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1

Richman, Raymond L., Jesse T. Richman, and Howard B. Richman. "Accrued Gains are not Income: An Administratively Simple Rollover Treatment for Capital Gains Taxation." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 12 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n12p1.

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This paper presents a definition of income that rejects both the BEA and Haig-Simons definitions concerning capital gains. Specifically, capital gains represent future income unless brought to the present by consumption of the gain. We demonstrate that the rollover treatment implied by this definition ends double-taxation, under-taxation, lock-in of capital, excessive incentives to consume capital, and other economic distortions. Finally, we detail an administratively-simple deferred gain account rule for the rollover treatment which would require that taxpayers only track one additional item
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2

Qoshen, Zohar. "Optimal Dividend Policy and Tax Distortions." Israel Law Review 28, no. 1 (1994): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700017039.

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A logical starting point for any discussion about dividends is the Irrelevance Theorem developed by Modigliani & Miller. According to this theorem, dividend policy does not affect the firm's value if its investment policy is predetermined. In practice, however, the market does not behave in this manner. Firms do distribute dividends, and increases in dividends usually lead to increases in share prices. Given the inferior tax treatment of cash dividends as opposed to capital gains and the high costs involved in raising new funds in the market, this suggests, contrary to the irrelevance theo
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3

Breckenridge, S. "CAPITAL GAINS TAX IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85002.

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Eleven years after a previous abortive attempt, another Federal Labor Government has announced its intention to incorporate into the Australian fiscal scene a capital gains tax. The tax is to be levied at marginal and corporate income tax rates on 100 per cent of inflation adjusted gains realised on assets acquired on and after 20 September 1985.Whilst the Government expects its revenue yield to be low even at the end of five years of operation, the cost of protective administration and compliance to be incurred by taxpayers will be substantial.There are substantial areas of uncertainty in the
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4

Martin, Fernando M. "POLICY AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF WITHIN-PERIOD COMMITMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 7 (2014): 1401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000886.

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Consider the problem of a benevolent government that needs to finance the provision of a public good with distortionary taxes and cannot commit to policies beyond the current period. In such a case, public expenditure is inefficiently low. If the government further loses the ability to set tax rates before production in the period takes place, then it will not internalize how its policy choices distort current factor markets. Thus, to counterbalance the costs of future distortions, it increases public good provision. For a calibrated economy, removing within-period commitment implies a welfare
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5

Gordon, Roger H. "Taxation of Corporate Capital Income: Tax Revenues Versus Tax Distortions." Quarterly Journal of Economics 100, no. 1 (1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1885733.

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6

Koskela, Erkki, and Leopold von Thadden. "Optimal Factor Taxation under Wage Bargaining: A Dynamic Perspective." German Economic Review 9, no. 2 (2008): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00428.x.

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Abstract We consider the issue of steady-state optimal factor taxation in a Ramsey-type dynamic general equilibrium setting with two distinct distortions: (i) taxes on capital and labour are the only available tax instruments for raising revenues and (ii) labour markets are subject to an inefficiency resulting from wage bargaining. If considered in isolation, the two distortions create conflicting demands on the wage tax, while calling for a zero capital tax. By combining the two distortions, we arrive at the conclusion that both instruments should be used, implying that the zero capital tax r
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7

Nguyen, Phuong Thi, and Minh Khac Nguyen. "Misallocation and reallocation of resources in Vietnamese manufacturing firms." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 7 (2020): 1605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0168.

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PurposeThis research identifies the level of misallocation in Vietnamese manufacturing sector for the period 2000–2015. Meltiz and Polanec dynamic productivity decomposition is used to compare the relative productivity contributions from surviving, entering and exiting firms to aggregate productivity change by the type of ownership. Heckman's two-step model is used to examine the effect of misallocation and industry- and firm-level factors on entry or exit decision and market share of firms in Vietnamese manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approachThe level of misallocation and efficiency
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8

Reis, Catarina. "ENTREPRENEURIAL LABOR AND CAPITAL TAXATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, no. 3 (2010): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000039.

