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Journal articles on the topic 'Captive wild animal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Moen, Ole Martin. "The ethics of wild animal suffering." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 10, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972.

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<p class="normal">Animal ethics has received a lot of attention over the last four decades. Its focus, however, has almost exclusively been on the welfare of captive animals, ignoring the vast majority of animals: those living in the wild. I suggest that this one-sided focus is unwarranted. On the empirical side, I argue that wild animals overwhelmingly outnumber captive animals, and that billions of wild animals are likely to have lives that are even more painful and distressing than those of their captive counterparts. On the normative side, I argue that as long as we have duties of assistance towards humans suffering from natural causes, and we reject anthropocentrism, we also have duties of assistance towards animals suffering in the wild.</p><p class="normal">Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016</p>

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2

Dierenfeld, Ellen S. "Captive wild animal nutrition: a historical perspective." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, no. 3 (November 1997): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19970104.

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3

D’Cruze, Neil, Sophie Khan, Gemma Carder, David Megson, Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, and Georgina Groves. "A Global Review of Animal–Visitor Interactions in Modern Zoos and Aquariums and Their Implications for Wild Animal Welfare." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060332.

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We provide an initial insight into the occurrence and characteristics of animal-visitor interactions (AVIs) involving captive wild animals within zoos and aquaria. Using information provided online via official public websites of modern zoos and aquaria, we found that AVIs were provided by the majority of facilities. Our study revealed that a variety of AVI types were being offered. Globally, petting captive wild animals was the most prevalent AVI type advertised (n = 1241 observations, 43% (534) of facilities) and Mammalia was the most advertised taxonomic class (n = 5142; 53% (2739)). We found certain AVI types that were more commonly offered than predicted. These were opportunities to: (1) Hand feed captive wild animals in Asia, North America and Oceania; (2) ride wild animals in Europe and North America; (3) walk with or swim through wild animal enclosures in Asia; and (4) walk with wild animals in Asia and Europe. Given the global prevalence of AVIs in modern zoos and aquaria, and an apparent lack of animal welfare focused research, we provide recommendations to help effectively balance and manage captive wild animal welfare with other primary interconnected goals.

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4

Knief, U., G. Hemmrich-Stanisak, M. Wittig, A. Franke, S. C. Griffith, B. Kempenaers, and W. Forstmeier. "Quantifying realized inbreeding in wild and captive animal populations." Heredity 114, no. 4 (January 14, 2015): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2014.116.

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5

Browning, Heather, and Walter Veit. "Freedom and Animal Welfare." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041148.

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The keeping of captive animals in zoos and aquariums has long been controversial. Many take freedom to be a crucial part of animal welfare and, on these grounds, criticise all forms of animal captivity as harmful to animal welfare, regardless of their provisions. Here, we analyse what it might mean for freedom to matter to welfare, distinguishing between the role of freedom as an intrinsic good, valued for its own sake and an instrumental good, its value arising from the increased ability to provide other important resources. Too often, this debate is conducted through trading intuitions about what matters for animals. We argue for the need for the collection of comparative welfare data about wild and captive animals in order to settle the issue. Discovering more about the links between freedom and animal welfare will then allow for more empirically informed ethical decisions regarding captive animals.

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6

Hudson, Peter, G. R. Smith, and J. P. Hearn. "Reproduction and Disease in Captive Wild Animals." Journal of Animal Ecology 59, no. 1 (February 1990): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5185.

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7

Learmonth, Mark James. "Dilemmas for Natural Living Concepts of Zoo Animal Welfare." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060318.

