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Journal articles on the topic 'Car Aerodynamics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Liu, Jun, Zhengqi Gu, Taiming Huang, Shuya Li, Ledian Zheng, and Kai Sun. "Coupled analysis of the unsteady aerodynamics and multi-body dynamics of a small car overtaking a coach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (February 22, 2019): 3684–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019831559.

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The severe additional aerodynamic loads that are generated on a small car when overtaking a coach have an adverse effect on the car handling stability and its safety. In this article, a two-way coupling of the unsteady aerodynamics and multi-body dynamics is performed in order to study the mutual interactions of a car in an overtaking maneuver with a coach. The unsteady aerodynamic interactions are obtained by using SST (Menter) K-Omega Detached Eddy Simulation and overset mesh technology. The aerodynamics couple the multi-body dynamics, taking into account the effects of the transverse spacing and the cross winds. To validate the necessity of the two-way coupling method, a one-way coupling of the aerodynamics to the vehicle motion is also conducted. Finally, by comparing the aerodynamic loads and the dynamic response of the overtaking car in different overtaking maneuvers between one- and two-way coupling, the results show that it should be considered with two-way coupling analyses of the car while overtaking a coach, particularly under the severe conditions of a lower transverse spacing or the crosswinds.

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2

Zhang, Ying Chao, Zhe Zhang, Shuang Hu Luo, and Jian Hua Tian. "Aerodynamic Numerical Simulation in the Process of Car Styling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (October 2009): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.862.

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With the development of automotive industry of China, more and more new cars are brought out. Then more and more stylists and engineers will take part in car styling to design new car. In the process of car styling, Car aerodynamics is important to its performance. Especially for more excellent handling and stability performance, more aerodynamic analysis and optimization should been done. At first it was introduced that the process of car styling in this paper. The functions of aerodynamics in the process were indicated. Secondly some ways of aerodynamic analysis were put forward. The first one is wind tunnel test and the second one called virtual wind tunnel test. The virtual wind tunnel test is one of the best modern ways of aerodynamic design which apply in the fields of aerodynamic research widely. It was based on computational fluid dynamics. The details of the virtual wind tunnel test simulation were narrated in this paper. Applying the virtual wind tunnel test aerodynamic drag coefficient, velocity contour and pressure distribution were got. Some advices to reduce aerodynamic drag of the design car were put forward. In one word, it is one simple, effective, convenient and fast way for aerodynamic design in car styling process using virtual wind tunnel test.

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3

Wang, Jianfeng, Hao Li, Yiqun Liu, Tao Liu, and Haibo Gao. "Aerodynamic research of a racing car based on wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics." MATEC Web of Conferences 153 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304011.

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Wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation are two main methods for the study of automotive aerodynamics. CFD simulation software solves the results in calculation by using the basic theory of aerodynamic. Calculation will inevitably lead to bias, and the wind tunnel test can effectively simulate the real driving condition, which is the most effective aerodynamics research method. This paper researches the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing of a racing car. Aerodynamic model of a racing car is established. Wind tunnel test is carried out and compared with the simulation results of computational fluid dynamics. The deviation of the two methods is small, and the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics simulation is verified. By means of CFD software simulation, the coefficients of six aerodynamic forces are fitted and the aerodynamic equations are obtained. Finally, the aerodynamic forces and torques of the racing car travel in bend are calculated.

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4

Toet, W. "Aerodynamics and aerodynamic research in Formula 1." Aeronautical Journal 117, no. 1187 (January 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000007739.

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AbstractThis paper will address the engineering performance differentiators for an F1 car and highlight the difference aerodynamics can make to that performance. It will also consider some basic aerodynamic challenges and the main tools used for aerodynamic exploration by teams.

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Li, Yan Long, Chen Ming Zhang, and Zhi Gang Yang. "Electric Car Styling Design and Aerodynamic Drag Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.463.

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The paper takes a research on low-drag electric cars, and set a technical route that design with ideal aerodynamic shapes and then developed into car-like shape. At last, both design refinement and aerodynamics optimization are given, finally comes out a successful concept electric car design with a nice aerodynamic of Cd=0.19.

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6

Baier, Andrzej, Łukasz Grabowski, Łukasz Stebel, Mateusz Komander, Przemysław Konopka, Alicja Kołodziej, and Paweł Żur. "Numeric analysis of airflow around the body of the Silesian Greenpower vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817805014.

