Journal articles: 'Captivity, 1982'

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Lipiński, Marek R. "Laboratory Survival of Alloteuthis Subulata (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Plymouth Area." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 4 (November 1985): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400019354.

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INTRODUCTIONWild-caught squids have seldom survived for very long in laboratory aquaria. Tardent (1962) maintained Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1789 for a maximum of 60 days. Choe & Oshima (1963), Choe (1966) and LaRoe (1971) reared squids of the genus Sepioteuthis from eggs to adult size. Between 1975 and 1982 several successful attempts to maintain Loliginidae (e.g. Matsumoto, 1976; Hanlon, Hixon & Hulet, 1978, 1983; Yang et al. 1980, 1983) and Ommastrephidae (Flores et al. 1976; Flores, Igarashi & Mikami, 1977; O'Dor, Durward & Balch, 1977) were made. But to date only ten squid species have been maintained for more than forty days (review: Yang et al. 1980; Boletzky & Hanlon, 1983). Loligo opalescens Berry, 1911 holds the record for longevity in captivity at 233 days from egg to adult (Yang et al., 1983).

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Gardner, J. L., and M. Serena. "Observations on Activity Patterns, Population and Den Characteristics of The Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster Along Badger Creek, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95071.

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The Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster is Australia's largest amphibious rodent, occupying freshwater rivers, lakes, and coastal and estuarine habitats throughout the continent (Watts and Aslin 1981). Little is known of the species' social organisation or use of space in the wild although Harris (1978) suggested that adults might be intrasexually aggressive. The home ranges of all sex and age classes overlap to some extent but home ranges of adults of the same sex appear to overlap less (Harris 1978). Adult males occupy the largest home ranges which overlap those of one or more females. In captivity individuals kept in groups form hierarchies in which only the dominant females usually breed successfully (Olsen 1982). Fighting occurs primarily among males, with the highest incidence of injuries observed at the beginning of the main September-March breeding season (Olsen 1980, 1982). The results of trapping studies indicate that population density may vary considerably, with the greatest numbers of animals typically occupying man-modified habitats such as irrigation channels or fish farms (McNally 1960, Watts and Aslin 1981, Smales 1984). Aggressive behaviour appears to be related to pelage colour (phenotype) and population density; the higher the density the greater the number of injured individuals (Olsen 1980).

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Johnson, PM, S. Lloyd, T. Vallance, and MDB Eldridge. "First record of quadruplets in the musky ratkangaroo Hypsiprymnodon moschatus." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 1 (2005): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05095.

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THE musky rat-kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus) is endemic to the tropical rainforests of north-east Queensland (Johnson and Strahan 1982). It is the smallest (510 ? 530 g) and most unusual member of the marsupial superfamily Macropodoidea (Dennis and Johnson 1995). Unlike other macropodoids, H. moschatus is frugivorous, diurnal, has an opposable first digit on the pes, a running quadrupedal gait and possesses a relatively unspecialised digestive tract (Johnson and Strahan 1982; Dennis 2002). It also differs from all other macropodoids in typically giving birth to multiple young, usually twins ? although single young and triplets are regularly reported both in the wild and in captivity (Troughton 1967; Johnson and Strahan 1982; Johnson et al. 1983; Dennis and Marsh 1997; Lloyd 2001). However, the birth of more than three young has not previously been observed in H. moschatus or any other macropodoid, even though all species possess four teats.

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Anderson, Mark C. "White Zombie as Captivity Narrative and the Death of Certainty." International Visual Culture Review 2 (April 12, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-visualrev.v2.2191.

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Horror films such as White Zombie (1932) reveal viewers to themselves by narrating in the currency of audience anxiety. Such movies evoke fright because they recapitulate fear and trauma that audiences have already internalized or continue to experience, even if they are not aware of it. White Zombie’s particular tack conjures up an updated captivity narrative wherein a virginal white damsel is abducted by a savage Other. The shell of the captivity story, of course, is as old as America. In its earliest incarnation it featured American Indians in the role as savage Other, fiendishly imagined as having been desperate to get their clutches on white females and all that hey symbolized. In this way, it generated much of the emotional heat stoking Manifest Destiny, that is, American imperial conquest both of the continent and then, later, as in the case of Haiti, of the Caribbean Basin. White Zombie must of course be understood in the context of the American invasion and occupation of Haiti (1915-1934). As it revisits the terrain inhabited by the American black Other, it also speaks to the history of American slavery. The Other here is African-American, not surprisingly given the date and nature of American society of the day, typically imagined in wildly pejorative fashion in early American arts and culture. This essay explores White Zombie as a modified captivity narrative, pace Last of the Mohicans through John Ford’s The Searchers (1956), the Rambo trilogy (1982, 1985, 1988), the Taken trilogy (2008, 1012, 2014), even Mario and Luigi’s efforts to rescue Princess Peach from Bowser.

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Lewis, Richard E. "A rain-forest raptor in danger." Oryx 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020032.

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Living in the rain forests of the Philippines is one of the largest and rarest eagles in the world, the Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi.This magnificent bird is in danger of extinction due to the pressures of land development and human persecution. The author spent three0 years, from 1982 to 1985, helping to study the eagle, both in the wild and captivity, as part of a team dedicated to its conservation. The eagle has become the symbol of the conservation movement in the Philippines, and linked with its survival are a host of endemic species that share the same forest habitat.

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Chalde, Tomás, Mariano Elisio, and Leandro A. Miranda. "Quality of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) eggs and larvae in captivity throughout spawning season." Neotropical Ichthyology 12, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130146.

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The aim of this work was to assess the quality of pejerrey eggs and larvae throughout its spawning season. Fertilized eggs were taken on September, October, November, and December from a captive broodstock. The egg diameter, yolk diameter, and oil droplets area decreased along the spawning season, with higher values in September. Fertilization and hatching rates decreased throughout this period, with highest values in September (88.0%; 55.2%) and the lowest values on December (43.0%; 25.2%). The larvae hatched from eggs obtained on October were the heaviest and longest (1.57 mg; 8.24 mm). The survival rate at 30 days post hatching (dph) was similar in larvae from September and October eggs (66.1%; 62.9%) with a sharp decrease in larvae from November and December eggs (22.4%; 23.3%). Furthermore, the highest body weight (15.1 mg) and total length (15.25 mm) at 30 dph were obtained in larvae from October eggs. The results obtained showed that overall eggs quality was better at the beginning of the spawning period, influencing the larvae performance.