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This ethical discourse specifically deals with dilemmas encountered within zoological institutions, namely for the concept of natural living, and a new term—wilding. It is agreed by some that zoos are not ethically wrong in principle, but there are currently some contradictions and ethical concerns for zoos in practice. Natural living is a complicated concept, facing multiple criticisms. Not all natural behaviours, nor natural environments, are to the benefit of animals in a captive setting, and practical application of the natural living concept has flaws. Expression of natural behaviours does not necessarily indicate positive well-being of an animal. Herein it is suggested that highly-motivated behaviours may be a better term to properly explain behaviours of more significance to captive animals. Wilding refers to extrapolation of the natural living concept to treating an animal as wild, residing in a wild habitat. This definition is intrinsically problematic, as quite literally by definition, captivity is not a wild nor natural environment. Treating a captive animal exactly the same as a wild counterpart is practically impossible for many species in a few ways. This article discusses complexities of natural living versus natural aesthetics as judged by humans, as well as the possibility of innate preference for naturalness within animals. Zoos nobly strive to keep wild animals as natural and undomesticated as possible. Here it is argued that unintended and unavoidable genetic and epigenetic drift favouring adaptations for life in a captive environment may still occur, despite our best efforts to prevent this from occurring. This article further discusses the blurred lines between natural and unnatural behaviours, and the overlaps with more important highly-motivated behaviours, which may be better predictors of positive affective states in captive animals, and thus, better predictors of positive well-being and welfare. Finally, as we are now in the Anthropocene era, it is suggested that human-animal interactions could actually be considered natural in a way, and notwithstanding, be very important to animals that initiate these interactions, especially for “a life worth living”.

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8

Delport, Tiffany C., Michelle L. Power, Robert G. Harcourt, Koa N. Webster, and Sasha G. Tetu. "Colony Location and Captivity Influence the Gut Microbial Community Composition of the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 12 (April 1, 2016): 3440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00192-16.

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ABSTRACTGut microbiota play an important role in maintenance of mammalian metabolism and immune system regulation, and disturbances to this community can have adverse impacts on animal health. To better understand the composition of gut microbiota in marine mammals, fecal bacterial communities of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), an endangered pinniped with localized distribution, were examined. A comparison of samples from individuals across 11 wild colonies in South and Western Australia and three Australian captive populations showed five dominant bacterial phyla:Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria, andFusobacteria. The phylumFirmicuteswas dominant in both wild (76.4% ± 4.73%) and captive animals (61.4% ± 10.8%), whileProteobacteriacontributed more to captive (29.3% ± 11.5%) than to wild (10.6% ± 3.43%) fecal communities. Qualitative differences were observed between fecal communities from wild and captive animals based on principal-coordinate analysis. SIMPER (similarity percentage procedure) analyses indicated that operational taxonomic units (OTU) from the bacterial familiesClostridiaceaeandRuminococcaceaewere more abundant in wild than in captive animals and contributed most to the average dissimilarity between groups (SIMPER contributions of 19.1% and 10.9%, respectively). Differences in the biological environment, the foraging site fidelity, and anthropogenic impacts may provide various opportunities for unique microbial establishment in Australian sea lions. As anthropogenic disturbances to marine mammals are likely to increase, understanding the potential for such disturbances to impact microbial community compositions and subsequently affect animal health will be beneficial for management of these vulnerable species.IMPORTANCEThe Australian sea lion is an endangered species for which there is currently little information regarding disease and microbial ecology. In this work, we present an in-depth study of the fecal microbiota of a large number of Australian sea lions from geographically diverse wild and captive populations. Colony location and captivity were found to influence the gut microbial community compositions of these animals. Our findings significantly extend the baseline knowledge of marine mammal gut microbiome composition and variability.

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9

Courtenay, Jackie, and Gigi Santow. "Mortality of Wild and Captive Chimpanzees." Folia Primatologica 52, no. 3-4 (1989): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000156395.

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10

Terranova, Carl J., and Barbara S. Coffman. "Body weights of wild and captive lemurs." Zoo Biology 16, no. 1 (1997): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:1<17::aid-zoo4>3.0.co;2-e.

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11

Idnan, Muhammad, Arshad Javid, Muhammad Nadeem, Ali Hussain, Sajid Mansoor, Waqas Ali, and Syed Mohsin Bukhari. "Preliminary Behavior of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) under Captive Conditions with Future Conservation Strategies." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v11i1.165.

