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Stenger, Travis D. "Pressure distribution in ergonomic car seats." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1569028.
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The purpose of the present study was to assess the pressure distribution responses to three hour seating bouts in a standard car seat condition compared to a Comfort Motion Technology (CMT) car seat condition. Twelve males participated in the study. Subjects came in for two separate sessions no more than one week apart. Pressure distribution on the backrest and seat pan was assessed in a three hour seating bout. Pressure variables associated with increased seating comfort were collected across six distinct 28 minute cycles and then averaged across these six cycles. The pressure variables were contact area, peak contact pressure, and force. The CMT car seat condition exhibited greater back contact area (p= .003) and less back peak pressure (p= .003) than the standard car seat condition. In addition, the CMT car seat condition had greater seat peak pressure (p< .001) and greater back force (p< .001) than the standard car seat condition. In conclusion, the CMT car seat condition is more comfortable than the standard car seat condition.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Despotovski, Natali, and Sonja Vuletic. "A Product Development of Safety Car Seats for Children." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37041.
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Car accidents happens daily, and it is very important to protect all involved in a carno matter the age. Persons that are old enough and can take care of themselves, usescar seat belts to be protected in traffic. A child, however, must be placed andfastened in a safety seat by a parent or another caregiver, to be fully protected. Children that are correctly secured in safety seats have a 2.7 times bigger chance tosurvive a car crash without serious injuries compared to unstrained children (Berget al., 2000; WHO,2004). Regardless tests and safety seats that are available ontoday’s market, there are still issues that needs to be eliminated. Daily users of thisproduct are a good starting point since these people want a safe seat for their childthat can be easy to install and affordable; and they can best tell what issues theyencounter. Based on several scientific articles in a combination with interviews andobservations, issues with the safety seats could be confirmed. The primary issue isthe seat belt that is attached to the safety seat. Children can develop a habit ofwriggling out of the belt in safety seats. There are belt collectors available on themarket which holds the shoulder belts in place. In this way, it is harder for thechildren to slide out of the belt and helps to keep the belt properly positioned(BeSafe, 2018). Instead of having this as an accessory, it has been considered in thebelt that have been developed. Another issue is that the belt is complicated tofastened since two straps has to be simultaneously clicked in the belt buckle. If thisis done incorrectly, the belt cannot be fastened, and it takes time to try it again. Tomake this easier, two straps and the strap between the child's leg will be fastenedseparately in a seat buckle each. In this way, parents and other caregivers will beable to fasten the belt easy and properly. They will also be sure that the child issafely fastened and will minimize injury during an accident or another situation.
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Fellenius, Malin. "Reduction of vibration transmitted through car seats : A study to reduce test drivers’ whole-body vibrations at Volvo Car Group’s test facility." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62896.
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Present thesis will concentrate on the attention to reduce the input of whole-body vibrations transmitted to test drivers in durability tests. On behalf of Volvo Cars, the purpose has been to develop a concept solution on the driver's seat. Solving this problem is significant due to test driver’s safety and theirs ergonomically conditions. This project is conducted as a Bachelor of Science thesis for the Innovation & design engineer program at Karlstad University. The assignment is in collaboration with the research and development department Proving Ground Testing Group located outside Borås on their test facility, Hällered Proving Ground (HPG). Where they perform endurance tests on rough roads with complete vehicles. The main goal of this project is to increase the time drivers can actively drive the test cars each day, as well as reduce the exposure of whole-body vibration transmitted to test drivers. The project has been carried out through the Engineering Design Process, which is a substantial model for working with creativity during product development. The report consists of a pre-study in areas like dynamic systems of vibration, ergonomics, previous research, benchmarking and seat structure. This was achieved by identifying the problem areas in an early stage. A number of concepts solutions were evaluated and compared according to implementability and realizability. The final decision was made on a concept, resulted in changing the current foam in the seat. Thereafter, it presents the evaluation of materials throughout the material database CES EduPack and through product research. The last part of the report presents results from laboratory testings and a field test. The objective was to determine which arrangement provided the best isolation throughout different combinations of materials/products and material thicknesses. The result of the test showed that an increase of material thickness was the optimal solution. Polyurethane (PUR) foam is best suited for this and factors such as material properties and combination of materials has less or none impact on reducing whole-body vibrations. Therefore, the current foam can maybe be enough, but it needs to be evaluated further. This solution doesn't do any major changes to the cars specification and therefore the cars can be evaluated as before. Further development is to build a prototype with thicker dimensions and implement it in a test vehicle. Subsequently verifying a decrease of exposure from whole-body vibrations, in the form of a real-life test. The solution is intended solely for test vehicles at Volvo’s endurance track facility at Hällered. The assignment was to facilitate working conditions for test drivers and make the work more efficient. The thesis purpose was to achieve a sustainable solution, according to Volvo Cars` requirements to reduce exposure from whole-body vibrations and this project is therefore fulfilled. It was important that the solution was easy to implement and can be applied on all platforms, correspondently be used on future test cars from Volvo.
