Relevant bibliographies by topics / Car seats

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Car seats'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Car seats"

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GRACEY, KARIN. "CAR SEATS." Advances in Neonatal Care 1, no. 1 (October 2001): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/adnc.2001.27783.

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Rüther, Harald, and Christian Wagner. "Optimised car seats." ATZautotechnology 6, no. 2 (March 2006): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246942.

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STARR, N. "Kids and car safety: Beyond car seats and seat belts." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 15, no. 5 (September 2001): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(01)00447-3.

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Starr, Nancy Barber. "Kids and car safety: Beyond car seats and seat belts." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 15, no. 5 (September 2001): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mph.2001.117956.

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Gan, Jo Han, Caroline Davison, Nick Prince, and Anami Gour. "Car seats: Facing backward is the way forward." Trauma 21, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408618755811.

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Road traffic accidents are one of the commonest causes of death in children. Child safety car seats have played a pivotal role in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with road traffic accidents. However, there have been some concerns about the about the design of front facing car seats versus their rear facing counterparts. Legislation governing the use of rear facing car seats is variable, with some Scandinavian countries recommending their use up to the age of four, while others mandate their use only until one year of age. We present three case narratives of patients aged under 3 years who sustained catastrophic injuries after being involved in a road traffic accident despite being placed in an appropriately sized forward facing car seat. We reviewed the literature for evidence comparing the safety and efficacy of front versus rear facing car seats. Accident registry and crash test results support the increased safety of rear facing child seats. Frontal sled test have demonstrated that forward facing car seats expose children to much higher neck loads and chest displacement resulting in higher injury scores. Epidemiological data from registries and observational studies support the experimental data and demonstrate a clear injury-reducing effect of rear facing child seats compared to their forward facing counterpart. We recommend keeping children in rear facing car seats until the age of four, which is common practice in Sweden.
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SHELNESS, ANNEMARIE, and SEYMOUR CHARLES. "Children and Car Seats." Pediatrics 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.2.256.

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Almost since the emergence of the First Ride—Safe Ride concept some 15 years ago, loan or rental programs for child car seats in maternity hospitals and community centers have been a popular method of promoting child restraint use. Today there must be hundreds of such programs throughout the United States. The Dunedin rental program (Pediatrics 1986;77:167-172) is certainly a unique approach, but some aspects of it may lack practical application, at least in the United States. For example, it would be unlikely that we could saturate a community with free car seats or have available so broad a staff support system.
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Bull, Marilyn J., and Karen Bruner Stroup. "Premature Infants in Car Seats." Pediatrics 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.2.336.

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Advancements in health care have made it possible for many premature infants weighing less than 2.2 kg (5 lb) to be discharged from the hospital. Medical professionals, however, have no information available from which to make recommendations on which child safety seats are most appropriate for safely transporting the low-birth-weight infant. Current federal safety standards do not specify the minimum weight of an infant for which a seat is appropriate. The suitability of various types of infant car safety seats for premature infants was documented by placing 2.0-kg (4 lb 8 oz) babies in a representative sample of seat models. Ease and ability of the seat to fit the size of the infant and allow for proper positioning of the baby was noted. Each seat was measured from the seat back to crotch strap and shoulder strap to seat bottom to provide a basis for comparison of various seat models. Convertible seats with seat back to crotch strap height of 14 cm (5½ in) or less provided relatively good support for the infant. Seats with longer seat back to crotch strap distances allowed the infant to slouch. Seats with lap pads or shields were uniformly unacceptable.
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Fuchs, Susan, Martha J. Barthel, Ann Marie Flannery, and Katherine K. Christoffel. "Cervical Spine Fractures Sustained by Young Children in Forward-Facing Car Seats." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.348.

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Child passenger safety restraint laws have reduced the number of children killed or injured in motor vehicle accidents in the past few years. However, the increased used of child safety seats has brought with it an increase in the misuse of these devices. High cervical spine injuries sustained by five children less than 2 years of age while in forward-facing car seats are described. In the cases of three children, the car safety seat use was correct. Misuse of car seats and anatomic and biomechanical factors in the cervical spines of infants and young children appear to have contributed to the occurrence of these previously rare injuries. Like seat belts, car safety seats are now a factor in child passenger injury characteristics, and therefore, car safety seat design merits reevaluation. In light of this development, public and parent education by health care professionals concerning the correct use of car safety seats is necessary.
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Lincoln, Michelle. "Car Seat Safety: Literature Review." Neonatal Network 24, no. 2 (March 2005): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.24.2.29.

