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Hannan, Tasawar. "FACEBOOK ‘SELFICIDE’: ARE THEY MODERN-DAY TRAGIC ATTEMPTS OF OUR SYMBOLIC CAPITAL?" European Journal of Sociology 3, no. 1 (November 16, 2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejs.526.
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Purpose: This article addresses this novel area tied to social networking sites, like Facebook and our Symbolic Capital, claiming that Facebook activities like extreme selfies reflect the participants’ desire for honor or Symbolic Capital thus opening up a new connection between Facebook usage and Symbolic Capital. Methodology: This research methodology is based on qualitative data analysis from prior research activities, real world evidences, PWM of death incidents regarding extreme selfies, and finally, sociological and philosophical analysis of capitals from Pierre Bourdieu. Findings: We are proposing a correlation between our desire for Symbolic Capital (collecting honor, trophy, and pride) for taking extreme Facebook selfies, explained by the PWM (Prototype Willingness Model) behavior model.
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Mcbain, Richard. "Appreciating the Value of Human and Social Capital." Henley Manager Update 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174578660501600303.
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Much of the value of organisations is tied up in human and social capital. But how can we make these intangible assets more tangible and can we make this complex subject easier to understand? And once understood, how can managers set about enhancing human and social capital? Richard McBain explores the latest research from different organisational sectors to answer these questions.
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Herdinata, Christian, Cliff Kohardinata, and Meidiahna Kusuma. "Kebijakan Dan Strategi Pengelolaan Manajemen Modal Kerja." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v9i2.45.
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Working capital (capital) ie cash, accounts receivable, inventory. Companies follow a working capital cycle. Some things related to this are: (1) the cash conversion cycle is how much time the funds are tied up in working capital or how much time between the payment for working capital and cash collection from the sale of working capital (Brigham and Houston, 2014 ); (2) the average collection period is the average time required to convert raw materials into finished goods and sell them (Brigham and Houston, 2014); (3) the average collection period is the average time required to change a company's receivables into cash or to collect cash after a sale; (4) the payable period (payables deferral period) is the average time between the purchase of raw materials and labor with cash payments. The results of this study explain the strategies and policies that can be used in medium-sized businesses.
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Otcenášková, Tereza, and Vladimír Bureš. "Self-assessment of intellectual capital in an organisation." Journal of Intellectual Capital 19, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-12-2016-0135.
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Purpose Intellectual capital represents an integral part of evaluation in many companies. Applied methods do not consider three crucial aspects of intellectual capital, which are up-to-date research topics, dynamic nature, and internal perspective. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel intellectual capital self-evaluation method, addressing this issue. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of topics is based on collocation, correspondence, and co-occurrence analyses. Method construction stage is grounded in knowledge processes and deploys a panel of expert evaluations, Saaty’s decision matrix, based on pairwise comparison and the stakeholders’ estimates. Findings A new method for evaluation enables complex internal view on the status of intellectual capital in an organisation, as it is based on up-to-date research topics, a self-evaluation approach, and the dynamics of knowledge processes. Research limitations/implications The list of applied criteria is extendable, and the set weights are adjusted. Estimates are subjective in their nature. Provided results are tied with the specifics of self-evaluated organisations and cannot be used for inter-organisational comparison. Practical implications Presented system enables organisational self-evaluation, focussed on the complex and dynamic internal view, based on up-to-date topics. Despite the limitations, this self-evaluation can be conducted for various types of economic systems. Originality/value Proposed method is patterned on the current research topics and offers dynamic- and internal-oriented approach to self-evaluation of intellectual capital status.
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Halla, Francos, and Walihi Mang’waru. "Implications of landed and tied-up capital on urban development: the unfinished and unoccupied buildings of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania." Habitat International 28, no. 3 (September 2004): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(03)00038-9.
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Houpt, Stefan, and Juan Carlos Rojo Cagigal. "Capital market integration in Spain? Introducing the Bilbao Stock Exchange, 1891-1936." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 3 (December 2010): 535–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000145.
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AbstractThis paper presents the first results of our most recent research on the Bilbao Stock Exchange (BSE) from its foundation in 1890 up to the Spanish Civil War. We examine the origin of the Exchange and follow its evolution over the first half-century of existence. To this end we introduce some of the stock exchange indexes we have calculated for Bilbao and put them into comparative perspective with the existing series on general economic and industrial activity and the indexes for other Spanish exchanges for the period considered. These comparisons show Bilbao’s evolution from a public debt-dominated market to an industrial exchange very much tied to regional development. Finally, we contrast the degree of financial market integration associated with the existing Spanish exchange indexes. Our analysis finds strong support for considering the BSE index as an industrial index and little evidence of capital market integration between the principal Spanish exchanges before the 1920s.
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Holmen, Martin, and Jonas Råsbrant. "Owner-managers’ equity portfolio choice." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 1 (2006): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i1p3.
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Some studies have shown that managers concentrate large fractions of their wealth in the equity of their own firm. In this paper we use a unique dataset and investigate how Swedish owner-managers invest remaining wealth conditional on a major investment in their own firm. We find no evidence that owner-managers seek diversification benefits when they invest remaining wealth. Instead some owner-managers invest remaining wealth in the industry where they already have a substantial capital investment. We conclude that some owner-managers seek to exploit their industry-specific superior information when they invest wealth not tied up in their own firms
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Buzałek, Przemysław, and Iwona Dorota Czechowska. "Effect of capital conversion in the form of a reverse mortgage on benefits for senior citizens in major cities of Poland." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 1, no. 25 (March 31, 2020): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.1.25.02.
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The aging of population is a common problem in the modern economy and finance. Reverse mortgage is one of alternative ways of raising citizens’ standard of living after retiring by obtaining financial benefits accumulated in a residential property. The aim of the study is to evaluate a role of equity release service in providing additional household income for senior citizens illustrated by the case of a reverse mortgage. This type of service consists in transformation of non-liquid, tied-up in property capital into liquid financial resources. Thanks to capital conversion, senior citizens can supplement retirement benefits without a need to leave their property. The research hypothesis verified in the study stated that benefits paid as equity release in the form of a reverse mortgage provided greater support for women than for men. That hypothesis was rejected.
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Hakkarainen, Kari, and Tapani Talonen. "The Innovation Funnel Fallacy." International Journal of Innovation Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1757-2223.6.2.63.
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The traditional innovation process - consisting of a funnel coupled with project screening - suffers from several practical shortcomings and flaws. Overemphasis on the role of early stages, such as idea generation, overshadows subsequent phases of equal importance. The drive to feed as many ideas as possible into the funnel may cause congestion that slows down overall progress. Furthermore, the yield may be of low quality if ineffective gates allow too many infertile ideas to pass through the funnel. Processes may be inflexible and slow to react, especially if tied to the corporate planning calendar as often proposed. This is not to imply that these problems are inherent; they are instead the consequences of poor practices.The authors discuss the disadvantages and suggest an alternative to overcome them. The proposed approach is driven by strategic business options and also introduces additional benefits. It produces savings in sunk costs and prematurely tied-up capital. It contributes to effective and economical use of resources, because a company commits irrevocably to only one step at a time. Lastly, options enable, and by their very nature even demand, active and adaptive management.
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Chattopadhyay, Soumyadip. "Social Sector Expenditure in India in the 2000s: Trends and Implications." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 3, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133317740449.
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Acknowledging the contribution of social infrastructure towards building up human capital, this article analyses the trend and pattern of social sector expenditure in India in the 2000s. Rhetorical commitment of successive Indian governments towards inclusive social development and poverty alleviation in the 2000s has not been backed up by adequate financial allocations and this has merely served to maintain the status quo on social sector spending. The new pattern of tax shares between the centre and states has resulted in higher inflow of ‘untied fund’ from the central government accompanied by lower allocations of ‘tied fund’. Subsequently, states have not exhibited any definitive sign of using their newly accrued fiscal autonomy to prioritise social sector expenditure. Along with greater public investment for development of human resources, this article emphasises on the need for appropriate monitoring and evaluation framework, and change in the budget making policy with greater involvement of people directly affected by changes in public policies related to social sector.
