Academic literature on the topic 'Capital shortage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Ahmed, Muntazar Bashir. "KASB Bank Limited: Capital Shortage." Asian Journal of Management Cases 15, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820117744685.
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KASB Bank Limited was a small sized bank in Pakistan. Its operations did not generate sufficient profits and over the years it was unable to meet the regulatory capital as specified by the State Bank of Pakistan. The bank’s loan portfolio was infected with poor quality borrowers and this resulted in very high non performing loans which required loan loss provisions. The bank sponsor had other group companies which the KASB Bank acquired in order to meet the capital needs. The State Bank as part of compliance with BASEL rules required higher amounts of capital to protect the banking sector and had allowed KASB Bank extra time to meet the capital needs. However, the State Bank ultimately used its regulatory authority to put the bank under its supervision. The State Bank placed KASB Bank under a moratoriam so that the KASB Bank customer deposits were frozen and only withdrawls up to PKR300,000 were allowed from each account. The State Bank wanted another bank to take over the KASB Bank operations and allowed other interested banks to conduct due diligence so as to review the financial status of the bank with a view to take over the troubled bank. There were very few banks interested in taking over because KASB Bank had negative equity estimated at PKR12 to PKR14 billion. The State Bank in order to protect the interests of the 150,000 depositors and the stability of the banking system gave a concessionary loan of PKR20 billion as part of the scheme of amalgamation of KASB Bank with Bank Islami.
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Reynolds, Alan. "Competitiveness and the “global capital shortage”." Business Horizons 34, no. 6 (November 1991): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90106-6.
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Burda, Michael C. "Is there a capital shortage in Europe?" Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 124, no. 1 (March 1988): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708618.
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Zhou, Xueguang, and Yun Ai. "Capitalism without Capital: Capital Conversion and Market Making in Rural China." China Quarterly 219 (August 22, 2014): 693–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000757.
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AbstractSituated in an agricultural township in northern China, this study examines the rise of produce markets in rural China in the face of a chronic shortage of financial capital. Drawing on theoretical ideas in economic sociology, we explicate the mechanisms of gift exchange and credit taking and the conditions under which these mechanisms are used to mobilize financial capital and to facilitate market transactions in the absence of financial capital. We illustrate these issues and ideas using our fieldwork research on different produce markets and entrepreneurial activities.
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Albala‐Bertrand, J. M. "Relative Capital Shortage and Potential Output Constraint: A Gap Approach." International Review of Applied Economics 21, no. 2 (March 29, 2007): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692170701189094.
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AKSOY, Tolga, and FERİDE GÖNEL. "Does human capital shortage cause inequality Evidence from Turkish provinces." Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review) 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.21121/eab.2016216926.
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Hartland-Thunberg, Penelope. "A Capital-Starved New World Order: Geopolitical Implications of a Global Capital Shortage in the 1990s." Washington Quarterly 14, no. 4 (December 1991): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636609109443733.
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CULVER CLARK, REBECCA, and LISA ALLISON-JONES. "INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL: An Academic-Service Partnershipto Address theNURSING SHORTAGE." Nursing Education Perspectives 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-32.1.18.
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Braumann, Benedikt. "Unemployment Persistence and Capital Shortage: The Case of Trinidad and tobago." IMF Working Papers 97, no. 77 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451956719.001.
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Kane, Edward J. "The High Cost of Incompletely Funding the FSLIC Shortage of Explicit Capital." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.4.31.
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A useful parallel can be drawn between the Alaskan oil spill of 1989 and the flood of red ink spilled in recent years by U.S. thrift institutions (savings and loan associations and savings banks). In each case, initial damage from the spill was severely compounded by delaying and mishandling the clean-up required. For more than a decade, federal officials refused to acknowledge that the thrift ink spill had compromised the integrity of the supporting depositinsurance fund. Instead of promptly shoring up the finances of this fund, officials used accounting smoke and mirrors to cover up the fund's secularly increasing capital shortage. This prolonged refusal to face up to the magnitude of the underfunding imposed enormous costs on society as a whole.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Naji, Qusay. "Fastighetsutveckling i Farsta. Ekonomisk analys av TeliaSonera-områdets framtid." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151447.
