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1
Burgess, Bethia, and Tracy McDiarmid. "Generating evaluation capital: Lessons learned in meta-evaluations in International Women’s Development Agency." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x18760871.
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The strategic allocation of evaluation resources in a resource-constrained environment is a common challenge shared by governments, non-government organisations, and the private sector. In 2015-2016 International Women’s Development Agency (IWDA) embarked on an organisational journey to generate additional evaluation “capital” by producing meta-evaluations. This article explores how the processes of evaluation and meta-evaluation contribute to organizational governance in terms of establishing an evidence-based policy environment, an informed learning platform, and programming informed by evaluation “capital.”
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Irfan ul Haque, Irfan ul Haque. "The Capital Account and Pakistani Rupee Convertibility: Macroeconomic Policy Challenges." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, Special Edition (September 1, 2011): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.isp.a5.
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Pakistan embarked on the liberalization of its capital account more than two decades ago. Today, it is an economy with a capital account that is, by and large, free of restrictions, and a convertible currency. However, its actual integration into the global economy in comparison to other emerging market economies has remained rather limited. The opening of a capital account appeared to have improved the country’s access to private foreign capital, but because of domestic security and economic and political concerns, the inflow of private capital has fallen in recent years. Although capital outflows were not a major cause for the decline in foreign exchange reserves during Pakistan’s economic crisis of 2008, the open capital account and rupee convertibility have made it more vulnerable to outside shocks. This article identifies three areas where policymakers in Pakistan face serious challenges, i.e., macroeconomic management; controlling tax evasion, which the Pakistani rupee’s convertibility has made easier; and minimizing the real cost of portfolio investment to the country. The article offers ideas on how these challenges could be met.
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Saleh, Mohamed. "The Reluctant Transformation: State Industrialization, Religion, and Human Capital in Nineteenth-Century Egypt." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 1 (March 2015): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715000030.
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In 1805–1882, Egypt embarked on one of the earliest state industrialization programs. Using a new data source, the Egyptian nineteenth-century population censuses, I examine the impact of the program on the long-standing inter-religious human capital differentials, which were in favor of Christians. I find that there were inter-religious differentials in reaping the benefits (or losses) of industrialization. The first state industrialization wave was “de-skilling” among Muslims but “up-skilling” among Christians, while the second wave was “up-skilling” for both groups. I interpret the results within Lawrence F. Katz and Robert A. Margo (2013) framework of technical change.
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Omodero, Cordelia Onyinyechi. "External Debt Financing and Public Capital Investment in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation." Economics and Business 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2019-0008.
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Abstract This study considers the consequences of external loan on capital investment in Nigeria. Data for the study have been collected from the World Bank and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2018 edition. The variables on which data are sourced include government capital expenditure, external debt accumulation, debt servicing cost, inflation rate, and exchange rate. Government capital expenditure is the dependent variable, while external debt accumulation and debt servicing cost are the key independent variables. Inflation and exchange rates are used as the moderating variables. The scope of the study covers the period from 1996 to 2018 and the data are analysed using the ordinary least squares multiple regression method. The regression results indicate that external debt has a significant negative impact on capital investment while debt servicing cost has a strong and significant positive effect on capital investment. Under this circumstance, the controlling variables are not significant in influencing capital investment. Hence, the study suggests more focus on profitable capital investments if external borrowing must be embarked upon. The need for the development of untapped natural resources, establishment of industries and revival of abandoned industries to boost debt repayment has been emphasized. The study also strongly recommends that the existing governments (state and federal) should endeavour to complete capital projects of past administrations in order to drive the economy and to avoid wastage of financial resources including the borrowed funds.
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Ye, Min. "Policy Learning or Diffusion: How China Opened to Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (December 2009): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s159824080000672x.
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When China embarked on economic reform in the late 1970s, its leaders aspired to learn from Japan's developmental policies that were restrictive of foreign capital. In the 1990s, China strove again to emulate Japan and South Korea in restricting foreign direct investment and promoting indigenous corporations. Despite these efforts, China's industrial catch-up was in fact led by FDI, in sharp contrast to the classic Japanese/Korean paradigm where FDI was strictly circumvented. Why was China unsuccessful in learning restrictive FDI policies? How did a new developmental path emerge in China? The answer lies in China's strong networks with diaspora communities. Through a diffusion mechanism, ties between local governments and diaspora capital helped initiate and catalyze China's FDI liberalization, despite the central efforts to learn from Japan and South Korea. Two critical reform episodes are examined: (1) the establishment of special economic zones and (2) the reform of state-owned enterprises.
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Christophers, Brett. "Risk capital: Urban political ecology and entanglements of financial and environmental risk in Washington, D.C." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618770369.
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In endeavouring to deal with a longstanding problem of contamination of waterways in Washington, D.C. due to combined sewer overflows, the responsible utility, DC Water, has recently embarked on a two-fold, simultaneous ‘greening’ – firstly of the physical infrastructures being installed to address the overflow problem, and secondly of the financing of this capital investment. This article examines DC Water’s turn to green infrastructure and green bonds in order to consider the question of how environmental and financial processes in general – and environmental and financial risks in particular – co-determine not just one another but the transformation of contemporary urban socioecological landscapes more broadly. In the process, it aims to inject a greater sensibility both to finance and to ‘green capitalism’ into urban political ecology. Through a critical consideration of the interlocking temporal, spatial and monetary dimensions of DC Water’s two-fold greening project, the article shows that this project has served significantly to augment levels of environmental and financial risk, entangling them in significant new ways.
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Redon, Marie. "The Model’s Limitations. What ‘Urban Sustainability’ for Port-au-Prince? European Urban Projects Put to the Test by the Haitian City." European Spatial Research and Policy 20, no. 2 (January 22, 2014): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/esrp-2013-0010.
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In 2010, the capital of Haiti was devastated by an earthquake that seemed to provide the opportunity for the country, as well as foreign donors, to put Port-au-Prince on the track of an ordered, planned urban policy, in line with its multi-risk context. Prior to the earthquake, the lack of a legal framework for urban planning was called into question. In its wake, speeches making the capital the emblem of a new ‘sustainable’ start have flourished. The European Union, the main donor of funds for Haiti, has embarked on a programme of support for reconstruction, but with what results three years later? The paper proposes to approach the limitations of the ‘sustainable city’ model, conditioned by spatiotemporal continuity. The systemic functioning underlying urban sustainability clashes with the context of Port-au-Prince, where spatial division and temporal discontinuity are determinant. In spite of itself, aid and its operation by projects, seems to enforce urban fragmentation and dissonance.
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Kurian Baby, V., and V. Ratna Reddy. "How effective are the new WASH security guidelines for India? An empirical case study of Andhra Pradesh." Water Policy 15, no. 4 (March 4, 2013): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.147.
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India has been making policies relating to the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector since independence. The 2010 policy guidelines for the water and sanitation sectors have embarked on a new path of water security by identifying and emphasizing the importance of hitherto nagging bottlenecks in sustainable service delivery. This paper attempts to assess these policy guidelines critically and suggest ways to make them effective from the point of view of putting them into operation. This paper argues the following. (i) WASH sector financing needs to be addressed directly with realistic assessment of unit costs and their composition. (ii) Within the WASH sector sanitation needs special focus in terms of planning and allocations. Treating sanitation as an add-on to water would not be enough to improve the sanitation and hygiene conditions. The approach to sanitation needs to be focused on creating demand at the household level, segregating private and public responsibilities in this regard. (iii) Although the new guidelines try to bring a much needed balance between the cost components of new capital investment, they are not clear about post-construction support, especially capital maintenance and ring fencing the allocations towards O&M (operations and maintenance), as well as emphasizing that capital maintenance is critical for sustainable service delivery.