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Background: Study of behavioral conformations play a significant role in ex-situ conservation of ungulates particularly of deer to propagate deer farming. Due to advancement in animal hunting techniques, captive breeding is the best solution to propagate animals for sports or other traditional & medicinal uses. Due to the lack of management methods, captive breeding programs have been used on trial and error basis for rearing of wild animals like Chinkara. Objectives: The present study was planned to investigate behavioral patterns in captivity to explore factors over reproductive success of the Chinkara and potential of this wild animal (Chinkara) for deer farming practices in Pakistan. Methodology: Present study was conducted on the behavior of Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) [wild-caught (WC)=20, captive-bred (CB)=10] for a period of one year from April 2013 to March 2014 at Captive breeding facilities for ungulates, Ravi campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Pakistan. Results: The behavior of captive-born and wild-caught animals was observed by focal sampling pattern to frame conservation strategies for successful management practices for promotion of deer farming in Pakistan. Similar behavioral patterns were observed in both WC and CB animals but WC male Chinkara displayed a higher degree of agonistic interaction than of CB males. From these results it is predicted that there is no obvious immediate effect of captivity on behavioral configurations up to 10 generations in Chinkara. Conclusion: It is suggested that Chinkara is not suitable for domestication like Goat until further studies on ethology of Chinkara.

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12

Matsubara, M., and C. Abe. "Captive Environment of Gorillas in the Howletts Wild Animal Park, UK." Primate Research 15, no. 2 (1999): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.15.305.

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13

Cruz, Cláudio Estêvão Farias, Cristine Cerva, and Inês Andretta. "Financial Costs of Conserving Captive-bred Wild Birds." Der Zoologische Garten 85, no. 6 (2016): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zoolgart.2016.08.003.

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14

Narayan, Edward, Frank Molinia, Ketan Christi, Craig Morley, and John Cockrem. "Urinary corticosterone metabolite responses to capture, and annual patterns of urinary corticosterone in wild and captive endangered Fijian ground frogs (Platymantis vitiana)." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 3 (2010): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10010.

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This study was based on the development of a non-invasive glucocorticoid enzyme-immunoassay for the assessment of stress in wild and captive endangered Fijian ground frogs (Platymantis vitiana). Enzyme-immunoassays were developed and validated for the first time to non-invasively measure both cortisol and corticosterone metabolites in frog urine. Frog urine showed parallel displacement with corticosterone but not cortisol standards, therefore corticosterone enzyme immunoassays were used to examine stress in wild and captive frogs. Urinary corticosterone metabolite concentrations increased in frog urine (n = 4) at 6 h, 1 day and 2 days after injection with adrenocorticotropic hormone (0.44 μg g–1 bodyweight), indicating that the corticosterone enzyme-immunoassay could detect changes in circulating corticosterone in frogs. Urinary concentrations of corticosterone were measured in wild frogs (n = 18) after capture in the field. The first measurement beyond the initial sample was at 2–3 h. Mean urinary corticosterone concentrations rose after the initial sample and were significantly elevated in samples collected 3–4 h after capture. This is the first demonstration of a urinary corticosterone response to capture in amphibians. Urinary corticosterone metabolite concentrations for all months combined were lower in captive males than in wild males, and differed between vitellogenic, non-vitellogenic and captive females. Concentrations did not differ between captive and wild females. In conclusion, urinary corticosterone enzyme immunoassays can be used in frogs for assessing stress responses to capture and natural stress profiles of both captive and wild populations.

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15

Smith, Anthony Marius, Husna Ismail, Maryke M. Henton, Karen H. Keddy, and GERMS-SA Surveillance Network. "Similarities between Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans and captive wild animals in South Africa." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5393.

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Introduction: Salmonella is well recognized as an aetiological agent of gastrointestinal and diarrhoeal disease. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is one of the commonest serotypes associated with foodborne illness. In South Africa, we compared Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans with gastroenteritis and strains isolated from captive wild animals, between June 2011 and July 2012. Methodology: Bacteria were phenotypically characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Genotypic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Results: a diversity of 27 PFGE patterns amongst 196 human non-invasive isolates was shown; two PFGE patterns predominated and accounted for 74% of all human isolates. Human isolates showed a 12% prevalence rate for nalidixic acid resistance. Animal isolates from 5 different sources were investigated. With the exception of an isolate from a ground hornbill, all animal isolates (jaguar, crocodile, lion and poultry) showed PFGE pattern matches to a human isolate. Animal isolates showed susceptibility to all antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of nalidixic acid resistance in isolates from the lion and poultry source. Conclusions: Our data showed similarities between Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans and captive wild animals, suggesting a probable common source for strains from humans and animals.