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Stockholm is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Its population is growing every day and the housing needs are becoming higher. Despite the growth and the need for more houses only a few new housing units are being built every year. Critics argue that if the building rate stays as it is today the development of the city will be very limited since there is no capacity for the city to embrace new incomers. The decision makers in the municipality of Stockholm are planning for large investments in housing units for the coming years up until 2030. There are plans of building approximately 140 000 new apartments to mend the ascending need for new houses. Farsta County is part of Stockholm and lies a few kilometers to the south of the city center. Today the county contains roughly 5 000 housing units. It also contains enormous office facilities rented by the Swedish Telecom company TeliaSonera. These facilities are the current TeliaSonera headquarters, but due to the aging nature of the facilities the company has decided to move out. It is known among market experts that Farsta does not possess the most attractive office location. Thus when TeliaSonera leaves the premises there is potential risk that they will be vacant for quite a long time. And in such situation the opportunity comes to exploit the land in different use than its original. The high need of housing combined with the high office vacancy rate of the county generate the idea of using the land for housing purposes. One can either use the already existing buildings and convert them into apartments and then complete the rest of the land with new buildings, which is a more sustainable alternative. Or one can demolish the existing stock and build a completely new compound. Feasibility and social studies have been carried out in this paper to determine which alternative is the most suitable in the current situation. Out of social point of view the alternative where a completely new compound is produced is more beneficial than the alternative with the conversion and completion. This is due to the higher standard the new apartments will have compared to the other alternative plus, and according to the study, the higher number of flats obtained. It will also be more beneficial economically in the future due to the reduced costs of maintenance. Regardless of which alternative to be chosen the project is going to be costly and it is therefore important to organize it well by finding the financiers and studying all the legal and economic aspects before starting off with it. This project is estimated to produce over 2 500 apartments, a number that says much about the size of the project.Stockholm är en av världens snabbast växande städer. Dess befolkning ökar för varje dag och behovet av nya bostäder växer. Trots stadens utveckling och det växande bostadsbehovet byggs det enbart ett fåtal nya bostäder årligen. Om det fortsätter att byggas så lite som det görs idag kommer stadens utveckling att hämmas rejält då det inte finns möjlighet för nyinflyttade att bo i staden. Stockholms stad planerar för stora investeringar i bostadssektorn i de kommande åren och fram till år 2030. Avsikten är att bygga färdigt runt 140 000 nya lägenheter fram till 2030 för att minska det växande bostadsbehovet. Farsta är en stadsdel som är belägen ca 10 kilometer söder om Stockholms stadskärna. Idag finns det cirka 5 000 bostäder i stadsdelen. I Farsta finns också TeliaSoneras huvudkontor som består av ett stort kontorsområde. TeliaSonera har beslutat att flytta från Farsta år 2016. Det är känt bland marknads experter att Farsta inte är attraktivt för kontorsverksamhet. När TeliaSonera flyttar ut finns det därför stor risk att lokalerna står vakanta en längre period utan att hyras. Därför är det lämpligt att tänka på alternativa användningar för området. Det växande bostadsbehovet kombinerat med områdets höga vakansgrad på kontor skapar iden om att omvandla området till bostäder. Då finns det sätt att tillgå. Antingen konverteras det gamla beståndet till lägenheter och kompletteras med nya hus för att uppnå önskad täthet för marken, vilket är ett grönare alternativ. Eller rivs allt gammalt och nytt byggs istället. Ekonomiska och sociala faktorer vägs in för att avgöra vilket alternativ är mer passande för dagens behov. Utav samhälleliga anledningar tycks alternativet med totalomvandling (där det gamla beståndet rivs ner) vara mer fördelaktigt jämfört med konverteringsalternativet. Det är på grund av att totalomvandlingen skapar fler lägenheter samt att de nyproducerade lägenheterna har högre standard. I längden kommer detta alternativ att också vara mer ekonomiskt fördelaktig då det har mindre drift- och underhållskostnader. Oavsett vilket alternativ som föredras innebär ett sådant projekt stora kostnader. Därför är det viktigt att redan i ett tidigt skede organisera projektet genom att hitta lämpliga investerare samt att studera de juridiska och ekonomiska aspekterna. Detta projekt beräknas producera drygt 2 500 lägenheter, något som talar om storleken av projektet.
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Figueiredo, Jaqueline Babetto. "A reprodução do capital no espaço urbano: os problemas habitacionais de uma São Paulo moderna e desigual." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18885.
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Jaqueline Babetto Figueiredo.pdf: 2005618 bytes, checksum: b93dad12f801588ecdcb9f5d5e3b8a0b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T16:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Babetto Figueiredo.pdf: 2005618 bytes, checksum: b93dad12f801588ecdcb9f5d5e3b8a0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21
Our objectives are: to understand how the reproduction of capital changes the landscape in the city of São Paulo producing segregation and therefore an uneven city. And also consider the housing problems resulting from this dynamic, from the decade of 1970. The main conclusions are: the housing shortage is an old problem in São Paulo since the 1940s, with the arrival of many migrants the housing buildings in poor neighborhoods is common; from the 1970s housing problems were deepened, now on a new dynamic; housing policies are more beneficial to private groups involved in the execution, which in fact, those in need
Os objetivos desse trabalho são: compreender como a reprodução do capital modifica a paisagem na cidade de São Paulo produzindo segregação e, portanto, uma cidade desigual. E também analisar os problemas habitacionais decorrentes dessa dinâmica, a partir da década de 1970. As principais conclusões deste trabalho são: a carência habitacional é um problema antigo na cidade de São Paulo, desde a década de 1940, com a chegada de muitos migrantes, as construções de moradias em bairros precários é comum; a partir da década de 1970, os problemas habitacionais foram aprofundados, agora sobre uma nova dinâmica; as políticas habitacionais são muito mais benéficas aos grupos privados envolvidos na execução do que, de fato, àqueles que necessitam
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Borg, Oliver, and Andreas Lindgren. "Kapitalbristreglerna i aktiebolagslagen efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten : ett försämrat borgenärsskydd." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-21622.