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After staggering numbers of infants were killed in automotive crashes in the 1970s, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended in 1974 universal use of car seats for all infants. However, positional problems were reported when car seats are used with premature infants less than 37 weeks gestational age as a result of head slouching and its sequelae. In 1990, the AAP responded with another policy statement introducing car seat testing. It recommended that any infant at or under 37 weeks gestational age be observed in a car seat prior to discharge from the hospital. The AAP did not give specific guidelines on type of car seat, length of testing, equipment, or personnel proficiency, however. Few nurseries have standard policies to evaluate car seats, to teach parents about car seats, or to position newborns in them, and not all hospitals actually conduct car seat challenges or have common standards for testing that is performed.
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&NA;, &NA;. "Car Seats Pose Hazards." Nurse Practitioner 17, no. 3 (March 1992): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199203000-00020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Car seats"

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Stenger, Travis D. "Pressure distribution in ergonomic car seats." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1569028.

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The purpose of the present study was to assess the pressure distribution responses to three hour seating bouts in a standard car seat condition compared to a Comfort Motion Technology (CMT) car seat condition. Twelve males participated in the study. Subjects came in for two separate sessions no more than one week apart. Pressure distribution on the backrest and seat pan was assessed in a three hour seating bout. Pressure variables associated with increased seating comfort were collected across six distinct 28 minute cycles and then averaged across these six cycles. The pressure variables were contact area, peak contact pressure, and force. The CMT car seat condition exhibited greater back contact area (p= .003) and less back peak pressure (p= .003) than the standard car seat condition. In addition, the CMT car seat condition had greater seat peak pressure (p< .001) and greater back force (p< .001) than the standard car seat condition. In conclusion, the CMT car seat condition is more comfortable than the standard car seat condition.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Despotovski, Natali, and Sonja Vuletic. "A Product Development of Safety Car Seats for Children." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37041.

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Car accidents happens daily, and it is very important to protect all involved in a carno matter the age. Persons that are old enough and can take care of themselves, usescar seat belts to be protected in traffic. A child, however, must be placed andfastened in a safety seat by a parent or another caregiver, to be fully protected. Children that are correctly secured in safety seats have a 2.7 times bigger chance tosurvive a car crash without serious injuries compared to unstrained children (Berget al., 2000; WHO,2004). Regardless tests and safety seats that are available ontoday’s market, there are still issues that needs to be eliminated. Daily users of thisproduct are a good starting point since these people want a safe seat for their childthat can be easy to install and affordable; and they can best tell what issues theyencounter. Based on several scientific articles in a combination with interviews andobservations, issues with the safety seats could be confirmed. The primary issue isthe seat belt that is attached to the safety seat. Children can develop a habit ofwriggling out of the belt in safety seats. There are belt collectors available on themarket which holds the shoulder belts in place. In this way, it is harder for thechildren to slide out of the belt and helps to keep the belt properly positioned(BeSafe, 2018). Instead of having this as an accessory, it has been considered in thebelt that have been developed. Another issue is that the belt is complicated tofastened since two straps has to be simultaneously clicked in the belt buckle. If thisis done incorrectly, the belt cannot be fastened, and it takes time to try it again. Tomake this easier, two straps and the strap between the child's leg will be fastenedseparately in a seat buckle each. In this way, parents and other caregivers will beable to fasten the belt easy and properly. They will also be sure that the child issafely fastened and will minimize injury during an accident or another situation.
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Fellenius, Malin. "Reduction of vibration transmitted through car seats : A study to reduce test drivers’ whole-body vibrations at Volvo Car Group’s test facility." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62896.