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Numerical analysis of drag values of an electric race car's body. Silesian Greenpower is a student organization specializing in electric race car design. One of the most important issues during the design is reducing the vehicle drag to minimum and is done, mainly, by designing a streamline car body. The aim of this work was to design two electric cars bodies with different shape in Siemens NX CAD software, next a finite elements mesh was created and implemented into the ANSYS Workbench 16.1 software. Afterwards an aerodynamic analysis was carried out, using the finite element method (FEM). Simulations and calculations have been performed in ANSYS Fluent: CFD Simulation software. Computer simulation allowed to visualize the distribution of air pressure on and around car, the air velocity distribution around the car and aerodynamics streamline trajectory. The results of analysis were used to determine the drag values of electric car and determine points of the highest drag. In conclusion car body representing lower drag was appointed. The work includes theoretical introduction, containing information about finite element method, ANSYS and Siemens NX software and also basic aerodynamics laws.

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7

Chen, Zhao Jun. "Application of Aerodynamics in the Automotive Repair." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 991–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.991.

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In the development process of the car, the aerodynamics has a strong impact on the automotive research and design. The initial research of aerodynamics focused on reducing air resistance and improving the car's fuel efficiency. Aerodynamic lift and side forces generated has a significant effect on the stability of cars, and even a threat to the safe driving. With the rapid development of automotive performance, the comfort and security of cars have put forward new and higher requirements, wind noise and airflow pollution generated by the aerodynamics have also emerged. How to reduce the adverse effects on the aerodynamics of cars, which is thought about by not only the people of the design, but also the users and maintenance workers in the car. In the course of vehicle maintenance, arising issues of aerodynamics have been gradually received wide attention.

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8

KIEDROWSKI, Jakub, Grzegorz JENDRO, Arkadiusz KAMIŃSKI, and Paweł FABIŚ. "Aerodynamics package for formula student car WT-02." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 109 (December 1, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2020.109.5.

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This paper is a summary of the design and workmanship of the aero package vehicle Formula Student. Simulation research projects of the aerodynamic system were conducted. The article proposes different variants of the aero wings and conducted simulation studies of construction. The aerodynamics system impact on strength and reliability of selected models was determined.

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9

Guerrero, Alex, and Robert Castilla. "Aerodynamic Study of the Wake Effects on a Formula 1 Car." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 5183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195183.

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The high complexity of current Formula One aerodynamics has raised the question of whether an urgent modification in the existing aerodynamic package is required. The present study is based on the evaluation and quantification of the aerodynamic performance on a 2017 spec. adapted Formula 1 car (the latest major aerodynamic update) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis in order to argue whether the 2022 changes in the regulations are justified in terms of aerodynamic necessities. Both free stream and flow disturbance (wake effects) conditions are evaluated in order to study and quantify the effects that the wake may cause on the latter case. The problem is solved by performing different CFD simulations using the OpenFoam solver. The significance and originality of the research may dictate the guidelines towards an overall improvement of the category and it may set a precedent on how to model racing car aerodynamics. The studied behaviour suggests that modern F1 cars are designed and well optimised to run under free stream flows, but they experience drastic aerodynamic losses (ranging from −23% to 62% in downforce coefficients) when running under wake flows. Although the overall aerodynamic loads are reduced, there is a fuel efficiency improvement as the power that is required to overcome the drag is smaller. The modern performance of Ground Effect by means of vortices management represent a very unique and complex way of modelling modern aerodynamics, but at the same time notably compromises the performance of the cars when an overtaking maneuver is intended.

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10

Gai, Ao. "Improving Aerodynamic Efficiency and Decreasing Drag Coefficient of an F1 in Schools Race Car." Modern Applied Science 15, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v15n2p73.

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To improve the aerodynamic efficiency of a Formula One (F1) in Schools race car, the original model of the car is evaluated and compared with a new design. The ideas behind the new design are supported by research about aerodynamics. Different potential designs are created with CAD software Fusion 360 and evaluated within CFD software Solid Edge 2020 with FloEFD. Empirical data shows how specific changes to the structure of race cars can improve aerodynamic efficiency by decreasing their aerodynamic drag. The experimental data and methods of this study can provide help and guidance for teenagers participating in the F1 in Schools competition program to solve the aerodynamic performance problems of racing cars and thereby increase youth interest in STEM programs, as well as their opportunities to learn about engineering and enter engineering careers.

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11

Othmer, Carsten. "Adjoint methods for car aerodynamics." Journal of Mathematics in Industry 4, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2190-5983-4-6.

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12

Kellar, Pearse, and Savill. "Formula 1 car wheel aerodynamics." Sports Engineering 2, no. 4 (November 1999): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00030.x.