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En grundläggande princip för ett aktiebolag är att aktieägarna inte har något personligt betalningsansvar för bolagets förpliktelser. I syfte att skydda bolagsborgenärerna så finns det i aktiebolagslagen ett flertal kapitalskyddsregler. I 25 kap. ABL finns de så kallade kapitalbristreglerna. Reglerna bygger på att när en kritisk kapitalbrist har uppstått, så ska styrelsen iaktta ett visst handlingsmönster som syftar till att antingen läka kapitalbristen, eller inleda en ordnad avveckling av bolaget. Underlåter bolagets företrädare att vidta de åtgärder som lagen föreskriver så kan dessa personer bli solidariskt medansvariga med bolaget för de förpliktelser som uppkommer därefter. En grundläggande utgångspunkt i syfte att skydda bolagets borgenärer är att den kontrollbalansräkning som handlingsmönstret ålägger bolaget att upprätta ska granskas av bolagets revisor. Syftet med den oberoende granskningen är att förhindra att styrelsen fuskar med kontrollbalansräkningen genom antedatering, eller genom att t.ex. tillämpa felaktiga värderingsprinciper. Efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten 2010 finns det inte längre något krav på granskning för små aktiebolag i Sverige. Detta har påverkat över 350 000 aktiebolag och riskerar att utgöra ett reellt hot mot borgenärsskyddet. Syftet med studien är således att undersöka hur avskaffandet av revisionsplikten har påverkat borgenärsskyddet i kapitalbristlagstiftningen. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har tillämpats för att besvara studiens syfte. En granskning av myndighetsdokument, offentliga utredningar, förarbeten och lagtexter har genomförts för att få en helhetsbild för det befintliga rättsläget. Vidare har juridisk doktrin och lagkommentarer från auktoritativa parter samt kommentarer från dags- och kvällstidningar granskats i syfte att åskådliggöra eventuella tillkortakommanden med kapitalbristreglerna efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Granskningen ligger till grund för den kronologiska genomgång som resultatet bygger på. Våra slutsatser påvisar att kapitalbristreglerna i första hand ämnar att skydda bolagets borgenärer. Det har i lagens förarbeten identifierats meningsskiljaktigheter angående vilka intressenter som faktiskt tillgodoses av revisorsgranskningen som kapitalbristreglerna till stor del lutar sig mot. Studien har också funnit att ett flertal auktoritativa myndigheter såsom Ekobrottsmyndigheten, Riksrevisionen, Brottsförebyggande rådet och Skatteverket har riktat kritik mot avskaffandet av revisionsplikten och dess effekter. Den slopade revisionsplikten kvarstår alltjämt, trots kritiken, vilket tyder på att företagarorganisationerna som stödjer reformen tillsammans utgör ett inflytelserikt intressentkollektiv. Slutligen kan konstateras att avskaffandet av revisionsplikten har försämrat det skydd som borgenärer tidigare åtnjutit genom 25 kap. 13-18 §§ ABL. Då revisorns oberoende granskning utgjort en grundpelare i kapitalbristlagstiftningen så förefaller den befintliga lagen inte vara ändamålsenlig i syfte att skydda ett borgenärskollektiv.A basic principle for a limited company is that the shareholders have no personal responsibility for the company’s liabilities. In order to protect general creditors the Swedish Companies Act contains several capital protection rules. Chapter 25 in the Swedish Companies Act contains the so-called capital shortage rules. The rules are based on the fact that when a critical capital shortage has arisen, the board must observe a certain pattern of action that aims to either restore the shareholders’ equity, or petition the court for a liquidation order. If the board of directors fails to take the measures prescribed by law, these individuals may become jointly and severally liable for obligations that incur during the period of such failure to act. A fundamental premiss for the purpose of protecting the company’s creditors is that the balance sheet for liquidation purposes needs to be examined by the company’s auditors. The purpose of the auditors examination is to prevent the board from cheating with the balance sheet for liquidation purposes by backdating, or by applying incorrect valuation principles. After the abolition of the audit obligation in 2010, there is no longer any requirement for auditing for small limited companies in Sweden. This has affected more than 350 000 companies and risks being a real threat to the creditor protection. Thus, the purpose of the study is to examine how the abolition of the audit obligation has affected the credit protection in the capital shortage rules. A qualitative content analysis has been applied in order to fulfill the purpose of the study. An examination of government documents, public investigations, preparatory works and legal texts has been carried out in order to identify the existing legal situation. Furthermore, legal doctrine and legal comments from authoritative parties as well as comments from daily and evening newspapers have been examined in order to illustrate eventual shortcoming with the capital shortage rules, after the abolition of the audit obligation. The examination forms the basis of the chronological review on which the result is based on.Our conclusions prove that the capital shortage rules primarily aim to protect the company’s creditors. Disagreements have been identified in the law’s preparatory works regarding which stakeholders that actually are catered by the auditors’ audit on which the capital shortage rules are based on. The study has also found that a number of authoritative authorities such the Swedish Economic Crime Authority, Swedish National Audit Office, Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention and the Swedish Tax Agency have criticized the abolition of the audit obligation and its effects. The abolished audit obligation still remains, despite the criticism, which indicates that the corporate organizations that support the reform, together constitute an influential stakeholder collective. Finally, it can be stated that the abolition of the audit obligation has impaired the protection that creditors previously enjoyed through Chapter 25 sections 13-18 in the Swedish Companies Act. Since the auditor’s unbiased review constituted a cornerstone of the capital shortage rules, the existing law does not appear to be appropriate in order to protect a creditor’s collective. This paper is hereinafter written in Swedish.
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Pierre, Markey W. "Recruitment Strategies for Manufacturers in Northwest Louisiana." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3362.
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Acquiring information about successful human resources strategies that help to effectively recruit skilled labor is critical for manufacturers. Manufacturing is the backbone of the United States, yet 6 of 10 skilled labor jobs are unfilled because traditional methods and strategies used by human resource leaders to recruit are inadequate. Guided through the lens of strategic human resource management and using the concepts and views of resource-based theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that manufacturing human resource professionals use to successfully recruit skilled labor in Northwest Louisiana. The data collection for this case study was performed through face-to-face semistructured interviews via purposeful sampling and company documents that included planning materials, corporate hiring strategy documents, and the company website. Data were coded and analyzed to obtain the development of a set of recurring themes. The 4 relevant themes that emerged from the coded data included the following: recruitment methods, external pressures of the region/marketplace, outreach and education partnerships, and leadership support. By implementing strategies supported by senior leadership, human resource professionals have greater levels of success in hiring skilled labor. Implications for positive social change include providing an opportunity for human resource professionals in the manufacturing industry to develop innovative ideas and solutions to respond to the nascent recruitment challenges for skilled labor positions, thereby reducing unemployment and contributing to the local economy.
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Diabate, Alassane. "Liquidity risk and fair value accounting : implications for banks capital structure, lending and stability." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0002.