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16

Dillberger, J. E., S. B. Citino, and N. H. Altman. "Four Cases of Neoplasia in Captive Wild Birds." Avian Diseases 31, no. 1 (January 1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590798.

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17

McCune, Kelsey B., Piotr Jablonski, Sang-im Lee, and Renee R. Ha. "Captive jays exhibit reduced problem-solving performance compared to wild conspecifics." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181311.

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Animal cognitive abilities are frequently quantified in strictly controlled settings, with laboratory-reared subjects. Results from these studies have merit for clarifying proximate mechanisms of performance and the potential upper limits of certain cognitive abilities. Researchers often assume that performance on laboratory-based assessments accurately represents the abilities of wild conspecifics, but this is infrequently tested. In this experiment, we quantified the performance of wild and captive corvid subjects on an extractive foraging task. We found that performance was not equivalent, and wild subjects were faster at problem-solving to extract the food reward. By contrast, there was no difference in the time it took for captive and wild solvers to repeat the behaviour to get additional food rewards (learning speed). Our findings differ from the few other studies that have statistically compared wild and captive performance on assessments of problem-solving and learning. This indicates that without explicitly testing it, we cannot assume that captive animal performance on experimental tasks can be generalized to the species as a whole. To better understand the causes and consequences of a variety of animal cognitive abilities, we should measure performance in the social and physical environment in which the ability in question evolved.

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18

Swanson, David L., and Marisa O. King. "Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis." Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.439.

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Abstract Studies of metabolic variation in birds have involved both wild and captive individuals, but few studies have investigated whether captivity directly influences metabolic rates, despite such variation potentially confounding conclusions regarding how metabolic rates respond to the conditions under study. In addition, whether short-term captivity influences metabolic rate repeatability in birds is currently uninvestigated. In this study, we measured Msum (maximal cold-induced metabolic rates) in summer acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis directly after capture from wild populations, after approximately 2 weeks of indoor captivity (Captive 1), and again after an additional 1–2 weeks of captivity (Captive 2). Msum increased significantly (16.9%) following the initial captive period, but remained stable thereafter. Body mass (Mb) also increased significantly (9.2%) during the initial captive period but remained stable thereafter, suggesting that muscle growth and/or remodeling of body composition produced the observed metabolic variation. Mb and Msum were not significantly repeatable between wild and Captive 1 birds, but were significantly repeatable between Captive 1 and Captive 2 groups. These data suggest that caution must be exercised when extrapolating metabolic rates from short-term captive to wild populations. In addition, Msum was a repeatable trait for birds under conditions where mean metabolic rates remained stable, but Msum repeatability disappeared during acclimation to conditions promoting phenotypically flexible metabolic responses. This suggests that the capacity for phenotypic flexibility varies among individuals, and such variation could have fitness consequences.

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Chevalier-Skolnikoff, Suzanne, and Jo Liska. "Tool use by wild and captive elephants." Animal Behaviour 46, no. 2 (August 1993): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1183.

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20

de Mori, Barbara, Elena Stagni, Linda Ferrante, Gregory Vogt, Keith Ramsay, and Simona Normando. "Scientific and Ethical Issues in Exporting Welfare Findings to Different Animal Subpopulations: The Case of Semi-Captive Elephants Involved in Animal-Visitor Interactions (AVI) in South Africa." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100831.