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Khun Eng, Kuah-Pearce. "Moralising Ancestors as Socio-moral Capital: A Study of a Transnational Chinese Lineage." Asian Journal of Social Science 34, no. 2 (2006): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853106777371256.
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AbstractWithin the Chinese Diaspora, ancestor worship is an important cultural element that binds a group of people together and provides them with a sense of comfort, kinship and communal identity as they sink their cultural roots in a new country, luodi shenggen. Thus, ancestor worship is widely reproduced and practised by the Chinese in the Diaspora, as it is central to the Chinese understanding of the continuation of family and lineage. However, in Mainland Chinese villages, the practice of ancestor worship, which is still considered important by the villagers, was not allowed until the Open Door Policy in 1978. With this policy, emigrant villages, (qiaoxiang) embarked on an aggressive campaign to woo the Chinese in overseas communities to return to their native villages to help with economic development through various strategies. One of the strategies is to allow for the revival and practice of ancestor worship in the rural villages. This paper explores how ancestors continued to be regarded as important members of a transnational lineage in the Fujian Province in South China, and also in Singapore. Because of the central focus on ancestors and ancestor worship in the Chinese society, ancestors are moralised as a significant social capital by the Chinese State, local government and rural villagers, in an attempt to establish transnational guanxi linkages between the ancestral villages in rural China and their Diaspora members in Singapore. The Chinese State, with instrumental consideration, sees this transnational guanxi networks and the revival of ancestor worship as a strategy to encourage the Chinese Diaspora to visit their ancestral home and help with village development.
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King, Desmond S., and Ted Robert Gurr. "Federal Responses to Urban Fiscal Stress and Decline in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 17, no. 1 (January 1987): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004634.
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This Note reports some findings from a larger study we are embarked upon. Our broader objective is to develop a general theory of the national state's interest in cities in advanced industrial societies. We argue that state officials generally pursue their own interests in the protection and expansion of state power and resources and specifically have interest in the viability of cities, interests that do not simply reflect the interests of private capital or any other societal groups. A broad twofold distinction is made between those state activities necessary for the perpetuation of the state (maintenance of public order, legitimacy, durable political institutions, revenue base) and those necessary for the perpetuation of cities (provision of collective goods, developmental policies and social services). Space limitations preclude a full account and justification of these arguments here. Rather, we present some hypotheses about how such state interests should inform the allocation of funds across cities and report the findings of some initial empirical tests for the United States.
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Olanipekun, W. D., I. O. Olanipekun, A. G. Bamidele, and O. I. Awe. "Effective Green Human Resource Management and Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century." advances in multidisciplinary & scientific research journal publication 26, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/isteams/v26p11-ieee-ng-ts.
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Corporate social responsibility is an activity embarked upon by organisations as a way of giving back to the society what was previously deposited in the organisation’s coffers as revenue. In the same vein, environmental challenges in the 21st century brings to the fore, a new approach which allows all hands to be on deck to ensure effective CSR geared towards sustainable development. This event birthed the concept of green human resource management which was examined vis a vis CSR as tool for the realisation of sustainable development in the 21st century. This paper gives a clear understanding of how effective GHRM and CSR strategy can drive sustainable development. The study concluded that premium should be placed on the human capital of every organisation using the GHRM framework; this will not only motivate employees to become partners in progress, it also bestow upon them a huge sense of responsibility that will assist organisations to succeed in their CSR activities which will have a long lasting positive effect on sustainable development. Keywords: GHRM, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development, Organisations
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Saldanha, Arun. "A date with destiny: Racial capitalism and the beginnings of the Anthropocene." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 12–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819871964.
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The Anthropocene names the epoch wherein humans have become the main geological agent on the planet’s surface. But which humans, and since when? Dating the onset of the Anthropocene is a political and ontological as much as a scientific act. This essay argues the Anthropocene is inexorably racial because it flows out of a capitalist system which requires racializing populations and environments from early modernity to the present and into the future. The essay contends that racial capitalism should be a central category in explaining the onset of the Anthropocene. The focus will be on investigating whether it makes sense to take the European discovery of the Americas and the genocide against its original inhabitants as threshold of a new geological epoch. Following the radicalization of Marx in the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, it will be suggested that though colonization and slavery were essential for modern globalization to emerge, capital embarked on its self-perpetuating destructive trajectory through industrialization. Structural racism was transmuted and continues to characterize the global ecological crisis.
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Kossen, Chris, and Cec Pedersen. "Older workers in Australia: The myths, the realities and the battle over workforce ‘flexibility’." Journal of Management & Organization 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200003485.
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AbstractA decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and the persistence of a deficit model/perspective that continues to devalue the human capital value of older workers. It is argued that these trends will contribute to ongoing under utilisation of ‘older’ labour and intensification of skill shortages, in part, as a result of lack of investment in maintaining human capital. In responding to Australia's rapidly ageing workforce the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among older workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper argues that the Government's labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform leads to underemployment, an employment outcome that often fails to meet the needs of many older workers. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but unfortunately these are by and large confined to those aged 60 years and over.
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Kossen, Chris, and Cec Pedersen. "Older workers in Australia: The myths, the realities and the battle over workforce ‘flexibility’." Journal of Management & Organization 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2008.14.1.73.
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AbstractA decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and the persistence of a deficit model/perspective that continues to devalue the human capital value of older workers. It is argued that these trends will contribute to ongoing under utilisation of ‘older’ labour and intensification of skill shortages, in part, as a result of lack of investment in maintaining human capital. In responding to Australia's rapidly ageing workforce the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among older workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper argues that the Government's labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform leads to underemployment, an employment outcome that often fails to meet the needs of many older workers. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but unfortunately these are by and large confined to those aged 60 years and over.
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Hornborg, Alf, Gustav Cederlöf, and Andreas Roos. "Has Cuba exposed the myth of “free” solar power? Energy, space, and justice." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 4 (August 2, 2019): 989–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619863607.
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Given the many problems with fossil energy, the fact that solar energy still only constitutes an insignificant fraction of global energy use requires explanation. The most common explanation is that multinational corporations with vested interests in fossil fuels have been actively preventing the development of solar energy technologies. But this explanation is difficult to apply to the case of Cuba. This article takes Cuban energy policy since the 1990s as a starting point to understand the sociometabolic prerequisites of a renewable energy transition. In 2014, Cuba embarked on a new renewable energy strategy while 95% of the island’s electricity was still generated from petroleum products. To explain Cuba’s halting renewable energy transition, we demonstrate that modern energy technologies are always embedded in global flows of resources and processes of capital accumulation. The requisite investments of capital and labor in energy technology represent substantial, indirect land requirements beyond the space occupied by the technological infrastructure itself. The theoretical argument is that energy technologies should be perceived not simply as local, politically neutral accomplishments of engineering but as sociometabolic displacement strategies, appropriating space from elsewhere. From an interdisciplinary perspective, this means that assessments of a technology’s “power density” also need to consider the spatial demands of the global economic context that makes the technology feasible. The Cuban case illustrates how visions of a renewable energy transition in both mainstream and Marxist thought will need to be based on a radically transformed ontology of technology attentive to global political economy and energy justice. Ultimately, the global anticipation of a transition to renewable energy implicates illusory assumptions about “technology” that have been taken for granted since the Industrial Revolution.
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Okumagba, Paul Oghenero, and Otega Okinono. "Human Capability and Entrepreneurial Development in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria." Information Management and Business Review 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v8i1.1194.
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The paper sets out to explore the link existing between the entrepreneurial interventions and human capital development in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. In order to address the major problem of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, many successive governments in Nigeria have embarked on one entrepreneurship developmental program or the other. Unfortunately, all these government efforts have failed to yield a fruitful sustainable entrepreneurial development particularly among the Niger Delta region that are mainly the target of the programs. Past studies have attributed such failure to a range of factors such as infrastructure decay and deficiency leading to poor human development, lack of proper implementation of the master plan, lack of funds, inadequacy of the master plan etc. Although, the efforts of the past studies as well as that of the developmental agencies are commendable, however, they have failed to address one important issue which is the human capability aspect of the developmental program. Therefore, this paper explores the role of human capability approach on the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship development programs within the Niger Delta region context and the political influence with a view to proposing a framework to examine the relationship between human capability and effective entrepreneurship development programs.