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Present thesis will concentrate on the attention to reduce the input of whole-body vibrations transmitted to test drivers in durability tests. On behalf of Volvo Cars, the purpose has been to develop a concept solution on the driver's seat. Solving this problem is significant due to test driver’s safety and theirs ergonomically conditions. This project is conducted as a Bachelor of Science thesis for the Innovation & design engineer program at Karlstad University.    The assignment is in collaboration with the research and development department Proving Ground Testing Group located outside Borås on their test facility, Hällered Proving Ground (HPG). Where they perform endurance tests on rough roads with complete vehicles. The main goal of this project is to increase the time drivers can actively drive the test cars each day, as well as reduce the exposure of whole-body vibration transmitted to test drivers.   The project has been carried out through the Engineering Design Process, which is a substantial model for working with creativity during product development. The report consists of a pre-study in areas like dynamic systems of vibration, ergonomics, previous research, benchmarking and seat structure. This was achieved by identifying the problem areas in an early stage. A number of concepts solutions were evaluated and compared according to implementability and realizability. The final decision was made on a concept, resulted in changing the current foam in the seat. Thereafter, it presents the evaluation of materials throughout the material database CES EduPack and through product research.     The last part of the report presents results from laboratory testings and a field test. The objective was to determine which arrangement provided the best isolation throughout different combinations of materials/products and material thicknesses. The result of the test showed that an increase of material thickness was the optimal solution. Polyurethane (PUR) foam is best suited for this and factors such as material properties and combination of materials has less or none impact on reducing whole-body vibrations. Therefore, the current foam can maybe be enough, but it needs to be evaluated further. This solution doesn't do any major changes to the cars specification and therefore the cars can be evaluated as before.   Further development is to build a prototype with thicker dimensions and implement it in a test vehicle. Subsequently verifying a decrease of exposure from whole-body vibrations, in the form of a real-life test. The solution is intended solely for test vehicles at Volvo’s endurance track facility at Hällered. The assignment was to facilitate working conditions for test drivers and make the work more efficient. The thesis purpose was to achieve a sustainable solution, according to Volvo Cars` requirements to reduce exposure from whole-body vibrations and this project is therefore fulfilled. It was important that the solution was easy to implement and can be applied on all platforms, correspondently be used on future test cars from Volvo.
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DeGrazia, Michele. "Stability of the Infant Car Seat Challenge and Risk Factors for Oxygen Desaturation Events." eScholarship@UMMS, 2006. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsn_diss/48.

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Research suggests that infants with poor neck and upper torso muscle tone experience lateral slouching and a compromised airway when placed in the semi-upright seating position. Studies reveal that 4-60% of premature infants (born at less than 3-7 weeks gestation) may experience oxygen desaturation events when in their child safety seats (CSS), potentially resulting in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that premature infants be tested in their CSS prior to hospital discharge. However, neonatal healthcare providers are concerned that this method of testing might not be reliable. No formal studies have investigated the outcomes of repeat testing of premature infants, and little is known about the risk factors for oxygen desaturation events. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive, non-experimental, observational study was to explore the stability of the one-point Infant Car Seat Challenge (ICSC) and risk factors that may be associated with oxygen desaturation events. A sample of 49 premature infants was used to explore the following variables: 1) pass/fail rates following two (ICSC) observation points, 2) oxygen saturation and desaturation patterns, sleep/wake activity, and a measure of head lag (using the pull-to-sit maneuver) during two ICSCs, and 3) the association between head lag, chronological age, time spent sleeping in the CSS and oxygen desaturation events. Data were analyzed by descriptive and nonparametric statistical tests. This study's findings indicated that 86% of premature infants had stable results, 8% passed rcsc 1 but not ICSC 2, and 6% failed ICSC l and passed ICSC 2. In addition the odds for oxygen desaturation events increased in infants that are born at a gestational age ≤ 34 weeks, were discharged home at a chronological age of > 7 days and had a corrected gestational age of ≤ 37 weeks. Neither head lag or sleep time influenced the ICSC outcomes. Furthermore the ICSC success rate for identifying at risk infants was equal to or better than that of other screening tests for newborn medical conditions. These findings will assist neonatal healthcare providers in making appropriate recommendations for safe travel.
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Jonsson, Bertil. "Interaction between humans and car seats : studies of occupant seat adjustment, posture, position, and real world neck injuries in rear-end impacts." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgisk och perioperativ vetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1636.