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13

Kobayashi, Toshio, and Akira Honda. "Aerodynamics of a Racing Car." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 101, no. 961 (1998): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.101.961_870.

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14

Kurec, Krzysztof, Michał Remer, Jakub Broniszewski, Przemysław Bibik, Sylwester Tudruj, and Janusz Piechna. "Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Active Aerodynamic Safety." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7308590.

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The aim of this study was to extend the safety limits of fast moving cars by the application, in a controlled way, of aerodynamic forces which increase as the square of a car’s velocity and, if left uncontrolled, dramatically reduce car safety. This paper presents the methods, assumptions, and results of numerical and experimental investigations by modeling and simulation of the aerodynamic characteristics and dynamics of a small sports car equipped with movable aerodynamic elements operated by an electronic subsystem for data acquisition and aerodynamics active automatic control.

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15

Kang, Ning, and Yang Yang. "Simulation and Analysis of Formula Racing Car Double Tail Based on CFD Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.187.

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Rear wing is the most predominant element to racing car aerodynamics. Double tail race car would be the most suitable choice to make a brilliant balance between cost and performance. A simplified formula student racing car model was simulated employing CFD method. The double tail was carried on four factors four levels orthogonal design method and the optimal value of each factor was achieved. The results show that the whole car aerodynamic performance can be improved with the appropriate position and angle of attack of the double tail.

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16

Bradford, James, Francesco Montomoli, and Antonio D’Ammaro. "Uncertainty quantification and race car aerodynamics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 228, no. 4 (February 3, 2014): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407013514396.

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17

Zhang, Le, Tian Li, and Jiye Zhang. "Effect of Braking Plates on the Aerodynamic Behaviors of a High-Speed Train Subjected to Crosswinds." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020401.

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Using aerodynamic resistance to provide braking force for trains is an economical braking method. It has few components to wear out and requires no energy. But the aerodynamic braking plate will significantly affect train’s aerodynamics behaviors. This paper studies the effect of the braking plates’ layout on the aerodynamic force of head car when a train is running under a crosswind. The results show that the braking plate will not only increase the drag force, but also significantly affect the lift and lateral force of the train’s head car. The installation position of the braking plates will also have a great effect on the aerodynamic force. In order to increase the drag force and weaken other aerodynamic force changes of the head car, we suggest that the first braking plate be arranged at the end of a streamlined shape, and the second braking plate be arranged at the middle of the car body. Compared with trains without braking plates, the head car’s drag force increases by 85.7%, lift force only increases by 7.6%, and side force decreases by 5.9%, when the braking plates are in operation.

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18

Diedrichs, B., M. Berg, S. Stichel, and S. Krajnović. "Vehicle dynamics of a high-speed passenger car due to aerodynamics inside tunnels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 221, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt125.

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High train speeds inside narrow double-track tunnels using light car bodies can reduce the ride comfort of trains as a consequence of the unsteadiness of the aerodynamics. This fact was substantiated in Japan with the introduction of the series 300 Shinkansen trains more than a decade ago, where the train speed is very high also in relatively narrow tunnels on the Sanyo line. The current work considers the resulting effects of vehicle dynamics and ride comfort with multi-body dynamics using a model of the end car of the German high-speed train ICE 2. The present efforts are different from traditional vehicle dynamic studies, where disturbances are introduced through the track only. Here disturbances are also applied to the car body, which conventional suspension systems are not designed to cope with. Vehicle dynamic implications of unsteady aerodynamic loads from a previous study are examined. These loads were obtained with large eddy simulations based on the geometry of the ICE 2 and Shinkansen 300 trains. A sensitivity study of some relevant vehicle parameters is carried out with frequency response analysis (FRA) and time domain simulations. A comparison of these two approaches shows that results which are obtained with the much swifter FRA technique are accurate also for sizable unsteady aerodynamic loads. FRA is, therefore, shown to be a useful tool to predict ride comfort in the current context. The car body mass is found to be a key parameter for car body vibrations, where loads are applied directly to the car body. For the current vehicle model, a mass reduction of the car body is predicted to be most momentous in the vicinity of 2 Hz.

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19

Faiz Paturrahman, Mohamad, Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor, Zambri Harun, and Mohd Anas Mohd Sabri. "Study on the Modification Effect of Side Pot And Diffuser to the Aerodynamics of the F1 IN SCHOOLS Car." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16635.