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Arrese, C., and PB Runham. "Redefining the activity pattern of the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 2 (2001): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01169.

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ANIMALS are commonly separated into two major categories based on their activity patterns: diurnal and nocturnal. However, evidence of numerous species exhibiting diverse periods of activity, including arhythmic and crepuscular habits, broadens the description. The honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus), a small West-Australian marsupial feeding exclusively on nectar and pollen, has been described as strongly nocturnal (Wooller et al. 1981; Russell and Renfree 1989). However, infrequent daytime activity in captivity (Russell 1986) and in the wild under cold, cloudy conditions, has been reported (Hopper and Burbidge 1982; du Plessis and du Plessis 1995). During trapping exercises in the region of Jurien Bay (250 km north of Perth, Western Australia), several animals were observed foraging after sunrise and before sunset, with occasional diurnal activity. To date, no study has investigated directly the activity periods of the species. Furthermore, studies of the visual capabilities of T. rostratus revealed that its retinal organisation is not compatible with a nocturnal lifestyle, but presents features comparable to those found in diurnal species (Arrese 2002; Arrese et al. 2002). Such discrepancies warranted the monitoring of activity periods (rhythmicity) of T. rostratus in its natural environment, a study reported here. We discuss our results in the context of the visual ecology of the species.

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Mills, H., Z. German R, C. Lambert, and P. Bradley M. "Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in the Dibbler, Parantechinus apicalis (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00239.

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Sexual dimorphism in animals has been recognised as being associated with particular breeding strategies or mating systems since Darwin's Origin of Species. Frequently, in polygamous situations, females express a variety of attributes to attract males, and males compete with each other for access to females. This produces different selective pressures in each sex, which in tum produces differing morphologies (Leigh 1995). Thus, the emphasis of morphological studies of sexual differences tends to focus on adults and not the growth patterns that generate those differences. Growth patterns in marsupials have been shown to be variable between species (Gemmell and Hendrikz 1993). Previous studies of dasyurid species in captivity concluded that the onset of dimorphism occurs prior to or during weaning (Whitford, Fanning and White 1982; Williams and Williams 1982), but wild animals are not sexually dimorphic until after weaning (Soderquist 1995). These studies have generally examined the growth rates of males and females and the timing of the onset of sexual dimorphism, but little attention has been focussed on how the differences between the sexes are generated.

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Ascárate, Richard John. "“Have You Ever Seen a Shrunken Head?”: The Early Modern Roots of Ecstatic Truth in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 2 (March 2007): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.2.483.

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Shortly into Werner Herzog's South American film Fitzcarraldo (1982), the Peruvian rubber baron Don Aquilino (José Lewgoy) asks the eponymous protagonist (Klaus Kinski) if he has ever seen a shrunken head. This paper argues that Fitzcarraldo's short, fumbling response (“Yes. I mean, no. Sort of …”) calls into question both the European tradition of representing the New World and the very status and nature of the film image. Close analysis of a single visual from the film also demonstrates the difficulty of constructing images endowed with what the director has called over the years “ecstatic truth.” Though critically praised for his unique vision, Herzog affiliates himself through Fitzcarraldo, however unknowingly, with a constellation of texts and practices having colonialist aims, extending all the way to Warhaftig Historia (1557), the controversial captivity narrative of the would-be German conquistador Hans Staden.

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Graham, Seth. "History, Power, and Incomplete Epistolarity in Post-Soviet Cinema." Área Abierta 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/arab.65501.

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This article examines epistolary enunciation in the recent cinema of former Soviet republics (Russia, Ukraine, and Estonia), and in particular how filmmakers use the letter device in their engagements with their nations’ past, present, and future. After discussing the post-Soviet epistolary through the prism of the region’s history, with reference to Altman (1982) and Naficy (2001), the article analyses the device in specific films. Recent examples often follow the Soviet-era model of the letter as a medium for contact not only (or primarily) between individuals, but also for more abstract kinds of contact, between distinct realms of human existence and consciousness: East and West, Public and Private, Life and Death/Afterlife, Freedom and Captivity, Science and Superstition, Authenticity and Imposture, History and Contemporaneity. The meanings created via epistolary efforts to bridge such gaps – by the characters and the filmmakers – are central to the post-Soviet cinematic project of national and individual introspection.

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Frey, H. "Energetic Significance of Torpor and Other Energy-Conserving Mechanisms in Free-Living Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 6 (1991): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910689.

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Factors influencing the use of energy-conserving mechanisms including torpor, as well as their energetic significance, were studied in free-living Sminthopsis crassicaudata at Werribee (Victoria) during winter 1981 and 1982. Possible correlations between behavioural or physiological condition of captured animals and climatic variables or food availability were investigated. Daily energy expenditure was calculated by combining time-budget analysis in the field (based on radio-tracking) with respirometric measurements of metabolic rates in captivity. The energy-conserving mechanisms used were torpor, reduced activity, basking, huddling in groups, use of nests, choice of a thermally favourable resting site and slightly lowered resting body temperature. Torpor and reduced activity only occurred after cold (< 6-degrees-C) and dry nights, when surface activity of prey was very low, leaving S. crassicaudata in a negative energy balance. Rainy nights increased the availability of prey (particularly slugs and earthworms), and the animals did not enter torpor. During the non-breeding season (April-June), the energy savings [compared with a reference budget (E(r)) where no energy-conserving mechanism is used] reached 20-25% of E(r) after rainy or mild and dry nights, the major contributors being huddling and use of a nest. After cold dry nights, the savings may reach 40-50% of E(r), primarily due to torpor and reduced activity. Various energy-conserving mechanisms were used, even in the absence of short-term energetic problems, resulting in spontaneous energy savings and a reduced depletion of food. More prey was then available at the onset of breeding (mid-July), when energy requirements increase noticeably, because of smaller group size, smaller nests and energy channelled into offspring. The adpative value of spontaneous energy savings is discussed and the overwintering energetics of S. crassicaudata are compared with those of some European shrews.

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Mihok, Steve, and Rudy Boonstra. "Breeding performance in captivity of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) from decline- and increase-phase populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-215.