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Background: The latest generation of rear-end whiplash protection systems, as found in the WHIPS Volvo and SAHR Saab, have reduced injury rates by almost 50% in comparison with the previous generation of seat/head restraint systems. Occupant behaviour, such as seated posture and seat adjustment settings, may affect the injury risk. Method: Five studies were conducted. Studie I was an injury outcome study based on insurance data. Studies II-IV investigated seat adjustment, occupant backset, and cervical retraction for drivers and occupants in different postures and positions in the car, during stationary and driving conditions. Study V compared the occupant data from studies II and III with a vehicle testing tool, the BioRID dummy, using the protocols of the ISO, RCAR, and the RCAR-IIWPG. Results: Female drivers and passengers had a threefold increased risk for medically-impairing neck injury in rear-end impacts, compared to males. Driver position had a double risk compared with front passenger seat position. Female drivers adjusted the driver seat differently to male drivers; they sat higher and closer to the steering wheel and with more upright back support. The volunteers also adjusted their seat differently to the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocol settings; both sexes sat further away from the steering wheel, and seat back angle was more upright then in the protocols. In stationary cars, backset was highest in the rear seat position and lowest in the front passenger seat position. Males had a larger backset than females. Cervical retraction decreased and backset increased for both sexes when posture changed from self-selected posture to a slouched posture. The BioRID II dummy was found to represent 96th percentile female in stature, and a 69th percentile female in weight in the volunteer group. Conclusions: Risks in car rear-end impacts differ by sex and seated position. This thesis indicates the need for a 50th percentile female BioRID dummy and re-evaluation of the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocols, and further development of new safety systems to protect occupants in rear-end impacts.
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Himmetoglu, Selcuk. "Car seat design and human-body modelling for rear impact whiplash mitigation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11691.

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Whiplash is a neck injury caused by the sudden differential movement between the head and torso. Whiplash injuries are most commonly reported as a consequence of rear impacts in car accidents. They are regarded as minor injuries, but can still lead to long-term disablement and discomfort in the neck. Whiplash injuries can be mitigated by better car seat designs. For this purpose, head restraint geometry must be improved first, and then the dynamic performance of the whole seat must be assessed at all crash seventies. A biofidelic human-body model is a key requirement in designing whiplash mitigating car seats. This thesis presents the development of a 50th percentile male multi-body human model and several energy absorbing car seat designs. The human-body model is specifically designed for rear impact and validated using the responses of seven volunteers from Japanese Automobile Research Institute (JARI) sled tests, which were performed at an impact speed of 8 kph with a rigid seat and without head restraint and seat belt. A generic multi-body car seat model is also developed to implement various seatback and recliner properties, anti-whiplash devices (A WDs) and head restraints. Using the same driving posture and the rigid seat in the JARI sled tests as the basic configuration, several anti-whiplash seats are designed to allow different types of motion for the seatback and seat-pan. The major findings of this research are: -The human-body model simulates the effects of muscle contraction and its overall response is superior in comparison to the currently used models and dummies. -A criterion called the S-shape index (SSI) is developed based on the intervertebral angles of the upper and lower cervical spine. -The car seat design concepts are able to control and use crash energy effectively with the aid of anti-whiplash devices for a wide range of crash seventies. -In order to reduce whiplash injury risk, this study advocates energy absorbing car seats which can also provide head restraint contact as early as possible.
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Violano, Giuseppina Mendillo. "Determinants of Usage of Age-Appropriate Child Safety Seats in Connecticut." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/770.

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In the United States, motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of unintentional injury death and disability for children ages 1'15 years. Despite local, state, and federal legislative and educational efforts, children continue to be restrained improperly and thus face harm. Identifying behaviors and barriers that place child occupants at risk is crucial for implementing focused, injury-prevention programs and policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Connecticut's child passenger safety law that was strengthened in 2005. This study involved a multifactorial approach to predicting child seat use, guided by Roger's diffusion of innovations as the theoretical framework. The analysis determined if there was a difference in the prevalence of car seat use before as compared to after law implementation and identified variables that best predicted the use of car seats and premature transition to a seat belt. Using Connecticut's Crash Data Repository, a logistic regression analysis indicated that car seat use was 1.3 times more likely post law (OR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and that in particular, children ages 4, 5, and 6 (combined) were most positively affected by the law (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82). Driver sex, crash time of day, child age, and child seating position were all determined to be significant predictors of whether or not a child was in a child safety seat. Additionally, these variables were also determined to be predictors of early transition to use of a lap/shoulder belt (versus child seat). The social change implication of this study is that identifying predictors of car seat use and early transition helps to formulate and implement injury prevention measures that could in turn help to decrease medical costs, save lives, and prevent injuries.
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Niinipuu, Mirva. "A comparative evaluation of brominatedcompounds in end-of-life vehicles : Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxinsand dibenzofurans in car seats." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-79949.

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Vincenc, Josef. "Návrh zařízení pro testování a měření ovládacích sil automobilových sedadel." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230486.