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This paper considers a Ramsey model of linear taxation for an economy with capital and two kinds of labor. If the government cannot distinguish between the return from capital and the return from entrepreneurial labor, then there will be positive capital income taxation, even in the long run. This happens because the only way to tax entrepreneurial labor is by also taxing capital. Furthermore, under fairly general conditions, the optimal tax on observable labor income is higher than the capital tax, although both are strictly positive. Thus, even though both income taxes are positive, imposing
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9

Kapička, Marek, and Julian Neira. "Optimal Taxation with Risky Human Capital." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 4 (2019): 271–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160365.

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We study optimal tax policies in a life-cycle economy with permanent ability differences and risky human capital investments that have both an unobservable component, learning effort, and an observable component, schooling. The optimal policies balance redistribution across agents, insurance against human capital shocks, and incentives to learn and work. In the optimum, (i ) high-ability agents face risky consumption while low-ability agents are insured; (ii ) the optimal schooling subsidy is substantial but less than 100 percent; (iii) if utility is separable in labor and learning effort, the
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10

Amusa, HA. "A macroeconomic approach to estimating effective tax rates in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 1 (2004): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i1.1432.

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Using data contained in South Africa's national accounts and revenue statistics, this paper constructs time-series of effective tax rates for consumption, capital income, and labour income. The macroeconomic approach allows for a detailed breakdown of tax revenue accruing to general government and the corresponding aggregate tax bases. The methodology used also yields effective rate estimates that can be considered as being consistent with tax distortions faced by a representative economic agent within a general equilibrium framework. Correlation analysis reveals that savings (as a percentage
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11

Pattiasina, Victor, Milcha Handayani Tammubua, Agustinus Numberi, Andarias Patiran, and Selva Temalagi. "Capital Intensity and tax avoidance." International journal of social sciences and humanities 3, no. 1 (2019): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v3n1.250.

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This study examines the relationship of capital intensity as a moderating variable to the relationship of tax avoidance in Indonesia. Here, we examined social responsibility, audit committee, the board of commissioner, proportion of commissioner board, and institutional ownership, as the parts of capital intensity in tax avoidance phenomena. We applied purposive sampling to gain data. A total sample of research were 32 banking data listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The result of the research shows that the audit committee and institutional ownership have influenced tax avoidance, while c
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12

Nobilis, Benedek, and András Svraka. "Hungarian small business tax and possibilities to minimize distortions from capital income taxation." Society and Economy 37, s1 (2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.6.

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Governments throughout the EU and OECD countries rely on revenues raised on capital income. Albeit several arguments can be made for keeping these taxes, in their widespread form they hinder capital accumulation and significantly lower potential growth due to their savings and investment distorting nature. At the same time, the actual economic impact of tax types is largely influenced by their structure. An elegant method, which is also simple in its concept, for eliminating the economic distortions of profit taxes is cash-flow taxation which moves income taxes closer to the more growth-friend
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13

안동일 and KeeJoon Seok. "The Influence of Tax Avoidance Factors on Propensity of Tax Avoidance-Focused Capital Gain Tax-." Tax Accounting Research ll, no. 45 (2015): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35349/tar.2015..45.006.

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14

Kim, Dong-Bok. "Issues Surrounding Capital Gain Tax and Reasonable Development Plan." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 7, no. 8 (2007): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2007.7.8.199.

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15

Jisun Chung. "Problems and Improve Plans of Tax Exemptions in Capital Gain Tax on Expropriation." CHUNG_ANG LAW REVIEW 14, no. 1 (2012): 267–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21759/caulaw.2012.14.1.267.

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16

Roeger, Werner. "Growth, Employment and Taxation with Distortions in the Goods and Labour Market." German Economic Review 8, no. 1 (2007): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00131.x.

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Abstract This paper analyses taxation in the presence of distortions in goods and labour markets in an endogenous growth model. The government disposes of capital, labour and consumption taxes. It is shown that the market solution leads to suboptimally low levels of growth and employment. However, available tax instruments are sufficient to attain the first-best growth path in this economy. The paper further explores the relative distortion of capital and labour taxes. For plausible parametrisations of the model, lowering capital taxes dominate reductions in labour taxes in welfare terms.
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17

Lodhi, Khalid Mahmood. "Impact of Capital Gains Tax on Stock Investment in Pakistan." Information Management and Business Review 5, no. 7 (2013): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v5i7.1063.