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Agačević, Andrej, Xu Ming, and Syed Ahtsham Ali. "Financial Supply Chain Management and Working Capital Management: The Competitive Analysis of HSBC Financial Chain Management." International Business Research 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n1p65.
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In this paper, a far reaching report on Supply Chain Management (SCM) is displayed. SCM is the administration of a system of interconnected organizations associated with the arrangement of item and administration bundles required by the end clients in a store network. Production network administration traverses all development and capacity of crude materials, work-in-process stock, and completed merchandise from purpose of cause to purpose of utilization. Budgetary Supply Chain Management at Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) is displayed. Another definition is given by the APICS Dictionary when it characterizes SCM as the "structure, arranging, execution, control, and observing of inventory network exercises with the goal of making net esteem, constructing an aggressive foundation, utilizing overall coordination, synchronizing supply with interest and estimating execution all around." According to late investigations a gigantic measure of working capital is tied up in the Supply Chain. Process-arranged exercises in the Supply Chain, for example, capability, receipt and guarantee administration and back situated exercises, for example, administration of working capital, valorization and capital allocation and request discharge working capital packaged in the Supply Chain. This is acknowledged by a decrease in Days-Sales-Outstanding, which therefore abbreviates the Cash-to-Cash Sequence. Subsequently prompting higher liquidity and expanded investor esteem. Understanding that an enormous potential lies in Financial Supply Chain Management can have the effect between intensity or disappointment, particularly during emergency, as we encounter the Global Financial Disaster.
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Bhattacharya, Joydeep, Xue Qiao, and Min Wang. "ENDOGENOUS BORROWING CONSTRAINTS AND WEALTH INEQUALITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 6 (March 29, 2016): 1413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000959.
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This paper studies the evolution of wealth inequality in an economy with endogenous borrowing constraints. In the model economy, young agents need to borrow to finance human capital investments but cannot commit to repaying their loans. Creditors can punish defaulters by banishing them permanently from the credit market. At equilibrium, loan default is prevented by imposing a borrowing limit tied to the borrower's inheritance. The heterogeneity in inheritances translates into heterogeneity in borrowing limits: endogenously, some borrowers face a zero borrowing limit, and some are partly constrained, whereas others are unconstrained. Depending on the initial distribution of inheritances, it is possible that all lineages are attracted either to the zero-borrowing-limit steady state or to the unconstrained-borrowing steady state—long-run equality. It is also possible that some lineages end up in one steady state and the rest in the other—complete polarization.
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Spanò, Michele. "Making the Multiple:." South Atlantic Quarterly 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 839–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-7825648.
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The essay argues for the compatibility between private law and the commons. In order to do so, it proposes an archeology of modern private law, which traces both the emergence of what will be called “modern topology” and the historical transformation of civil law into what we still know as private law. Private law is considered to be a product of modern legal theory which is radically tied with public law. The two are meant to have the very same logical form—individuality—which was the premise for the social relation of capital to be established. The pivot of this legal maneuver—which ended up with the exclusion of the commons from the realm of both private and public law—was the theory of subjective rights. To dismantle this construction, the essay proposes a critique of subjective rights as well as a trans-subjective approach to private law.
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Scafarto, Vincenzo, and Panagiotis Dimitropoulos. "Human capital and financial performance in professional football: the role of governance mechanisms." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 289–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-05-2017-0096.
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Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between human capital investments and financial performance in the professional football industry. The authors examine this association by controlling for internal (club-level) mechanisms of governance. Specifically, as they deal with a context of highly concentrated ownership and familial control of football clubs, they posit that the degree of family board representation and a dual leadership structure exert a moderating effect on the decision to spend on playing talent. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis employs a fixed-effect econometric model on a panel data set of 16 Italian football clubs that spans a nine-year time period ending up with 144 firm-year observations. Findings The main novel finding of this investigation is that clubs with CEO duality and a high degree of family board representation manage to profit from investments in player contracts as opposed to clubs which lack these governance mechanisms. Research limitations/implications A clear implication is that the presence of corporate governance mechanisms at club level may be value-enhancing. In terms of policy direction, the finding makes the case that regulatory bodies should consider the imposition of governance mechanisms at club level as a means to promote actual financial discipline and a further ally to current regulations that are restricted to monitoring processes tied to accounting data. Originality/value This study attempts to explain the financial outcomes of player investments by combining insights from the mainstream governance and family business literature. Prior works in the field are restricted to testing the direct relation between player investments and performance, but fail to consider the potential moderators of this association.
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Nagy, Lajos. "When and what quantity shall we buy? Optimal cereal – acquisition strategies." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3122.
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For farm products, it is typical that goods appear in a certain period of time in gross; therefore, from the viewpoint of forestallers/users, it is an important question how much and when to buy and for growers how much and when to sell. Among the costs that have affects on income, we have to emphasize stockkeeping costs (i.e. cost of tied-up capital, ordering costs) and acquisition costs. The last one is very important, because we cannotice great divergences in prices for cereals associated with the significant seasonal factors for a given year, so acquisition prices affect substantially the evolution of our costs.We can establish the strategies in two steps: setting up 2 models and interconnecting them. One means the strategies that differ from each other in ordering quantities and these comparative analyses. This model contains the analyses of seasonal effects and also the results that we apply in the model. The other one is a dynamical mathematical programming model which – by considering alternative investments – helps us to choose from the strategies in the previously mentioned model that one, which assures us maximum income.
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Velikanov, Vladimir. "Chigirin campaign of 1676 by G. Romodanovskiy: The dethronement of Hetman P. D. Doroshenko and the establishment of the formal control on the Right-bank Ukraine." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2019): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2019.1-2.2.01.
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By the beginning of 1676, Hetman P.D. Doroshenko’s relations with the Ottoman Empire, whose headship he recognized, were complicated, and he also had lost the support of most of his own Cossacks. But in spite of his weakness, the Russian government for some time delayed the military campaign to establish its own power in the Right-bank Ukraine. Only on making certain that in summer 1676 the main Turkish and Tatar forces are tied up by battles along Dniestr, the Belgorod voivode Prince G. G. Romodanovsky was given the order to marsh to Chigirin and whenever possible, to force P. D. Doroshenko to surrender without casualties. Doroshenko’s forces were outnumbered by the joint troops of G. G. Romodanovsky and the Left-bank Hetman Ivan Samoylovich, and he was forced to took oath to the Tsar and then to resign on September of 1676. Tsar’s garrison was quartered in Chigirin, Samoylovich’s capital, and the latter was sent into honorable exile to Russia. His dethronement and the takeover of Chigirin led to the open hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1677-1678.
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Jupp, James. "From ‘White Australia’ to ‘Part of Asia’: Recent Shifts in Australian Immigration Policy towards the Region." International Migration Review 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900109.
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This article examines the impact on Australia of population movements in the Asia-Pacific region since 1945, with special reference to the period since 1975 that marked the termination of the restrictive ‘White Australia Policy.’ That policy, which had its origins in racist theories popular at the end of the nineteenth century, isolated Australia from its immediate region and kept it tied to its European and, more specifically, British origins. The impact of population, trade and capital movements in the region has been such as to make Australia ‘part of Asia.’ Nevertheless, public opinion has yet to accept these changes fully, especially when they involve changing the ethnic character of the resident population. It is concluded that the generation which has grown up since 1945 and which is now starting to dominate politics and intellectual life will find it easier to reorient Australia than did the previous generation, despite continuing ambivalence in public attitudes. The presence in Australia of large numbers of permanent residents and citizens of Asian origin is a necessary factor in expediting change.