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The Master’s thesis deals with development of universal equipment for testing and measurement operating forces of car seats. It describes tests applied on car seats and shows a few examples of equipment for testing. The design part of the thesis deals with development of multipurpose testing equipment using of Modular Function Deployment™ approach. The design of the equipment is done in 5 steps according to mentioned approach. The final part of the thesis includes a risk analysis of the new device and conclusion.
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Thörn, Christopher. "Utvärdering av provmetod till säten för fordonsindustrin : Utvärdering och vidareutveckling av ny provmetod inriktat mot ökad hållbarhet på säten vid Volvo Car Group." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63814.

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Detta examensarbete utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Volvo Car Group, en svensk tillverkare av premiumbilar. Arbetet är fokuserat på ett kvalitetsproblem på Volvos produktionslinje då ett tillverkningsfel uppstår när montörer sätter sig i bilarna för att utföra arbetsuppgifter. Detta gäller på andra generationen av XC90 och senare bilmodeller. Ett permanent instegsveck uppstår och återhämtar sig inte när kunden får sin bil levererad. Idag har Volvo inga provmetoder som kan efterlikna problemet och ett arbete sattes igång under 2015 för att komma fram till en ny provmetod. Arbetet fick avslutas mitt i projektet pga. andra prioriteringar, vilket resulterade i en prototyp som behövdes utvärderas vidare för att kunna bli en fullständig provmetod.   Målet för det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prototypen med hjälp av designprocessen. En förstudie utfördes med fokus på information från det tidigare projektet, nuvarande provmetoder, läderteknik, granskning av sätesdesign, benchmarking och observationer på Volvos bilmodeller direkt från fabriken och ute hos återförsäljare. Efter förstudien påbörjades en utvärdering om prototypen kunde efterlikna problemet mellan Volvos olika varianter av stolar, såsom sportstolar. Genom att betygsätta resultatet med en betygsskala mellan 1–5 var det möjligt att se stor skillnad mellan stolarna med referens från produktion. Andra typer av slitage som nötningsskador uppstod innan det önskade resultatet, speciellt på stolar inriktade på god komfort. På sportstolarna var den avancerade geometrin ett problem att applicera efter provmetodens möjligheter.   Sista delen av projektarbetet utfördes det en bedömning av prototypen baserat på resultatet från mätningarna. Prestandan från prototypen bedöms vara svår att efterskapa på alla typer av stolar. Ett av de större problemen var att få lädret i ett skört tillstånd då prototypen hade en begränsad rörelse. För att projektet skulle fortlöpa så utfördes en kort granskning baserat på erfarenheterna där fokus låg på faktorer som hade påverkat resultatet mest, dessa var rörelse och material. Resultatet för att kunna efterlikna samma instegsveck i produktion är det optimalt med en tryckrörelse på 45° riktat mot sätets sidobolster samt ett mjukt PUR-skum. Detta gav ett optimalt resultat på alla stolar utan att andra slitage uppstod. För att lösa problemet är det nödvändigt för Volvo att titta på två områden, antingen åtgärder inom produktion med extra skydd eller tillämpa konstruktionsändringar i stolarna med en nyutvecklad provmetod som är framtagen på rätt premisser.
This thesis was carried out at Karlstad University and in corporation with Volvo Car Group, a premium car manufacturer from Sweden. The work focuses on a quality problem at the assembly line. A problem occurs on the front seats with the new generation of XC90 and further released car models. It is to Volvo Cars knowledge that an early wear occurs on the leather seats when assemblers ingress and egress the cars during work tasks and the wear then never recovers. To fix this problem and previous work has been carried out at Research & Development in 2015 but was unfortunately required to be held because of other priorities. The previous work resulted in a prototype which purpose was to become a new test method to this issue. However, the prototype needed further investigation to verify if it can replicate the early wear like the seats at the assembly line.   The goal of the research was to evaluate the prototype with a theory based on Engineering Design Process. A pre-study was performed focusing on collecting data from the previous project, current test methods, leather technology, seat design, benchmarking as well as an excursion of Volvo’s lineup of cars at the assembly line and dealerships. After the pre study, a measurement task was performed with the variety of different seat design. This was done to evaluate whether the prototype met the requested requirements or not. By grading the result with a number between 1-5 it was possible to see a difference between the seat design and to replicate the wear problem. Other attritional wear would occur before the desired outcome of wear, especially on comfort seats. It was hard to apply the sports seat to the benefits of the prototype because of the more advanced design.   The last part consisted of an assessment on the prototype and was based on its performance. The results show that the prototype does have a problem to replicate the wear and isn’t applicable on all available seats. One of the main issues was to get the leather in a brittle state based on the movement from the prototype. Furthermore, a short research was carried out on in-depth knowledge of this work to gain an understanding and cognition for continued work. For replicate the requested wear a pressure movement was required at a 45° angle and aimed to the seat side bolster with a soft polyurethane foam. It shows successfully results at every kind of seat design. To solve this issue it’s necessary for Volvo to consider precautions at the assembly line or changes in seat design with a newly developed test method based on the right premises.
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Books on the topic "Car seats"

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2005.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2009.