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DeGrazia, Michele. "Stability of the Infant Car Seat Challenge and Risk Factors for Oxygen Desaturation Events." eScholarship@UMMS, 2006. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsn_diss/48.
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Research suggests that infants with poor neck and upper torso muscle tone experience lateral slouching and a compromised airway when placed in the semi-upright seating position. Studies reveal that 4-60% of premature infants (born at less than 3-7 weeks gestation) may experience oxygen desaturation events when in their child safety seats (CSS), potentially resulting in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that premature infants be tested in their CSS prior to hospital discharge. However, neonatal healthcare providers are concerned that this method of testing might not be reliable. No formal studies have investigated the outcomes of repeat testing of premature infants, and little is known about the risk factors for oxygen desaturation events. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive, non-experimental, observational study was to explore the stability of the one-point Infant Car Seat Challenge (ICSC) and risk factors that may be associated with oxygen desaturation events. A sample of 49 premature infants was used to explore the following variables: 1) pass/fail rates following two (ICSC) observation points, 2) oxygen saturation and desaturation patterns, sleep/wake activity, and a measure of head lag (using the pull-to-sit maneuver) during two ICSCs, and 3) the association between head lag, chronological age, time spent sleeping in the CSS and oxygen desaturation events. Data were analyzed by descriptive and nonparametric statistical tests. This study's findings indicated that 86% of premature infants had stable results, 8% passed rcsc 1 but not ICSC 2, and 6% failed ICSC l and passed ICSC 2. In addition the odds for oxygen desaturation events increased in infants that are born at a gestational age ≤ 34 weeks, were discharged home at a chronological age of > 7 days and had a corrected gestational age of ≤ 37 weeks. Neither head lag or sleep time influenced the ICSC outcomes. Furthermore the ICSC success rate for identifying at risk infants was equal to or better than that of other screening tests for newborn medical conditions. These findings will assist neonatal healthcare providers in making appropriate recommendations for safe travel.
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Jonsson, Bertil. "Interaction between humans and car seats : studies of occupant seat adjustment, posture, position, and real world neck injuries in rear-end impacts." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgisk och perioperativ vetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1636.
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Background: The latest generation of rear-end whiplash protection systems, as found in the WHIPS Volvo and SAHR Saab, have reduced injury rates by almost 50% in comparison with the previous generation of seat/head restraint systems. Occupant behaviour, such as seated posture and seat adjustment settings, may affect the injury risk. Method: Five studies were conducted. Studie I was an injury outcome study based on insurance data. Studies II-IV investigated seat adjustment, occupant backset, and cervical retraction for drivers and occupants in different postures and positions in the car, during stationary and driving conditions. Study V compared the occupant data from studies II and III with a vehicle testing tool, the BioRID dummy, using the protocols of the ISO, RCAR, and the RCAR-IIWPG. Results: Female drivers and passengers had a threefold increased risk for medically-impairing neck injury in rear-end impacts, compared to males. Driver position had a double risk compared with front passenger seat position. Female drivers adjusted the driver seat differently to male drivers; they sat higher and closer to the steering wheel and with more upright back support. The volunteers also adjusted their seat differently to the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocol settings; both sexes sat further away from the steering wheel, and seat back angle was more upright then in the protocols. In stationary cars, backset was highest in the rear seat position and lowest in the front passenger seat position. Males had a larger backset than females. Cervical retraction decreased and backset increased for both sexes when posture changed from self-selected posture to a slouched posture. The BioRID II dummy was found to represent 96th percentile female in stature, and a 69th percentile female in weight in the volunteer group. Conclusions: Risks in car rear-end impacts differ by sex and seated position. This thesis indicates the need for a 50th percentile female BioRID dummy and re-evaluation of the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocols, and further development of new safety systems to protect occupants in rear-end impacts.
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Himmetoglu, Selcuk. "Car seat design and human-body modelling for rear impact whiplash mitigation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11691.