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A major enigma in understanding microtine cycles is the failure of decline-phase animals to increase. We compared the performance of wild-caught meadow voles and their progeny from Pinawa, Manitoba, collected from a decline year (1985) with that of animals from an increase year (1986) by breeding them in the laboratory in Pinawa (animals from both years) and in the field and laboratory in Toronto (only F1 and F2 animals from 1985). Overall only 35% of the 1985 females or their progeny bred in the laboratory in Pinawa compared with 100% of the 1986 females. The interval between pairing with a male and birth of litters was 2–7 months for the 1985 females compared with 3–4 weeks for the 1986 females. The poor breeding performance of 1985 females occurred only in the laboratory; in small field enclosures in Toronto all F1 and F2 females conceived and had litters within 3–4 weeks. In contrast, 1985 males readily sired litters either with 1986 females in the laboratory or with Toronto females in the field. We conclude that the prior experience of decline-phase females had long-term detrimental consequences for the performance of the first two generations under laboratory conditions.

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Amaral, R. S., F. C. W. Rosas, P. Viau, M. Nichi, V. M. F. da Silva, and C. A. Oliveira. "156 MONITORING SALIVARY TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS FROM CAPTIVE AMAZONIAN MANATEES (TRICHECHUS INUNGUIS): IS THERE SEASONAL PATTERN?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab156.

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Seasonality of reproduction in many nondomestic animal species appears to represent an accommodation to environmental variables, as food availability, in which influence reproductive success. Males can show a decrease of testicular size, sperm concentration, and serum concentration of testosterone because of food restriction. The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis, Mammalia: Sirenia) is a threatened aquatic mammal, endemic of the Amazon basin (South America), and is the only sirenian that occurs exclusively in fresh water. Although information is lacking about the reproductive endocrinology of free-ranging T. inunguis, they are considered seasonal breeders, with copulation and births occurring between December and July, coinciding with the increase in Amazon basin water levels and the period of most availability of food for the species (Best 1982 Biotropica 14, 76–78). Salivary steroid measurement is a noninvasive way to monitor steroid concentration, which is well correlated with the level of steroids in the serum. The aim of this study was to verify if testosterone concentrations of male T. inunguis kept in captivity, without variation of food availability, show a seasonal pattern. Were used 4 adult male Amazonian manatees kept in captivity in the Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals of the National Institute of Amazonian Research–LMA/INPA, Brazil. They were fed all year with paragrass and vegetables, at not less than 8% of body weight per day. For sample collection, the pool was drained and saliva was collected from mouth mucosa using a metal spoon. Samples were collected weekly for 12 weeks in 2 periods (March–June and September–November). Salivary testosterone was measured by RIA for total testosterone using an adapted protocol previously validated for the species (Amaral et al. 2009 J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 40, 458–465) The data were analysed in a 3 × 2 factorial design, where the factors were month (each 4 weeks = 1 month) and period, using GLM test for repeated-measures. The means of salivary androgen levels were 28.80 ± 18.56 pg mL–1 and 30.77 ± 16.76 pg mL–1 for first and second periods, respectively. There were no significant main effects of month (P = 0.454), period (P = 0.607), or interaction between factors (P = 0.635). These results suggest that captive male Amazonian manatees apparently do not show reproductive seasonality. However, it is recommended to verify the existence of variation in testicular size and sperm concentration. This finding is important information for the future reproductive management of captive Amazonian manatee. The authors thank PREVET staff for help with the samples collection, and FAPESP (2008/05760-5), CNPq (Universal 475596/2009-9), Petrobras Ambiental (Projeto Mamíferos Aquáticos da Amazônia: Conservação e Pesquisa), and AMPA for the financial support.

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St. Aubin, D. J., and J. R. Geraci. "Adaptive Changes in Hematologic and Plasma Chemical Constituents in Captive Beluga Whales, Delphinapterus leucas." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-099.

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Forty-two beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, were captured in the Seal and Churchill River estuaries in western Hudson Bay during July, 1985 and 1987. Blood samples were drawn from each whale, and analyzed for cellular elements, electrolytes, metabolites, enzymes, proteins, and adrenocortical hormones. Most of the whales were released immediately after sampling; six were maintained in holding facilities for 10 k during 1985. Blood samples drawn during the early stages of acclimation to captivity, and at irregular intervals thereafter, revealed the variety of metabolic adjustments that accompanied the transition to captivity. The stress and exertion of capture resulted in increased levels of aldosterone, Cortisol, glucose, iron, potassium, and the enzymes creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. Acute changes in leucocytes included lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and mild neutrophilia. Most of these indices normalized within the first week in captivity. Progressive changes were noted in triglycerides and creatinine, reflecting the whales' altered diet and caloric intake. A steady decline in red cell mass was indicative of reduced demands on oxygen carrying capacity, and provided a clue to the significance of low hematocrits reported for whales sampled after several weeks in shallow estuaries.

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Pereira, Washington, Adriana Cardoso, Klena Silva, and Lucien Aguirra. "Hepatic myelolipomas in Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) kept in captivity." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 12, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v12i2p75-78.

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Bushmakov, Andrey. "Military captivity in the Russian province (1914 - 1922)." Quaestio Rossica, no. 2 (2014): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2014.2.057.

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Hu, Huijian, and Zhigang Jiang. "Trial release of Père David's deer Elaphurus davidianus in the Dafeng Reserve, China." Oryx 36, no. 2 (April 2002): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000273.

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The Critically Endangered Père David's deer Elaphurus davidianu became extinct in the wild in China in about 1900, and the only surviving animals were held in captivity at Woburn Abbey in the UK. During 1985–1987, individuals were returned to China, and subsequent growth of the captive population in enclosures at Dafeng Reserve necessitated a trial release of a small group of deer as a prelude to further releases. Seven individuals were released into the unfenced coastal region of the Dafeng Reserve in 1998. Behaviour, daily activity rhythm, habitat selection, activity range and body condition were recorded for six months after release. The deer exhibited initial changes in behaviour, but returned to their pre-release patterns about four weeks after release, and by six weeks after release their body condition had improved compared to their previous condition in captivity. They left the Reserve and began to forage on farmland, causing conflict with local people. Further releases should be into areas with either a natural or artificial boundary in order to avoid unmanageable levels of conflict between the needs of the deer and those of farmers.

