ECD/NPD with the novel atomic emission detector (AED)." Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 198, no. 6 (June 1994): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01192843.

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Janák, Jaroslav. "Capillary gas chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 756, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00714-5.

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Green, John D. "Capillary gas chromatography." Analytica Chimica Acta 331, no. 1-2 (September 1996): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(96)88857-x.

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Fowler, M. "Capillary gas chromatography." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 15, no. 2-4 (August 1996): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-4105(96)83750-8.

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Berezkin, V. G., and S. M. Volkov. "Capillary gas adsorption chromatography." Chemical Reviews 89, no. 2 (March 1989): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00092a002.

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