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Whiplash is a neck injury caused by the sudden differential movement between the head and torso. Whiplash injuries are most commonly reported as a consequence of rear impacts in car accidents. They are regarded as minor injuries, but can still lead to long-term disablement and discomfort in the neck. Whiplash injuries can be mitigated by better car seat designs. For this purpose, head restraint geometry must be improved first, and then the dynamic performance of the whole seat must be assessed at all crash seventies. A biofidelic human-body model is a key requirement in designing whiplash mitigating car seats. This thesis presents the development of a 50th percentile male multi-body human model and several energy absorbing car seat designs. The human-body model is specifically designed for rear impact and validated using the responses of seven volunteers from Japanese Automobile Research Institute (JARI) sled tests, which were performed at an impact speed of 8 kph with a rigid seat and without head restraint and seat belt. A generic multi-body car seat model is also developed to implement various seatback and recliner properties, anti-whiplash devices (A WDs) and head restraints. Using the same driving posture and the rigid seat in the JARI sled tests as the basic configuration, several anti-whiplash seats are designed to allow different types of motion for the seatback and seat-pan. The major findings of this research are: -The human-body model simulates the effects of muscle contraction and its overall response is superior in comparison to the currently used models and dummies. -A criterion called the S-shape index (SSI) is developed based on the intervertebral angles of the upper and lower cervical spine. -The car seat design concepts are able to control and use crash energy effectively with the aid of anti-whiplash devices for a wide range of crash seventies. -In order to reduce whiplash injury risk, this study advocates energy absorbing car seats which can also provide head restraint contact as early as possible.
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Violano, Giuseppina Mendillo. "Determinants of Usage of Age-Appropriate Child Safety Seats in Connecticut." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/770.
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In the United States, motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of unintentional injury death and disability for children ages 1'15 years. Despite local, state, and federal legislative and educational efforts, children continue to be restrained improperly and thus face harm. Identifying behaviors and barriers that place child occupants at risk is crucial for implementing focused, injury-prevention programs and policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Connecticut's child passenger safety law that was strengthened in 2005. This study involved a multifactorial approach to predicting child seat use, guided by Roger's diffusion of innovations as the theoretical framework. The analysis determined if there was a difference in the prevalence of car seat use before as compared to after law implementation and identified variables that best predicted the use of car seats and premature transition to a seat belt. Using Connecticut's Crash Data Repository, a logistic regression analysis indicated that car seat use was 1.3 times more likely post law (OR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and that in particular, children ages 4, 5, and 6 (combined) were most positively affected by the law (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82). Driver sex, crash time of day, child age, and child seating position were all determined to be significant predictors of whether or not a child was in a child safety seat. Additionally, these variables were also determined to be predictors of early transition to use of a lap/shoulder belt (versus child seat). The social change implication of this study is that identifying predictors of car seat use and early transition helps to formulate and implement injury prevention measures that could in turn help to decrease medical costs, save lives, and prevent injuries.
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Niinipuu, Mirva. "A comparative evaluation of brominatedcompounds in end-of-life vehicles : Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxinsand dibenzofurans in car seats." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-79949.
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Vincenc, Josef. "Návrh zařízení pro testování a měření ovládacích sil automobilových sedadel." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230486.
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The Master’s thesis deals with development of universal equipment for testing and measurement operating forces of car seats. It describes tests applied on car seats and shows a few examples of equipment for testing. The design part of the thesis deals with development of multipurpose testing equipment using of Modular Function Deployment™ approach. The design of the equipment is done in 5 steps according to mentioned approach. The final part of the thesis includes a risk analysis of the new device and conclusion.
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Thörn, Christopher. "Utvärdering av provmetod till säten för fordonsindustrin : Utvärdering och vidareutveckling av ny provmetod inriktat mot ökad hållbarhet på säten vid Volvo Car Group." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63814.