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Shoemaker, Alan. "Toward better horses. A review ofBreeding Przewalski Horses in captivity for release into the wild, edited by Jan Bouman, Inge Bouman, and Annette Groenveld. Rotterdam, Netherlands, Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse. 1982, 241 pp, $32.50." Zoo Biology 4, no. 3 (1985): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430040315.

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Mullins, Paul R. "The politics of an archaeology of global captivity." Archaeological Dialogues 15, no. 2 (December 2008): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203808002602.

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In 1922 Carter Woodson lay a brief but nevertheless sweeping foundation for a history of captivity that reached into the earliest recesses of the classical world. Invoking the classical paragons of democracy, Woodson argued (1922, 15) that slavery was once the normal condition of the majority of the inhabitants of the world. In many countries slaves outnumbered freemen three to one. Greece and Rome, the most civilized of the ancient nations in which the so-called democracy of that day had its best opportunity, were not exceptions to this rule. Woodson rhetorically turned to Greece and Rome to illuminate the contradictions of American democracy and underscore the profound inequality that has existed within democratic states from their very creation, painting captivity as a nearly timeless institution.

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Box, H. O., and R. C. Hubrecht. "Long-term data on the reproduction and maintenance of a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) 1972-1983." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367787781268747.

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We have used our laboratory records to compare data on the reproduction and maintenance of common marmosets in different colonies and to provide additional information on the species in captivity. Data are presented for a period of 12 years. This was long enough to allow information on longevity, mortality, aggression and incest. In addition 543 infants were born from a total of 202 births. No seasonality was found and the highest proportion of births overall was that of triplets. A significantly greater proportion of males was born, but perinatal mortality reduced this to a proportion of 52·2% surviving males. The interbirth interval for all normal births ranged from 145 to 382 days, with a median of 158 days. There was no evidence that interbirth intervals increased with age. The proportion of non-breeding pairs was small (4 out of 28) and progesterone assays showed that these females were ovulating.

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Ennis, G. P., R. G. Hooper, and D. M. Taylor. "Functional Maturity in Small Male Snow Crabs (Chionoecetes opilio)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-244.

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The mean size of male snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) in sexual pairs during the annual spring breeding migration to shallow water in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, decreased from 118.6 mm carapace width (CW) in 1983 to 100.3 mm in 1987. This decrease is due to an increase in males <95 mm CW participating from 1.5% in 1983 to 32.3% in 1987. This change appears to have resulted from a reduced abundance of commercial size [Formula: see text] males due to a rapid development of an illegal fishery on this previously unfished population and, as a consequence, less competition between males for possession of females. The percentages of spermathecae containing new spermatophores for females paired with males <95 mm CW (67%) and those with males [Formula: see text] (79%) were not significantly different. We assumed that each female with new spermatophores had recently mated with the male with which it was paired. Observations on selected pairs in captivity showed that males <95 mm CW are capable of mating with both primiparous and muitiparous females. Our results indicate that small mature males can replace large males in breeding activity in a snow crab population. We conclude that in the male-only snow crab fishery in Atlantic Canada with a minimum legal size of 95 mm CW, population reproductive potential is maintained at a high level despite high exploitation rates on males [Formula: see text].

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LEITE, JORDANA SAMPAIO, MAYARA SETÚBAL OLIVEIRA-ARAÚJO, PRISCILA SILVA DE ALMEIDA-MONTEIRO, CLÁUDIO CABRAL CAMPELLO, ANA CLÁUDIA NASCIMENTO CAMPOS, and CARMINDA SANDRA BRITO SALMITO-VANDERLEY. "SEASONAL VARIATION IN SEMINAL QUALITY IN BRAZILIAN BOCACHICO (TELEOSTEI, CHARACIFORMES)." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 3 (July 2018): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n326rc.

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ABSTRACT The Brazilian bocachico, Prochilodus brevis, is a rheophilic fish. Although there is evidence that this species shows reproductive seasonality in the wild, in captivity hormonal induction techniques allow semen sampling in different seasons. This study aimed to compare the kinetics, morphology and biochemical composition of the semen of Brazilian bocachico in captivity when hormonally induced to breed in the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. During sampling spermiation was hormonally induced in breeders. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, fructose, triglyceride, calcium and chloride were evaluated with biochemical kits. The pH data (6.5 to 8.5) suggest semen requires alkaline conditions, as expected for freshwater fish. Seminal plasma contained more protein (1.51 ± 0.06 dL g-1), glucose (79.44 ± 1.88 mg dL-1) and triglycerides (61.59 ± 8.10 mg dL-1) in the non-reproductive than the reproductive season, but calcium ions (15.98 ± 1.02 mg dL-1) showed the opposite pattern. There was a significant seasonal difference in sperm morphology, with a higher percentage of normal sperm in the reproductive season. From these data it can be concluded that the physical, kinetic, morphological and biochemical characteristics of semen of captive Prochilodus brevis are influenced by reproductive season.

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MAIA, O. B., and A. M. G. GOUVEIA. "Birth and mortality of maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1811) in captivity." Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, no. 1 (February 2002): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000100004.

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The aims of this study were to verify the distribution of births of captive maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus and the causes of their deaths during the period from 1980 to 1998, based on the registry of births and deaths in the International Studbook for Maned Wolves. To determine birth distribution and average litter size, 361 parturitions were analyzed for the 1989-98 period. To analyze causes of mortality, the animals were divided into four groups: 1. pups born in captivity that died prior to one year of age; 2. animals born in captivity that died at more than one year of age; 3. animals captured in the wild that died at any age; and 4. all animals that died during the 1980-98 period. In group 1, the main causes of mortality were parental incompetence (67%), infectious diseases, (9%) and digestive system disorders (5%). The average mortality rate for pups was 56%. Parental incompetence was responsible for 95% of pup deaths during the first week of life. In group 2, the main causes were euthanasia (18%) and disorders of the genitourinary (10%) and digestive systems (8%). Euthanasia was implemented due to senility, congenital disorders, degenerative diseases, and trauma. In group 3, the main causes were digestive system disorders (12%), infectious diseases (10%), and lesions or accidents (10%). The main causes of mortality of maned wolves in captivity (group 4) were parental incompetence (38%), infectious diseases (9%), and digestive system disorders (7%).