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Lim, Hong, Jack Ngarambe, Jeong Kim, and Gon Kim. "The Reality of Light Pollution: A Field Survey for the Determination of Lighting Environmental Management Zones in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020374.
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Light pollution has been receiving increased attention worldwide. Scientific research has provided convincing evidence that ties artificial lighting to health-related issues. Consequently, the involved parties are now leaned towards the implementation of regulations to help limit the use of artificial lighting. Many countries, together with international organizations, have embarked on setting standards and regulations aimed at halting the excessive and improper usage of artificial lighting, there-by eradicating light pollution and its effects. In Korea, outdoor lighting at night is a common phenomenon. Moreover, as the economic development grows even further, the use of artificial lighting is expected to increase making Korea vulnerable to the adverse effects of artificial lighting. In this study, we discuss the issue of light pollution based on field measurements conducted in Seoul, South Korea. The measurements were undertaken to broaden the understanding and assessment of light pollution. During the investigation, we noted that the most severe forms of light pollution were found in developed urban and densely commercialized areas. Currently, there are ongoing light pollution measurement projects around the entire Korea. It would be informative to see how the rest of South Korea compares to the Capital, Seoul in terms of light pollution levels.
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Arvaree, Ms Thamilvaani, and Dr Rodziah Atan. "Cascading Guided Search Cloud Service Search Engine." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2013): 1977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v10i9.1376.
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Cloud computing is one contemporary technology in which the research community has recently embarked. This paradigm shifts the location of the infrastructure to the network to reduce the costs associated with the management of hardware and software resources. Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to operate it. Organization adopts cloud computing services through service provider via Internet. In recent years, numbers of cloud service providers are increase. However, there is no study that focuses on search engine and web portal for cloud computing for users who want to find cloud service. At the same time, “vendor lock in†issues and the lack of common cloud standards delayed the interoperability across these providers. Thus, lead the cloud customer to face challenges and problems in selecting the right service provider who meets their needs. This research focus on meeting the user requeriment in cloud environment whereby, user requirements reflect to search query that entered by the end users and how these search queries are exactly matched with accurate cloud service. Therefore, end of the research cloud service search engine was developed as a proposed tool for meeting the user requirements.Â
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Chinigò, Davide. "‘The peri-urban space at work’: micro and small enterprises, collective participation, and the developmental state in Ethiopia." Africa 89, no. 1 (February 2019): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000712.
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AbstractBy discussing details of the current policy emphasis on entrepreneurship and microfinance, this article explores the dynamic and inconclusive negotiation of state authority in Kolfe Keraniyo, peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In the last few years, Ethiopia embarked on a strategy of rapid transformation driven by what its political elite defined as a ‘developmental state’, which entailed the significant rescaling of the peri-urban space. The promotion of micro and small enterprises is an important aspect of the territorialization of state power in the peri-urban space, and is actively negotiated, challenged and refashioned. The first part of the article presents three central aspects of such projects: the policy of regularization and legalization; the notion of ‘group first’ or collective participation in the country's development; and the emphasis on ‘saving first’ to create micro-dynamics of capital accumulation. The second part of the article discusses how the beneficiaries of entrepreneurship initiatives mediate the normative framework provided by the developmental state, and highlights how that framework is neither inclusive nor particularly distinct in its effects from neoliberal development strategies. The article concludes that the making and unmaking of state authority is not unidirectional from above but operates through the redefinition of spatial and temporal boundaries from below.
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POPOOLA, Olabisi, Abiola John ASALEYE, and Damilola Felix ELUYELA. "Domestic Revenue Mobilization and Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Nigeria." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 4 (June 30, 2018): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).31.
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Foreign and domestic debts have raised questions about fiscal sustainability and implications for sustainable development. One of the major problems in the agricultural sector in developing economies is inadequate capital, despite its centrality to growth and development. This study examines the long-run relationship and the casual relationships between domestic revenue mobilization and agricultural productivity in Nigeria using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag and Granger Non-causality. Using agricultural productivity as the dependent variable, the result revealed that agricultural productivity has a negative long-run relationship with government recurrent expenditure on agriculture and tax revenue, while agricultural credit is not statistically significant. This result indicated that supplementary resource such as foreign aid could be embarked on in the long-run. Reliance on foreign aid may be volatile to the economy, and as well not suitable to achieve long-term goals. So, there is a need to maximize benefit from tax revenue and ensure that resources are allocated to prioritizes right sectors such as the agricultural sector. The causality test revealed that there is a bi-directional relationship between agricultural productivity and tax revenue. The study recommended among others, the need for public finance reforms to increase government revenue and promote growth in the agricultural sector by enhancing the quality of the tax system.
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Zerlang, Martin. "POTSDAMER PLATZ - MYTEN OM MIDTEN." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 38, no. 109 (July 1, 2010): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v38i109.15790.
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POTSDAMER PLATZThe city square has been the organising centre for urban development in the western world, but the history of Berlin can be told as a quest narrative, the search for such an organising centre. This article tells the story of Potsdamer Platz, which can be viewed as the centre of the Prussian (and later German) capital. In the age of the Baroque Potsdamer Platz was connected to one of the new geometrical squares (an Octogon), which emphasised the aristocratic order. In the age of Romanticism the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel used it in his efforts to reshape the city as a panoramic cityscape. In the Weimar Republic Potsdamer Platz gained a mythical status. It became the symbol of Berlin as a “world city”; and writers, painters and filmmakers excelled in artistic comments on this symbol. The Wall put an end to the glorious history of this “heart of Berlin”, but shortly after 1989 planners and politicians embarked on a project to make the city’s heart beat once again. In the age of Postmodernism, however, the city square has become a history of making exteriors into interiors, of replacing the physical space by mediated space, of “Disneyfication”; and as this article shows, this tendency also characterises the new and renewed Potsdamer Platz.
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Umeh, G. N., and B. I. Odo. "Profitability of poultry production among school leavers in Anaocha Local Government area (LGA) of Anambra State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i1.1525.
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The study was undertaken to investigate the profitability of poultry production in Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Ten poultry farmers were randomly. drawn from each of the ten autonomous communities that make up the local Government Area to give a sample size of one hundred. Structured questionnaire were employed to elicit information from the respondents. Statistical analysis was accomplished by means of frequency distribution, percentages, Likert rating scale and budget analysis technique. Findings of the study indicated that the major source of fund for poultry production among young keepers was personal savings and grants from relatives (71.2%). It was also revealed that young keepers embarked on the project because of its profitability (X's = 4.2), minimal initial capital requirement (Xs = 3.75) and because it can be practiced on a small scale (Xs = 3.5). Result of analysis also indicated that an average young poultry keeper earned a net income of about forty thousand and thirty naira (N40,030) in 1998. However, poultry production has some production constraints which include high cost of feed (Xs = 4.10), difficulty in securing loan for expansion (Xs = 3.21) and clean water supply (Xs = 3.10). Aforementioned constraints notwithstanding, poultry have offered gainful employment opportunities to young persons in the study area.
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Macey, Jonathan R. "GOVERNMENT AS INVESTOR: TAX POLICY AND THE STATE." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 255–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052506060250.