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Detta examensarbete utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Volvo Car Group, en svensk tillverkare av premiumbilar. Arbetet är fokuserat på ett kvalitetsproblem på Volvos produktionslinje då ett tillverkningsfel uppstår när montörer sätter sig i bilarna för att utföra arbetsuppgifter. Detta gäller på andra generationen av XC90 och senare bilmodeller. Ett permanent instegsveck uppstår och återhämtar sig inte när kunden får sin bil levererad. Idag har Volvo inga provmetoder som kan efterlikna problemet och ett arbete sattes igång under 2015 för att komma fram till en ny provmetod. Arbetet fick avslutas mitt i projektet pga. andra prioriteringar, vilket resulterade i en prototyp som behövdes utvärderas vidare för att kunna bli en fullständig provmetod. Målet för det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prototypen med hjälp av designprocessen. En förstudie utfördes med fokus på information från det tidigare projektet, nuvarande provmetoder, läderteknik, granskning av sätesdesign, benchmarking och observationer på Volvos bilmodeller direkt från fabriken och ute hos återförsäljare. Efter förstudien påbörjades en utvärdering om prototypen kunde efterlikna problemet mellan Volvos olika varianter av stolar, såsom sportstolar. Genom att betygsätta resultatet med en betygsskala mellan 1–5 var det möjligt att se stor skillnad mellan stolarna med referens från produktion. Andra typer av slitage som nötningsskador uppstod innan det önskade resultatet, speciellt på stolar inriktade på god komfort. På sportstolarna var den avancerade geometrin ett problem att applicera efter provmetodens möjligheter. Sista delen av projektarbetet utfördes det en bedömning av prototypen baserat på resultatet från mätningarna. Prestandan från prototypen bedöms vara svår att efterskapa på alla typer av stolar. Ett av de större problemen var att få lädret i ett skört tillstånd då prototypen hade en begränsad rörelse. För att projektet skulle fortlöpa så utfördes en kort granskning baserat på erfarenheterna där fokus låg på faktorer som hade påverkat resultatet mest, dessa var rörelse och material. Resultatet för att kunna efterlikna samma instegsveck i produktion är det optimalt med en tryckrörelse på 45° riktat mot sätets sidobolster samt ett mjukt PUR-skum. Detta gav ett optimalt resultat på alla stolar utan att andra slitage uppstod. För att lösa problemet är det nödvändigt för Volvo att titta på två områden, antingen åtgärder inom produktion med extra skydd eller tillämpa konstruktionsändringar i stolarna med en nyutvecklad provmetod som är framtagen på rätt premisser.This thesis was carried out at Karlstad University and in corporation with Volvo Car Group, a premium car manufacturer from Sweden. The work focuses on a quality problem at the assembly line. A problem occurs on the front seats with the new generation of XC90 and further released car models. It is to Volvo Cars knowledge that an early wear occurs on the leather seats when assemblers ingress and egress the cars during work tasks and the wear then never recovers. To fix this problem and previous work has been carried out at Research & Development in 2015 but was unfortunately required to be held because of other priorities. The previous work resulted in a prototype which purpose was to become a new test method to this issue. However, the prototype needed further investigation to verify if it can replicate the early wear like the seats at the assembly line. The goal of the research was to evaluate the prototype with a theory based on Engineering Design Process. A pre-study was performed focusing on collecting data from the previous project, current test methods, leather technology, seat design, benchmarking as well as an excursion of Volvo’s lineup of cars at the assembly line and dealerships. After the pre study, a measurement task was performed with the variety of different seat design. This was done to evaluate whether the prototype met the requested requirements or not. By grading the result with a number between 1-5 it was possible to see a difference between the seat design and to replicate the wear problem. Other attritional wear would occur before the desired outcome of wear, especially on comfort seats. It was hard to apply the sports seat to the benefits of the prototype because of the more advanced design. The last part consisted of an assessment on the prototype and was based on its performance. The results show that the prototype does have a problem to replicate the wear and isn’t applicable on all available seats. One of the main issues was to get the leather in a brittle state based on the movement from the prototype. Furthermore, a short research was carried out on in-depth knowledge of this work to gain an understanding and cognition for continued work. For replicate the requested wear a pressure movement was required at a 45° angle and aimed to the seat side bolster with a soft polyurethane foam. It shows successfully results at every kind of seat design. To solve this issue it’s necessary for Volvo to consider precautions at the assembly line or changes in seat design with a newly developed test method based on the right premises.
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Schoenmakers, Sean A. "Handicapped car lifting seat." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62991.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Currently there is a lack of assistance in automobile usage for the older people of our society. In an attempt to combat this problem, this thesis designs and builds a working conceptual model of a handicapped car lifting seat. An initial cost analysis is performed, an apparatus is designed, all necessary materials are gathered, an apparatus is constructed, and the device is tested. The result was the successful completion of a device that successfully assists in the lifting of up to a 300 lb. person out of their car. With some further development, this handicapped car lifting seat could hopefully be used in real life.
by Sean A. Schoenmakers.
S.B.