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Cette thèse comprend trois essais empiriques fondés sur des données de banques commerciales américaines. Elle vise à mettre en évidence les implications du risque de liquidité et de la comptabilisation à la juste valeur sur la structure du capital, les prêts et la stabilité des banques. Ainsi, le premier chapitre examine si les épisodes de pénurie de liquidité sur le marché influencent l'ajustement de la structure du capital des banques. Les résultats révèlent que seules les petites banques réagissent à de tels épisodes en augmentant leur ratio de capital. Pour ce faire, elles réduisent la part des prêts dans le total de l’actif, diminuent la part des actifs ayant une pondération de risque plus élevée et réduisent la taille de leur bilan. Ces résultats donnent à penser que les exigences en matière de liquidité pourraient être redondantes pour les petites banques, mais semblent nécessaires pour les grandes banques. Le deuxième chapitre analyse si l’impact d'un flux inattendu de dépôts sur la création de prêts dépend du degré d'exposition des banques au risque de liquidité provenant du hors bilan. Les résultats montrent que seules les petites banques augmentent leurs prêts lorsqu'elles sont soumises à des entrées de dépôts imprévues. Cette augmentation des prêts dépend de leur degré d'exposition au risque de liquidité découlant de leurs activités de hors bilan. Les petites banques plus exposées à ce risque de liquidité ont tendance à accorder moins de nouveaux prêts. Ces résultats indiquent que les entrées inattendues de dépôts pourraient ne pas être aussi facilement redistribuées aux emprunteurs. Le troisième chapitre examine l'effet des actifs de niveau 2 et de niveau 3 détenus par les banques sur la prise de risque et le risque d'insolvabilité. Les résultats révèlent que les banques ayant des proportions plus importantes d'actifs de niveau 2 et de niveau 3 prennent des risques plus élevés et sont plus exposées au risque d'insolvabilité. Ces résultats suggèrent que le système bancaire pourrait devenir plus fragile lorsque les investisseurs perçoivent des problèmes de fiabilité au niveau des actifs bancairesThis thesis comprises three empirical essays based on U.S. commercial banks’ data. It aims to highlight the implications of liquidity risk and fair value accounting on banks’ capital structure, lending and their stability. Thus, the first chapter investigates if episodes of liquidity squeeze on the market affect banks’ capital structure adjustment. The findings reveal that only small banks react to such episodes by increasing their capital ratio. To do so, they reduce the share of loans in total assets, decrease the share of assets with higher risk weights and they downsize their overall balance sheets. These results suggest that liquidity requirements might be redundant for small banks but appear to be necessary for large banks. The second chapter analyses whether the impact of an unexpected flow of deposits on loan origination depends upon the degree of banks’ off-balance sheet funding liquidity risk exposure. The results show that only small banks increase their lending when they are subject to unexpected deposit inflows. The increase in lending depends on how much they are exposed to funding liquidity risk stemming from their off-balance sheets. Small banks more exposed to such funding liquidity risk tend to extend fewer new loans. These results indicate that unexpected deposit inflows might not as easily be fueled again to borrowers. The third chapter examines the effect of banks’ holdings of Level 2 and Level 3 fair value assets on risk-taking and insolvency risk. The results reveal that banks with larger proportions of Level 2 and Level 3 fair value assets take on higher risk and are more exposed to insolvency risk. These findings suggest that the banking system may become more fragile when investors perceive reliability concerns in banks’ assets
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McKinnon, Gregory Colin, and n/a. "Supply of faculty teachers to individual high schools within the A.C.T. Schools' Authority, over the period 1983-1984 : an analysis of needs satisfaction." University of Canberra. Education, 1985. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061003.122421.
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This dissertation investigates the supply of
and demand for High School teachers, working in
prescribed faculty areas in Government schools in the
A.C.T., over the period from January 1983 to July
1984, for all new temporary teachers appointed to the
Service.
Statistical details of vacancies for assistant
teachers, in the 12 defined faculties of this study, were
obtained from the Assistant Principals (Staffing) of the
17 A.C.T. High Schools, as well as from records
maintained by the Staffing Officers of the A.C.T. Schools
Office.
The levels of High School teacher demand, for
the period under investigation, are compared with similar
statistics obtained for previous years in the A.C.T., as
well with other Australian and international figures on
teacher supply and demand. Through these comparisons,
suggestions are made regarding emerging trends of teacher
shortage, in particular faculty areas. Historical
parallels are presented to supplement these arguments
and to give underlying reasons for the projections that
are made.
The potential supply of faculty teachers over
the period is investigated through an analysis of
teacher faculty waiting lists. Numbers from these
lists are compared with the actual demand statistics
previously collected and a potential supply to vacancy
ratio collected for each faculty area.
A major part of the study is the construction
of supply satisfaction indices, under the headings of:
"Overall Satisfaction, Teaching Skills, Academic
Qualifications, Other Requirements and Recruitment".
These indices were derived from Likert type rating scales
completed by the Assistant Principals, in respect of
each of the 397 temporary teachers employed.
After obtaining an average rating in each faculty,
for the five measures of satisfaction, as determined by
the Assistant Principals, observations are made as to how
closely these indices match the corresponding potential
supply indices.
Particular emphasis is placed on the comparisons
between the recruitment satisfaction index (i.e. - how
quickly recruitment was expedited) and the potential
supply ratio for each faculty. Reasons are advanced for
any significant differences detected, and the overall
findings interpreted in terms of possible future trends.
The study concludes with an analysis of
factors affecting the market for teachers. Recommendations
are made for future planning that may offset problems
which were detected in the A.C.T. market for High School
teachers.
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Murray, Nicole Anne. "Who gets their hands 'dirty' in the knowledge society? Training for the skilled trades in New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1714.