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Owolabi, Temitope J., and Oluyemi T. Adeosun. "Result-Based Management System: A Mediating Factor for Employees’ Performance." British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies 4, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmms_xfrracqa.
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In any organization, human resources stand as vital assets for success; these are to be highly valued in order to achieve the competitive edge. Therefore, human capital policies and practices should be tied to organizational goals. The impact of practices of HRM can be the channel that fuels sustained competitive advantage; therefore, enhancement of organizational performance should be the focus for an organization. Performance management comprises setting expectations, assessing behaviors and results of the employee, giving coaching and feedback, and performance evaluation over time to use in decision making. The aim is to line up individual efforts to achieve organizational goals. To this end, this study attempts to examine result-based management which is synonymous with performance management system, and how it drives employees’ productivity. Utilising the purposive sampling technique, staff within an educational institution were selected in Lagos. It was revealed that setting targets and performance standards would engender the desired productivity in employees. The study therefore recommends a comprehensive performance management system which should also be automated in order to capture key performance indicators of employees.
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Meng, Fan-yu. "ECONOMICAL HOUSING PROVISION IN CHINA (1998–2002) - A CASE STUDY OF BEIJING." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2004.9637510.
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Economical housing in China is targeted at the housing needs of middle and lower‐middle income urban households. Subsidies and other preferential policies for the provision of such housing are extended by the government. Economical housing is viewed by the Chinese central government as a fundamental component of the new housing system, which was set up in 1998 following the end of the old public housing system. It has also been used as the main driver for economic growth by the Chinese central government in the past five years. In each of those years, billions of RMB from the national budget has been invested in building economical housing, with the aim of eliminating the large gap between housing prices in the open market and public affordability, as well as to support economic growth. The issue of economical housing in China is intimately tied up with political and social issues. This paper presents a thorough study of the evolution of economical housing from 1998 to 2002 in China. Beijing is chosen as a case study because it is the capital city and has one of the most important real estate markets in the country. Recommendations are also given on the future development of economical housing.
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Khiyar, Khiyar Abdalla. "Malaysia: 30 Years of Islamic Banking Experience (1983-2012)." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 10 (September 19, 2012): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i10.7259.
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Malaysia proved to be at the forefront of Islamic banking and finance by adopting a dual banking system where the conventional and Islamic banking systems co-exist. The Islamic banking has been in operation since 1983 and offers a variety of Islamic financial instruments. In such a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, customers get the financial products and services they like. In the early 1980s, the government encouraged all Malaysians to be involved in the fast-track development process with a vision to make Malaysia a fully industrialized country by the year 2020. Actually, the development of Malaysias dual banking system is tied up with its social and economic policy and that is why it was fully supported by the countrys top leadership in addition to the Central Bank, the Parliament, and the public in general. Islamic banks can motivate Muslims to increase savings and reduce hoarding. This kind of motivation was expected to enhance their participation in the development process contributing to savings mobilization and capital accumulation in order to improve their standard of living and bring them up to par with their countrymen of Chinese origin. Among the countries with a free market economic system, Malaysia has emerged as the first country to implement a dual banking and financial system. The Malaysian model has been recognized by many Islamic countries as the model to emulate.
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RICHMOND, OLIVER P. "A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday." Review of International Studies 35, no. 3 (July 2009): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008651.
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AbstractThe ‘liberal peace’ is undergoing a crisis of legitimacy at the level of the everyday in post-conflict environments. In many such environments; different groups often locally constituted perceive it to be ethically bankrupt, subject to double standards, coercive and conditional, acultural, unconcerned with social welfare, and unfeeling and insensitive towards its subjects. It is tied to Western and liberal conceptions of the state, to institutions, and not to the local. Its post-Cold War moral capital, based upon its more emancipatory rather than conservative claims, has been squandered as a result, and its basic goal of a liberal social contract undermined. Certainly, since 9/11, attention has been diverted into other areas and many, perhaps promising peace processes have regressed. This has diverted attention away from a search for refinements, alternatives, for hybrid forms of peace, or for empathetic strategies through which the liberal blueprint for peace might coexist with alternatives. Yet from these strategies a post-liberal peace might emerge via critical research agendas for peacebuilding and for policymaking, termed here, eirenist. This opens up a discussion of an everyday ‘post-liberal peace’ and critical policies for peacebuilding.
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Hyslop, J. J., D. Fleming, and G. J. Hill. "Kale-based out-wintering systems for weaned Aberdeen Angus cross and Limousin cross steers during a winter store period." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021396.
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Since de-coupling of CAP subsidy schemes from actual animal production, lowering the costs of finishing cattle production systems is one of the key challenges facing the beef industry. One of the largest costs associated with finished cattle production from spring-born suckled calves is the costs of over-wintering the weaned steer calf once the suckling phase is over. The capital tied up in buildings is a major component of these costs in countries such as the UK where the relatively harsh winter environments have traditionally led to many weaned suckled calves being housed and fed conserved forages over the winter months to ensure adequate performance. Previous work (Hyslop et al, 2006) has shown that under appropriate field conditions, non-lactating, spring calving suckler cows can be out-wintered on both grazed kale or turnip based-systems with an acceptable degree of animal performance. The objective of the current study was to determine liveweight (LW) changes in weaned spring-born suckled calf steers when managed outdoors on kale-based grazing systems during a short winter feeding period and to assess the dirtiness of steers hides at the end of the kale grazing period.
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Capitanio, Marco. "Participatory place management in the age of shrinkage." Journal of Place Management and Development 11, no. 4 (October 8, 2018): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-06-2017-0056.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on citizen participation as a crucial place management factor in Tokyo’s shrinking suburbs as a way to facilitate the goal of retaining and attracting population and improving townscape quality. This research qualitatively examines participatory practices in place management and place branding strategies in one case study. Design/methodology/approach A historical overview of participatory place management in Japan introduces the case study of Kunitachi City, in the western periphery of Tokyo, chosen because of its peculiar development tied to bottom-up practices, high-quality built environment and strong identity. Analysis was carried out by means of literature review in Japanese and English, interviews and extensive fieldwork between 2015 and 2017. Findings A certain degree of conflict between progressive and reactionary participatory practices can be beneficial to place management, and local governments should seek ways to actively support and grant legal status to civic involvement. Moreover, high-quality unique built space, achieved through participatory actions, is a prime tool to brand peripheral areas and foster the pride of residents. Originality/value In a context where municipalities need to devolve more and more responsibilities to their inhabitants, Kunitachi has emerged as a best practice thanks to a high degree of civic capital. While there is no ready-made recipe to be replicated, other areas should closely examine the efforts by this municipality to sustain bottom-up involvement, yielding the benefits of an attractive city image created by its own residents.
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MCKINNON, RONALD, BRIAN LEE, and YI DAVID WANG. "THE GLOBAL CREDIT CRISIS AND CHINA'S EXCHANGE RATE." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 02 (June 2010): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590810003705.
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The case for stabilizing China's exchange rate against the dollar is strong. Before 2005 when the yuan/dollar rate was credibly fixed, it helped anchor China's domestic price level. But gradual RMB appreciation from July 2005 to July 2008 created a "one-way-bet" that disordered China's financial markets in two respects: (i) no private capital outflows to finance China's huge trade surplus leading to an undue build up of official exchange reserves and erosion of monetary control, and (ii) a breakdown of the forward exchange market in 2007–2008 so that exporters could no longer get trade credit — probably worsening the severe slump in Chinese exports. But after July 2008, the credit crunch induced an unexpected unwinding of the dollar carry trade leading to a sharp appreciation in the dollar's effective exchange rate. The People's Bank of China (PBC) then stopped RMB appreciation against the dollar. China's forward exchange market was restored and monetary control regained. Now the PBC can better support the fiscal stimulus by promoting a parallel expansion of bank credit. But, since March 2009, the fall in the dollar (with the RMB tied to it) again threatens to undermine the yuan/dollar rate and China's monetary stability.