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Directorate, Canada Road Safety. Keep them safe: A guide to children's car seats. Ottawa, Ont: Transport Canada = Transports Canada, 1996.

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Stoke, Charles B. Use of child safety seats in metropolitan areas of Virginia during summer 1994: Final report. Charlottesville, Va. (530 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville 22903-0817): Virginia Transportation Research Council, 1994.

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Stoke, Charles B. A direct observation of the use of child safety seats in metropolitan areas of Virginia during summer 1993: Final report. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 1994.

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Kahane, Charles Jesse. An evaluation of child passenger safety: The effectiveness and benefits of safety seats. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1986.

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Air bags, car seats, and child safety: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 28, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Ingen-Dunn, Caroline Van. Commuter rail seat testing and analysis of facing seats. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development, 2003.

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Bulstrode, S. J. Assessment of car seat belt adaptations. Bath: Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 1986.

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Slowdown at Sears Point. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Books, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Car seats"

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Srb, P., and V. Fliegel. "Vibration Device for Long-Term Testing of Car Seats." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 189–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05203-8_27.

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Lu, Che-Yu, and Hsin-Hsi Lai. "Constructing Ergonomic Safety Modelling for Evaluating New Designs of Child Car Seats." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management. Healthcare and Safety of the Environment and Transport, 338–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39173-6_40.

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Qiu, Ying. "Detecting and Analyzing System for the Vibration Comfort of Car Seats Based on LabVIEW." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, 420–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18369-0_49.

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Marian-Florin, Mitroi, and Cerbu Camelia. "Experimental Research on the Use of MRD to Reduce Shocks and Vibrations in Light Car Seats." In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering (AMMA 2018), 152–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94409-8_19.

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Martonka, R., and V. Fliegel. "Optimization of Car Seats in the Interaction of Sitting Man on the Size of the Contact Pressure." In Advances in Mechanisms Design, 407–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5125-5_53.

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Srb, P., P. Kulhavy, V. Fliegel, and P. Lepsik. "Cam Mechanism for Car Seat Testing." In Advances in Mechanism Design II, 289–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44087-3_38.

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Beuls, Katrien. "Construction sets and unmarked forms." In Constructional Approaches to Language, 237–64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cal.11.13beu.

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Pasteka, Michael, and Marian Králik. "Design of Car Seat Mechanism for Disabled." In Proceedings of the International Symposium for Production Research 2018, 379–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92267-6_33.

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Clark, Patrick G., Cheng Gao, and Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse. "Rule Set Complexity for Incomplete Data Sets with Many Attribute-Concept Values and “Do Not Care” Conditions." In Rough Sets, 65–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47160-0_6.

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de Pedro, Teresa. "Fuzziness in CAR: Fuzzy Procedures for Robots and Cars." In Enric Trillas: A Passion for Fuzzy Sets, 301–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16235-5_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Car seats"

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Park, Se Jin, Seung Nam Min, Murali Subramaniyam, Heeran Lee, Dong Gyun Kim, and Cheol Pyo Hong. "Vibration Effect Investigation in Baby Car Seats and Automobile Seats." In SAE 2014 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0462.

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Zenk, Raphael, Christian Mergl, Jürgen Hartung, Olaf Sabbah, and Heiner Bubb. "Objectifying the Comfort of Car Seats." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1299.

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Hartung, Jürgen, Christian Mergl, and Heiner Bubb. "Reliability of Pressure Measurement on Car Seats." In Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2167.

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White, Seth W., Seong Keol Kim, Patricia Davies, Anil K. Bajaj, Paul E. Liedtke, and Donald K. Showers. "Modeling and Measurement of Occupied Car Seats." In Noise & Vibration Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1690.

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Baz, A., and Jason Smoker. "Distributed wireless sensor for smart car seats." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Benjamin K. Henderson and M. Brett McMickell. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.817530.