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The vision of New Zealand as a 'knowledge society' is a mantra that has opened the twenty-first century. Underpinning any 'knowledge society', however; are people who turn resources into concrete products and who build, maintain and service the technological and social infrastructure essential to society. This thesis examines the skilled trades and, in particular, how people are trained for those trades. Industry training is a crucial component of the wealth-generating capabilities of New Zealand. It is also an essential part of the way that many young people make the transition from school to work and from adolescence to adulthood. The means of training tradespeople has moved over the years from the rigid and prescriptive apprenticeship system, to the more voluntaristic, industry-led 'industry training' strategy, introduced following the Industry Training Act 1992. Regardless of the system used to organise training, however, there have been long-standing problems in New Zealand with achieving the optimum number of skilled workers, possessing the correct 'mix' of skills required. In this research, based upon semi-structured interviews with industry training stakeholders four industry case studies, policy content analysis and an in-depth examination of the Modem Apprenticeships scheme, I ask three key questions. First, what are the things that, as a country, we could or should reasonably expect a 'good' industry training system to contribute to? These may be things like: an adequate supply of appropriately skilled workers, the ability to upskill or reskill these workers as needed, clear transition routes for young people, lifelong learning opportunities, equity goals and foundation skills. Second, I ask how the current system performs against these criteria. The short answer is that the performance is 'patchy'. There are dire skill shortages in many areas. While opportunities for workplace upskilling, reskilling or 'lifelong learning' are available, I argue that they are not yet cemented into a 'training culture'. Workplace-based learning is an important transition route for a small percentage of our young people but the favoured route is some form of tertiary education, which may be an expensive and not necessarily relevant option. Third, I ask why the performance of New Zealand's industry training system is often less than desirable. My argument is that the problems and solutions thereof, of skill formation in New Zealand have been understood largely in terms of the supply-side. That is, we have either critiqued, or looked to reform, whatever system has been in place to train skilled workers. The inadequacy of this approach is evident from weaknesses in the ability of either the prescriptive apprenticeship system or the voluntaristic industry training strategy to deliver an appropriately skilled workforce. Thus, I also examine the demand side of skill formation: the wider influences that impact on employers' training decisions. Training decisions made by individual employers, the aggregation of which represent the level and quality of training for New Zealand as a whole, are influenced by a plethora of factors. At the micro level of the employer or firm, I explore barriers to training and some of the constraints to the demand for skills. I then examine broader influences, such as the changing shape of the workforce, labour market regulation and wider economic factors, all of which impact on training levels.
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Lin, Tzu-Hao, and 林子皓. "Asset allocation in multi-period consumption to avoid capital shortage." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6535wz.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
105
How to distribute our money to different assets under the budget limit is an important issue in investment. Most of the objectives in multi-asset and multi-period resource allocation problem are maximize expected return or minimize portfolio risk. Different asset allocation weights will affect the volatility of the portfolio. Investing in high-risk assets will not only increase the expected return, but also the volatility of the portfolio. This study takes the future consumption into account and minimize the total amount of capital shortage during the investment period. We assume that investors are more concerned about capital shortage than the profit. This study use the margin between the total discounted consumption and the current wealth to measure the downside risk instead of portfolio’s standard deviation. In this study, we establish a dynamic programming model and select the index stock funds in the financial market as the investment assets. We find out the asset allocation weight under different investment periods and different total consumption to minimize the expected total amount of capital shortage during the investment period by backward induction.
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"An economic analysis of the skills shortage problem in South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3426.
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M.Comm.South Africa has experienced a long period of high unemployment. While the economy has achieved relatively higher GDP growth rates in the recent past, unfortunately not as many jobs have been created. This is because of, amongst other constraints, the skills shortage experienced. This shortage of skills is not solely the result of the emigration of professionals since the inception of the new political dispensation in 1994. This paper investigated the economic sectors showing high growth, with a view of identifying the sectors that can be promoted for high investment and hence the creation of employment for the country’s labour force. The secondary and the tertiary sectors have been found to contributing more to the country’s GDP growth and could create more employment opportunities if promoted by more investment. However, the unemployment experienced is mainly structural in nature and the country should concentrate on human capital development and skills development to reduce it. The education of the labour force in South Africa has been found to be concentrated in the secondary level. This has raised questions as to the ability of the country’s education system to fulfil its role of empowering the labour force. More than ten years into democracy, blacks are the most disadvantaged population group regarding the levels of appropriate educational qualifications making them contribute the most to the unemployed labour force.
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Li, Chien-Ming, and 李建明. "(Q,r,L) inventory model involving quantity discounts, additional holding capital and shortage allowed with a service level constraint." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83017760310763794135.
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碩士淡江大學
管理科學學系
91
In the traditional inventory models, lead time is often viewed as a uncontrollable constant or a random variable. However, as pointed out by Tersine (1982), lead time usually consists of five components. Liao and Shyu (1991) first reduced lead time by adding crashing cost. Recently, some inventory model literatures considering lead time as a decision variable have been developed to search optimal strategy. In addition, in most of inventory model literatures, they often ignored additional holding capital in expected annual cost, but in real situation, besides having the holding cost, the inventory has additional holding capital, it has great effect to the use of business capital. Besides, supplier often use quantity discounts for some purposes or promotion, therefore, how to make a suitable purchase strategy at quantity discounts is very important for manager. Moreover, because the loss caused by stockout is usually hard to estimate accurately, many authors employ a service level constraint to replace the shortage cost. This paper extend the present literature, in involving service level constraint, quantity discounts and considering additional holding capital three situations, we establish two inventory models, respectively: in Chapter 2, we establish a continuously reviewed inventory model involving quantity discounts, additional holding capital and stochastic backorder rate with a service level constraint; in Chapter 3, we further establish a continuously reviewed inventory model involving a service level constraint, quantity discounts, additional holding capital and having defective units with a stochastic defective rate and a fixed backorder rate. Both of the inventory model consider two situations: the demand of lead time follows a normal distribution and distribution free. We use traditional optimum principle and computer aided to find out the suitable order strategy.