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Gustafsson, Emmelie, Patrik Jonsson, and Jan Holmström. "Reducing retail supply chain costs of product returns using digital product fitting." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 51, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): 877–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2020-0334.
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PurposeThis paper investigate how fit uncertainty impacts product return costs in online retailing and how digital product fitting, a pre-sales fitting practice, can reduce fit uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes the current performance of a retailer's e-commerce and return operations by estimating costs generated by product returns, including product handling costs, tied-up capital, inventory holding costs, transportation costs, and order-picking costs. The estimated costs were built on 2,229 return transactions from a Scandinavian fashion footwear retailer. A digital product fitting technology was tested with the retailer’s products and resulted in estimations on how such technology could affect product returns.FindingsThe cost of a return is approximately 17% of the prime cost. The major cost elements are product handling costs and transportation costs, which together amount to 72% of the total costs. If well calibrated, the fitting technology can cut fit-related return costs by up to 80%. The findings show how customers reacted to the fitting technology: it was unable to verify fit every time, but it serves as a useful and effective support tool for customers when placing orders.Research limitations/implicationsVirtual fit verification using digital product fitting is key to retailers to reduce fit-related returns. Digital product fitting using three-dimensional scanning is more appropriate for some products, but it is unsuitable for products that are difficult to measure and scan.Originality/valueThe paper contributes an empirical estimate of retail supply chain costs associated with fit uncertainty, as well as theoretical understanding of the role of pre-sales fit verification in avoiding product returns.
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Vigh, Henrik. "Mobile Misfortune." Culture Unbound 7, no. 2 (June 11, 2015): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1572233.
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This article examines how the emergent cocaine trade in Bissau, the capital of the west African country of Guinea-Bissau, has become entangled with and trickled into the life worlds, hopes and fears of the city’s many impoverished young men. The article is divided into two parts. While the first part looks at the predicament of youth and the hope of migration in Bissau, the second illuminates the anguish of deportation and the despair of being forcefully ‘displaced back home.’ Following in the footsteps of the young men that seek to navigate the cocaine trade, in order to obtain better lives for themselves and their families, it shows how involvement in the cocaine trade is both a curse and a catalyst. Though trading the drug may facilitate migration and mobility, generating social being and worth in the process, it is an activity that is haunted by the threat of deportation and the termination of the mobility it enables. This article, thus, looks at the motives and manners in which young men in Bissau become caught up in transnational flows of cocaine. It shows how motion is emotively anchored and affectively bound: tied to and directed toward a feeling of worth and realisation of being, and how migration from the global South often has negative potentiality as an end-point via the ascription of illegality and condition of deportability that shade it.
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Simchenko, Nataliia Aleksandrovna, and Natalia Yurevna Anisimova. "Essential characteristics of the categories and concepts in the training process in the digital economy." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Экономика» = Perm University Herald. ECONOMY 16, no. 1 (2021): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9960-2021-1-67-85.
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Methodological changes in the modern economy could not keep up with the rapid economic global changes. An appropriate scientific approach should also be provided for the transformations taken place in production and labor relations in the epoch of digitalization. The purpose of the present article is to justify, to systematize, and to develop the categories and concepts for the training process under the digitalization of the economic activities and production and labour relations. The article reveals the impact of different scientific theories in economics on the development of the essential characteristics of the training process; its correlation with the concepts of human resources, human capital, intellectual capital has been described. The need to use a systemic-process approach to analyze the training process as a multi-faceted and multi-tied process in digital economy is justified. The article shows that the existing categories and concepts in the training process fail to reflect the content of industrial and labor relations arising in digitalization and successfully maintaining the digital economy institutions. The article concludes that digital economy should perceive the training process as a new level of resourcing which is an intellectual and professional one, and as an intersectoral development and effective performance of human capital with the purpose to provide the quantitative and qualitative equilibrium at the labor market and its entities. The pool of employees is the object of the training process, while tailored units, divisions and services with their particular authorities, rights and duties including the law-binding ones to support the peopleware are the subjects of the training process. Therefore, the digital economy is transforming the industrial system of the production and labour relations both by adjusting them to digitalization and by generating new types of labour. Structural economic transformations trigger the changes in the essence and the content of the training process and the performance of all participants at the labour market. The essential characteristics of the categories and concepts in the training process in the digital economy should be clarified to set a methodological basis for further scientific studies in the new economic reality.
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Murray, Stephen. "Decommissioning liability for offshore oil and gas installations: planning for a happy ending." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12057.
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This extended abstract outlines the draconian statutory decommissioning liability regime for offshore installations in the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS), drawing comparisons with the other jurisdictions. The impact of the regime on regulatory and contractual requirements for decommissioning security that creates barriers for new entrants into the UKCS is highlighted. One such barrier is the calculation of decommissioning security by reference to the pre-tax cost of decommissioning (i.e. without considering tax relief on decommissioning expenditure at the time it is incurred). This extended abstract comments on recent novel proposals from the government to limit the amount of capital tied up in decommissioning security by adopting measures that will facilitate calculation of decommissioning security on a post-tax basis. The UKCS is a mature province and the government is seeking to balance its desire to maximise economic recovery from the UKCS with its policy objective of ensuring that taxpayers are not responsible for decommissioning costs. The proposals envisage that the government will enter decommissioning relief deeds with owners of offshore installations. This will provide certainty about the rate of relief they will achieve in relation to their own share of decommissioning expenditure; it also ensures relief is available where they incur such costs due to the default of other parties. In essence, the government is contemplating entering a form of stabilisation agreement that will provide redress in the event that future changes in law reduce the tax relief available for decommissioning expenditure. The proposals show a bold attempt to promote investment by addressing political risk in a highly developed jurisdiction.
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Ibels, David, Marc Van Grondelle, Jonathon Peacock, and Jonathan Smith. "Making joint ventures work." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12075.
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No LNG capital project in Australia can survive without excelling in joint ventures; yet, the practicalities of them are often overlooked. The Australian oil and gas market has some of the most complex joint-venture arrangements in the world, and there is much we can learn from a global perspective about how to make them work. Too often, joint ventures are forced marriages between two or more parties who misunderstand each other and have widely differing aims. Organisations often rely too much on the joint-venture agreement, devote too few resources to the venture itself, and pay scant attention to any warning signs of trouble. The authors see that international oil companies typically have about 30–40% of their portfolios tied up in joint ventures. This is set to grow to about 70–80% during the next 5–8 years as they enter new territories in the hope of securing new resources. Although joint ventures are familiar ground for oil and gas companies, such operators often struggle to make them work. Cost overruns, schedule delays, compliance issues, renegotiations, and erosions of value are common. There are, however, ways to make joint ventures work more effectively, including: knowing what is expected of all parties and monitoring these expectations; improving transparency of information between joint-venture parties; ensuring expectations are realistic and continuing to validate them; paying particular attention in the first year of a joint venture; proactively strengthening existing joint ventures; and, staffing and resourcing joint ventures with care.
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Bandosz, Benjamin, and Tobias Wilczek. "Corporate Cannabis at Home and Abroad: International Regulation and Neoliberal Legalization." Journal of Canadian Studies 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 244–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2020-0026.