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van Hoof, Jack, Raymond van Markwijk, Murielle Verver, Roland Furtado, and Wendy Pewinski. "Numerical Prediction of Seating Position in Car Seats." In Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2168.

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Kelleher-Walsh, Barbara, Michael J. Walsh, John D. States, and Linda C. Duffy. "Trauma to Children in Forward-Facing Car Seats." In Child Occupant Protection Symposium. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/933095.

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Kahane, Charles J., Carl C. Clark, and Anil Khadilkar. "Evaluation of Child Safety Seats Based on Sled Tests." In 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872210.

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Bukowski, Klaus, and Winifred Schoberth. "New Methods for the Production of Comfortable Car Seats." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/850486.

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Jun, Yong Du, Bong Hyun Park, Kang Seok Seo, Tae Hyun Kim, and Myoung Jae Chae. "Objective Evaluation of Hold Feeling for Passenger Car Seats." In SAE 2015 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2271.

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Reports on the topic "Car seats"

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Oloo, Ruth, and Amber Parkes. Addressing Unpaid Care and Domestic Work for a Gender-equal and Inclusive Kenya: WE-Care policy briefing. Oxfam, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7314.

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Care work is the heartbeat of every society: it contributes to our wellbeing as a nation and is crucial for our social and economic development. Yet the disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care work results in time poverty and significant opportunity costs, particularly among the poorest and most marginalized women and girls. This policy brief outlines why unpaid care work is a critical development, economic and gender equality issue for Kenya. It draws on two sets of evidence from Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme, which explore the impact of women and girls’ heavy and unequal unpaid care responsibilities both before and during COVID-19.
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Palmer, Mark E. The current ability of the architecture, engineering, and construction industry to exchange CAD data sets digitally. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3476.

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Trapp, Ralf, and Cheng Tang. Enhancing the Management and Enforcement of Compliance in the Regime Prohibiting Chemical Weapons. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/cwc/01.

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This reports looks at why and how the international community should enhance further the management and enforcement of compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention. It provides an overview of the status of compliance with the norm against chemical weapons, and sets out the compliance mechanisms that are available under the Convention, outside the Convention, and that can be used by individual States. Finally, the authors suggest six concrete ways in which the different tools for management and enforcement of compliance can be improved.
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Orbeta, Aniceto C., Neeta Pokhrel, Saswati Ghosh Belliappa, Saugata Dasgupta, and Arati Nandi. Measuring the Impact of West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project: A Baseline Study. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200410-2.

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Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental right of people. The West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project is assisting the Government of West Bengal to provide safe, sustainable, and inclusive drinking water services to over 1.65 million people in the arsenic, fluoride, and salinity-affected areas of Bankura, North and South 24 Parganas, and Purba Medinipur districts. This publication sets the baseline of the project by providing the benchmark comparison of primary outcomes for the project and non-project households, before implementation, so that an impact evaluation can be carried out at project completion.
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Qhotsokoane, Tebello, Beatriz Kira, and Simphiwe Laura Stewart. Fostering inclusive economic growth: the case of the Digital Code of Benin. Digital Pathways at Oxford, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/02.

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This policy note seeks to elucidate the opportunities for development in Republic of Benin’s digital code, as the country attempts to become a regional example of progress in the digital sphere. The note examines the Digital Code of Benin which sets out a comprehensive set of laws and regulations aimed at providing a secure and conducive environment for digital transformation and innovation. By assessing the key strengths and opportunities for development, this policy note can also inform regional approaches to regulation of the digital economy, especially since Benin is seen as a model for the region.
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Chang, Arturo, Thomas Ferguson, Jacob Rothschild, and Benjamin I. Page. Ambivalence About International Trade in Open- and Closed-ended Survey Responses. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp162.

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Spontaneous, open-ended survey responses can sometimes better reveal what is actually on people’s minds than small sets of forced-choice, closed questions. Our analysis of closed questions and trade-related open-ended responses to 2016 ANES “likes” and “dislikes” prompts indicate that Americans held considerably more complex, more ambivalent, and – in many cases – more negative views of international trade than has been apparent in studies that focus only on closed-ended responses. This paper suggests that contrast between open- and closed-question data may help explain why the effectiveness of Donald Trump’s appeals to trade resentments surprised many observers.
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Bevacqua, Ron, Duong (Sophie) Nguyen, and Don Lambert. Reimagining Viet Nam’s Microfinance Sector: Recommendations for Institutional and Legal Reforms. Asian Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210385-2.