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The F1 IN SCHOOLS competition was established in 2004 to develop students’ interest towards science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in the secondary school phase. The application of aerodynamics is one of the important aspects studied during this phase. There are two factors that must be considered in the analysis affecting the aerodynamic performance of the car, namely the maximum velocity of the drag coefficient and the downforce coefficient. The F1 IN SCHOOLS car velocity is mainly related to its aerodynamic design and features. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different side pot and diffuser designs that are capable of producing a low drag coefficient while maintaining a sufficient downforce coefficient. The simulation study was conducted using CFD STAR CCM+ software. The results will help to produce a miniature car that will meet two important criteria of low drag coefficient and sufficient downforce coefficient.

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20

Hakimi Hamid, Muhamad Khairul, Muhammad Ammar Nik Mutasim, and M. S. Idris. "Computational Analysis of Frontal Area of a Front Grill Passenger Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.408.

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Designing the front grill with the focus on analyzing the flow from outside to the inside of a passenger car bonnet is very important in the automotive industry. This study was done to increase performance of the flow through the analysis on the effect of aerodynamic flow through the front grill by designing different cases of frontal areas of the front grill. Velocity at 34 m/s at steady condition were done to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car as well as the front grill of a passenger car. Analysis was taken inside the wind tunnel as the boundary condition. The grid generation was based on the tetrahedral unstructured meshes. Result obtain was compared with past experiment data. It was found that an appropriate design of frontal area of front grill can improved the stability of a car and the heat surrounding inside the car bonnet. Finally, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of front grill was introduced and analyzed.

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21

Ozawa, H. "Development of aerodynamics for a solar race car." JSAE Review 19, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(98)00019-8.

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22

Nasir, Rizal E. M., Firdaus Mohamad, Ramlan Kasiran, M. Shahriman Adenan, M. Faizal Mohamed, M. Hanif Mat, and Amir R. A. Ghani. "Aerodynamics of ARTeC's PEC 2011 EMo-C Car." Procedia Engineering 41 (2012): 1775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.382.

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23

KAWASHIMA, Naohiro, Makoto YAMAMOTO, Yuji KODAMA, and Masataka KOISHI. "0304 Numerical Study of Car Aerodynamics with OpenFOAM." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2013 (2013): _0304–01_—_0304–02_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2013._0304-01_.

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24

Huminic, Angel, and Gabriela Huminic. "Computational Study Of Curved Underbody Diffusers." E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912810002.

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This paper presents new results concerning the aerodynamics of the Ahmed body fitted with a non-flat underbody diffuser. As in previous investigations performed, the angle and the length of the diffuser are the parameters systematically varied within ranges relevant for a hatchback passenger car. Coefficients of lift and drag are compared with the values obtained for the flat underbody diffuser, and the results reveal significant improvements concerning aerodynamic characteristics of body.

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25

Bansal, Ram, and R. B. Sharma. "Drag Reduction of Passenger Car Using Add-On Devices." Journal of Aerodynamics 2014 (March 23, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/678518.

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This work proposes an effective numerical model using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with different add-on devices. The computational/numerical model of the passenger car and mesh was constructed using ANSYS Fluent which is the CFD solver and employed in the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, and then aerodynamic data and detailed complicated flow structure are visualized. In the present work, a model of generic passenger car was developed using solidworks, generated the wind tunnel, and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench platform, and then testing and simulation have been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of vortex generator, spoiler, tail plates, and spoiler with VGs are introduced and analysed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of these add-on devices are reduces the drag-coefficient and lift coefficient in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with add-on devices, and it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add-on devices on vehicle and fuel economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.

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26

Dominy, R. G. "Aerodynamics of Grand Prix Cars." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206, no. 4 (October 1992): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_187_02.

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In recent years the remarkable performance of the Grand Prix car has been strongly influenced by aerodynamic design. Since the introduction of the current racing regulations the varied approaches to aerodynamic design have converged and to the casual observer current Formula ***I cars appear to be almost identical. This paper examines the aerodynamic considerations that have led to these designs.

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27

Patidar, Lalit, and Sri Ramya Bhamidipati. "Parametric Study of Drag Force on a Formula Student Electric Race Car Using CFD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.300.

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Aerodynamic drag plays an important role in fuel economy of the vehicle especially for electric cars directly affecting the range. The objective of Aerodynamics subsystem of IIT Bombay racing team is to predict and minimize drag force on the Formula student electric race car thereby improving the performance. A standard generic car body known as Ahmed body is taken to set up simulation parameters in FLUENT by validating a test case against the experimental data available in literature. Variation and dependence of drag force on parameters such as frontal area, distribution of pressure coefficient and pressure loss in wake region is studied numerically. Comparison is made between Formula Student 2013 car Evo2 and newly designed car Evo3 for coming season of Formula Student 2014. A substantial reduction in drag force of 18.8% is achieved which can be attributed to lower frontal area and streamlined bodyworks design. Energy consumption of the vehicle for endurance race is reduced by 11.5 % improving the fuel economy.