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Fernández, Cranz Matías, and Hampus Olsson. "Design and development of a power seat structure for a sports car." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44880.
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The purpose of this thesis is to develop a power seat structure that can serve as an alternativeto the one developed by Koenigsegg for their upcoming model Gemera and potentially others.The power seat structure will be designed around an existing chassis and will use it as areference to create an accommodating power seat structure. It will be designed to be used witha fixed-back seat that is used in the development process of the Gemera.Koenigsegg requires that the power seat structure allows for horizontal and lifting motion, aswell as tilting. These functions will be adapted to the power seat structure designed by theproject group.Due to confidentiality concerns, some parts of this thesis will not be made available to thepublic.
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Dedic, Haris. "Humidity sensor for car seat." Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-785.
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Erol, Tugra. "Vibration Exposure Of Front Seat Car Passengers." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605740/index.pdf.
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Vibration in the vehicle environment has long been investigated considering the driver's exposure. However not only drivers but also the front seat car passengers are exposed to considerable amount of vibration. In order to investigate the phenomenon, this research consisted of three stages. In the first stage of the study, model analysis has been carried out. Based on the results it has been suggested that increased damping in the lumbar area in contact with the backrest can decrease the vibration transmission. The second stage comprised of the laboratory studies. Based on the results attained from the model, waist belts filled with different fluids having different coefficients of viscosity were prepared and tested. The inclination of the backrest angle was chosen as the second parameter. The cushions having ready-made gel mediums were seen to be effective in reducing low frequency vibrations where the angle of inclination affected the response of the cushions. In the third part of the thesis, field measurements were carried out in order to confirm the results attained in the laboratory. It was observed that the inclination of backrest angle played a major role in the exposure of the passenger in fore and aft direction. The cushions proved to be effective at certain frequencies in the field, differing due to the design and the medium.
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Oliver, Serna Clara. "Vibroacoustic analysis of car door and window seals." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC023.
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Les joints de porte et de vitrage des voitures jouent un rôle très important dans la réduction du bruit d’origine aérodynamique, à la fois par transmission directe et de par son rôle en tant que condition limite ees autres éléments transmetteurs (portes et fenêtres). Par conséquent, sa conception est fondamentale pour l’optimisation du confort de passager. Néanmoins, la méthode traditionnelle pour sa conception, basée sur une approche par tâtonnement de tests en soufflerie, est très coûteuse et insuffisante. Une approche différente est envisagée dans ce manuscrit, par la création d’un modèle capable de prédire la transmission du bruit jusqu’`a la cavité du véhicule, qui puisse être appliqué ultérieurement dans une routine d’optimisation. La modélisation des joints de vitrage et des fenêtres fait face à plusieurs difficultés. La fermeture de la porte subie par le joint de porte avant d’être soumis à l’excitation acoustique, ainsi que le comportement hyperélastique du caoutchouc, mènent à des déformations non-linéaires. Ce comportement change les propriétés (telles que la rigidité) du joint comprimé lors qu’il est soumis à l’excitation acoustique. De plus, l’interaction du son transmis par les joints avec la cavité du véhicule doit être prise en compte. Néanmoins, la taille réduite et la géométrie complexe du joint appellent à une approche telle que la méthode EF, tandis que la grande taille de la cavité véhicule nécessite d’une approche plus grossière, pour ne pas aboutir sur un modèle trop lourd. La solution proposée dans ce manuscrit implique la création d’un modèle hybride capable de modéliser le joint et la cavité séparément, avec l’approche la plus adaptée `a chaque cas, et de les coupler dans un seul modèle. Les comportements hyperélastique et viscoélastique des joints, avant et durant l’excitation acoustique, sont modélisés à l’aide du code commercial ABAQUS, tandis qu’une méthode énergétique appelée Méthode Energétique Simplifiée est utilisée pour la propagation ´ du son depuis les joints jusqu’au reste de la cavité. Cette méthode, adaptée aux besoins de l’application souhaitée, et couplée aux résultats du modèle EF, permet l’obtention rapide et locale du niveau de pression acoustique en n’importe quel point de la cavité. Finalement, des campagnes expérimentales sont mises en œuvre pour la validation des modèles. Les mises en place et les résultats sont détaillés dans ce manuscritCar door and window seals have been proven to be of utmost importance to reduce aerodynamic noise, both through direct transmission and through their role as boundary conditions of the other transmitting elements (car doors and windows). As consequence, their design has become of great relevance when it comes to passenger comfort optimization. However, the traditional method for their conception, based on a trial and error approach through wind-tunnel testing, has been found to be insufficient and costly. A different approach is contemplated in this dissertation, through