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Nazari, Hossein. "Not Without My Daughter." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v34i1.273.

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As far as literary representations of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the West are concerned, according to Farzaneh Milani, Betty Mahmoody’s best-selling Not Without My Daughter (1987) remains “the most popular book ever published in the U.S. about Iran.” Nevertheless, the book’s unprecedented popularity notwithstanding, it has garnered scant critical attention. Hence, as the first major literary analysis of the text, this paper sets out to illustrate how Mahmoody’s “memoir” functions within the paradigm of the well-established literary tradition of American captivity narratives. In so doing, it demonstrates how the text constitutes a site wherein the three subgenres of captivity narratives – as a religious pilgrimage, a propagandistic tract, and a sensational shocker – converge. It also analyzes the conceptualization of captivity as a condition that transcends the boundaries of the spatial and the physical. Furthermore, analysis of the text reveals how the book’s production and reception were conditioned not only by its construction within the parameters of American captivity narratives, but also by what came to be known in the West as the “Iran Hostage Crisis.” Finally, the production and reception of Not Without My Daughter is critiqued as a testament to the protean nature of American captivity narratives and the genre’s malleability, which allow it to be rehashed and reformulated to align with the dominant sociopolitical zeitgeist at the time of production. Twenty years before Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) would sing, “Bomb, bomb, bomb, bomb, bomb Iran,” to the old Beach Boys tune “Barbara Ann,” the idea was proposed in the most popular book ever published in the US about Iran.

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Nazari, Hossein. "Not Without My Daughter." American Journal of Islam and Society 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i1.273.

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As far as literary representations of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the West are concerned, according to Farzaneh Milani, Betty Mahmoody’s best-selling Not Without My Daughter (1987) remains “the most popular book ever published in the U.S. about Iran.” Nevertheless, the book’s unprecedented popularity notwithstanding, it has garnered scant critical attention. Hence, as the first major literary analysis of the text, this paper sets out to illustrate how Mahmoody’s “memoir” functions within the paradigm of the well-established literary tradition of American captivity narratives. In so doing, it demonstrates how the text constitutes a site wherein the three subgenres of captivity narratives – as a religious pilgrimage, a propagandistic tract, and a sensational shocker – converge. It also analyzes the conceptualization of captivity as a condition that transcends the boundaries of the spatial and the physical. Furthermore, analysis of the text reveals how the book’s production and reception were conditioned not only by its construction within the parameters of American captivity narratives, but also by what came to be known in the West as the “Iran Hostage Crisis.” Finally, the production and reception of Not Without My Daughter is critiqued as a testament to the protean nature of American captivity narratives and the genre’s malleability, which allow it to be rehashed and reformulated to align with the dominant sociopolitical zeitgeist at the time of production. Twenty years before Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) would sing, “Bomb, bomb, bomb, bomb, bomb Iran,” to the old Beach Boys tune “Barbara Ann,” the idea was proposed in the most popular book ever published in the US about Iran.

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Biscola, Natália P., Felipe Fornazari, Eduardo Saad, Virginia B. Richini-Pereira, Michelle V. Campagner, Helio Langoni, Benedito Barraviera, and Rui S. Ferreira Junior. "Serological investigation and PCR in detection of pathogenic leptospires in snakes." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 9 (September 2011): 806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011000900013.

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Detection of Leptospira by PCR had not yet been described in snakes. This study investigated, by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR, the presence of antibodies to Leptospira spp. and Leptospira spp., respectively, in venomous and non-venomous wildlife and captivity snakes. All snakes were divided into three groups to be compared: Group 1 (wildlife snakes - WS); Group 2 (snakes in intensive captivity - IC), and Group 3 (collective semi-extensive captivity -CC). Of the 147 snakes studied, 52 (35.4%) were positive for leptospirosis by MAT, 8 (15.4%) belonging to Group 1 (WS), 34 (65.4%) to Group 2 (IC) and 10 (19.2%) to Group 3 (CC). Jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) presented the highest average titer (66.7%, N=22/33) among the three group studied, and Hardjo prajtino was the most prevalent serovar (88.5%, N=46/52), with titers varying from 100 to 3200. Leptospira interrogans was revealed by PCR in kidney and liver of caiçaca (Bothrops moojeni) and jararaca-pintada (Bothrops pauloensis), showing 100% and 93% identity respectively. Future studies should be carried out for better understanding of the role of snakes as a reservoir of Leptospira in nature.

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Antonelli, T. S., C. L. Leischner, J. J. Ososky, and A. Hartstone-Rose. "The effect of captivity on the oral health of the critically endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 1 (January 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0135.

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Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman, 1851)), a North American species of mustelid, faced near extinction after westward expansion during the 20th century destroyed a majority of the population of prairie dogs (genus Cynomys Rafinesque, 1817), their primary food source. Fearing extinction of the black-footed ferret, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captured the entire population between 1985 and 1987 and began a captive breeding program. While in captivity, the fertility and genetic diversity of the species was closely monitored; however, there is little information about other health consequences of this breeding program. For instance, the black-footed ferrets have been fed a diet that is very different than what they consume in the wild. How did the composition of this diet affect the oral health of these animals? An analysis of dentition of wild and captive black-footed ferrets reveals that calculus accumulation and periodontal diseases occurred with greater severity in captive black-footed ferrets, suggesting that such oral pathologies arose from the unnaturally soft diet fed to them. These findings offer insight into how mechanical properties of diet can affect oral health and how these dietary properties should be considered, not only in regard to the health of black-footed ferrets but also to the health of all mammals including humans.

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Bershadskaya, Marianna, and Boris Babkin. "Voeslav Mole and Yuri Verkhovsky. Double portrait on the background of the Civil War." Russian-Slovenian relations in the twentieth century, no. IV (2018): 244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8562.2018.4.3.3.

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The article focuses on the friendly and creative relations between the Slovenian art historian, poet and essayist Vojeslav Mole (1886– 1973) and the Russian prominent poet, interpreter, literary historian and theorist Yuriy Verhovskiy (1878–1956). Being recruited to army in 1914 Mole got captured almost at once and spent practically six years in Siberia. In 1919 in Tomsk he met Verhovskiy, who translated several of his poems and published them in his book «Sun in captivity» (1922). One of the Mole’s poems in «Tristia ex Siberia» (1922) is devoted «To the friend ― poet Yuriy Nik. Verhovskiy».