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28

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Volodymyr Krasnokutskyi, Vitaliy Kashkanov, Olexander Tkachenko, and Аlexander Yanchik. "Іmprovement of driving-speed properties improvement of the method for selecting the parameters of the motor-transmission unit car." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 13, no. 1 (2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2021-13-1-111-117.

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Aerodynamic characteristics have a major impact on the energy efficiency and traction and speed properties of the vehicle. In this article, based on previous studies of the aerodynamic characteristics of various car models, we propose an improved method for selecting engine and transmission parameters at the design stage. The aim of the study is to improve the dynamic properties of the car by improving the method of selecting the main parameters of the engine-transmission unit by refining the calculation of aerodynamic drag. To achieve it, the following tasks must be solved: to specify the method of selecting the maximum effective engine power; to specify a technique of definition of the maximum constructive speed of the car; to develop a technique for selecting gear ratios. The aerodynamic resistance to the movement of the vehicle is determined by the frontal coefficient of the specified resistance, the density of the air, the area of the frontal resistance and the speed of the vehicle. It is known from classical works on the aerodynamics of a car that in the range of vehicle speeds from 20 m / s to 80 m / s, taking the law of squares when assessing the force of air resistance, it is necessary to change the coefficient of frontal aerodynamic drag depending on the speed of the car. However, when carrying out calculations, this coefficient is taken constant, which leads to obtaining large values of the air resistance force at high speeds and lower at low speeds. There are two possible ways to improve the dynamic properties and energy efficiency of the car during its modernization (increasing the maximum design speed of the car by reducing the gear ratio in higher gear; reducing the maximum efficiency of the engine while maintaining the previous gear ratio in higher gear). As a result of the study, the method of selection (maximum effective engine power; maximum design speed of the car; gear ratios) at the design stage of the parameters of the motor-transmission unit of the car has been improved.

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29

Darling, J., and P. M. Staden. "A Study of caravan unsteady aerodynamics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703322114933.

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The high speed stability and handling characteristics of car-trailer combinations are affected by both road and aerodynamic forces. While the tyre-to-road interaction is well understood the action of gusts, passing large vehicles and even small steering inputs will disturb the symmetry of flow and generate aerodynamic forces and moments which are suffcient to affect the handling of the system. Although accidents caused by high speed instability are relatively uncommon a better understanding of these aerodynamic effects will improve safety. In this paper a series of wind tunnel investigations using scale models are presented. Steady state investigations were used to measure the aerodynamic properties of the car-caravan pair while a novel technique was developed to measure the aerodynamic damping derivatives in yaw and side force for a caravan model. These damping derivatives were shown to be destabilizing in most cases of sideslip and stabilizing in yaw although it was demonstrated that high damping derivatives were attained at certain frequencies of excitation.

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30

Nazaruddin, Syafri, and Yudi Saputra. "Body Shape Selection of "Bono Kampar" For Urban Concept Student Car Formula to Fulfill Indonesian Energy-Saving Standards (“KMHE”) with Aerodynamic Analysis." CFD Letters 12, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.12.104114.

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The body shape of a vehicle and the structure need to be considered when designing a vehicle. In addition, the shape of the body tends to significantly affect the vehicle's energy use to counter aerodynamic forces due to wind loads. Therefore, this research aims to determine the body length, width, height, wheel base and ground clearance of vehicles in the selection of Bono Kampar for Urban Concept Car Formula to Fulfill Indonesia Energy-Savings Standards (“KMHE”) with Aerodynamics Analysis. The methods used to create four models of vehicle bodies are dynamic simulation on Computational Fluid Dynamic software are coefficient drag, lift and bland force. The result showed that the car body design needs to have the smallest drag coefficient. This is because when vehicles have a large drag coefficient value, it tends to greatly influence its efficiency or performance. Furthermore, this is useful for minimizing fuel usage, and in allowing the vehicle to reduce the friction force caused by air while driving. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software is used to obtain drag coefficients, which is used in Solid works Flow Simulation. From aerodynamic simulation results on four alternative car bodies carried out in this study, the smallest Cd (Coefficient Drag) is the second car body model, which has Drag Coefficient (Cd) of 0.21 Pa.