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Elephants are charismatic, cognitively highly-developed animals, whose management conditions can vary along a “wild–captive continuum.” Several protocols have been proposed for the assessment of zoo elephants’ welfare. It is important to investigate the possible limitations, if any, of extending findings from zoo elephants to conspecifics in a different dynamic in said “wild–captive continuum.” In this paper, findings regarding two issues will be discussed: those regarding the external validity and those regarding the acceptability of management procedures as applied to semi-captive (i.e., able to roam freely for part of the day) elephants involved in visitor-interaction programs in South Africa. In a questionnaire-based survey, half of the responding experts stated that at least some of the welfare issues they ranked as the five most important in captive elephants’ management had a different relevance for semi-captive individuals, resulting in 23.6% of the issues being rated differently. Moreover, there was no agreement among the experts on the ethical acceptability of any of the investigated procedures used in the management of semi-captive elephants involved in visitor-interaction programs. Caution is thus needed when exporting findings from one subpopulation of animals to another kept in different conditions and more scientific and ethical research is needed on the topic.

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21

Munn, A. J., S. Phelan, M. Rigby, and J. A. Roberts. "Behavioural adjustments of wild-caught kangaroos to captivity." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 2 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16019.

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It is important to understand how wild-caught animals may respond to captivity, and whether their behaviours in captivity are reflective of their wild counterparts. We observed the behaviour of wild-caught western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus; formerly M. rufus) that were transferred to a large naturally vegetated enclosure. Observations were made on the first day of captivity and again after 7–10 days, and were compared with the behaviour of free-living kangaroos at the same locality and over the same period. We quantified feeding, moving, grooming and non-alert behaviours. Of these, grooming was higher in captive kangaroos than in free-living animals on the first day of captivity only, and was no different to that of wild animal by 7–10 days’ captivity. Such self-directed behaviour may be indicative of heightened distress for kangaroos on the first day of captivity, but it may also be indicative of grooming to eliminate contamination of human smells or debris following capture by darting and recovery. Overall, our findings indicate that after a short period of captivity, wild-caught kangaroos adjust to a novel environment relatively quickly, and animals from each species showed behaviour patterns comparable with free-ranging counterparts within 7–10 days after capture and captivity.

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Csermely, Davide, Danilo Mainardi, and Nicolantonio Agostini. "The predatory behaviour of captive wild kestrel,Falco tinnunculusL." Bolletino di zoologia 56, no. 4 (January 1989): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250008909355657.

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23

Howell, Christian P., and Susan M. Cheyne. "Complexities of Using Wild versus Captive Activity Budget Comparisons for Assessing Captive Primate Welfare." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 22, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2018.1500286.

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24

Lombardi, Mayara C., Andréia P. Turchetti, Herlandes P. Tinoco, Angela T. Pessanha, Semiramis A. Soave, Marcelo C. C. Malta, Tatiane A. Paixão, and Renato L. Santos. "Diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction in wild mammals." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 12 (December 2014): 1243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014001200017.

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum (synonym: Leishmania chagasi) and transmitted by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil. It is an endemic zoonosis in several regions of the country, including Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais). In urban areas, the domestic dog is susceptible and considered the most important animal reservoir. However, L. infantum has been previously diagnosed in other species, including captive primates and canids. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the agent DNA in captive animals as well as some free ranging animals from the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Eighty one blood samples from primates, carnivores, ruminants, edentates, marsupial, and a monogastric herbivore were analyzed. Three primates Alouatta guariba (brown howler monkey), and two canids Speothos venaticus (bush dog) were positive, demonstrating the importance of leishmaniasis control in endemic areas for preservation of wildlife species in captivity.

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25

Phillips-Conroy, Jane E., and Clifford J. Jolly. "Dental eruption schedules of wild and captive baboons." American Journal of Primatology 15, no. 1 (1988): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350150104.

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26

Koyama, Nicola, and Elisabetta Palagi. "Managing Conflict: Evidence from Wild and Captive Primates." International Journal of Primatology 27, no. 5 (October 13, 2006): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-006-9073-9.

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27

Houston, D. B., C. T. Robbins, and V. Stevens. "Growth in Wild and Captive Mountain Goats." Journal of Mammalogy 70, no. 2 (May 25, 1989): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381530.

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28

Pagh, Sussie, Cino Pertoldi, Mariann Chriel, Heidi Huus Petersen, Trine Hammer Jensen, Sussi Madsen, David Chr Evar Kraft, Toke Munk Schou, and Mette Sif Hansen. "Estimation of the Age and Reproductive Performance of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild in Denmark." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010162.