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Anderson, Mark C. "White Zombie as Captivity Narrative and the Death of Certainty." VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review 7, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revvisual.v7.2604.

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Horror films such as White Zombie (1932) reveal viewers to themselves by narrating in the currency of audience anxiety. Such movies evoke fright because they recapitulate fear and trauma that audiences have already internalized or continue to experience, even if they are not aware of it. White Zombie’s particular tack conjures up an updated captivity narrative wherein a virginal white damsel is abducted by a savage other. The shell of the captivity story is as old as America and relates closely to the Western and to the frontier myth, from which the Western emerged. What inexorably links the Western and all zombie films is the notion of containment. Whereas the Western sought to contain the American Other, all zombie films ask, instead, what happens if the other breaks through the proverbial gates. In other words, what if containment fails?

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Donato, María Camila, and Daniela Lucena. "Dressing the body in captivity: a practice to reveal (Argentina 1976-1983)." ModaPalavra 12, no. 23 (November 20, 2018): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/1982615x12232019234.

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CHEN, ZHI-QIANG, HUA-LI HU, JUN-JIE ZHONG, and HAI-PING SHANGGUAN. "Advertisement calls of the lesser spiny frog Quasipaa exilispinosa (Liu and Hu, 1975) (Anura: Dicroglossidae)." Zootaxa 4926, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.9.

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There are currently only eleven species of Quasipaa (Anura: Dicroglossidae) distributed in southern and southwestern China to central Vietnam, southeastern Thailand, and southwestern Cambodia and presumably also in Laos (Frost 2020). Eight species of Quasipaa are currently known in China: Q. boulengeri (Günther 1889), Q. courtoisi (Angel 1922), Q. exilispinosa (Liu & Hu 1975), Q. jiulongensis (Huang & Liu 1985), Q. shini (Ahl 1930), Q. spinosa (David 1875), Q. yei (Chen, Qu, and Jiang 2002), and Q. verrucospinosa (Bourret 1937). The first seven species are endemic to China (AmphibiaChina 2020). These species have similar morphological traits and are capable of introgressive hybridization between the closely related species of this genus(Zhang et al. 2018). Despite the detailed acoustic analysis that is available to identify a variety of species and is beneficial to the study of anuran taxonomy (e.g., Microhyla species; Chen et al. 2020), advertisement calls have only been reported in detail for Q. spinosa (Yu & Zheng 2009; Chen et al. 2012; Shen et al. 2015) and Q. shini (Kong et al. 2016), whereas the call for Q. exilispinosa was briefly described from observations in captivity (Voitel 2000).

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Pettigrew, Erin. "Authoritarian Africa beyond Guantánamo: Freedom in Captivity." African Studies Review 63, no. 2 (June 2020): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2020.13.

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Africanists struggle with Mohamedou ould Slahi’s story for a number of reasons, not the least of which is that the Saharan region is often considered a space betwixt and between. Not only does the Sahara lie between the Maghreb and the Sahel, but Slahi’s experience illustrates how the military and political histories of counterterrorism and the intellectual and social histories of Islamist calls for religious reform are imagined as occurring elsewhere. The upswing in violence in Burkina Faso and Mali, the continued disruptions of Boko Haram, and the deep military involvement and investments in the Sahara remind us that the African continent has been an important site in the global war on terror (Thurston 2017). American and European foreign assistance, often in the form of military aid, has helped expand the surveillance capacities of African states, especially after 2001. In the case of Mauritania, American counterterrorism funds contributed to the consolidation of power in the authoritarian regime of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who ruled from 1984 to 2005, while the Mauritanian government ignored demands for democratization from its own citizens and instead pursued repressive policies that accused political opponents of Islamist activity, limiting their freedom of expression (Jourde 2007). Slahi’s story, then, can be seen as part of a much longer history of foreign incursion and neocolonial intrusion into African affairs, as the war on terror has led to a similar bolstering of authoritarian governments, an influx of military aid and funds that encourage corruption, and worrisome increases in weapons at the expense of other needed projects and investment, as happened during the Cold War (Schmidt 2013). Rather than promote economic development and democracy, these policies undermine Africa’s future.

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Bryant, Andrew A. "Reproductive rates of wild and captive Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-056.

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I evaluated reproductive rates of the critically endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 1911) using data from captive and wild populations over the 1980–2004 period. Results were similar to those reported for other alpine-dwelling marmots, including the closely related Marmota caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829) and Marmota olympus (Merriam, 1898). Most females in captivity first bred at age 3 or 4 (Tbreed = 4.3 years, SD = 1.15, n = 9), an age not significantly different from that observed in the wild (Tbreed = 3.6 years, SD = 1.2, n = 16). Numbers of pups weaned per litter were similar in captivity (Npups = 3.0, SD = 1.4, n = 25) and in the wild (Npups = 3.4, SD = 1.1, n = 58). Females were capable of weaning pups in consecutive years (46.4%, n = 13) but often skipped 1 year (39.3%, n = 11) or 2 years (14.3%, n = 4) between litters. Two-year-old females weaned pups infrequently (Pbreed = 0.09, n = 43) and older females were far more likely to breed (Pbreed = 0.40, n = 200); in neither case were significant captive-wild differences found. The oldest breeding female was 10 years old, but sample sizes for marmots older than 8 years were small and maximum breeding age may be underestimated. Between-litter intervals in captivity (Tbetween = 1.4 years, SD = 0.7, n = 11) were significantly shorter than in the wild (Tbetween = 1.9 years, SD = 0.7, n = 17). Sex ratios of weaned pups did not differ from 1:1 in the wild (female/male = 1.04) but were significantly skewed towards males in captivity (female/male = 0.56). I conclude that reproductive performance in Vancouver Island marmots is limited both by body condition and social constraints.

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Volf, Jiří. "An extremely low gene pool for breeding of Equus przewalskii (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx new series 48, no. 1 (2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0018.