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This study analyzes the impact of capital gains tax on stocks investment in Pakistan. Whenever there is an increase in the value of a capital asset realized over its cost it is termed as capital gain and the tax imposed thereof is called Capital Gains Tax. The study finds that levy of Capital Gains Tax results in lower volume of stock investment and lesser growth in assets/securities whereas the revenues have also declined as further investments have declined due to the fears of documentation of small investors by the tax authorities.
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18

Burton, Hughlene A., and Noel Brock. "Congress Finally Passes Carried Interest Legislation, But is it Enough?" ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 17, no. 1 (2019): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-52586.

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ABSTRACT After numerous failed previous attempts to enact legislation taxing “carried interest” income attributable to services as compensation income versus capital gains, Congress enacted Section 1061 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Unlike previous proposals, which would tax carried interest income attributable to services as compensation income, Section 1061 simply reclassifies some carried interest income attributable to services as short-term capital gain. By choosing to treat carried interest income attributable to services as short-term capital gain instead of as compensation inco
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19

KimSungKyun. "Review of Inheritance Tax System―focused on unrealized capital gain―." Seoul Tax Law Review 13, no. 2 (2007): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.16974/stlr.2007.13.2.010.

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20

GASIOROWSKI, JOHN R. "Is A Discount for Built-In Capital Gain Tax Justified?" Business Valuation Review 12, no. 2 (1993): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5791/0882-2875-12.2.76.

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21

Guo, Sini, Wai-Ki Ching, Wai-Keung Li, Tak-Kuen Siu, and Zhiwen Zhang. "Fuzzy hidden Markov-switching portfolio selection with capital gain tax." Expert Systems with Applications 149 (July 2020): 113304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113304.

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22

Guo, Sini, and Wai-Ki Ching. "High-order Markov-switching portfolio selection with capital gain tax." Expert Systems with Applications 165 (March 2021): 113915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113915.

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23

Park Nosu and Hun Park. "Research on Unified Application of Tax Laws related Contractual Rescindment on Capital Gain Tax, Gift Tax and Acquisition Tax." Seoul Tax Law Review 20, no. 1 (2014): 243–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.16974/stlr.2014.20.1.007.

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24

Nichols, Nancy B., Cherie J. O'Neil, and John O. Everett. "Unraveling the Complexity of Capital Gain and Loss Transactions." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 2, no. 1 (2004): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2004.2.1.119.

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The current capital gain and loss provisions, especially when combined with the casualty and theft and sale or exchange of business property provisions, are very challenging from both a planning and reporting perspective. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Joint Committee on Taxation recently identified individual capital gains and losses as an area requiring simplification. This article explores how the complexity of capital gain and loss provisions arose by first tracing the evolution of the capital gains provisions from the Revenue Act of 1913 through cha
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25

Orlov, Anton, and Harald Grethe. "Introducing Carbon Taxes in Russia: The Relevance of Tax-Interaction Effects." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 3 (2014): 723–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0006.

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Abstract The theoretical literature on the double-dividend concept is mainly focused on pre-existing distortionary taxes in the labour and capital markets; the relevance of interactions with other taxes is often neglected. Using an analytical model and a numerical general equilibrium model, we analyse the welfare effects of carbon taxes and their interaction with other taxes applied in Russia. We find that substituting carbon taxes for labour taxes in Russia can substantially reduce the cost of carbon taxation compared to returning carbon tax revenues to households in lump-sum form and can eve
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26

Blomquist, Sören, Vidar Christiansen, and Luca Micheletto. "Public Provision of Private Goods and Nondistortionary Marginal Tax Rates." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2, no. 2 (2010): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.2.2.1.

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Using an optimal taxation model combined with a previously neglected scheme of public provision of private goods, we show that there is an efficiency gain if public provision of selected goods replaces market purchases and that efficiency requires marginal income tax rates to be higher than if the goods were purchased in the market. Part of the marginal tax serves the same role as a market price and conveys information about a real social cost of working more hours. It might be that economies with higher marginal tax rates have less severe distortions than economies with lower marginal tax rat
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27

Everett, John O., William A. Raabe, and Julie Gentile. "Tenure Buyouts: The Case for Capital Gains Treatment." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 3, no. 1 (2005): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2005.3.1.78.