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This article analogizes the state, in its role as tax collector, to that of an investor, or to be more precise, that of a residual claimant on the earnings of all of the people and firms subject to the taxing power of the state. The relationship between modern democracy and its citizens would be strengthened if this analogy were more widely acknowledged because it recognizes citizen-taxpayers as contracting partners with the state. Unlike other libertarian conceptions of the state's taxing authority, the framework developed here does not jeopardize the state's ability to collect the revenues it needs to provide for the protections of its citizens.The state-as-investor framework developed in this Article leads to a number of tax policy improvements. The framework suggests limits on the government's ability to change people's tax status after they have already embarked on careers and made the sunken, non-diversifiable investments in human capital that such career training requires. The framework advanced here also suggests that people should be able to make a once-in-a lifetime payment in lieu of taxes to the state in order to discharge their tax liability. This approach articulated here also seems superior to the utopian suggestion offered by Ayn Rand that taxation be voluntary, as well as to the unrealistic suggestion made by Nozick that income taxes are violative of man's natural rights.
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Banerjee, Sreejata, and Divya Murali. "Stress test of banks in India across ownerships: a VAR approach." Studies in Economics and Finance 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-11-2014-0213.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether the Indian banking system is robust to withstand unexpected shocks from external and domestic macroeconomic factors after financial liberalization in 1992. As proposed by Demirgüç-Kunt and Detragiache (1998) and Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) banking crisis follows financial liberalization. India embarked financial deregulation from 1992, whereas the ongoing global financial crisis (GFC) could jeopardize bank portfolios. Design/methodology/approach Stress test is undertaken through the vector auto regressive (VAR) model to examine if decline in GDP, exchange rate volatility and foreign capital portfolio funds adversely impact bank asset quality through higher defaults. The VAR model is run for banks belonging to public, private or foreign ownership. Soundness of banks is measured by the non-performing assets (NPAs) with quarterly data from 1997 to 2014. Post-VAR estimation technique, Granger causality test (GC) and impulse response function (IRF) are used to check for robustness of the VAR model findings. Findings The authors found that there is little divergence among banks of different ownership in responding to the shocks from REER, foreign capital flows and GDP output gap. IRF shows that GDP shock to NPA of public and private banks takes more than nine and eight quarters to stabilize. Foreign banks are impacted by the same macroeconomic factors. The stress test exhibits that public banks are more vulnerable and need recapitalization. Moreover, domestic banks are not adversely affected by the GFC, and credit for this could be attributed to the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI’s) regulatory policy. Research limitations/implications Surprisingly, capital market indices do not influence banks’ NPA, and this needs further investigation. The limitation arises from the fact that stock market index for banks was launched only in the early 2000. Missing data and limited number of banks shares traded in the market could explain the trivial results. Practical implications Findings of this study will be useful to RBI policymakers and bank managers. The exchange-rate risk faced by borrowers that lead to increased NPAs is an issue that the RBI would be interested to examine. The impact of foreign capital flows, adversely influencing the NPAs of banks, is a significant issue that the RBI is concerned with. Social implications Banking sector crisis has serious repercussions, causing loss of household savings and decline in confidence in the banking sector. Originality/value This topic was explored in India only by Bhattacharya and Roy in (2008). No other similar work has been done to the authors’ knowledge in stress test of banks in India across different ownership. The authors’ study period covers the GFC and shows that it has not caused devastation as it has in developed countries.
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Koznarsky, Taras. "“Neither Dead Nor Alive:” Ukrainian Language on the Brink of Romanticism." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 4, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t28s61.
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At the end of the eighteenth century through the first decades of nineteenth century, as the last vestiges of Ukrainian autonomy were abolished, Ukrainian elites and intelligentsia embarked on a diverse range of projects (addressing geography, history, ethnography, travel writing, journalism, and literature) aimed at privileging and promoting their cultural capital within the Russian imperial field of cultural production. The Ukrainian language and its origins, nature, and status came to the fore in these projects as Ukrainian literati carefully gauged their messages for both Ukrainian and metropolitan audiences in order to engage playfully and polemically with imperial perceptions of Ukraine and to further the cause of the Ukrainian language as a distinctive linguistic system, cultural legacy, and literary medium. These often cautious and purposefully ambiguous characterizations, classifications, and applications prepared the ground for the romantic generation of writers who dramatically expanded the stylistic and generic range of Ukrainian in their literary works and translations, and forcefully argued for the language’s autonomy, dignity, and expressive potential. While early romantic Ukrainian writings were seen as colourful linguistic and ethnographic regional variants useful for the development of Russian imperial and national culture, the growth of Ukrainian literature alarmed both Russian critics and administrators, who began to see in these developments not only unproductive and anachronistic vexations, but also a culturally and ideologically subversive agenda that had to be discouraged. By surveying and examining diverse classifications and discussions of the Ukrainian language by Ukrainian and Russian literati, the article questions the limits of so-called “Ukrainophilia” in Russian imperial culture of the early nineteenth century.
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Imam, Ayman, Bahaa Alhaddad, and Josep Roca. "REMOTE SENSING EFFICIENCY FOR URBAN ANALYSIS OF MECCA AND SURROUNDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-905-2016.
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Situated in the southwest of Saudi Arabia, Mecca is considered the spiritual capital of one and a half billion worldwide Muslims. The city is visited by millions of pilgrims every year. It has undergone significant changes in land cover (LC) since the government first embarked on a series of ambitious development projects 20 years ago to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims and citizens. The main objective of our study is to detect, identify, analyze and measure the evolving land cover and urban morphology composition from multi-temporal satellite images. To characterize the morphological change during a period of twenty years, four satellite images, acquired in 1998 by Landsat TM and in 2003, 2008 and 2013 by Landsat ETM+, were classified into five main categories: <i>Urban, Street, Soil</i> and <i>Vegetation</i>. In addition, DEM has been extracted and included as <i>Mountain</i>. Change detection (CD) analysis is applied using post-classification comparison and GIS. As part of the study, morphological index, such as, Entropy is included for better understanding of urban structures behaviour. Mecca and its surroundings show a noticeable increase in urban and vegetation cover. Urban cover (UC) changes were divided into five radial directions: <i>Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, East</i>, and <i>Northwest</i>. These changes are influenced by mountain ranges surrounding the city and the highways. These revelations can play a significant role towards future planning and development activities, which may further promote urban growth.
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Coletes Blanco, Agustín. "A young lord passes judgment: National characters in the letters, poems and other writings of Byron’s Mediterranean tour (1809-11)." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 27 (November 15, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2014.27.02.
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On July 2nd, 1809, Lord Byron and his Cambridge friend John C. Hobhouse embarked on their peculiar Grand Tour. With most of Continental Europe in the hands of Napoleon, Byron and Hobhouse’s destination was Constantinople, the capital of a powerful Ottoman Empire which still controlled much of Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The travellers took a year to reach the Porte. Previous stages in their journey included Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, Malta, Albania and Greece. Unlike Hobhouse, Byron was never to publish a travelogue based on his Mediterranean and Levantine experience. However, throughout his tour he did write many letters and occasional poems, not meant for publication, in which he repeatedly passes judgment on the Portuguese, the Spaniards, the Greeks, the Albanians and the Turks as national characters –and also on fellow countrymen abroad. In this paper, young Byron’s judgments on said national characters, as manifested in his letters and poems home, are located, grouped together and analysed, for the first time in the literature, in a comprehensive way –thus bringing into question a number of commonly-held misconceptions on the issue. Byron’s own Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (the poem and its notes which, published soon after his Mediterranean experience, famously won him instant recognition in Britain) and Hobhouse’s Journey to Albania and unpublished diary are, in the light of this essay, used as paratexts that enrich the analysis with added, sometimes diverging perspectives. In the light of such corpus, the essay closes with a classification, an explanation and a summary of the consequences of young Byron’s Mediterranean judgments.
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Bunevich, K., and O. Ivanova. "Analysis of the External Debt of the Russian Federation: Problems and Contradictions." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2019-45-48.