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Only 62 individuals of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalski) were brought from the wild to captivity during the period of the known existence of their wild population (1881 – ca. 1968), 24 males and 30 females in 1899–1903; 1 male and 4 females in 1942–1945; 1 male and 2 females in 1947. Of these horses, only 12 individuals (6 males, 6 females) from the first imports and a female from 1947 entered the global breeding programme of the Przewalski’s horse.

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McLean, I. G., and N. T. Schmitt. "Copulation and Associated Behaviour in The Quokka, Setonix brachyurus." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99139.

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While preparing a review of published descriptions of copulatory behaviour in macropod marsupials (McLean, Lundie-Smith and Jarman 1993), we were surprised to find no description for one of the most studied species, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, e.g. see Bradshaw 1983). Copulating quokkas have been seen previously by researchers (e.g. Kitchener 1970), but no account was given. Here we provide descriptions of copulatory behaviour in quokkas, and comment on levels of sexual behaviour and activity by quokkas in the wild and in captivity.

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Hauptman, Gyöngyi. "„Mi életfogytiglani, vagy rezsimfogytiglani kényszermunkások vagyunk.” Emlékek az 1952. májusi nagyatádi kitelepítésről." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 7 (2020): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2020.7.267.

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More than 70 people, 26 families were deported from nagyatád to one of the forced labour camps of Hortobá-gy in Elep in may 1952, during the communsist dictatorship. Relocations/deportations were performed without any indict-ment or court judgment and meant total confiscation of prop-erty for the people concerned. the deported families were forced to work in labour camps deprived from their civil rights, under inhumane conditions and under police custody. in my study i present the history of the deportation, the everyday life of the deported and their life after their disengagement from captivity by analyzing personal resources – letters writ-ten during the relocation, subsequent recollections.

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Romanow, Peter, Walter Poduschka, and Werner Deutsch. "Zur intraspezifischen Lautkommunikation des Russischen Desmans Desmana moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Insectivora: Talpidae: Desmaninae) nebst einigen Angaben zu seinem Sozialverhalten." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 66, no. 1 (1996): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06601002.

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The Russian Desman Desmana moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) is a highly endangered semiaquatic mammal, confined to disjunct areas. Between 1983 and 1992 several specimens were kept and investigated, firstly in the zoological garden of Moscow (4 ♀ ♀, 1 ♂), and afterwards in the field station of the former Soviet-Russian Academy of Sciences at Cernogolovka (1 ♀, 4 ♂ ♂). Parallel to this, numerous extended field trips to the huge wetlands of the Oka Reserve allowed the verification of the results obtained in captivity.

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Махотина, Екатерина. "In the Captivity of the Matrix: Soviet Lithuanian Historiography, 1944−1985 by Aurimas Švedas." Ab Imperio 2015, no. 4 (2015): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2015.0086.

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Soroush, Mohammadreza, Zohreh Ganjparvar, and Batool Mousavi. "Human Casualties and War: Results of a National Epidemiologic Survey in Iran." Archives of Iranian Medicine 23, no. 4Suppl1 (April 1, 2020): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.s7.

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Background: Limited studies have reported epidemiologic data on the impact of Iran-Iraq war. This study examines the war casualties for both combatants and civilians on Iranians at national level. Methods: Databases of Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF), Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) and Ministry of Health were used to collect the data. The prevalence of injuries for both civilians and combatants was presented. Casualties were studied based on conventional and unconventional weapons attacks (1980–2018), separately. Results: The Iran-Iraq war led to 183623 lost lives, 554990 injured and 40240 captured. The mean length of captivity was 45.7 months (1 month-19 years) and 2.7% (n = 575) died in captivity. There were 1439180 war related injuries recorded in databanks, mostly affecting men (98.4%). About 1439180 injuries were recorded, most of them related to conventional weapons (938928 [65.24%]). Remaining artillery and mortar fragmentation in the body (39.5%, n = 371236), psychological disorders (15.9%, n = 228944), and exposure to chemical weapons (11%, n = 158817) were the most prevalent war-related injuries. Conclusion: Human casualties of the Iran-Iraq war on the Iranian side and the health care system are huge even after more than three decades.

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Hearder, Rosalind. "More Complex than a Stereotype: Australian POW Doctors and the Japanese in Captivity, 1942-45." Health and History 6, no. 2 (2004): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111485.

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Sunquist, Mel, Charles Leh, Daphne M. Hills, and Rajanathan Rajaratnam. "Rediscovery of the Bornean bay cat." Oryx 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300028313.

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The bay cat Catopuma badia has been rediscovered in Borneo, where it is endemic and where there have been no confirmed sightings since 1928. In November 1992 an adult female, which had been captured by native trappers on the Sarawak-Indonesian border and kept in captivity for some months, was brought into the Sarawak Museum on the point of death. It was only the seventh known specimen and the first of a whole animal. In appearance it bears a striking resemblance to Temminck's cat C. temminckii, although it is much smaller. Genetic analysis of blood and tissue samples will assist in clarifying its taxonomic status.

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Miller, Brian J., Stanley H. Anderson, Michael W. DonCarlos, and E. Tom Thorne. "Biology of the endangered black-footed ferret and the role of captive propagation in its conservation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-115.

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The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), one of the rarest mammals in the world, is apparently an obligate dependent on prairie dogs. Ferret numbers were probably reduced by habitat fragmentation. The last known wild colony, west of Meeteetse, Wyoming, was decimated by canine distemper in 1985. The few remaining ferrets exist in captivity. In this paper, we review aspects of the reproductive physiology and life history of the black-footed ferret with focus towards captive propagation and subsequent reintroduction of the species into natural habitat. We discuss the black-footed ferret in the context of small population biology and relate the value of captive propagation as a conservation tactic.

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Lovari, Sandro, Emiliano Mori, and Eva Luna Procaccio. "On the Behavioural Biology of the Mainland Serow: A Comparative Study." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091669.