the development of a model capable of predicting sound transmission through seals and into the vehicle cavity, for its subsequent application into an optimization procedure. Several difficulties arise from the modeling of car door and window seals. Indeed, the door closure imposed on the door seal before any acoustic excitation, as well as the hyperelasticity of the rubber lead to a non-linear deformation behavior. This behavior changes the seal properties (e.g. stiffness) which have to be modeled under acoustic excitation. Additionally, the interaction of the transmitted sound with the vehicle cavity must be taken into account. However, the small, precise geometry of the seal would call for an approach such as FE method, whereas the big dimensions of a vehicle cavity demand a much coarser approach so that the problem doesn’t become unmanageable in size. The solution that is proposed in this dissertation, implies the creation of an hybrid model capable of modeling the seal and the vehicle cavity separately, with the most adequate approach to each case, and coupling them afterward into a single model. As consequence, the hyperelastic and viscoelastic behaviors of the seals, prior to and during the acoustic excitation, are modeled through FE software ABAQUS, whereas an energy method called Méthode Energétique Simplifiée is used for the propagation ´ of the sound from the seal to the rest of the cavity. This method, improved to better suit the requirements of the discussed application, and coupled to the results of the FE model, allows a fast and local computation of the sound pressure level at any point inside the cavity. Finally, some experimental tests are put in place for the validation of the models. The different setups and results are detailed in this dissertation
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Niklasson, Johan. "Conceptual Design of Seat Belt Installation for Rear-facing Child Car Seat." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73129.
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Children are more vulnerable in vehicles compared to adults in collisions. Two main reasons are the different body structure between these two and vehicles are more designed to fit adults. Children’s head is larger relative to their body mass and their neck muscle ligaments are still not fully developed. Children are therefore in need of a restraint system that match their anatomy to make them protected during transportation in vehicles. Crash tests have shown that if children up to the age of five use rear-facing child car seats are the chances reduced of injuries by five times compared to front-facing. This report describes the development project of a concept which enables to fasten a rear-facing child car seat with the car seat belt. The objective was to design the fastening components for a rear-facing child car seat that suits children up to five years and considering the regulations, ECE R44, and the Swedish Plus test. This is a Master thesis that has been in collaboration with Company Xand Havd Group in Gothenburg. The project aimed to deliver a digital concept of the fastening components with information about the material, manufacturing methods, product costs, and design form. Also, was the aim to gather information through the project on what it takes to develop a rear-facing child car seat. The project consisted of five phases: planning, pre-study, ideation, detailed design and at last presentation of the result. The first phase was to plan and coordinate the project. A pre-study was then made investigating the products on the market, interviews with both users and experts regarding safety for children in vehicles, relevant literature for developing a child car seat was also collected and regulations were studied. The ideation phase developed ideas and three concepts were taken forward for development. One concept was chosen after decision making and the concept was more detailed designed in CAD.The result is presented through a CAD model which illustrates the design form and chosen material. The result is a concept that fastens the car seat belt with two hooks which can be connected to the child car seat base. In the base is two buckles designed to connect with the hooks, which uses the same fastening way used in the vehicles to fasten passengers. This is supposed to increase the usability of the installation. Material, manufacturing methods and product costs have been considered and are presented with the result.
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Huertas, Dominguez Ana, and Bueno Maria del Pilar Perez. "ENTRY/EXIT IMPROVED SEAT FOR A PASSENGER’S CAR : Sliding Seat for Volvo S80." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6516.
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This thesis work is focused on the design of a mechanism for the passenger’s seat of a Volvo S80. This mechanism will facilitate the problems arised when somebody with limited mobility, either permanent or temporal, is entering or exiting the vehicle. The main aim is to obtain an affordable device that enhances the life of those with reduced mobility, but paying special attention to those who do not receive any kind of economical help from the government. The idea is to be able to move the seat to the outside of the car so that one can seat with no special effort. Then, the mechanism, manually, performs the movements to bring it back to the inside. The concept of being manual is to avoid electronic devices that will surely increase the cost. In this project, a possible design solution has been developed. A model was created with Autodesk Inventor 2012. The three basic positions of the mechanism were studied to determine the structural behavior of the product. For these studies, a load compensating the weight of a human was applied and the stresses and the deformation were analyzed by Finite Element Methods and the study was concluded when the safety factor was over 2.