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The overwhelming majority of countries lack their own resources to carry out socio-economic transformations, cover the budget deficit and make domestic investments, which is why many countries resort to external sources of financing, hence the national debt. It will probably be quite difficult to find a country that does not resort to raising funds from external or internal sources of financing. In general, credit cannot be considered as some kind of “absolute evil”, since rationally used loans and borrowings can significantly accelerate economic development, make the process of expanded reproduction more efficient and dynamic, solve many social and economic problems, etc. at the same time, significant public debt is a heavy burden that can complicate the normal functioning of the economic system. The growth of government debt reduces the stock of capital in the economic system (since, for example, the holder of savings, instead of investing in the economy through the purchase of shares of various companies or lending extended reproduction, buys government bonds, thereby financing the state and its needs). External debt — the total debt of the state, expressed in monetary units and interest on their payments. The creation of a civilized financial space is a very important moment for each state that has embarked on the path of market relations in their full implementation. And if most countries capitalized relations long ago, then the independent countries that emerged after the collapse of the socialist empire needed to gain new experience in the shortest possible time.
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Bower, Stephanie. "Political and Socio-Economic Elites: The Encounter of Provincials with Porteños in Fin-de-Siêcle Buenos Aires." Americas 59, no. 3 (January 2003): 379–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0003.
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In 1880, following a two-generation-long civil war, Argentina embarked upon a critical period of nation-building, which culminated in the centennial celebrations of 1910. In The Argentine Generation of 1880: Ideology and Cultural Texts, David Foster has commented upon the inconclusiveness of national cultural formation as Argentina turned from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, the uncertainty of how much from the provinces would be incorporated into the elite-constructed culture emanating from the port city of Buenos Aires. The recently published work of Roy Hora, The Landowners of the Argentine Pampas: A Social and Political History 1860-1945, and the work of Tulio Halperin, “The Buenos Aires Landed Class and the Shape of Argentine Politics (1820-1930),” which preceded it, further heighten the significance of provincial-porteño interaction at this point in Argentine history. Halperin and Hora find that during these years, and beyond, the socio-economic and the political elite of Argentina was not a unified whole, but rather two distinctive groups. In the leadership of the socio-economic elite was a landed class based on the estancias of the Argentine pampa and overwhelmingly porteño in character. Provincials dominated the political elite, as the provinces ‘captured’ the federal government in the years following their reunification with the province of Buenos Aires in 1861. Participation in the federal government brought the provincial political elite into contact with the porteño estancieros who dominated the socio-economic elite, as these were almost universally resident in the federal capital. But Roy Hora has described the relationship between the two groups as “problematic.”
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Lebel, Udi, and Dana Masad. "Life Scripts, Counter Scripts and Online Videos: The Struggle of Religious-Nationalist Community Epistemic Authorities against Military Service for Women." Religions 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090750.
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Life Scripts and Counter Scripts are used to illustrate the struggle by Israel’s Nationalist-Ultra-Orthodox Rabbinical authorities within the Zionist-religious community against military service for women. Following years in which the army had been out of bounds for the normative life scripts of the community’s women, the enlistment of women was relatively legitimized and normalized (although still far from becoming mainstream). These women identified an epistemic community that enabled them to establish life scripts offering community logics by which military service is perceived as empowering and offering positive capital and meaning. Conversely, leaders of conservative organizations within the Zionist-religious community, identifying the enlistment of women as a threat to the essentially religious-chauvinistic community order, embarked upon an internal campaign aimed at preventing it. This campaign can be seen as an attempt to establish a ‘counter script’ to the women’s enlistment script. It does not attempt to convince based on religious logics but by refuting beliefs formed as part of the script the women imagined would become their reality after they enlist. The paper analyzes a specific discourse arena taking part in the campaign—that of online videos distributed on YouTube and social media, aiming to influence attitudes. We conclude that, despite attempts to establish counter-scripts, by definition, these initiatives consist of an admission of weakness by the religious-rabbinical authority, as its very need to distribute these videos points to a double-bind and an ‘own-goal’ of sorts for the conservative authorities within religious-nationalist society.
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Upadhyay, Parijat, and Meenakshi Khemka. "Linkage between social identity creation and social networking site usage: the moderating role of usage intensity." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 33, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 1321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-01-2019-0021.
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PurposeInteraction and communication through social networking sites (SNSs) has witnessed exponential growth every year. The rising popularity of this platform has made researchers take a deeper look at this phenomenon and try and study it in a structured fashion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating role of SNS usage intensity on the relationship between social capital and social identity. There are very few published literature studies available and none in the context of a developing economy, which is undergoing enormous digital transformation. While studies like this have been done in abundance in the Western world, it is still a new approach in this part of the world. Even though the variables that are being studied have been adapted from the work done earlier by other researchers, the application and interpretation are very different, primarily because of the context.Design/methodology/approachA primary online survey was conducted to collect data for this study. A majority of 258 respondents were in the age group of 20–40 years. Most of them had an undergraduate and/or a postgraduate degree and spent an average of 70% of their weekly time on social media. The sample size was balanced in terms of gender (male/female) as well. To validate the research model and test the hypotheses of the study, through two analysis phases including measurement model and structural model, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlations and hierarchical multiple regression were deployed. The CFA was applied to assess the validity of the four factors under study.FindingsFactors that were studied in this article were checked for content validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha values were <1.0 indicating the reliability of the factors taken for the study. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that with the increase in bridging and SNS usage intensity, social identity also increases at a high level of bridging. Similar results were observed when regression was conducted for bonding and SNS usage intensity. Thus, the hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that SNS usage intensity positively moderated the effects of social capital on social identity. Hence, the two hypotheses were supported.Originality/valueThe results of this study are significant for business organizations and society as well. A similar type of study in the context of an economy, which has embarked on the path of digitization as a state-sponsored policy has not been reported.
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Imam, Ayman, Bahaa Alhaddad, and Josep Roca. "REMOTE SENSING EFFICIENCY FOR URBAN ANALYSIS OF MECCA AND SURROUNDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-905-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Situated in the southwest of Saudi Arabia, Mecca is considered the spiritual capital of one and a half billion worldwide Muslims. The city is visited by millions of pilgrims every year. It has undergone significant changes in land cover (LC) since the government first embarked on a series of ambitious development projects 20 years ago to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims and citizens. The main objective of our study is to detect, identify, analyze and measure the evolving land cover and urban morphology composition from multi-temporal satellite images. To characterize the morphological change during a period of twenty years, four satellite images, acquired in 1998 by Landsat TM and in 2003, 2008 and 2013 by Landsat ETM+, were classified into five main categories: <i>Urban, Street, Soil</i> and <i>Vegetation</i>. In addition, DEM has been extracted and included as <i>Mountain</i>. Change detection (CD) analysis is applied using post-classification comparison and GIS. As part of the study, morphological index, such as, Entropy is included for better understanding of urban structures behaviour. Mecca and its surroundings show a noticeable increase in urban and vegetation cover. Urban cover (UC) changes were divided into five radial directions: <i>Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, East</i>, and <i>Northwest</i>. These changes are influenced by mountain ranges surrounding the city and the highways. These revelations can play a significant role towards future planning and development activities, which may further promote urban growth.
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Burford, Mark. "Brahms’s Sybel: The Politics and Practice of Prussian Nationalist History." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 16, no. 3 (October 4, 2018): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409818000083.