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Comparative behavioural studies help reconstruct the phylogeny of closely related species. In that respect, the serows Capricornis spp. occupy an important position as they have been assumed to be the closest forms to the ancestors of Caprinae. In spite of that, information on the behavioural repertoire of the mainland serow Capricornis sumatraensis is exceedingly poor. In this paper, we report data on the activity rhythms and social behaviour of rutting mainland serows in captivity (Central Thailand, January 1986; January–February 1987). Activity was bimodal with peaks in mid-afternoon and late night. Resting and ruminating peaked at noon and twilight. Four patterns of marking behaviour were observed out of a total of 1900 events. Males and females were found to use different marking sites and frequencies. A total of 33 social behaviour patterns were observed: 18 patterns concerned agonistic behaviour, whereas 15 patterns were relevant to courtship behaviour. A comparison across Caprinae species with unritualised piercing weapons (i.e., Capricornis, Naemorhedus, Rupicapra, Budorcas, and Hemitragus) has shown that inter-sexual direct forms of aggressive behaviour are used significantly more often than indirect ones, but for chamois, confirming Rupicapra spp. as the most advanced genus among them in terms of an early ritualisation of weapons. Conversely, horns of the goral Nemorhaedus spp. and the serow lie on the same plane of the frontal bones, thus making possible the usage of a dominance display through frontal pushing.

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Summers, D. D. B. "PTERYLOGRAPHY, PLUMAGE DEVELOPMENT AND MOULT OF JAPANESE QUAIL COTURNIX C. JAPONICA IN CAPTIVITY." Ibis 114, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1972.tb02590.x.

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de Souza, Thamyrys Bezerra, Artur Campos Dália Maia, Clemens Schlindwein, Larissa Simões Corrêa de Albuquerque, and Luciana Iannuzzi. "The life ofCyclocephala celataDechambre, 1980 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in captivity with descriptions of the immature stages." Journal of Natural History 48, no. 5-6 (July 18, 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791886.

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Martin, Kathy. "Experimental evaluation of age, body size, and experience in determining territory ownership in willow ptarmigan." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-253.

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During 1981–1984, 18% of resident males in a population of willow ptarmigan at La Perouse Bay, Manitoba, Canada, were unpaired at onset of breeding, whereas all resident females acquired males. Territory ownership and pair bonds were very stable within seasons, with only three territory and mate takeovers by males occurring among 275 pair-years. I present data on origins, age, body size and mass, familiarity with the site, and breeding experience for paired and unpaired males, and on responses of both sexes to vacancies created by the experimental removal of mates. Of 61 paired males (territory owners) removed after onset of incubation, 70% were replaced by either unpaired males or, to a lesser extent, by paired territorial neighbours. When seven original owners were released after over a week in captivity, five regained their territories and mates, displacing replacement males quickly. Initial territorial dominance was related to age, body size, site familiarity, and breeding experience, as original paired owners were older, larger, and more likely than unpaired males to have resided on the area and to have been paired in a previous year. However, neither age, body size, body mass, familiarity with the area, nor territorial or breeding experience predicted which unpaired males obtained territories and mates when opportunities were created. In contrast to males, females killed during incubation were not replaced. In other populations of willow ptarmigan where removals were done about 1 month earlier in the breeding season, females replaced at vacancies and males that replaced were more likely to be territorial paired males expanding their boundaries than unpaired males.

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Dytham, C., J. Grahame, and P. J. Mill. "Synchronous Penis Shedding in the Rough Periwinkle, Littorina Arcana." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 2 (May 1996): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030733.

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Penis size and morphology of an oviparous species of rough winkle Littorina arcana Hannaford Ellis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) was studied at Robin Hoods Bay on the English east coast. Monthly collections were made over a two year period from August 1987 to August 1989 and again from May to December 1993. Number of penial glands was recorded and a six point scale was used to quantify penis maturity. Results indicate that male L. arcana shed their penes in summer and regenerate a new one during the following 12–20 weeks. Male L. arcana in captivity shed penes in July but not in November. The significance of penis shedding and the differences in reproductive seasonality between L. arcana and its ovoviviparous sibling species L. saxatilis is discussed.

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Esselstrom, Erik. "From Wartime Friend to Cold War Fiend: The Abduction of Kaji Wataru and U.S.-Japan Relations at Occupation's End." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 3 (July 2015): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00564.

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This article examines archival evidence related to the abduction and interrogation of the leftwing Japanese writer Kaji Wataru by U.S. military intelligence operatives in Tokyo in the early 1950s. The detention of Kaji became a cause célèbre in December 1952 when he publicly claimed that he had been seized in November 1951 and held against his will until late 1952, some seven months beyond the formal end of the U.S. occupation. Kaji said that U.S. officials had accused him of being a Soviet spy, but he denied those charges vehemently. As both sides presented vastly different versions of what had transpired during Kaji's captivity, the truth of the case became enshrouded within the politics of the early Cold War in East Asia. By exploring the Kaji affair through available archival sources, including two important documents released in 2013 in response to a Freedom of Information Act petition, this article casts new light on the incident and connects it to broader interpretive themes in early postwar U.S-Japan relations.

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Gomet, Doriane. "Les « sports aériens » en captivité : une pratique soutenue par le régime de Vichy (1942-1944)." Staps 121, no. 3 (2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sta.121.0107.

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D., ROBERTO IBÁÑEZ, CÉSAR A. JARAMILLO A., and FRANK A. SOLÍS. "Description of the advertisement call of a species without vocal sac: Craugastor gollmeri (Amphibia: Craugastoridae)." Zootaxa 3184, no. 1 (February 6, 2012): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3184.1.5.

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The Central American frogs of the genus Craugastor consist of 113 species (Hedges et al. 2008; Frost 2011). Craugastor gollmeri (Peters) occurs in lowland to highland forests of central Panama, the Caribbean versant of western Panama and eastern Costa Rica, even extending into the Pacific versant in northwestern Costa Rica, within an altitudinal distribution range of 10–1520 m (Savage 2002). At some localities, C. gollmeri has been found to be an usual to common forest species, being primarily a diurnal species that inhabits leaf-litter on the forest floor (Ibáñez et al. 1995; Savage 2002). The snout-vent length (SVL) of adult frogs is 30–36.5 mm in males and 45–54 mm in females (Savage 1987). The males of gollmeri species group lack vocal slits and vocal sac (Savage 1987), and seem incapable of producing vocalizations (Savage 2002). Nonetheless, here we describe the vocalizations given by a male of C. gollmeri in captivity, considered to be advertisement calls (sensu Wells 1977). The role of advertisement calls in species recognition and reproductive isolation has been well established (Wells 2007), hence, the relevance of call characters in anuran phylogenetic and systematic studies (e.g., Hoskin 2004).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Captivity, 1982'

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