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Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, economic interests and systemic racism ensured the prohibition of cannabis. Such socio-political implications resulted in the criminalization of innumerable consumers; the infringement on civil liberties, in this regard, has been considerable. To counteract such policing, the Liberal Party of Canada legalized cannabis on 17 October, 2018. Despite motivating factors like shrinking the black market and relieving the judicial system, no significant social reparations have been realized. Rather, the publicly traded sector of the cannabis industry was prioritized and has seen enormous upside leading up to and after legalization, with corporate cannabis companies growing domestically and internationally. In this sense, Canada’s legalization continues patterns of prohibition: sacrificing civil liberties for economic interests. This prioritization of capital also affects countries in which cannabis companies established subsidiaries and partnerships—such as in Germany, Jamaica, and Colombia—where despite continued prohibition, companies receive special privileges while citizens are subject to the law. Although regulations differ on a case-by-case basis, corporate motivations inform cannabis prohibition and legalization—market interests guide the international spread of legalization. This article approaches the implications of ongoing cannabis-prohibition, in contrast to its legalization in select geopolitical regions, to analyze the Kafkaesque nature of substance-control that is inherently tied to economic motivations, and which take precedence over social equity. In this sense, the regulation of plant-material works in tandem with regulation of society, by which a certain order is sought to be maintained for the sake of political power and economic profitability.
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Storck, Joakim, and Bengt Lindberg. "Assessment of Best Scheduling Practice in Continuous Casting and Hot Rolling of Stainless Steel Strip by System Dynamics Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 344 (July 2007): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.897.
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A rapid flow of materials with little intermediate buffering between steel mill and hot strip mill has many benefits. One is energy savings due to raised charging temperature in the reheat furnaces of the hot strip mill. Another is that tied capital is freed up, thereby improving mill economy. Still, it is not unusual that average lead-time is in the order of days, or even weeks. The aim of the present work was to show how lead-times from casting to rolling could be improved by changes in the scheduling function. A System Dynamics model of a stainless steel strip production facility with continuous caster and hot rolling mill was created. The model was used to study the dynamics of the system in response to changes in parameters that defined the scheduling configuration. More frequent schedule updating generally resulted in less work in process (WIP) and shorter lead times from casting to rolling, with resulting higher charging temperatures. The amount of oscillation in the system was also reduced. More frequent work roll changes were required when scheduling frequency increased, resulting in an increased fraction of setup time in relation to total processing time. Therefore, a development towards increased scheduling frequency may have to be complemented by efforts to reduce changeover times. The conclusion was that dynamic scheduling routines with frequent schedule updating result in better overall performance of the system due to lower WIP and better heat utilization. Dynamic scheduling routines with frequent updates make the system respond better to changes in the system and give better overall performance. The result is lower WIP, increased energy efficiency and less oscillation in the system.
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Porteous, Bruce T., and Pradip Tapadar. "The Impact of Capital Structure on Economic Capital and Risk Adjusted Performance." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 01 (May 2008): 341–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.38.1.2030416.
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The impact that capital structure and capital asset allocation have on financial services firm economic capital and risk adjusted performance is considered. A stochastic modelling approach is used in conjunction with banking and insurance examples. It is demonstrated that gearing up Tier 1 capital with Tier 2 capital can be in the interests of bank Tier 1 capital providers, but may not always be so for insurance Tier 1 capital providers. It is also shown that, by allocating a bank or insurance firm’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital to higher yielding, more risky assets, risk adjusted performance can be enhanced. These results are particularly pertinent with the advent of the new Basel 2 and Solvency 2 risk based capital initiatives, for banks and insurers respectively.
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Porteous, Bruce T., and Pradip Tapadar. "The Impact of Capital Structure on Economic Capital and Risk Adjusted Performance." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 1 (May 2008): 341–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100015191.
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The impact that capital structure and capital asset allocation have on financial services firm economic capital and risk adjusted performance is considered. A stochastic modelling approach is used in conjunction with banking and insurance examples. It is demonstrated that gearing up Tier 1 capital with Tier 2 capital can be in the interests of bank Tier 1 capital providers, but may not always be so for insurance Tier 1 capital providers. It is also shown that, by allocating a bank or insurance firm’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital to higher yielding, more risky assets, risk adjusted performance can be enhanced. These results are particularly pertinent with the advent of the new Basel 2 and Solvency 2 risk based capital initiatives, for banks and insurers respectively.
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SEQUEIRA, JENNIFER M., and ABDUL A. RASHEED. "START-UP AND GROWTH OF IMMIGRANT SMALL BUSINESSES: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 11, no. 04 (December 2006): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946706000490.
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Networks, and their resulting social capital, can be key determinants of successful business start-up for immigrant entrepreneurs. Historically, immigrants have settled in communities characterized by networks that consist of strong ties. Network theory suggests that in addition to strong ties, success also requires the development of weak ties. In this paper, we develop a model of the relationships between strong and weak ties, and the likelihood of a business start-up and its subsequent growth. We also specifically consider the moderating effect of the entrepreneur's human capital in these relationships. Based on this model, we derive a number of theoretical propositions.
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Garrett, T. J. "No way out? The double-bind in seeking global prosperity alongside mitigated climate change." Earth System Dynamics 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-1-2012.
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Abstract. In a prior study (Garrett, 2011), I introduced a simple economic growth model designed to be consistent with general thermodynamic laws. Unlike traditional economic models, civilization is viewed only as a well-mixed global whole with no distinction made between individual nations, economic sectors, labor, or capital investments. At the model core is a hypothesis that the global economy's current rate of primary energy consumption is tied through a constant to a very general representation of its historically accumulated wealth. Observations support this hypothesis, and indicate that the constant's value is λ = 9.7 ± 0.3 milliwatts per 1990 US dollar. It is this link that allows for treatment of seemingly complex economic systems as simple physical systems. Here, this growth model is coupled to a linear formulation for the evolution of globally well-mixed atmospheric CO2 concentrations. While very simple, the coupled model provides faithful multi-decadal hindcasts of trajectories in gross world product (GWP) and CO2. Extending the model to the future, the model suggests that the well-known IPCC SRES scenarios substantially underestimate how much CO2 levels will rise for a given level of future economic prosperity. For one, global CO2 emission rates cannot be decoupled from wealth through efficiency gains. For another, like a long-term natural disaster, future greenhouse warming can be expected to act as an inflationary drag on the real growth of global wealth. For atmospheric CO2 concentrations to remain below a "dangerous" level of 450 ppmv (Hansen et al., 2007), model forecasts suggest that there will have to be some combination of an unrealistically rapid rate of energy decarbonization and nearly immediate reductions in global civilization wealth. Effectively, it appears that civilization may be in a double-bind. If civilization does not collapse quickly this century, then CO2 levels will likely end up exceeding 1000 ppmv; but, if CO2 levels rise by this much, then the risk is that civilization will gradually tend towards collapse.
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Ren, Jie, Jar-Der Luo, and Ke Rong. "How Do Venture Capitals Build Up Syndication Ecosystems for Sustainable Development?" Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 4385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114385.
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When the resources of a focal organization are limited, strengthening the capability of sustainable performance by building up an ecosystem through cooperation is a good choice. When venture capital firms invest in sustainable projects, due to the non-rival and non-exclusive features of sustainable projects, venture capital firms that have built up the cooperation ecosystem can invite more investors to join the sustainable projects. This article analyzes what factors venture capital firms take into consideration when building relations to nurture sustainable investment ecosystems. The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) method is used to explore how Chinese venture capital firms build up the syndication ecosystems. We conclude that very dominant venture capital firms like to cooperate with venture capital firms that have brokerage benefits and proper positions in the cluster to gain sustainable development. This article indicates that venture capital firms can build up syndication ecosystems by obtaining opportunities from indirect ties.
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Ma, Zhenzhong, Jinwei Zhu, Yong Meng, and Ying Teng. "The impact of overseas human capital and social ties on Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ venture performance." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2017-0246.