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Al, Hayani Musab. "Offline Programming of Robots in Car Seat Production." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för automation och datateknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5415.
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Company Purtech in Dals-Ed manufactures molded polyurethane (PUR). Examples of products that include polyurethane are car seats. Robots are used to fill the molds with PUR and to apply the release agent (wax) in the empty molds. Turning from online programming into a graphical offline programming of release agent spraying robots is going to simplify the process by: Applying less of release agent to avoid polluting environment, to produce an easier removal of moulds, for the sake of homogeneous moulds and for economical saving in the cost of release agent Adaption of spraying paths to variation in production speed. Programming of complex spraying trajectories to deal with sharp geometrical subsurface Decreasing onsite programming time (when program a new workpiece or modify an old one); so that robots would be free for production. While turning into offline programming brought the challenges of: Impact of variation in the production speed Lack of 3D models of workcell’s equipments Robot joint configuration when paths and robtargets are in move. Physical Joint limits, Singularities & Reach limits Collisions within the cell space. At the end, the following objectives are successfully met: Adaption of spraying programs to variation in production speed by developing and embedding a method in those programs. Graphical offline generation of spraying trajectories and optimization of those trajectories to the Purtech condition of spraying allowed time for each carrier. Simulation of release agent spraying process; and producing of a well structured RAPID program that reflect the simulated process.
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Abdollahifakhr, Hamon, and Ceyhun Sengul. "AUTOMATIC DESIGN OF WIRING PATTERN FOR CAR SEAT HEATERS." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13968.
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This projects aims to develop design automation in product development. Design automation causes increase in producibility and decrease in product cost and manufacturing lead time. The study at hand is proposed to provide a new method and to introduce procedure to the design of wiring pattern for a car seat heater for Kongsberg Automotive, KA. KA is a Norwegian company and a global provider of engineering, design, and manufacture for seat comfort, driver and motion control systems, fluid assemblies, and industrial driver interface products. The method that currently is used in the company to create a wiring pattern is neither sufficient enough nor automated. In order to design the wiring pattern, at first procedure is handled by the designer. Secondly, car seat heater 2D layout is imported and then, the dimensions of the elements are defined as constraints. Then VBA codes are opened and the program is run. The result will be a wiring pattern in different 2D layouts. To make the design process easier, we have modeled five different layouts; wiring pattern of one element, two elements, three elements, five elements (with two back sides) and one element trapezoidal 2D layout. The algorithm written in VBA (Visual basic for application) creates the pattern according to the dimensions of the elements which are used as inputs to define constrained parameters. The created macros are simple to use and easy to modify, independent from the programming knowledge. The user is only responsible with parameter input and running the program. The solution gives wiring pattern for a car seat heater.
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JUNIOR, WILSON DE MORAES NOBRE. "THE REAR CAR SEAT SAFETY BELT: AN ERGONOMIC APPROACH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6332@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOEsta dissertação tem como hipótese que as deficiências de projeto do cinto e do habitáculo traseiros dos automóveis de passeio, do ponto de vista ergonômico, causam desconforto e constrangimento no uso ordinário do cinto de segurança, provocando seu uso errado, sua rejeição, e sujeitando os passageiros, em caso de acidentes, a lesões e à morte. Sobre a importância do uso do cinto, especialmente o do banco traseiro, se explica o conceito e a magnitude das forças envolvidas na proteção dos ocupantes de um veículo. Se mostra que a história da legislação do cinto está muito relacionada com a evolução do produto, exceto no Brasil. Faz-se uma análise do ergodesign dos componentes do cinto, seus complementos e suplementos, em particular do ergodesign destes no habitáculo traseiro dos carros mais vendidos. As entrevistas com vítimas de acidentes no banco traseiro, com taxistas e com o bombeiro aposentado serviram de apoio para a confirmação da hipótese. O registro, em vídeo, do comportamento real dos passageiros, em conjunto com as respostas dos questionários aplicados aos mesmos, também ratificaram boa parte dos problemas ergonômicos detectados nesse estudo, cujas principais causas são: ausência de dispositivo emergencial de soltura, ausência do dispositivo retrator, ausência do dispositivo pré- tensionador, falta de mais pontos de ancoragem (fixação) do cinto, e presença do ocupante central. Conclui-se que, para reduzir lesões e mortes dos usuários de automóvel, nos corriqueiros acidentes, é urgente estender as boas soluções de alguns carros a todos os demais e reformular a respectiva legislação.