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31

Howell, Jeff, Kevin Garry, and Jenny Holt. "The Aerodynamics of a Small Car Overtaking a Truck." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0604.

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32

Barth, Tarik, Axel Fischer, Mathias Hähnel, and Christoph Lietmeyer. "The Aerodynamics of the VW ID.3 Electric Car." ATZ worldwide 122, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-020-0270-5.

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33

Vaziri, N., Syamsuri, Z. Lillahulhaq, A. A. Arifin, and F. Z. Achmad. "Numerical study of aerodynamics across three models car generation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1010 (January 16, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1010/1/012002.

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34

Norwazan, A. R., A. J. Khalid, A. K. Zulkiffli, O. Nadia, and M. N. Fuad. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Lift and Drag Force of Sedan Car Spoiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.43.

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Nowadays, the spoiler is fitted at the rear car to make the car looks sporty without taking any consideration to its shape and aerodynamic. This paper carried out other benefits of the rear spoiler respective to the engineering point of view. These study concerns about drag and lift forces were produced by spoiler using wind tunnel test and simulation computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The main objective of this project is to compare the performances between the two methods in order to determine the aerodynamics performance of three different types of spoiler. The results of CLand CDhave been determined and compared for all the three spoilers including the baseline model as a reference. The result shows that the comparisons of all models have different value of CLand CDbut the model of spoiler 3 is more than 5%.

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Киселева and Natalya Kiseleva. "INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS SAFETY OF OPERATION OF VEHICLES." Voronezh Scientific-Technical Bulletin 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10907.

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To improve the safety of the transport of passengers and goods by road is necessary to pay attention to aerodynamics capable of providing of pollution re-duction cell vehicles. The article considers ways to prevent the deterioration of visibility from the driver´s car.

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Shen, Chen, Hui Zhu, and Zhi Gang Yang. "Study on the Aerodynamics Mechanism of Passenger Car under Unsteady Crosswind." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.809.

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Regular formulae for lateral aerodynamic force cannot give precise prediction under unsteady crosswind. By generalizing potential flow theory and taking the aerodynamic derivative into consideration, the semi-empirical expression for lateral aerodynamic force is derived. In order to determine the coefficients in the semi-empirical formula, the model of a typical double-deck coach is investigated in a sequence of numerical simulations under pure crosswind condition (i.e. linear crosswind, pseudo-step crosswind, sinusoidal crosswind). Moreover, advantages of the semi-empirical formula over the regular one are revealed. Further inspections into the flow field derived from the theory of vortex motion indicate that the deviation between the prediction given by semi-empirical formulae and that by numerical simulation is caused by the non-viscous assumption in potential flow theory. The lateral aerodynamic force depends linearly on the crosswind aerodynamic derivative. Situations in which the coach is moving in the direction perpendicular to the wind velocity are also studied to find the cause of the error in semi-empirical formula. Furthermore, the semi-empirical formula is revised by introducing the “damping model method”. A relatively complete system of prediction for lateral aerodynamic force on a coach, which is of practical engineering significance, has been constructed.

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Howell, Jeff, David Forbes, Martin Passmore, and Gary Page. "The Effect of a Sheared Crosswind Flow on Car Aerodynamics." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1536.

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Pratyaksa, Md Ranasandhya Amy. "SIMULASI NUMERIK PENGARUH VARIASI RASIO PANJANG LEADING EDGE TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK AERODINAMIKA PADA MOBIL PICK UP." Otopro 15, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/otopro.v15n2.p45-53.

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The aerodynamic style influences fuel consumption due to drag and the stability of the vehicle speed due to the force lift. Varying the geometry of the leading edge is estimated to have an effect on aerodynamics. This study uses a car pickup model with dimensions like the actual size. Geometry Leading Edge can be modified so that in the variation of the ratio of length leading edge of the vehicle's overall length ( ): ; and . The research method used is a 2-D numerical simulation underconditions steady and unsteady using software ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3. The mesh using Hybrid model, its triangular and rectangular shape. The viscous model used by k-epsilon Realizable with variation Reynolds Number 7.15 x 104; 2.6 x 106; 3.26 x 106 and 3.91 x 106. The result data analyzed are coefficient lift (CL), coefficient drag (CD), velocity contour, velocity streamline, and pressure contour. From the simulation results, varying ratio of the length of leading edge can affect aerodynamic characteristics of the car. The greater leading edge ratio can delay separation above the car. In addition, the momentum deficit behind the vehicle is also getting smaller. Variation of the length ratio of leading edge is the best variation, having a coefficient drag (CD) of 0.72 with a percentage decrease of 4% and a coefficient lift (CL) of 0.07 with a reduction percentage of 36.36% of the standard variation. CD and CL values go down making fuel consumption more efficient and the car more stable.