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Purpose Entrepreneurship research clearly documents the importance of human and social capital and stresses the way in which entrepreneurs take advantage of their own social affiliations and network strategies in pursuit of their entrepreneurial goals, yet the research on returnee entrepreneurs’ human and social capital is not sufficiently studied in the international context, in particular when returnees’ overseas human capital and social capital may be a misfit with local business environment. Using the data from Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ venture activities in China, the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas capital (human and social) and domestic capital (human and social) on their venture performance in China, and further explore the interaction effect of different social and human capital with China’s entrepreneurial environment. Design/methodology/approach This study surveyed 500 start-up businesses created by returnee entrepreneurs in China to collect data. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on their demographic information, the information about the human and social capital of these returnee entrepreneurs, including domestic and overseas capital, various performance measures, and other control variables ending up with 226 usable questionnaires. Findings The results show that Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas human capital and social capital, as well as their domestic social capital, but not domestic human capital, have a significant impact on their venture performance. In addition, while domestic entrepreneurial environment does not affect the impact of overseas human and social capital on venture performance, it does provide an important contextual setting for domestic capital to improve returnee entrepreneurs’ venture performance. Originality/value The findings help enrich the understanding of the dynamic interplays among Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ domestic human capital and social capital, overseas human capital, and social capital, as well as the entrepreneurial environment for returnee entrepreneurs’ success, which makes an important contribution to the international entrepreneurship theory by showing that overseas human capital and social capital are not a misfit with local markets. It also provides empirical support for the mediating effect of entrepreneurial opportunity identification. The important role of entrepreneurial opportunity is empirically supported in an international context: entrepreneurship is all about the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities and exploitation of this opportunity to create viable business entities for new products and services, even in the Chinese context, a culture which is very different from the ones where the entrepreneurship theory was developed.
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Vervisch, Thomas, and Kristof Titeca. "Bridging community associations in post-conflict Burundi: the difficult merging of social capital endowments and new ‘institutional settings’." Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 3 (August 18, 2010): 485–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x10000327.
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ABSTRACTAssociations have been labelled the main ‘building blocks’ for creating social capital. It has been argued that community associations need to transform ‘bonding’ into ‘bridging’ ties to ‘reach out’ while also creating ‘linking’ ties to ‘scale up’. External development actions follow a reverse logic in promoting these associations: they assume that linking ties with the external intervener will reinforce prior social capital endowments. This article highlights the inherent difficulties of such a ‘social engineering’ approach in the context of post-conflict reconstruction, describing three development interventions in the north of Burundi. It defines the process of ‘institutional syncretism’ – merging local with global institutional settings – as a key element to social capital building. The findings illustrate how the three interventions failed to reach this objective, and question ‘bridging’ associations as ‘universal blueprints’ for restoring social cohesion within the liberal peace model for post-conflict reconstruction.
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The Editors. "Notes from the Editors, September 2015." Monthly Review 67, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-067-04-2015-08_0.
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<div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review, September 2015 (Volume 67, Number 3)" href="http://monthlyreview.org/back-issues/mr-067-04-2015-08/">buy this issue</a></div> In the U.S. case, imperialism has always been closely tied to a system of racial domination at home. As W.E.B. Du Bois wrote some sixty years ago in "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/MR-004-12-1953-04_4" target="_blank">Negroes and the Crisis of Capitalism in the United States</a>" (<em>Monthly Review</em>, April 1953; reprinted in <a href="http://archive.monthlyreview.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-054-11-2003-04_3" target="_blank">April 2003</a>),<div class="blockquote">The United States, with its existing social structure, cannot abolish the color line despite its promises. It cannot stop injustice in the courts based on color and race. Above all, it cannot stop the exploitation of black workers by white capital, especially in the newest South. White North America beyond the urge of sound economics is persistently driving black folk toward socialism. It is the United States which is straining every effort to enslave Asia and Africa, and educated and well-to-do black Americans are coming to know this just as well as anybody. They may delay their reaction; they may hold ominous silence. But in the end, if this pressure keeps up, they will join the march to economic emancipation [the struggle against capitalism], because otherwise they cannot themselves be free.</div>Despite the gains of the civil rights era, the reemergence of what is now called the "New Jim Crow," based on the mass incarceration and repeated police killings of unarmed black men, shows that the old systems of racial control have been "modernized" in the present, maintaining the color line, if in modified fashion: not only in relation to black Americans—though they have a special position emerging out of the whole legacy of slavery…—but also with respect to all other people of color as well.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-4" title="Vol. 67, No. 4: September 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>
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Bakker, Sabine R. "Mobilizing nascent ties: A Qualitative Structural Analysis of social(izing) capital in newcomer networks." Network Science 8, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2020.25.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the processes involved when newly hired employees need to simultaneously build up and mobilize personal network ties during their organizational socialization. It focuses on the quality of ties at an early formative stage, characterized by the lack of a tie history between actors. Social capital theory would suggest that such nascent ties do not offer optimal channels for the kind and volume of resources that newcomers (need to) rely on during socialization. To better understand how this apparent mismatch between tie quality and resource needs is handled from an ego-centered perspective, the paper analyzes personal network data from 24 newcomers in nine organizations, using an adapted form of Qualitative Structural Analysis. Three tie-level qualities are found to explain how the lack of tie history may be alleviated, circumvented, or compensated. They comprise (a) variants of openness experienced with stronger ties, (b) perceptions of a lowered threshold towards weaker ties, and (c) sources of legitimacy regarding latent ties. Based on these findings, the paper presents an integrated conceptual model to clarify how nascent ties offer channels for network resources during socialization and discusses the need for further research on the role of specific moderators for the investigated processes.
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Toivanen, Mari. "Second Generation and Migrant Capital in the Transnational Space: The Case of Young Kurds in France." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2328.
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Transnational ties, networks, and mobilities can constitute a social resource for diaspora communities. Resources available as a result of the migration process or transnational ties can potentially become capitalised by diaspora members. Yet, diaspora members cannot automatically capitalise on all transnational networks and ties, and only resources that are mobilisable within particular transnational networks constitute “migrant capital” (Anthias, 2007; Ryan, 2011). Migrants’ children have grown up in “transnational social space,” in a social setting that is embedded with multiple sets of interconnected networks of social relationships, memberships, identities, and mobilities of cross-border character (Levitt, 2009). Little is known on whether such transnational networks function as a mobilisable social resource, i.e., migrant capital, for the second generation. This study focuses on the transnational ties, practices, and mobilities of second-generation Kurds in France and examines whether those constitute a mobilisable resource for them. It specifically asks if second-generation members intent to or have capitalised on such resources in the transnational social space. The study sheds light on the workings of transnational resources in the lives of the second generation and asks about the extent to which they can be considered migrant capital. The analysis draws from a qualitative dataset such as interviews and observations collected with second-generation Kurds in France.
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Pine, Adrienne. "“Tu eres gallo… pero la de los huevos soy yo”. Producción y género en las maquiladoras de Honduras." Revista Trace, no. 55 (July 11, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.55.2009.426.