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The feral mink population in Denmark consists of two groups of animals: mink born in the wild and mink that have recently escaped from farms. The aims of this study were to: (1) estimate the reproductive performance and mortality of the Danish mink born in the wild (wild-born) and mink escaped from farms (captive-born); (2) discuss the likelihood of a self-sustaining population of wild-born mink in Denmark; and (3) model the relationship between the pulp cavity width and the age of mink. During 2018, 247 wild caught mink were sent for necropsy at the Danish National Veterinary Institute. Based on body length, 112 were determined as captive-born and 96 as wild-born. The mean litter size ± SE of wild-born females was 7.6 ± 0.9 (range: 5–11 kits) and for captive-born females 5.9 ± 0.9 (range: 1–10 kits). The relationship between age (in months) of mink and pulp cavity width was highly significant. Individuals with a pulp cavity width of >35% were younger than one year. Based on fecundity, the turnover of the mink population was estimated to be 66%, and the yearly mortality was estimated at 69%. Hence, the population is slightly declining. In conclusion, a feral reproducing mink population in Denmark persists without a continuous influx of captive-born mink from farms.

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Antor, Ramón J., Antoni Margalida, Hans Frey, Rafael Heredia, Luis Lorente, and José Antonio Sesé. "First Breeding Age in Captive and Wild Bearded VulturesGypaetus barbatus." Acta Ornithologica 42, no. 1 (July 2007): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/068.042.0106.

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30

Lapidge, Steven J. "Reintroduction increased vitamin E and condition in captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus." Oryx 39, no. 1 (January 2005): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000104.

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Welfare implications of reintroduction are primarily unknown, although reportedly negative. Few studies have described physiological changes in captive-bred animals post-release and consequently the impact of reintroduction on captive-bred animals is not well understood. Such information is crucial to understanding whether reintroduction constitutes ethical practice. For these reasons two physiological indices associated with animal health, plasma vitamin E concentration (PVEC) or α-Tocopherol, and general condition scores, were monitored in reintroduced captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus celeris and P. x. xanthopus pre- and post-release. PVEC was chosen because deficiencies are common in captive animals compared to their wild counterparts, and have been linked to stress, myopathy, neuronal degeneration, low reproduction, anaemia and death. Changes in physical condition, within this study indicated principally by mass variation, coat condition, and reproductive status, but also parasite load, visible stress, lethargy and diarrhoea, have also not been reported for captive-bred animals reintroduced to the wild. Captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies reintroduced to areas of their former range in Queensland and South Australia showed a rapid and sustained increase in PVEC and physical condition, with post-release values significantly higher than pre-release captive levels. Post-release values for both parameters did not significantly differ from that of wild counterparts. Hence I conclude that there was no welfare implications related to the observed parameters in these reintroductions, rather the opposite.

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31

Kraska, Katlin. "Are We Justified in Conducting Invasive Research on Captive Apes for Their Wild Counterparts?" Society & Animals 26, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341575.

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Abstract Wildlife species are threatened for a variety of reasons; research on captive individuals of the same species can, in some circumstances, prevent wild population decline. Such decisions pit conservationists and animal rights advocates against one another—the former are interested in survival of the species and the latter in individual rights. I argue that invasive research on captive animals for the sake of wild animals is justifiable in cases of emergency only if it is the lesser of two evils. This requires that the individual chimpanzee be compensated for harms incurred. I then argue this logic generally does not apply to human beneficiaries of invasive research conducted on chimpanzees. This is not because species membership is morally significant, but because asymmetrical power relations characterized by dependency and vulnerability will always exist between the groups if human interests are at stake. The argument focuses on federal chimpanzee conservation policy.

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32

Zhang, Hongmao, and Yu Wang. "Differences in hoarding behavior between captive and wild sympatric rodent species." Current Zoology 57, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.6.725.