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Viet Nam’s new National Financial Inclusion Strategy issued on 22 January 2020, sets out targets for promoting financial inclusion by 2025. Achieving these targets requires considerable support from the microfinance sector as well as other stakeholders in the finance sector. This paper emphasizes the need to prioritize regulatory reform for microfinance development. Otherwise, the microfinance sector in Viet Nam could remain nonprofit rather commercial—making it difficult for the sector to attract wholesale funding. Aside from helping achieve the National Financial Inclusion Strategy, regulatory reform in the microfinance sector can also enable Viet Nam to become more active, prominent, and competitive on a regional level along with its neighbors in Asia.
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Haubrich, Julia, Sarah Benz, Ullrich Isermann, Beat Schäffer, Rainer Schmid, Dirk Schreckenberg, Jean Marc Wunderli, and Rainer Guski. Leq+X - Lärmexposition, Ereignishäufigkeiten und Belästigung: Re-Analyse von Daten zur Belästigung und Schlafstörung durch Fluglärm an deutschen und Schweizer Flughäfen. Universitätsbibliothek der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/rub.164.139.

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In this study, part of the data sets from 4 large Swiss and German aircraft noise impact studies are re-analysed using logistic multi-level regression models. The aim is to investigate the assumptions that the prediction of a) the percentage of persons highly annoyed by aircraft noise or b) the percentage of persons highly sleep disturbed by aircraft noise can be improved if (i) instead of the energy-equivalent continuous noise level alone, either additional or alternative, more frequency-based aircraft noise metrics and (ii) also airport-specific characteristics are used as predictors. The results support both assumptions; both regarding the percentage of persons highly annoyed and regarding the percentage of persons highly sleep disturbed.
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Farhi, Edward, and Hartmut Neven. Classification with Quantum Neural Networks on Near Term Processors. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/qrl.v1i2.80.

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We introduce a quantum neural network, QNN, that can represent labeled data, classical or quantum, and be trained by supervised learning. The quantum circuit consists of a sequence of parameter dependent unitary transformations which acts on an input quantum state. For binary classification a single Pauli operator is measured on a designated readout qubit. The measured output is the quantum neural network’s predictor of the binary label of the input state. We show through classical simulation that parameters can be found that allow the QNN to learn to correctly distinguish the two data sets. We then discuss presenting the data as quantum superpositions of computational basis states corresponding to different label values. Here we show through simulation that learning is possible. We consider using our QNN to learn the label of a general quantum state. By example we show that this can be done. Our work is exploratory and relies on the classical simulation of small quantum systems. The QNN proposed here was designed with near-term quantum processors in mind. Therefore it will be possible to run this QNN on a near term gate model quantum computer where its power can be explored beyond what can be explored with simulation.
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Lane, Lerose, R. Gary Hicks, DingXin Cheng, and Erik Updyke. Manual for Thin Asphalt Overlays. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1906.

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This manual presents best practices on project selection, mix design, and construction to ensure a superior product when constructing thin asphalt overlays. Experience shows these treatments provide excellent performance when placed on pavements in fair to good condition using proper construction techniques. Though sometime referred to by other names, thin asphalt overlays have been widely used for pavement preservation throughout the world for over 50 years. Limited infrastructure funding at the local, state, and federal levels has resulted in greater emphasis on the use of pavement preservation techniques to extend pavement life and reduce maintenance costs. Thin asphalt overlays are one of many preventative maintenance treatments. Thin asphalt overlays are placed directly on existing pavement and can range from 1/2 inch to 1 1/2 inches in thickness. Thin asphalt overlays have proven to be an economical means for maintaining and improving the functional condition of an existing pavement since the 1960s. Specifically, this manual provides guidance for engineers regarding where and when to use thin asphalt overlays including: (1) Types and variations of thin overlays; (2) Materials and the design process; (3) Construction; (4) Quality Assurance; and (5) Troubleshooting. This chapter by chapter guidance enables an Agency’s engineers to design and construct a successful thin asphalt overlay project to completion. This manual is one of four new manuals prepared by the California Pavement Preservation Center (CP2Center) using funding from California Senate Bill 1 (SB-1), passed in April 2017. The other three manuals provide detailed design and construction information for (1) chip seals, (2) slurry surfacing, and (3) Cape seals. The creation of these manuals was a task funded entirely from SB-1 monies for the purpose of disseminating training and technical information on highway pavement preservation to local agencies throughout California.
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