Books on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Qureshi, Zia. Do we face a global "capital shortage"? Washington, D.C: World Bank, International Economics Dept., International Economic Analysis and Prospects Division, 1995.
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Burda, Michael C. "Is there a capital shortage in Europe?". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.
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Arestis, P. Wage determination, capital shortage and unemployment, a comparison between Germany and the UK. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Institute for German Studies, 1997.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The labor shortage--poverty and educational aspects: Hearings before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... January 26 and 27, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The labor shortage--poverty and educational aspects: Hearings before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... January 26 and 27, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Resources, United States Congress Senate Committee on Labor and Human. The labor shortage--poverty and educational aspects: Hearings before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... January 26 and 27, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The labor shortage--poverty and educational aspects: Hearings before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... January 26 and 27, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. The labor shortage--poverty and educational aspects: Hearings before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... January 26 and 27, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Sauvé, Roger. Countdown: Future shortages in the Canadian labour market. Okotoks, Alta: People Patterns Consulting, 2000.
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The United States and global capital shortages: The problem and possible solutions. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Kuipers, Simon K. "The trade cycle under capital shortage and labour shortage." In The Quest for National and Global Economic Stability, 79–117. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1389-9_7.
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Arestis, Philip, and Iris Biefang-Frisancho Mariscal. "Wage Determination, Capital Shortage and Unemployment: A Comparison between Germany and the UK." In Growth, Employment and Inflation, 241–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27393-5_17.
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Alimov, Damir, Nataliia Obrosova, and Alexander Shananin. "Analysis of Indicators of High-Technology Production Using Optimization Models, Taking into Account the Shortage of Working Capital." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 385–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10934-9_27.
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Taillard, Michael. "Creating Shortages of Capital Assets." In Economics and Modern Warfare, 43–48. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137282255_4.
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Davidson, Paul. "Is There a Shortage of Savings in the United States? The Role of Financial Institutions, Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Capital Accumulation During Periods of Stagflation." In Inflation, Open Economies and Resources, 31–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11516-7_5.
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Yeh, Kung-chia. "Capital Shortage in Mainland China: Nature, Causes, and Prospects." In Mainland China After the Thirteenth Party Congress, 359–77. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429043413-19.
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Sheng, Andrew. "Outlook for global development finance: excess or shortage?" In Did the Millennium Development Goals Work? Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0017.
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This chapter presents an outlook for global development finance and asks whether we have an excess or shortage of available resources for the implementation of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It begins with a discussion of current and future sources of development finance, with a focus on both products and institutions, including long-term institutions capable of funding development. Future sources include foreign capital in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI), foreign portfolio investments and foreign aid, as well as the domestic sector. The chapter then reflects on the future of development finance, emphasising three paths: deepening capital markets in emerging market economies (EMEs); meeting the strategic objectives of institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and Islamic finance; and innovating the financing of investment. The G20 development strategy, the impact of technology on development finance, and implementation issues on financing of climate change are also analysed.
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Binder, Daniel, and James William Miller. "A Generations' Perspective on Employer Branding in Tourism." In Handbook of Research on Human Capital and People Management in the Tourism Industry, 152–74. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4318-4.ch008.
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The tourism industry is facing tremendous challenges from labor shortages and a resulting loss of competitiveness. Changing digital environments as well as young people's communication habits and ideas regarding work-life balance are raising human resources related questions, to which currently no answers exist. In light of this issue, this chapter focusses on employer branding as a way to motivate present employees and attract new ones. It includes a discussion of different theories of workplace motivation, followed by a look at payment and further education issues. The so-called Generations Y and Z are investigated in the context of the labor shortage, and the generation concept itself is critically reflected. Furthermore, labor force aspects and working conditions in tourism are examined, with specific evidence from Austria. Finally, the discussion outlines an employer branding strategy as a way to address this problem.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey, and Kundai Lillian Matenga. "The Threat of Cyber Warfare in the SADC Region." In Global Cyber Security Labor Shortage and International Business Risk, 381–401. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5927-6.ch015.
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This chapter is based on a study that sought to understand the threats of cyber warfare in Zimbabwe. The effects of cyber warfare, cyber intelligence mechanisms in place, and the status of the harmonization of laws and collaboration of SADC countries in efforts to address cyber threats were also covered. Qualitative research methodology was used to conduct the study. A total of 15 key respondents drawn from information technology experts, academia, top military personnel, and lawyers participated in the study. The study revealed that Zimbabwe was vulnerable to cyber warfare due to increased use of technology and failure to keep up with technological advancements. The study noted that the current legislation does not explicitly address cyber warfare threats but focuses more on cybercrime. The study recommended that Zimbabwe enact effective legislation to curtail cyber warfare in order to enhance cyber security. Investment in cyber security in terms of research and human capital development should also be prioritized.
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Bognár, Tamás, and Irma Rácz. "From Giftedness to Compliance." In Knowledge Management Initiatives and Strategies in Small and Medium Enterprises, 204–25. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1642-2.ch010.
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This chapter provides a survey of methods, utilizing the human capital that helps on one hand identify the talents or the shortage of it; specify the developmental dynamics of a skill or competence, and gives help to the prognosis of successful assessment forms by following the development progress. The authors intend to suggest best practices that provide to find and complete the best possible mission for SMEs and employees as well by taking into consideration the progressive tools of knowledge management. The chapter introduces the methods of measuring talent and capability existence or shortage, the measurement possibilities of hidden potentials and the utilization of these among SMEs' routine. Authors pay special attention to the employees maturing progress on higher levels of working experience where the talent possibly manifests as utilized knowledge. Methods will be introduced that provide this manifestation to give best practices to assessment for a better prediction.