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Abstract In hand reared birds and mammals, it is generally considered that the development of hoarding behavior is the result of an interaction between the development and maturation of the nervous system and learning from individual experience. However, few studies have been done on wild animals. We tested differences in hoarding behavior between captive reared and wild individuals of two sympatric small rodents, Korean field mice Apodemus peninsulae and Chinese white-bellied rats Niviventer confucianus. Our aim was to identify if lack of experience from the wild would result in poorly developed hoarding behavior. The Korean field mice perform scatterand larder-hoarding behaviors whereas Chinese white-bellied rats hoard food in larders only. Within outdoor enclosures we compared seed-hoarding behavior in reared juveniles (RJ, 40-50 d old, pregnant mothers were captured in the wild), wild juveniles (WJ, as young as the RJ) and wild adults (WA, over-winter animals). We found that a lack of experience from the wild had significant effects on seed-hoarding behavior for both species. The RJ-group removed and hoarded fewer seeds than the WJand WA-groups. The two latter groups hoarded seeds in a similar way. In the Korean filed mouse the RJ-group placed more seeds on the ground surface than other groups. These findings suggest that wild experience is important for the acquisition of an appropriate food-hoarding behavior (especially for scatter-hoarding) in these species.

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Rose, R. W., and K. Flowers. "Milk composition and growth in wild and captive Tasmanian pademelons, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 4 (2005): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05009.

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Changes in milk composition (total solids, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and calculated gross energy content) during lactation in three groups of wild (recently culled) and one captive group (fed ad libitum) of Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) were related to growth rates and body condition. The habitats of the three wild groups differed. Total milk solids were generally greater in the captive group but this difference disappeared in late lactation. Milk carbohydrates showed a general increase to mid-lactation in all groups, decreasing subsequently, but were always greater in the captive group. The captive group’s milk protein was always greater than those of wild Groups 1 and 2 but differed from wild Group 3 only in mid-lactation. Milk lipid concentrations started low in all groups; thereafter, the captive group had higher concentrations of lipid in mid-lactation but there were considerable differences between the groups in late lactation with Group 2 having the highest concentrations. Other than in the captive group there was little difference in energy content between early and mid-lactation. Growth rates of young differed between all wild groups, with the captive population exhibiting more rapid growth than all others. Thus, differences in milk composition resulting from different planes of nutrition can lead to differences in growth rates of marsupial young.

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Curi, Nelson H. de A., and Sônia A. Talamoni. "Trapping, restraint and clinical-morphological traits of wild canids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Brazilian Cerrado." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23, no. 4 (December 2006): 1148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752006000400022.

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This article presents a simple, safe and efficient method for the capture and chemical immobilization of three species of wild canids from the Serra do Cipó National Park region, in the Cerrado biome of Southeastern Brazil. Morphological measurements and anesthesia data obtained during the captures are also described. Such data are essential due to the necessity for invasive research for monitoring programs, clinical cases analysis, and ecological or epidemiological investigations in wild or captive Neotropical canid populations.

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Levé, Marine, Cédric Sueur, Odile Petit, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, and Satoshi Hirata. "Social grooming network in captive chimpanzees: does the wild or captive origin of group members affect sociality?" Primates 57, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-015-0494-y.

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Harvey, Andrea M., Ngaio J. Beausoleil, Daniel Ramp, and David J. Mellor. "A Ten-Stage Protocol for Assessing the Welfare of Individual Non-Captive Wild Animals: Free-Roaming Horses (Equus Ferus Caballus) as an Example." Animals 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010148.

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Knowledge of the welfare status of wild animals is vital for informing debates about the ways in which we interact with wild animals and their habitats. Currently, there is no published information about how to scientifically assess the welfare of free-roaming wild animals during their normal day-to-day lives. Using free-roaming horses as an example, we describe a ten-stage protocol for systematically and scientifically assessing the welfare of individual non-captive wild animals. The protocol starts by emphasising the importance of readers having an understanding of animal welfare in a conservation context and also of the Five Domains Model for assessing welfare. It goes on to detail what species-specific information is required to assess welfare, how to identify measurable and observable indicators of animals’ physical states and how to identify which individuals are being assessed. Further, it addresses how to select appropriate methods for measuring/observing physical indicators of welfare, the scientific validation of these indicators and then the grading of animals’ welfare states, along with assigning a confidence score. Finally, grading future welfare risks and how these can guide management decisions is discussed. Applying this ten-stage protocol will enable biologists to scientifically assess the welfare of wild animals and should lead to significant advances in the field of wild animal welfare.