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Honduras, la industria maquiladora con sus prácticas disciplinarias y modernas, es vista por muchas personas como una fuerza protectora contra la violencia extrema de las maras y de las calles que es el enfoque principal del discurso diario hondureño. Sin embargo, la industria maquiladora, y las políticas militares y neoliberales (implementados por el FMI y el Banco Mundial) de las cuáles se aprovecha directamente, están estrechamente ligados con las prácticas de violencia asociadas al género. Éstas incluyen tanto la práctica del control estricto de las opciones de fertilidad de las operarias como el genocidio invisible de niños y hombres jóvenes quienes se encuentran sin posibilidades de empleo a causa de la flexibilización y la feminización del trabajo en Honduras. Enfocando en la maquiladora como sitio de producción y reproducción, este artículo examina las formas complejas en las cuales nuevos roles de género se negocian dentro de un contexto hondureño de violencia estructural, callejera, laboral y simbólica. Dentro de ese contexto, muchos hondureños opinan que las maquiladoras presentan oportunidades liberadoras. Aquí se toma en serio la idea que el lugar de trabajo puede (re)producir sujetos liberados, ocupando una definición muy amplia del concepto. Aunque el trabajo de maquiladora disciplina el cuerpo capitalista en términos de género, controlando hasta las acciones más íntimas de las obreras y los obreros, les proporciona nuevos contextos en los cuales pueden renegociar sus roles de género –mediante el chisme, enfrentando sus jefes de trabajo y los dueños de sus fábricas y también empleando su nuevo capital financiero y cultural para afirmar su independencia fuera del lugar de trabajo y efectuar la liberación mediante el consumismo moderno.Abstract: In Honduras, the maquiladora industry, with its disciplinary and modern production practices, is seen by many as a bulwark against the gang and “random” violence that pervades Honduran streets and is the central focus of everyday conversation. However, the maquiladora industry, and the military and IMF/World Bank-led neo-liberal policies from which it directly benefits, are intimately tied to gendered practices of violence. These range from the unwelcome control of women workers’ fertility options to the invisible genocide of emasculated young men rendered unemployable as a result of the flexibilization and feminization of labour in Honduras. Focusing on the maquiladora as a site of production and reproduction, this article examines the complex ways in which new gender roles are being negotiated in a Honduran context of structural, street, workplace, and symbolic violence. Within this context, many Hondurans see maquiladoras as presenting liberatory possibilities. The assertion that the workplace can (re)produce liberated subjects (using a broad definition of the concept) is taken seriously here. For even as maquiladora work disciplines the gendered capitalist body by confining and controlling the most minute actions of workers, it provides new contexts for young women and men to actively renegotiate their gender roles –through gossiping with their coworkers, standing up to managers and factory owners, and using their newfound cultural and financial capital to assert independence outside of the workplace and enact liberation through modern forms of consumption.Résumé : Au Honduras, l’industrie maquiladora, avec ses pratiques disciplinaires et modernes de production, est vue par plusieurs comme un rempart contre la violence de gang et gratuite qui imprègne les rues honduriennes et qui constitue le sujet central des conversations quotidiennes. Toutefois, l’industrie maquiladora et les politiques militaires et néolibérales (mises en avant par le Fonds monétaire international et la Banque mondiale) desquelles elle profite directement, sont intimement liées aux pratiques sexistes de violence. Celles-ci vont du contrôle strict des options de fertilité des travailleuses au génocide invisible des jeunes hommes qui se retrouvent sans possibilité d’emploi en raison de la flexibilisation et la féminisation du travail au Honduras. En mettant l’accent sur la maquiladora comme site de production et de reproduction, cet article examine les façons complexes dont les nouveaux rôles de genre se négocient au sein d’un contexte hondurien de violence structurelle, de rue, de travail et symbolique. Au sein de ce contexte, plusieurs Honduriens estiment que les maquiladoras présentent des opportunités de libération. Cette déclaration selon laquelle le lieu de travail peut (re)produire des sujets libérés (dans le sens large du concept) est prise au sérieux ici. Même si le travail de la maquiladora discipline le corps capitaliste suivant le sexe en confinant les travailleurs et en contrôlant même leurs plus petites actions, il fournit de nouveaux contextes aux jeunes femmes et hommes où renégocier activement leurs rôles de genre –à travers les commérages entre travailleurs, la confrontation avec les gérants et les propriétaires d’usines, et aussi en employant leur nouveau capital culturel et financier– pour affirmer leur indépendance en dehors de leur lieu de travail et jouer leur libération à travers des formes modernes de consommation.
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Wang, Yanbo. "Bringing the Stages Back in: Social Network Ties and Start-up firms’ Access to Venture Capital in China." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 300–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sej.1229.
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Gretzinger, Susanne, Simon Fietze, Alexander Brem, and Tochukwu (Toby) Ugonna Ogbonna. "Small scale entrepreneurship – understanding behaviors of aspiring entrepreneurs in a rural area." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2017-0034.
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Purpose Networking and being a part of an established business network supports the process of translating new ideas into marketable solutions and acquiring customers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how aspiring entrepreneurs in a Danish rural area setting manage to get embedded into relevant business networks. Before the literature background on social capital and regional development, the authors use the embeddedness approach in explaining whether weak or strong ties are most beneficial to get the business started and how lacking strong ties can be compensated. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes an economic sociology perspective on social capital and is empirically based on a case study. The sample consists of a group of young aspiring entrepreneurs, living in the rural area of Southern Jutland, who are all committed to an organization which supports regional start-ups. Findings The authors found that aspiring entrepreneurs have different needs depending on their development status and type of innovation. Founders, who are developing or have developed new product innovations, seem to have an increased need for “strong ties” with consultants and those with knowledge about building up a professional network. Founders, who are developing or have developed a significantly improved service, have strong ties with former fellow students and researchers at the university. Originality/value This study illustrates that aspiring entrepreneurs connected to a regional entrepreneurship center gained access to a wider relevant network. Depending on their level of embeddedness, they could build new strong relationships and exploit information stemming from new “weak ties” and as such harness more benefits. The study shows that less privileged start-ups can substitute strong ties, especially through the support of professional managers of startup-supporting organizations. Finally, a model explaining the impact of social capital on the entrepreneurial sphere of regional business networks and on its innovativeness is deduced.
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Xu, Yang. "Entrepreneurial social capital, cognitive orientation and new venture innovation." Management Research Review 39, no. 5 (May 16, 2016): 498–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-06-2014-0132.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the entrepreneur’s social capital and cognitive orientation in new venture innovation. Design/methodology/approach The specific research questions are what impact the entrepreneur’s social capital has on his or her cognitive orientation in new product development; and to what extent and how social capital is dependent on the entrepreneur’s cognitive orientation in the new venture innovation performance. Data were collected in a survey conducted in multiple waves on a sample of approximately 1,400 new ventures in the USA. Social capital is measured by the position generator method. Cognitive orientation is measured by the causal mapping method. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that the entrepreneur’s strong social ties with the scientific community and technology-orientated cognition drive research collaborations and ultimately contribute to new venture innovation. Research limitations/implications Possible limitations are the low survey response rate, the spread of industries involved and respondents being the sole data source. Future research could use multiple data sources, increase the response rate by using other methods such as interviews and focus on a single industry or a set of related industries. Practical implications The findings of this study can guide entrepreneurs to manage their social relationships actively. Entrepreneurs should proactively build strong ties with the scientific community at the start-up stage to improve their firms’ innovation performance. In the domain of public policy, initiatives such as encouragement of cooperation between universities and entrepreneurs may help to create new venture innovations and stimulate the regional economy. Originality/value This study contributes to the research on innovation and entrepreneurship by exploring the interrelationships among entrepreneurs’ social capital, cognitive orientation and new venture innovation. It found that entrepreneurs’ social capital at the start-up stage influences the characteristics of their cognitive orientation in new product development and ultimately new venture innovation. It also revealed how entrepreneurs think about new product success through cognitive mapping techniques.