Conference papers on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Yamaltdinova, Adilya. "The Impact of Working Capital to the Performance of the Companies that Operating in the Energy Sector." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02189.
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The energy sector is a strategic area of vital importance for countries' development policies. Due to the shortage of energy resources, the processing of alternative energy sources in the countries is gaining importance. The ability of businesses operating in the energy sector to continue their activities depends on the working capital of the business, which is composed of high liquidity assets. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of working capital on the financial performance of companies which ones are operating in the energy sector that listed in the Stock Exchange Istanbul (BIST) by using 5-years (data between 2012-2017) financial indicators. The findings and results obtained in the study are interpreted and the suggestions are presented. According to the results obtained from the study, financial performance will be positively affected if the companies successfully implement to stock management.
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Yang, Fengchun. "How to use the social capital and social media tools to construct the old-age service system under the shortage of relevant resources." In ICEGOV2014: 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2691195.2691309.
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Singh, Anup. "Past, Present and Future of Combined Cycle Power Plants: From an A/E’s Perspective." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0503.
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In the 1970s, power generation from gas turbines was minimal. Gas turbines in those days were run on fuel oil, since there was a so-called “natural gas shortage”. The U.S. Fuel Use Act of 1978 essentially disallowed the use of natural gas for power generation. Hence there was no incentive on the part of gas turbine manufacturers to invest in the development of gas turbine technology. There were many regulatory developments in the 1980s and 1990s, which led to the rapid growth in power generation from gas turbines. These developments included Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 (encouraging cogeneration), FERC Order 636 (deregulating natural gas industry), Energy Policy Act of 1992 (creating EWGs and IPPs) and FERC Order 888 (open access to electrical transmission system). There was also a backlash from excessive electric rates due to high capital recovery of nuclear and coal-fired plant costs caused by tremendous cost increase resulting from tightening NRC requirements for nuclear plants and significant SO2/NOx/other emissions controls required for coal-fired plants. During this period, rapid technology developments took place in the metallurgy, design, efficiency, and reliability of gas turbines. In addition, U.S. DOE contributed to these developments by encouraging research and development efforts in high temperature and high efficiency gas turbines. Today we are seeing a tremendous explosion of power generating facilities by electric utilities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs). A few years ago, Merchant Power (generation without power purchase agreements) was unheard of. Today it is growing at a very fast pace. Can this rapid growth be sustained? The paper will explore the factors that will play a significant role in the future growth of gas turbine-based power generation in the U.S. The paper will also discuss the methods and developments that could decrease the capital costs of gas turbine power plants resulting in the lowest cost generation compared to other power generation technologies.
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Bhada, Perinaz, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Potential for the First WTE Facility in Mumbai (Bombay) India." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1930.
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The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai’s average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city’s 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present “tipping fees” are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City’s dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.
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DUDEK, Michał, and Bożena KARWAT-WOŹNIAK. "BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES IN INCREASING RURAL EMPLOYMENT: LABOUR RESOURCES AND SELECTED POLICY INSTRUMENTS. THE CASE OF EU COHESION POLICY AND COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY INTERVENTIONS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.155.
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An important feature of many rural markets is the over-supply of labour. An insufficient number of jobs in rural areas is usually associated with the shortage of capital, companies, consumers and skilled workers, i.e. limited impact of the agglomeration effect. Additionally, in regions with structural changes in agriculture, the phenomenon of increased or hidden unemployment is visible. One of the important objectives of labour market policy in Poland was a promotion of employment, especially in peripheral, poor and agricultural territories. Along with the accession of Poland to the EU, both agricultural and cohesion policy instruments supported by the structural funds have also been aimed at resolving the problems of rural labour markets. They concerned mainly the diversification of agricultural activities, support of entrepreneurship, as well as development of knowledge and skills. The paper considers the barriers and challenges in increasing employment in rural Poland. In particular, the changes on local rural labour markets and the influence of relevant policy tools thereon have been studied. The study is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the public statistics and information on the implementation of selected EU CAP and Cohesion Policy instruments in Poland from the period 2007-2014 and the literature of the subject. The study showed that, despite the favourable economic situation and the effects of projects aimed at creating and maintaining non-agricultural jobs in rural areas supported by the EU founds, the rural employment rate and the number of people employed in agriculture did not increase significantly. In this context, the paper provides the explanation of limited improvements in terms of rural employment and policy offers recommendations in this area.
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Baker, John, and Marshall Ralph. "The Convergence of Squeeze: With Respectable Speed, a New Gas Turbine Power Plant Rises at an Arizona Mine." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54902.
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When muscular market forces and juicy resource opportunities fall into alignment, the usual pace of power plant capital development can give way to a literal sprint. The 2010 development by Mercator Minerals of a new 45 MW gas turbine power plant at the Mineral Park Mine in Arizona is an example of the respectable speed at which an LM6000 PF Sprint plant can be bought, fueled, built and fired up. In this case, a grand market opportunity dropped into the in-basket of a mine CEO prepared to pounce: Mercator Minerals got the opportunity to sell, in a short delivery window, a great amount of copper/molybdenum ore concentrate. The opportunity was blocked by a shortage of electricity needed to mine it and concentrate the ore. A long-planned 220kV transmission line could not be permitted and built in time. Mercator recognized that a gas pipeline could be built, however, and was within the capabilities of Mercator’s construction resources. Solution: a gas-fired mine-site power plant. On Christmas Eve, 2009, Mercator summoned its power supply consultant to the mine. Power plant engineers earn part of their keep by inserting a moderating element into these spirited discussions. But when the engineers met with Mercator’s CEO on Christmas Eve, they found themselves pressed “vigorously” on the spot for a review of plant and equipment options, and an AFE-level cost of electricity estimate. The mad pace continued: the final consultant report, and Mercator’s command to proceed, came before New Year’s Day. After a multi-month scramble to find financing and an investigation into used, gray-market and new turbine availability, the engineers located a new LM6000 high in GE’s queue and temporarily homeless due to a schedule change. All parties agreed that EPC would be too slow. Mercator undertook to procure and build the entire project, employing the consultant as the design engineer. The plant’s completion and entry into service in 2010 was no surprise to Mercator. For others involved, the project seemed to finish before it had a chance to start. The project, now running productively, is a vivid testimony to Mercator’s ability to move decisively to develop a power plant crucial to the Mineral Park Mine’s production commitments.