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Johannes Brahms’s well-known historical consciousness took a particularly formative turn in the mid-1850s when he embarked upon a self-imposed hiatus from composing to deepen his knowledge of the music-historical past. This conscious embrace of historical study was characteristic of his time. Following the 1848Märzrevolution, a growing contingent of German intellectuals, sceptical of the more speculative teachings of philosophy and theology, became increasingly receptive to the concrete lessons of history. Brahms’s reading habits suggest his inclination toward a politics of historical knowledge closely associated with the ‘Prussian School’. The writings of these historians, including Johann Gustav Droysen, Henrich von Sybel and Heinrich von Treitschke, exhibit a blend of idealist philosophy and dogmatic empiricism oriented above all toward the goal of legitimating German national unification under Prussia. Particularly influential was Sybel’s seven-volumeDie Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I(The Founding of the German Reich through Wilhelm I), completed in the 1890s. Brahms, a Hamburg-born sympathizer of PrussianKleindeutschnationalism, who was a permanent resident of the Austrian capital of Vienna for the last 26 years of his life, was uniquely situated in relationship to the ‘German Question’. His well-marked copy of Sybel’s magisterial text adds illuminating granularity to our understanding of his personal and political values and ruminations on history spanning four decades. Brahms’s reading of Sybel makes legible a longer trajectory stretching from his ‘years of study’ in the 1850s, conveying how the studious historicism of his youth is best understood as an aesthetic stance densely interwoven with, and at the end of his life ratified by, the cultural and political agendas of Prussian School ideology and the meanings of the past forged in the crucible of the German historical imagination.
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Van Thiel, Pieter J. J. "Het portret van Jacobus Hendriksz. Zaffius door Frans Hals." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 107, no. 1 (1993): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501793x00126.
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AbstractThe bust of Jacobus Zaffius (figs. 1 and 2) in Haarlem's Frans Hals Museum was discovered in 1919. Since that time it has been regarded as a fragment of a large portrait of Zaffius painted by Hals in 1611 and believed to be lost. Jan van de Velde made a print of the missing portrait in 1630 (fig. 3). Recently it emerged that the panel on which the bust is painted is bevelled all round, and that the ground and paint continue over the edges. This means that it cannot be a fragment. The theory that Hals himself painted the copy is untenable. The weak design and indifferent pictorial quality suggest that the painting is a contemporary anonymous copy. An attempt to identify the companion portraits of a man and a woman in Birmingham and Chatsworth (figs. 4 and 5), variously dated as 1610/11 and 1617/18, with a view to establishing their true dates, has failed. It was hoped that if discovered to have been painted in or around 1611, they might have served as material for a stylistic comparison. The investigation yielded only a few supplementary heraldic (fig. 6) and genealogical data. Research in the Haarlem municipal archives uncovered new information pertaining to Zaffius' financial capital and family connections. As archdeacon of the diocese of Haarlem and provost of the Haarlem chapter, Jacobus Hendriksz. Zaffius (Amsterdam 1534-1618 Haarlem) experienced the turbulent history of the Dutch Catholic church during the birth of the Republic. Towards the end of his life he added a few houses to a recently founded bofje of almshouses (fig. 9). Van de Velde's print was made in 1630, when Catholicism had established itself in the Dutch archdiocese and embarked on the documentation of its own history in the form of, among others, portraits of prominent figures of the past.
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Kharmich, Hassan, and Mouna Sedreddine. "« Rabat, a Metropolitan City », Between Displayed Image, Reality of Image and Identity." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 4 (January 7, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i4.686.
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Embodying for a long time the image of an administrative capital where the functionary dominate, where the urban setting is aging and where quality of life is declining, the city of Rabat has recently embarked on a frantic race to reinvent a new image: a modern, innovative and qualitative image.In order to achieve this, several projects and programs of development, embellishment and construction, has been initiated with a common feature which is greatness (large theater, high towers, large stations, large arteries, new centralities, etc.). This greatness aspect is visible through the importance of the areas involved, the volumes and the shapes designed, the modes of transport developed, the means and resources deployed in add to the promotion of architectural signatures of the renowned architects, and the modes of governance and project management. Henceforth, Rabat shows its ambition as a city of culture, as a green city and as a “city of light”. The time of Rabat, as administrative city, is over.However, the image displayed and publicized seems controversial compared to the reality of certain urban spaces, often with high heritage value, that develop on the margins of programs and projects initiated. Real deficits are observed in terms of basic equipment and services, in terms of transport network and in terms of urban coherence and social cohesion. Everything contributes to an urban image with two facets: one more qualitative, more modern and more elitist, while the other is more spontaneous, more vulnerable and more devalued.Faced with this identity transition and this double temporality, what image and identity do we want for Rabat? What vocations do we claim for this city which aspires to become a national and international metropolis? What developments should be advocated for a capital with such a rich and diversified history? What relationship can be established between the local identity and the global identity of the city? How does the citizen apprehend his living spaces in the face of such universal urban model, where social connections as well as the spatial relationship mutate towards new practices?These questions will be enlightened through the confrontation of major projects underway and urban realities, through the analysis of the new urban model which is universal, modern and generating a new image and a new urban identity, as well as through the impact of these major projects both on the urban landscape and quality of life. It’s with these considerations in mind that this paper is drawn up: « Rabat, a metropolitan city », between displayed image and reality of image and identity.
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Lau, Chee Kwong, and Ki Wei Ooi. "A case study on fraudulent financial reporting: evidence from Malaysia." Accounting Research Journal 29, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-11-2013-0084.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine cases of fraudulent financial reporting (FFR) which were subject to published enforcement actions by the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) from 1998 to 2012 for reasons of alleged financial misreporting. It investigates the main attempts used (how) and sensible motives (why) for these fraudulent reporting. Design/methodology/approach This study undertakes a close examination of the financial reports manipulated – annual accounts, interim reports and financial reports in listing proposals, initial public offering prospectuses and corporate restructuring proposals. Due to the limited number of FFR published, a close examination of these cases is the best way to reach a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of “how” FFR takes place, rather than performing large sample statistical analyses. This study also collects data which provide evidence for the possible motivations in resorting to the FFR. Findings The most common attempt used by the sample companies was to overstate their reported revenue by recognising fictitious sales from bogus customers. Sample companies who attempted this initial manipulation often followed with consequential manipulations and in some cases also embarked on masking manipulations. Sensible motives for the sample companies to manipulate their financial statements include capital raising exercises, closeness to defaulting on debt repayments and sustaining equity overvaluations. Research limitations/implications The primary limitation of this study is its lack of breadth due to the limited number of reported cases available. Moreover, taking the sample companies used from enforcement action releases published by the SC presupposes that the SC has diligently and correctly identified all the FFR cases – whereas there is a possibility that some companies involved in FFR may not yet have been detected or publicly revealed. Notwithstanding these limitations, our findings provide a comprehensive insight, which is sufficient in depth, into the operational aspects of FFR in Malaysia. Practical implications One practical lesson from the findings on “how” within the chain of manipulations is that auditors ought to review the effectiveness of their analytical and substantive procedures, as a number of the FFR cases remained undetected by the audit process. A second is that accounting standards setters may wish to reconsider the amount of discretion given to managers in financial reporting. On the one hand, some managers have used this discretion to provide useful information to the market; however, others have opportunistically used it for personal gain. Social implications From the societal perspective, it is time for managers, as agents of capital providers, to self-review their responsibilities and stewardship in financial reporting. There needs to be a paradigm shift in their attitudes towards the perceived incentives of, and opportunities for, FFR. Managers’ wrongdoings in these accounting scandals have had significant adverse consequences for society – including minority shareholders, investor confidence, future accountants and managers in the making. Originality/value This study provides direct and practical evidence on the “how” and “why” of FFR in the context of a developing country – Malaysia. Such evidence is limited in the existing literature and relevant to practitioners.
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ZHOU, Zhihua. "China Embarks on Massive Social Housing Construction Programme." East Asian Policy 04, no. 03 (July 2012): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930512000220.
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In March 2011 the Chinese government announced its plan to construct 36 million social housing in 2011-2015. Although capital and land provisions for 2011 had been made, some problems have emerged. Chinese social housing development should be legislated to provide legal evidence not only for the proper implementation of this plan in the coming years, but also for social housing development in the coming decades.
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Schneider, P., A. Davison, A. Langdon, G. Freeman, C. Essery, R. Beatty, and P. Toop. "Integrated water cycle planning for towns in New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0675.