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In the increasingly common case where a faculty member accepts a buyout of tenure rights toward the end of his or her career, an interesting tax question arises. Does the relinquishment of tenure involve a “sale or exchange” of a capital asset, qualifying for long-term capital gains treatment? Or should the transaction be viewed as one generating ordinary income to “replace” normal compensation that would otherwise be received in the future? Tax Court dicta indicate that the compensation received should be reported as ordinary gross income. But statutory and judicial law effective since the Ta
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28

Raicevic, Bozidar, and Jelena Nenadic. "Tax competition: A general review." Ekonomski anali 49, no. 162 (2004): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0462045r.

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Tax competition is increasingly attracting the attention of not only experts Although it is difficult to define precisely, grosso modo, it is actually a competition between states (jurisdictions) in attracting capital (investors) by tax instruments, especially tax incentives. The first recorded cases of tax competition emerged in 12th century (attracting wool weavers into regions of North Italy-Piemont). Today, tax competition has undreamt-of and very dynamic forms, both territorial and sectored. However, tax competition is accompanied not only by positive but also by rather strong negative ef
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29

Mylevaganam, Sivarajah. "A Simplified Approach for Implementing Capital Gain Tax in Stock Marketing." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 06, no. 13 (2016): 868–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.613076.

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30

Seida, Jim A., and William F. Wempe. "Do capital gain tax rate increases affect individual investors’ trading decisions?" Journal of Accounting and Economics 30, no. 1 (2000): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4101(00)00028-8.

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31

Cagetti, Marco, and Mariacristina De Nardi. "Estate Taxation, Entrepreneurship, and Wealth." American Economic Review 99, no. 1 (2009): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.1.85.

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This paper studies the estate tax in a quantitative framework with business investment, borrowing constraints, estate transmission, and wealth inequality. We find that the estate tax has little effect on the saving and investment decisions of small businesses, but does distort the decisions of larger firms, thereby reducing aggregate output and savings. Removing such distortions by eliminating the estate tax does not necessarily imply that everyone would be better off. If other taxes were raised to reestablish fiscal balance, those at the top of the wealth distribution would experience a large
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32

Ghate, Chetan, Gerhard Glomm, and Jialu Liu Streeter. "Sectoral Infrastructure Investments in an Unbalanced Growing Economy: The Case of Potential Growth in India." Asian Development Review 33, no. 2 (2016): 144–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00076.

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We construct a two-sector (agriculture and modern) overlapping generations growth model calibrated to India to study the effects of sectoral tax rates, sectoral infrastructure investments, and labor market frictions on potential growth in India. Our model is motivated by the idea that because misallocation depends on distortions, policies that reduce distortions raise potential growth. We show that the positive effect of a variety of policy reforms on potential growth depends on the extent to which public and private capital are complements or substitutes. We also show that funding more infras
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33

Jang, Hwee-yong J. "THE MARKET REACTION TO THE 1986 TAX OVERHAUL: A STUDY OF THE CAPITAL GAIN TAX CHANGE." Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 21, no. 8 (1994): 1179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00370.x.

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34

Liu, Jianfang. "Government Policy, Factor Market Distortion and Structural Transformation." Finance and Market 5, no. 3 (2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/fm.v5i3.2104.

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<p>Demand-driven economic structural transformation is mainly realized through the Engel Effect, and different consumption has different income elasticity. This article attempts to explain the effects of taxation, technological progress and factor price distortions on economic structure by introducing government policies and capital labor price distortions into the multi-sectorial model. The results showed that the share of agricultural labor decrease when the tax rate decreased or technological progress occurred and the share of service labor increased when the non-homothetic of utility
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35

Krueger, Dirk, and Alexander Ludwig. "Optimal Progressive Labor Income Taxation and Education Subsidies When Education Decisions and Intergenerational Transfers are Endogenous." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (2013): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.496.