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H. Abdul-Rahman, H. Moria, and Mohammad Rasidi Mohammad Rasani. "Aerodynamic study of three cars in tandem using computational fluid dynamics." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 8228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/15.3.2021.02.0646.

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Aerodynamics of vehicles account for nearly 80% of fuel losses on the road. Today, the use of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) allows vehicles to be guided at a distance close to each other and has been shown to help reduce the drag coefficients of the vehicles involved. In this article, the aim is to investigate the effect of distances between a three car platoons, to their drag and lift coefficients, using computational fluid dynamics. To that end, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was first performed on a single case and platoon of two Ahmed car models using the STAR-CCM+ software, for validation with previous experimental studies. Significant drop in drag coefficients were observed on platoon models compared to a single model. Comparison between the k-w and k-e turbulence models for a two car platoon found that the k-w model more closely approximate the experimental results with errors of only 8.66% compared to 21.14% by k-e turbulence model. Further studies were undertaken to study the effects of various car gaps (0.5L, 1.0L and 1.5L; L = length of the car) to the aerodynamics of a three-car platoon using CFD simulation. Simulation results show that the lowest drag coefficient that impacts on vehicle fuel savings varies depending on the car's position. For the front car, the lowest drag coefficient (CD) can be seen for car gaps corresponding to X1 = 0.5L and X2 = 0.5L, where CD = 0.1217, while its lift coefficient (CL) was 0.0366 (X1 and X2 denoting first to second and second to third car distance respectively). For the middle car, the lowest drag coefficient occurred when X1 = 1.5L and X2 = 0.5L, which is 0.1397. The lift coefficient for this car was -0.0611. Meanwhile, for the last car, the lowest drag coefficient was observed when X1 = 0.5L and X2 = 1.5L, i.e. CD = 0.263. The lift coefficient for this car was 0.0452. In this study, the lowest drag coefficient yields the lowest lift coefficient. The study also found that for even X1 and X2 spacings, the drag coefficient increased steadily from the front to the last car, while the use of different spacings were found to decrease drag coefficient of the rear car compared to the front car and had a positive impact on platoon driving and fuel-saving.

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Grabowski, Łukasz, Andrzej Baier, Andrzej Buchacz, Michał Majzner, and Michał Sobek. "Application of Computional Fluid Dynamics for Study of the Occurrence of Aerodynamic Effect for its Application in the Construction of Electric Race Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 956–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.956.

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In this article the issues related to Computional Fluid Dynamics of the occurrence of innovative aerodynamic effect were presented. Analysis were performed to determine the occurrence of Kammback aerodynamic effect and its application in a shape of a body of the real racing car in order to minimize drag forces of the vehicle. For the analysis, ideal aerodynamic shapes were modeled, subsequently they were subjected to modifications which were used to determine the occurrence of effect. The basic modeled shape was the raindrop shape solid, which is generally regarded as the ideal shape in terms of aerodynamics. The result of analysis was compared with the drag values known from the literature. Afterwards changes in the shape of the base solid were made to verify and determine the optimum Kammback shape, selected from a set of possible solutions, in which the geometrical changes has the lowest difference of values of drag force and drag coefficientCx(Cd)in comparison to the basic raindrop shape. Results of the study were subjected to graphic analysis, especially the distribution of air pressure on the surface of a solid and in a virtual wind tunnel, distribution of the air velocity and the course of air streams around the shape. The results were used to design the body of electric race car. The main objective was to minimize the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle.

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Kulak, Michal, Maciej Karczewski, Pawel Lesniewicz, Krzysztof Olasek, Bas Hoogterp, Guillaume Spolaore, and Krzysztof Józwik. "Numerical and experimental analysis of rotating wheel in contact with the ground." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 5 (May 8, 2018): 1203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-06-2017-0257.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide the results of investigations concerning an influence of the tyre with longitudinal grooves on the car body aerodynamics. It is considered as an important aspect affecting the vehicle aerodynamic drag. Design/methodology/approach To investigate a contribution of grooved tyres to the overall vehicle drag, three wind tunnel experimental campaigns were performed (two by Peugeot Société Anonyme Peugeot Citroen, one at the Lodz University of Technology). In parallel, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted with the ANSYS CFX software to enable formulation of wider conclusions. Findings The research shows that optimised tread patterns can be derived on a single tyre via a CFD study in combination with a controlled experiment to deliver designs actively lowering the overall vehicle aerodynamic drag. Practical implications A reduction in the aerodynamic drag is one of ways to decrease vehicle fuel consumption. Alternatively, it can be translated into an increase in the maximum travel velocity and the maximum distance driven (key factor in electric vehicles), as well as in a reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, it can improve the vehicle driving and steering stability. Originality/value The tyre tread pattern analysis on isolated wheels provides an opportunity to cut costs of R&D and could be a step towards isolating aerodynamic properties of tyres, irrespective of the car body on which they are applied.