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Integration means different things to different people and as a consequence appears to only partially deliver on promised outcomes. For effective integrated water cycle management these outcomes should include improved water use efficiency, less waste, environmental sustainability, and provide secure and reliable supply to meet social and economic needs. The objective of integration is the management and combination of all these outcomes as part of a whole, so as to provide better outcomes than would be expected by managing the parts independently. Integration is also a consequence of the Water Reforms embarked on by the NSW State Government in 1995. The key goals of the reforms are clean and healthy rivers and groundwaters, and the establishment of more secure water entitlements for users. They are also essential for meeting the Council of Australian Government (COAG) water management strategies. The policies and guidelines that formed the NSW Water Reforms were the basis of the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) (WMA) which is the legislative framework for water management in NSW. The NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation has developed an approach to integrated water cycle management for rural centres in NSW based on a catchment and policy context. This approach includes consideration of catchment wide needs and issues, environmental sustainability, government policy and community objectives in the development of an integrated water cycle plan. The approach provides for a transparent assessment of priorities and how to deal with them, and while specific to urban centres, could easily be expanded for use in the management of the whole of the catchment water cycle. Integration of the water cycle is expected to offer benefits to the local environment, community and economy. For instance, any unused proportion of an urban centre's water entitlement, or an offset against this entitlement created through returned flows (such as via good quality sewage effluent discharge to a river), can provide a surplus which is available to be traded on an annual basis. Further, improved demand management within an urban centre can be expected to result in a reduction in abstraction against the licence entitlement. This may result in the increased availability of in-stream water for environmental or other purposes and is expected to increase the economic value of returned water. Improved water use efficiencies are also expected to result in reduced capital works (and their associated costs) as the efficiency of service delivery and resource use improves. In this paper an example of the application of this process is provided and the outcomes discussed.
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Taiwo, A. A., A. K. Fajimi, M. A. Raji, F. T. Adebowale, F. T. Ajayi, I. O. Oke, and G. O. Afon. "SURVEY OF CATTLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 34, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v34i1.2455.
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A survey was conducted on cattle production practices in Ibadan, Nigeria Fifty cattle farmers were purposively sampled. Structured questionnaire containing information on personal characteristics, farm history and breeds of cattle reared, management and health practices, influence of technology, constraints to cattle production and suggested solutions were administered on cattle farmers in both urban and peri-urban areas of Ibadan, between February to April 2004. Data obtained were analysed by simple statistics. The survey revealed that cattle production is now increasingly being embarked upon by farmers in Ibadan as a complementary form of income to other types of livestock enterprises. It contributed between 2-85% with a mean of 36.6% to the income of the farmers. It is a male dominated (80%) profession with many of the farmers being educated (60%), having one wife (56%) and majority (62%) of them were in the age group 31 – 60years. Majority (86%) of the cattle farms where based in the peri-urban area of Ibadan and only 24% of the cattle farmers also engaged in cropping activities. The study also revealed that many of the farmers (82%) reared Sokoto Gudali breed of cattle. The breed constituted the highest number of cattle reared (48.14%). Forty percent of the farmers had small herd size (1-10 heads of cattle). On the average, the herds comprised slightly more cows (43.91%) than bulls (36.88%). Some of the cattle farmers (14-28%) also reared other types of livestock such as sheep, goats, poultry, pigs and fish. Majority of the farmers (56%) engaged in cattle production for monetary/commercial reasons and employed Fulanis (46%) as herdsmen to graze the animals. A small number of them (6%) also keep cattle as a means of utilizing feed-mill waste and graze grasses around fishponds as a means of reducing labour cost. The farmers has experience in cattle rearing varying from 1 to 35years. Majority of the farmers (56%) pay cash only to the herdsmen as a means of reward for their labout. Many of the farmers offered supplementary feed ot their cattle especially in the dry season. However, only fourteen percent (14%) of them provided standard housing for their animals. It has been found from this study that helminthiasis was the most important health problem confronting the cattle. Also 26% of the farmers reported tsetse flies infestation as mild problem. The study showed that the average morbidity and mortality rates among the cattle were 19% and 8% respectively. The study also showed that appreciable percentage (44%) of the farmers make use of veterinary services in the treatment of their animals and observed quarantine period (45%) when bringing in new animals into their herds. The farmers ranked limited capital (33%). Shortage of grazing land (16%) and inadequate knowledge of farmers (14.94%) as the three most pressing problems associated with cattle production. They also proffered provision of soft loan by the government (34.33%), training of farmers (25.37%) and availability of grazing land (16.42%) as the most urgent solutions to the problems highlighted.
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Bakhit, Wael, Marwa Ziadeh, and Zouhour El Abiad. "The components of intangible capital: An exploration of Lebanese companies." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 8, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v8i3.503.
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The contemporary economy has changed dramatically and moved from the industrial age to the information age, pushing businesses to embark into a predominantly intangible economy. Thus, and in addition to solid and liquid value, there is a gaseous value which is the intangible capital. This exploratory study of 14 Lebanese companies analyzed with the “Tropes” software focuses on the constituent elements of intangible capital, its place within these companies and its contribution to the creation of value. This work concludes a first proposal for the classification of the components of intangible capital.
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Roberts, John Michael, and Fiona Devine. "The Hollowing Out of the Welfare State and Social Capital." Social Policy and Society 2, no. 4 (October 2003): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001386.
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Social capital has become an increasingly popular concept within some academic and government circles as a means of exploring how communities can embark upon a process of civic renewal by establishing bridges of reciprocity between community members from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. In this article we place the popularity of social capital within the historical context of the ‘hollowing out of the welfare state’. This allows us to highlight four interrelated problems that hollowing out processes pose for the establishment of social capital in the UK today.
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Sornoza-Parrales, Gema I., Adrián O. Macías-Loor, Adriana Castillo-Merino, Sandra P. Toala-Bozada, Mónica del Pilar Quinónez-Cercado, and Carmen A. Álvarez-Vásquez. "Guanxi, Social Capital and Networking." Polo del Conocimiento 3, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.23857/pc.v3i6.518.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">This article synthesizes the meaning and importance of Guanxi which is describes as the basic dynamics of personalized networks of influence and constitutes a central concept in Chinese society. Based on their own definitions of relationships, the West usually interprets it as a set of relationships and connections. However, it is much more complicated and intricate. Guanxi is one of the most powerful forces in Chinese culture, encompassing the idea of a complex series of connections of individuals and families with which a person is connected. Guanxi is created and deepened over time and brings with it a great responsibility in terms of social exchanges and favors. Understanding the role of Guanxi in business is very important to develop fruitful relationships in China. The nature of Guanxi reciprocity and the implicit obligations are one of the main reasons why the Chinese are reluctant to embark on deep business relationships with people they do not know. Literally "Guanxi" means the connection between two or more people through a relationship of mutual dependence that includes the realization of reciprocal personal gifts and favors.</p>
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Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, and Pierre Yared. "Income and Democracy." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 808–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.808.
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Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy but do not control for factors that simultaneously affect both variables. We show that controlling for such factors by including country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We present instrumental-variables estimates that also show no causal effect of income on democracy. The cross-country correlation between income and democracy reflects a positive correlation between changes in income and democracy over the past 500 years. This pattern is consistent with the idea that societies embarked on divergent political-economic development paths at certain critical junctures. (JEL D72, E21)
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Ogbonna, Udochukwu Godfrey, and Chukwu Agwu Ejem. "Do Monetary Policy Instruments Influence Capital Market Returns in Nigeria?" American Finance & Banking Review 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v5i1.562.