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von Essen, Erica, Johan Lindsjö, and Charlotte Berg. "Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101830.

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By animal-based tourism, a host of activities offering passive viewing or active interaction with wild, semi-wild or captive animals is included. The multibillion dollar industry is on the rise globally today, offering modes of engagement with animals that trade on increasingly embodied close encounters with non-human animals. As new modes of animal-based tourism proliferate, such as sloth selfies, visiting cat cafes, swimming with sharks and agri-tourism petting zoos, animal welfare standards risk deteriorating. In the following paper, we collate concerns over animal welfare into a discussion on the challenges facing animal-based tourism. Our synthesis is the first to consider the full spectrum of such animal-based tourism: across agri-, hunting, zoo and safari tourism, to name a few, and crossing consumptive and non-consumptive boundaries. A literature review is first provided. Findings are then presented thematically following workshops at an international interdisciplinary symposium of leading tourism, animal welfare, ethics and leisure sciences scholars together with practitioners of the industry. It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. We indicate ways forward toward implementing a compassionate animal-based tourism.

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Cheyne, Susan M., and Aurélien Brulé. "Adaptation of a Captive-Raised Gibbon to the Wild." Folia Primatologica 75, no. 1 (2004): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073430.

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Forss, Sofia I. F., Caroline Schuppli, Dominique Haiden, Nicole Zweifel, and Carel P. van Schaik. "Contrasting responses to novelty by wild and captive orangutans." American Journal of Primatology 77, no. 10 (June 26, 2015): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22445.

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40

Johnston, S. D., D. Ward, J. Lemon, I. Gunn, C. A. MacCallum, T. Keeley, and D. Blyde. "Studies of male reproduction in captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)." Animal Reproduction Science 100, no. 3-4 (August 2007): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.017.

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Satkoski, J., D. George, D. G. Smith, and S. Kanthaswamy. "Genetic characterization of wild and captive rhesus macaques in China*." Journal of Medical Primatology 37, no. 2 (April 2008): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00228.x.

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Gillespie, Don, Frederic L. Frye, Steven L. Stockham, and Terry Fredeking. "Blood values in wild and captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis)." Zoo Biology 19, no. 6 (2000): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:6<495::aid-zoo2>3.0.co;2-1.

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43

Powell, Abby N., Francesca J. Cuthbert, Lauren C. Wemmer, Alice W. Doolittle, and Shane T. Feirer. "Captive-rearing piping plovers: Developing techniques to augment wild populations." Zoo Biology 16, no. 6 (1997): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:6<461::aid-zoo1>3.0.co;2-8.

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44

Isaza, Ramiro, Charles H. Courtney, and George V. Kollias. "Survey of parasite control programs used in captive wild ruminants." Zoo Biology 9, no. 5 (1990): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430090506.

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45

Laurenson, M. Karen. "Early maternal behavior of wild cheetahs: Implications for captive husbandry." Zoo Biology 12, no. 1 (1993): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430120106.

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Brown, Eric W., Robert A. Olmsted, Janice S. Martenson, and Stephen J. O'Brien. "Exposure to FIV and FIPV in wild and captive cheetahs." Zoo Biology 12, no. 1 (1993): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430120112.

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Kesler, Dylan C., and Susan M. Haig. "Thermal characteristics of wild and captive Micronesian kingfisher nesting habitats." Zoo Biology 23, no. 4 (2004): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20010.

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Radhakrishnan, S., S. P. Kurup, and P. S. Banerjee. "Endoparasitism in captive wild-caught snakes indigenous to Kerala, India." Zoo Biology 28, no. 3 (May 2009): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20231.

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Gourlan, Alexandra T., Guillaume Douay, and Philippe Telouk. "Copper isotopes as possible neoplasia biomarkers in captive wild felids." Zoo Biology 38, no. 4 (June 29, 2019): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21504.

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50

Tyrrell, C., and A. Cree. "Plasma corticosterone concentrations in wild and captive juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21, no. 4 (January 1994): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1994.9518010.

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