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Наксыл, Херел Маныевна. "HOUSING PER CAPITA IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA IN LIGHT OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC FORECAST." In Поколение будущего: сборник избранных статей Международной студенческой научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/pb189.2021.91.17.005.
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В статье рассматривается обеспеченность жильем на душу населения в Республике Тыва в привязке к демографическому прогнозу населения региона. Анализ показывает, что целевые показатели по вводу жилья регионального проекта «Жилье», а также существующая структура жилищного строительства с преобладающей долей индивидуального жилищного строительства не позволяют решить проблему дефицита жилья. The article examines the provision of housing per capita in the Republic of Tuva in relation to the demographic forecast of the population of the region. The analysis shows that the targets of the regional housing project, as well as the existing structure of housing construction with the predominant share of individual housing construction do not solve the problem of the housing shortage.
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Jury, Walter, and Hans K. Luthi. "Advanced GT’s Call for Advanced CC’s (OR: the 4 S’s)." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-303.
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Four key parameters, the 4 S’s, determine the technoeconomical performance of the steam bottoming cycle to a given gasturbine: [S1], the temperature of the heat Source, [S2], the temperature of the heat Sink, [S3] cycle Structure and [S4] component Specifications. The first two are given by the gasturbine exhaust gas temperature (TEX) and ambient water/air temperatures respectively; the last two are designer’s choice but depend on economics: how much can you afford to pay for an extra kW? (parity factor or differential capital outlay). The paper analyses the effect of current trends in the first two S’s on the latter two: «S1», the higher TIT (turbine inlet temperature) of advanced GT’s generally leads to higher TEX, especially when coupled with Sequential Combustion; and [S2]«S2», the trend from fresh water cooling to cooling towers — and again from wet to dry types — due to environmental considerations and/or water shortages leads to higher condenser pressures. These trends change the economics of «S3», the structure (one-, two- or three-pressure, reheat, supercritical etc.); finally, macro-economical trends (fuel cost, cost of capital, more Independent Power Producers or IPP’s) determine «S4», equipment specifications (delta-T’s, delta-P’s, number of stages or exhaust flows etc.). In this written paper the authors report on their technoeconomical analysis; at the conference they will present hands-on solutions, optimized for ABB’s Type GT24 (60Hz, 165 MW) and GT26 (50 Hz, 240 MW) gasturbines. (Note that throughout the paper definite figures are only given for ABB gasturbines and steam turbines, as the authors cannot vouch for information published by other manufacturers or third parties).
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Blanco, Gabriel, and Lawrence L. Ambs. "Cost Optimization of Water Recovery Systems for Steam Injected Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30124.
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Steam injection in gas turbines has been used for many years to increase the power output as well as the efficiency of the system and, more recently, to reduce the formation of NOx during the combustion. The major drawback in steam-injected gas turbine technology is the need of large amounts of fresh water that is eventually lost into the atmosphere along with the exhaust gases. Nowadays, fresh water is not readily available in many places due to either local water shortages or environmental legislation that protects water sources from depletion and pollution. In order to deal with water constraints, water recovery systems (WRS) to recuperate the injected steam from the exhaust gases and return it to the steam injection system can be implemented. In this project, computer models for two different WRS configurations have been developed and tested. The computer models allow finding the optimum size, power requirements and capital costs of the heat exchangers involved in a particular WRS configuration. The models can also simulate the performance of WRS during a given period of time, calculating the energy consumed by fans and pumps in the process. This paper explains the details of the computer models and illustrates, as an example, the results obtained when both WRS configurations are applied to the GE LM2500 gas turbine. These results support the technical and economic feasibility of steam recovery for medium-size steam-injected gas turbines.
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Agboola, O. Phillips, and F. Egelioglu. "Water Scarcity and Solar Desalination Systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Case of Northern Cyprus." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54050.
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The constant decline of renewable water in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the Mediterranean regions qualify these two regions the most water scarce in the world. Water scarcity can be defined as a situation where there is not enough water to meet all local demand. These demands may include water needed for ecosystems, agricultural and domestic use. Water is definitely physically scarce in the MENA and the Mediterranean regions with less than 1000 m3/capita/year and the scarcity is related to domestic water, fresh water for drinking and water for food production. Water scarcity in these regions is a function of both water supply and water demand as both applies in most of the countries. Using the Falkenmark indicator the Mediterranean regions will see increased deterioration in the availability of renewable water and more people will suffer the effects of water shortage. The area will face major constraints in meeting water requirements for agriculture in the coming decades. The severe impacts of the non-availability of renewable water in these regions are cushioned by the development of desalination technology that is at an advanced stage in most of the countries in the region. Water desalination technology provides unlimited and constant supply of high quality water, and reduces the pressure on freshwater ecosystems and groundwater resources. Selection of the appropriate desalination technology, use of renewable energy and a proper method of dealing with high salinity wastewater discharge are very important measures necessary to mitigate the negative impacts of desalination activity, reduce desalination costs and make desalination sustainable and reliable. This work reviews the nature of water scarcity in the Eastern Mediterranean region and advances in solar desalination using the Northern part of Cyprus as a case study.
Reports on the topic "Capital shortage"
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.
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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.