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This study concisely examined the relationship between monetary policy variables and performance of the Nigerian Capital Market, analyzed with appropriate econometric tools. After the analysis, the outputs revealed the following; the entire monetary policy variables employed only monetary policy rate has significant relationship with the performance of the capital market in Nigeria. It was also found that the previous information about the all share index has the capacity to predict future returns in capital market in Nigeria. On this note, the researchers are of the opinion to embark on prompt disclosure of the daily all share indexes by regulatory authorities, thereby refurbishing the efficiency of the Nigeria Capital Market. It is also suggested to adopt alternative means of disclosure apart from the national television stations and national daily newspapers because of our technological know-how in Nigeria.
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Carlson, Sören, Jürgen Gerhards, and Silke Hans. "Educating Children in Times of Globalisation: Class-specific Child-rearing Practices and the Acquisition of Transnational Cultural Capital." Sociology 51, no. 4 (January 11, 2016): 749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038515618601.
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Owing to globalisation processes, foreign language skills and familiarity with foreign cultures and institutions, along with similar skills and dispositions which we call ‘transnational cultural capital’, have gained in importance, affecting the positional competition between classes. Drawing on Bourdieu and based on semi-structured interviews with parents of adolescents, some of whom spent a school year abroad, we reconstruct class-specific differences in the acquisition of transnational cultural capital via a school year abroad. We show how, for upper middle class families, this acquisition is embedded in specific child-rearing practices and facilitated by their endowment with different forms of capital. For the same reasons, lower middle class families tend to find the acquisition of transnational cultural capital much more difficult. However, we also identify ways and conditions under which these families can enable their children to embark on a school year abroad.
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Saleem, Irfan, Ahmed Faisal Siddiqi, Tahir Masood Qureshi, and Faisal Mustafa. "Human Capital Development Typology: A Case Study of the Saudi Arabia." Journal of Management and Research 5, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/jmr/51/0501003.
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Saudi government is struggling to build knowledge based society to encounter social and economic challenges for the year 2030, when oil supply will be just sufficient to meet local Saudi demands. This study embarks upon the importance of the mixed-economy for sustainable growth in the 21st century. This study investigates three objectives. Firstly, it highlights Saudi socio-economic challenges. Secondly, it identifies alternative ways to realize the vision of mixed economic model for oil driven economy. Thirdly, it identifies the relationship between human capital and Saudi economic indicators. This research presents a typology based upon econometric models using secondary data, collected from World-Bank, World Health Organization (2013) and Saudi Monitory Agency annual statistical data-streams. It is recommended that the Saudi youth can play a vital role in economic growth subject to change in their mindset to overcome artificial joblessness among the Saudis.
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Tong, Wanda, and Agnes Razniak. "Building professional capital within a 21st century learning framework." Journal of Professional Capital and Community 2, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpcc-06-2016-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze current literature on building professional capital, interpreted through the lens of Alberta educators. Through reflections on their field experiences, the authors aim to provide leaders with realistic strategies for developing professional capital, that rely on effective collaborative leadership, professional development (PD), and adult learning. These strategies can be incorporated in a variety of individualized school contexts. Design/methodology/approach Data are interpreted from literature to inform the inquiry into professional capital, focusing on defining effective strategies for attaining professional capital within publicly funded schools in the province of Alberta. Findings Insights are provided for school-based leaders in developing strategies to build professional capital as a means of twenty-first century skill attainment, which includes the transformation from a traditional mindset to innovative teaching and learning practices. Three important elements emerged from the literature review for educational leaders to consider in developing effective professional capital: collaborative leadership, PD, and adult learning. Research limitations/implications Lack of time and funding are most frequently reported as obstacles to implementing professional capital in schools. A number of effective strategies are presented to assist school-based leaders in tackling these hindrances. Originality/value In building professional capital, including human, social, and decisional capital effectively, leaders may embark on incorporating the three focal elements presented in this paper, with an awareness of their staff’s strengths, needs, and pedagogies.
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Adu-Asare Idun, Anthony, and Joshua Gamado. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Access to Finance A Study of Firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange." Journal of Business and Enterprise Development VOLUME 8, no. 2019 (October 30, 2019): 206–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jobed.2019.07.
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This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and access to finance, using data from companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). The study adopted multiple regression in investigating the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) in terms of profitability (measured by return on equity – ROE) and philanthropy (measured by corporate social responsibility disclosures – CSRED), and access to finance (measured by growth in equity, retained earnings, debt and working capital). Economic responsibility and access to finance measured by growth in retain earnings are negatively and insignificantly associated. Discretionary responsibility has positive and significantly relationship with growth in equity capital. Again, economic responsibility is negatively and insignificantly related to growth in debt stock, while discretionary responsibility is positively and significantly associated with growth in debt stock. Finally, economic responsibility is negatively related to growth in working capital, while discretionary responsibility is positively related to growth in working capital, but both cases are significant. The study encourages firms to embark on higher-level social responsibility since that can alleviate access to finance challenges faced by firms.
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Akpan, Sunday S., Fauziah Mahat, Bany-Ariffin A. Noordin, and Annuar A. Nassir. "Revisiting Insurance Capital Structure, Risk-Taking Behaviour and Performance between 1995 – 2002." Asian Social Science 13, no. 11 (October 30, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n11p128.
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This paper examines the effect of capital structure and the moderation effect of risk-taking behaviour of insurance firms on performance of insurers in Nigeria from 1995 to 2002. This study became necessary as literatures in this area and regime are scarce. Secondary data from financial reports of each insurance firm were used. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the data while a two-stage estimation procedure of the fixed effect and random effect models were used to test the hypothetical framework of the study. Result shows that insurance capital structure (measured by equity ratio) had an insignificant negative effect on insurance performance while it had a significant positive effect on insurance performance if measured by technical provision ratios. On average, risk taking behaviour moderates the relationship between technical provision ratio and insurance performance. This study focused on capital structure and moderation effect of risk on performance of insurers in non risk-based capital era. Further study on risk-based capital era will provide more on performance of insurers before and after the implementation of risk-base capital requirement. These findings provide important insight to managers and regulators and investors by fostering more understanding of how to manipulate insurance capital and which source of fund should be used to embark on risky investment to attain superior performance. This investigation adds to literature on insurance capital structure, regulation and risk management and insurance performance in Nigeria.
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Hur, Domenico Uhng. "Axiomática do capital e instituições: abstratas, concretas e imateriais / Axiomatic of capital and institutions: abstracts, concretes and immaterials." Revista Polis e Psique 5, no. 3 (December 9, 2015): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-152x.58450.
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ResumoA emergência das sociedades de controle trouxe um novo agenciamento que reformulou as formações sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as novas configurações das instituições a partir da intensificação da axiomática do capital e do surgimento do diagrama de controle. Realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a obra de Gilles Deleuze e de pensadores contemporâneos. Diferenciamos as instituições abstratas e as instituições concretas para nos referir ao complexo fenômeno das instituições. Discutimos a troca do código pela axiomática do capital enquanto mecanismo predominante de operação social. Esta substituição fez que as instituições tradicionais entrassem num processo de transição a uma nova forma social que denominamos de instituições imateriais. Ao mesmo tempo em que os códigos são descodificados, são reterritorializados a partir da axiomática do capital.Palavras-chave: Análise Institucional; Esquizoanálise; Psicologia Política; Deleuze, Gilles, 1925-1995. AbstractThe emergence of societies of control has brought a new type of assemblage that is reformulating social formations. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on new institutional configurations from the point of view of the intensification of the axiomatics of capital and the emergence of the diagram of control. Through a literature review on the work of Gilles Deleuze and other contemporary thinkers, we differentiate between abstract and concrete institutions to express to the complex phenomenon of institutions. We discuss the replacement of the code by the axiomatics of capital as the predominant mechanism of social operation. This substitution has required traditional institutions to embark on a transitional process towards a new social form which we call immaterial institutions. At the same time that codes are decoded, they are reterritorialized through the axiomatics of capital. Keywords: Institutional Analysis; Schizoanalysis; Political Psychology; Deleuze, Gilles.