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We quantitatively characterize the optimal mix of progressive income taxes and education subsidies in a model with endogenous human capital formation, borrowing constraints, income risk and incomplete financial markets. In addition to the distortions of labor supply, progressive taxes weaken the incentives to acquire education. The latter distortion can potentially be mitigated by an education subsidy. We find that the welfare-maximizing fiscal policy is indeed characterized by a substantially progressive labor income tax code and a positive subsidy for college education. Both the degree of ta
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36

Falsetta, Diana, Timothy J. Rupert, and Arnold M. Wright. "The Effect of the Timing and Direction of Capital Gain Tax Changes on Investment in Risky Assets." Accounting Review 88, no. 2 (2012): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50319.

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ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of timing (gradual versus immediate) and direction (tax increase or decrease) of a tax change on taxpayer behavior. Specifically, we focus on capital gain tax changes and preferences for investment in riskier assets. We run an experiment with 117 participants who allocate investment dollars between two funds of differing risk. Drawing on mental accounting and hedonic editing (Thaler 1985; Thaler and Johnson 1990), we posit that a tax decrease (a “gain”) implemented gradually over several years will result in a greater increase in risky investment once th
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37

Plancich, Stephanie. "Mutual Fund Capital Gain Distributions and the Tax Reform Act of 1997." National Tax Journal 56, no. 1, Part 2 (2003): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2003.1s.08.

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38

Kishore, Kaushal. "Tax competition, imperfect capital mobility and the gain from non-preferential agreements." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 28, no. 6 (2019): 755–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1583764.

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39

Yoon Oh. "A proposal to improve capital gain taxation in Korean income tax law." Journal of IFA, Korea 28, no. 2 (2012): 177–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.17324/ifakjl.28.2.201208.006.

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40

Adejare, Adegbite Tajudeen, and Olaoye Clement Olatunji. "Analysis of the Impact of Non-Oil Taxation on Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Services in Nigeria." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 31, no. 1 (2021): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2021-0004.

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Abstract This study assessed the nonoil taxation effect on foreign direct investment and economic services from 1994 to 2019 in Nigeria. This study further evaluated the causality bearing amid foreign direct investment, economic services, value-added tax, company income tax, capital gain tax, custom and excise duties, and education tax, devotedly hiring Units root, VECM, Johansen co-integration, and Granger causality tests. Outcomes uncovered that value-added tax has a positive significant effect on economic services but a negative influence on foreign direct investment. Furthermore, value-add
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41

Pietola, Kyösti, Sami Myyrä, and Eija Pouta. "Fiscal and trade distorting effects of capital gains tax on land sales -empirical evidence from agricultural land market in Finland." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 26 (January 31, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75713.

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Luovutusvoittojen verotus on keskeinen osa rikkaiden maiden verojärjestelmiä varsinkin korkean veroasteen pohjoismaissa, kuten Suomessa. Luovutusvoittojen verottaminen kuitenkin vääristää markkinoita vähentämällä myyntejä, jotka laukaisevat ajan mukana syntyneestä arvonnoususta kannettavan veronmaksun (=lock-in effect). Ilmiötä on tutkittu aikaisemmin pääasiassa osakeomistuksen kohdalla, mutta myös viljelysmaan kohdalla ongelma on ilmeinen. Viljelysmaan kohdalla ongelma korostuu, koska se aiheuttaa merkittäviä kustannuksia reaalitalouteen. Maanomistus pirstaloituu samalla kun aktiiviviljely ke
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42

Dhaliwal, Dan S., Merle M. Erickson, and Linda K. Krull. "Incremental Financing Decisions and Time-Series Variation in Personal Taxes on Equity Income." Journal of the American Taxation Association 29, no. 1 (2007): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2007.29.1.1.

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This study investigates whether changes in personal tax rates on dividends and capital gains affect firms' incremental financing decisions. The evidence in this study suggests that following the 1997 and 2003 Tax Acts, which decreased tax rates on equity income, firms are less likely to issue debt relative to equity, consistent with the hypothesis that decreases in tax rates on equity income decrease the tax benefits of debt. Further, the magnitude of this effect varies predictably with dividend yield, a proxy for the proportion of equity income taxed at capital gain tax rates versus dividend
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43

Fan, Joseph P. H., Sheridan Titman, and Garry Twite. "An International Comparison of Capital Structure and Debt Maturity Choices." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 47, no. 1 (2011): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109011000597.