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Kajiwara, Shinji. "Passive variable rear-wing aerodynamics of an open-wheel racing car." Automotive and Engine Technology 2, no. 1-4 (August 31, 2017): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-017-0021-9.

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Reece, Jeff, Mike Shinedling, and Arturo Guzman-Magana. "Dodge Viper ACR The Aerodynamics of a Street-legal Race Car." ATZ worldwide 119, no. 3 (February 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-016-0185-3.

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Hu, Xing Jun, and Yue Xing Miao. "Simulation of Interference Characteristics of the Model Supporting Beams with Different Forms of Section in Wind Tunnel Test." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.910.

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In order to study the effects of the supporting beams with different forms of section on the aerodynamic characteristics of car models. Model supporting beams with three different forms of section were designed based on standard MIRA model. The commercial CFD software - Ansys Fluent was used to simulate the three-dimensional flow field around the standard MIRA model installed with three different kinds of supporting beams. With comparisons between the drag coefficients, pressure distributions and velocity distributions around the wheels with the different supporting beams, the reasons for the differences in aerodynamics are analyzed and advices were given for helping choosing the supporting beam with minimal disturbance to reduce the correction error.

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Mardji, Andoko, and Dani Prsetiyo. "Aerodynamics analysis of electric car UM body surface using computational fluid dynamics." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 07016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407016.

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The body shape that is engineered in such a way will produce fluid flow characteristics that very and greatly affect the function of the shape of the body. However, until now researchers have not been able to find the right solution to diagnose and synthesize flow structures, so that it is done directly through experimental testing [3]. One of them by using the help of a software CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is Ansys 18.1. Fluid Flow Analysis on the surface of the body electric car UM produces several characteristics such as fluid flow which has a significant obstacle, especially on the surface that has a wide surface that causes a flow that causes the flow is red which indicates the velocity of air flowing in that large area obtained maximum velocity air results of 21.1885m / s marked with the color red and velocity minimum of 0.03947m / s marked in blue, other than that when the air flows produce a pressure that produces the maximum pressure received by the body of 79.12Pa and the minimum pressure of -316.1Pa and the value of drag coefficient from the car body electric car UM obtained results of 0.46.

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Mohamed Ali, J. S., and F. Fatin Bazilah. "Mirrorless Car: A Feasibility Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.649.

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Mirrorless cars are the conceptual cars in which the mirrors which are used as a visual aid for safe driving are replaced with camera and LCD screens thus making it totally mirrorless. These cars without mirror projections will result in clean external aerodynamics thereby reducing considerable amount of drag and hence offers a high potential to achieve higher fuel economy in driving a car. The present study is a trial to test whether such a mirrorless car can create a better driving condition for the driver in terms of ergonomics, safety and comfortability. Thus the latest modern technology is fused in a Malaysian car model making it mirrorless with the cameras replacing mirrors and the dashboard was modified to install the LCD screens on it. The modified car was tested for its characteristics on safety, comfortability and ergonomics. The driver’s behaviour while driving the mirrorless car was studied extensively and numerous interesting conclusions were derived.

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Abo-Serie, E. "AERODYNAMICS ASSESSMENT USING CFD FOR A LOW DRAG SHELL ECO-MARATHON CAR." Journal of Thermal Engineering 3, no. 6 (November 15, 2017): 1527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18186/journal-of-thermal-engineering.353657.

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Bayraktar, Seyfettin, and Yilmaz Ogun Bilgili. "Effects of under body diffuser on the aerodynamics of a generic car." International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 7, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.458901.

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N, Lenin Rakesh. "CFD Analysis of Airflow around A F1 Race Car to Test Aerodynamics." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190138.

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TANAKA, Katsutaro, and Kunio NAKAGAWA. "Design of solar car seating four persons based on the aerodynamics examination." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2017.92 (2017): M705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2017.92.m705.

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