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Chen, Sze-Ting, Kai Yin Allison Haga, and Cher Min Fong. "The effects of institutional legitimacy, social capital, and government relationship on clustered firms’ performance in emerging economies." Journal of Organizational Change Management 29, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-11-2015-0211.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how a clustered foreign firm’s network ties of social capital and government relationship may affect its institutional legitimacy and performance for clustered firms in emerging economies. To accomplish this task, the authors identify network ties (e.g. bridging ties and strong ties) and show, for each, the direct effects on institutional legitimacy and organizational performance. The findings show that bridging ties, strong ties, and government relationship directly and significantly impact organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach – This study used the two-step approach suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). The first step uses confirmatory factor analysis to validate the psychometric properties of the measurement scales. The second step then uses structural equation modeling to examine the proposed hypotheses. The statistical software LISREL 8.80 was used for the data analysis. Findings – This paper finds that industrial clusters serve an important legitimizing function for clustered firms. The corporate ties (both bridging and strong ties), institutional legitimacy, and governmental relationships all play a positive role in organizational performance in emerging economies. The government relationships are also found to have a positive effect on institutional legitimacy. The institutional legitimacy can develop from industrial clustering. The foreign enterprises within a cluster should pay attention to their vertical and horizontal relationships. Research limitations/implications – First, the questionnaires cannot be verified if these instructions were followed in each instance (because the responses were simply returned by mail). Second, this study grouped all foreign firms into one cluster. Other foreign firms may find that culture has different effects on their organizational performances in emerging economies. Third, the relationships and impacts of various factors were not investigated within the theoretical framework proposed in this study. Fourth, the study did not address the heterogeneity of domestic and foreign firms. Fifth, the study only focusses on the textile industry. Practical implications – The institutional legitimacy can develop from industrial clustering. In order to make a good impression on the local government, clustered firms should adhere to government policy, hire more local workers and buy local raw materials. The foreign enterprises in emerging economies should recognize that, being inside of an industrial cluster, it is important to have strong ties with other cluster members and to interact frequently and honestly with the relevant government agencies and organizations. To enrich resource-utilizing and reduce their liability of foreignness, foreign firms within clusters should seek to increase their firms’ network ties and establish good relationships with local governments to obtain competitive advantage. Social implications – This study aims at filling that gap by using the concepts of strong ties, bridging ties of social capital, institutional legitimacy, and government relationship to understand how clustered firms influence institutionalization through corporate strategies. The analysis not only helps extend the literature on network ties configuration, but also expands the literature on institutionalization. The study explores how clustered firms actively built up their own advantageous positions and then combine these with their original passive interests to favorably enhance their competitiveness in rapidly changing and institutionally unstable emerging economies. Originality/value – First, connects existing theories to provide an integrated theoretical framework for understanding the roles of social capital and institutional legitimacy. Second, provides evidence to the literature by examining how network ties and government relationship may jointly influence the performance for clustered foreign firms in emerging economies, an area largely ignored in prior research. Third, provides one theoretical lens through which different outcomes of social capital and institutional issues can be analyzed. Fourth, the authors put forward a relationship capability and an institutional capability model to study how firms can avoid risk and obtain benefits by clustering in emerging economies.
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Lubberink, Martien, and Annelies Renders. "Are Banks’ Below Par Own Debt Repurchases a Cause for Prudential Concern?" Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 35, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x17748406.
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In the lead-up to the implementation of Basel III, European banks repurchased debt securities that traded below par. Banks engaged in these Liability Management Exercises (LMEs) to realize a fair value gain that prudential rules exclude from regulatory capital calculations. The LMEs enabled banks to augment Core Tier 1 capital, given that alternative methods to increase capital ratios were not feasible in practice. Using data of 720 European LMEs conducted between April 2009 and December 2013, we show that poorly capitalized banks repurchased securities and lost about €9.1bn in premiums to compensate their holders. Banks also repurchased the most loss-absorbing securities, for which they paid the highest premiums. These premiums increase with leverage and in times of stress. Hence debt repurchases are a cause for prudential concern.
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Kim, Ji Youn (Rose), H. Kevin Steensma, and Haemin Dennis Park. "The Influence of Technological Links, Social Ties, and Incumbent Firm Opportunistic Propensity on the Formation of Corporate Venture Capital Deals." Journal of Management 45, no. 4 (July 27, 2017): 1595–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206317720722.
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New ventures often innovate by building on the technology of incumbent firms. The resulting technological links that form between new ventures and incumbents can open up valuable collaborative opportunities between them. Nonetheless, because these technological links also increase incumbents’ abilities to misappropriate the knowledge of new ventures, such collaboration can render new ventures particularly susceptible to the opportunistic whims of their incumbent partners. Whether technological links promote or impede corporate venture capital (CVC) deal formation may depend on incumbent firms’ propensities to behave opportunistically and how aware new ventures are of such propensities. We argue that when new ventures have social ties to incumbent firms that have opportunistic tendencies, technological links between them strongly impede CVC deal formation. In such cases, social ties substantiate new ventures’ fears of knowledge misappropriation that might occur. In contrast, when new ventures have social ties to incumbent firms that lack opportunistic tendencies, technological links between them strongly promote CVC deal formation as social ties validate the incumbent firm’s trustworthiness and the potential for productive collaboration as a result of technological links. Using a data set that integrates patent citations, hand-collected career histories, and infringement lawsuits, we tracked the investment pattern between 29 incumbents and 402 new ventures in the U.S. information technology industry and found support for our arguments.
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Sasaki, Yuri, Taishi Tsuji, Shihoko Koyama, Yukako Tani, Tami Saito, Katsunori Kondo, Ichiro Kawachi, and Jun Aida. "Neighborhood Ties Reduced Depressive Symptoms in Older Disaster Survivors: Iwanuma Study, a Natural Experiment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010337.
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Objective: As most studies relating to mental health and disasters have employed cross-sectional or follow-up assessments about psychological health with post-disaster information, the association between changes in social ties and mental health remains unclear. We examined the relationship between the changes in survivor neighborhood ties and depressive symptoms before and after a natural disaster. Methods: Participants were 3567 individuals aged ≥65 years living in Iwanuma city who had responded to questionnaires by the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study both predating the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, and 2.5 years afterward. Changes in the depressive symptoms were assessed using the geriatric depression scale (GDS) at the baseline and follow-up survey. Changes in the neighborhood ties were assessed by asking the participants about their interactions with people in their neighborhood. Possible confounders were adjusted in a linear regression model. Results: Among the 3111 participants in this analysis, 1073 (34.5%) had increased GDS score after the disaster. There were 336 (10.8%) individuals who had neighborhood ties before the disaster, but had no ties afterward; their mean GDS score increased from 2.93 points in 2010 to 3.19 points in 2013. Among those who had not had ties before and after the disaster the mean GDS score remained almost stable, from 2.19 points in 2010 to 2.12 points in 2013. The participants with post-disaster ties were significantly less likely to have an increased GDS score compared with those who had not had ties before and after the disaster (β = −0.39; 95% confidence interval: −0.72, −0.06). Conclusions: Increased neighborhood ties after the disaster reduced the risk of depressive symptoms even when survivors suffered disaster damages. The study reinforces the importance of social capital in disaster recovery and suggests to local governments and local communities that fostering horizontal, neighborhood ties may improve disaster preparedness and mental health resilience.
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Effiom, Lionel, Alfa Charles Achu, and Samuel Etim Edet. "Capital Flight and Domestic Investment in Nigeria: Evidence From ARDL Methodology." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n1p348.
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Capital flight is a challenge for many developing countries of the world. The problem is more severe in a nation like Nigeria where domestic investment has been terribly affected. This study undertakes an empirical investigation of the impact of capital flight on domestic investment in Nigeria between 1980 and 2017. Deploying the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric methodology, the study finds that capital flight has negative and significant impact on domestic investment. In particular, the long run impact of capital flight on domestic investment (0.57) turns out to be more severe than its impact in the short run (0.27), implying that a continuous and persistent build-up of capital flight exerts a negative cumulative effect on domestic investment over time. The study further reveals that the quality of institutions in Nigeria is a disincentive to domestic investment. It therefore recommends the strengthening of institutions to rein in on the illegal outflow of capital from the Nigerian economy in order to guarantee the availability of investible funds. The real sector of the local economy must be grown to bolster the value of the naira. This will stem the tide of capital flight and attract investments into critical sectors.