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AbstractThis study examines how the institutional environment influences capital structure and debt maturity choices of firms in 39 developed and developing countries. We find that a country’s legal and tax system, corruption, and the preferences of capital suppliers explain a significant portion of the variation in leverage and debt maturity ratios. Specifically, firms in more corrupt countries and those with weaker laws tend to use more debt, especially short-term debt; explicit bankruptcy codes and deposit insurance are associated with higher leverage and more long-term debt. More debt is u
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44

Khan, Ahmad. "Presumptive Tax as an Alternate Income Tax Base: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (1993): 991–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.991-1004.

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There is a general consensus that an efficient means of mobilising revenues is necessaIy for improved public infrastructure and for preventing disruptions in the economy [Wilfried (1991)]. Inappropriate and unsustainable expenditure and revenue policies, on the contrary, cause disappointing economic performance. Hence, the concern with mobilising adequate resources through improved taxation and better pricing of public services. A review of the existing taxation systems of several developing countries suggests that these are distortionary in nature and contribute to a number of economic proble
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45

Działo, Joanna. "Tax Competition Or Tax Coordination? What Is Better For The European Union?" Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 2 (2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0011.

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Tax competition is defined as the use of tax policy that will allow to maintain or increase the attractiveness of a particular territory for business location. Tax competition is used especially by the relatively under-developed countries, as foreign capital inflow gives them the possibility to implement modern technology, new management methods, or to increase exports. One of the effects of tax competition is the formation of tax havens, i.e. countries or territories offering preferential tax rates in order to gain capital from abroad. A comparative analysis of the income tax rates in the EU
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46

Burton, Hughlene A., and Noel Brock. "Tax Treatment of “Carried Interest”." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 13, no. 2 (2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-51136.

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ABSTRACT The term “carried interest” is typically used to refer to profits interests issued by investment partnerships to their manager(s). It is an ownership interest in a partnership that has no liquidation value at grant, but entitles the holder to a share in future partnership profits, if any. The term “carried interest” hails from the fact that the “carried interest” holder typically does not invest any of the holder's own capital in the partnership. Thus, the “carried interest” holder is “carried” by those who do invest capital in the partnership. Currently, the income that a “carried in
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47

장지경 and Jong-Seo Choi. "A Study on Reform of the Capital Gain Tax System for the Listed Stock." Korea International Accounting Review ll, no. 44 (2012): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21073/kiar.2012..44.011.

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48

RAUSCH, SEBASTIAN, and HIDEMICHI YONEZAWA. "THE INTERGENERATIONAL INCIDENCE OF GREEN TAX REFORM." Climate Change Economics 09, no. 01 (2018): 1840007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007818400079.

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We examine the lifetime incidence and intergenerational distributional effects of an economy-wide carbon tax swap using a numerical dynamic general equilibrium model with overlapping generations of the U.S. economy. We highlight various fundamental choices in policy design including (1) the level of the initial carbon tax, (2) the growth rate of the carbon tax trajectory of over time, and (3) alternative ways for revenue recycling. Without revenue recycling, we find that generations born before the tax is introduced experience smaller welfare losses, or even gain, relative to future generation
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Nichols, Nancy B., John O. Everett, and Richard Boley. "Instructional Resources for Tax Education: Communicating the Complexities of Capital Gains for Individuals After the 1997 and 1998 Tax Acts." Issues in Accounting Education 14, no. 1 (1999): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.1999.14.1.117.

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his article provides examples and teaching tools for presenting the new capital gains provisions for individuals under the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 and the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998. For students to gain an understanding of these new complexities, they must work with examples and planning techniques that incorporate the new law in a meaningful way. This article provides two summary tables, three diagrams and nine computations or tax-planning mini-cases to assist tax professors in accomplishing this objective.
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Poff, J. Kent. "The Effect of Increases in the Capital Gain and Dividend Tax on the Effective Tax Rate for Investments in Stock." Journal of Business and Economics 6, no. 6 (2015): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/06.06.2015/013.

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