This study is developed based on the hypothesis that the deficiencies of project of the package for the automobile`s rear passengers, as well as of the rear seat safety-belt itself, from the ergonomic point of view, cause discomfort and constrain people to its usual use. Therefore, its rejection or misuse have been subjecting the passengers to injuries and even to death, in case of accidents. Concerning the importance of the safety-belt`s use, especially at the rear seat, the concept and the magnitude of all forces involved toward the protection of the occupants of a vehicle are explained. The legislation history of safety belts is very related with the evolution of the product, except in Brazil. An analysis is done about the ergodesign of the safety-belt`s components, its complements and supplements; and particularly its ergodesign in the rear passengers package of the best selling automobiles in the market. Interviews with taxi-drivers, a pensioner fireman and victims of accidents who were at rear seat, became to support the confirmation of the hypothesis. The video recording of the real behaviour of passengers, in addition to the answers of a questionnaire applied to each one of them, had also ratified part of the ergonomic problems detected in this study, which main causes are: absence of emergency release device, absence of the retrator device, absence of the pretensioner device, lacks of more points of anchorage for the belt and the presence of a central occupant in the rear seat of a vehicle. Therefore, we conclude that to reduce injuries and deaths of the automobile users, in current accidents, it is urgent to extend the good solutions for the safety belt of some cars to all of them and to remodel its respective legislation.
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Leijon, Markus. "du&jag - The car seat for you and me." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen Designhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92067.
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Car seats for smaller children, offers very good protection incase of a collision. Unfortunately for the parents’ sake , these car seats is heavy to handle outside the car. For example back and forth home and short errands around town. In other words, all those times when you decide to just take out the car seat and carry it instead of place the baby in a baby carrier. By analyzing where and how the car seat is being used. How best to carry heavier loads up to about 15 kg as a car seat with the child can weigh and by taking into account the child ’s and the parents anatomy. This work led to a concept on how this problem can be solved. Various technical principle solutions have been developed and evaluated. The chosen solution has then been further developed by various design approaches where form and expression has been the important part. The main body of the new solution is a softer inner which you lifts out when you leave the car. The baby sits in a carrier that the parent carries in front of their body. Remaining in the car is a chair-like base with ”click” fasteners that lock the softer part in place when it´s placed in the car, with the baby in it. The major benefits of solving it this way is that the baby is carried in front of the body without oblique loaded lifting on the spine. While the solution also itself weighs several pounds less than the current car seats. It also frees the parents both hands by carrying the child this way. All this leads to a gentler living for the parents.
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Mora, Fontelles Alejandro. "Concept Development of a Recliner Mechanism for a Car Seat." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192840.
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Nowadays, there are more and more regulations regarding the emissions of greenhouse gases. The automotive sector is directly affected by new standards enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in America and by European regulations in Europe that are forcing car manufacturers to produce more efficient cars. Different ways exist to increase the efficiency of a car and thus reduce the CO2 emissions. One known strategy to improve fuel economy in vehicles is by weight reduction. Consequently, car manufacturers are seeking out new companies that can supply them with lighter car components. Here is where VA Automotive enters the picture, as a car seat manufacturer that is willing to improve their product by reducing the weight of its various components. This study deals with the development of a new recliner design that demonstrates improvements in terms of weight, size and performance compared to the current solution used at VA Automotive. A common product development methodology has been developed to reach the final recliner design which went through the following steps. First of all, a benchmarking technique was adopted to gather as much data as possible from the competitors’ products. Then, a list of target values for the product specifications was defined as a guideline for the development of the product. The next step was to generate several concepts of recliner’s mechanism that were suitable to improve the design from VA Automotive. After that, a Pugh decision matrix was used to select the best alternative between the concepts generated previously. The optimal concept was further developed by generating four design alternatives that were analyzed in terms of manufacturing, assembly, weight and size by using the Lucas DFMA method. Finally some simulations were run for one of the designs in order to check the structural performance of the mechanism and prove this way that the new recliner design meets the requirements. When comparing the new design alternatives with the design from VA Automotive, it was noticed that all the new designs except one presented a lower manufacturing cost index. Moreover, for all of the alternatives of the new recliner design, the weight was reduced by more than 56% compared to the recliner used at VA Automotive. Finally, by means of FEM simulations it was demonstrated that by choosing the right material the new recliner design was able to meet the structural requirements.
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Cooke, Daniel Benjamin. "Design and Optimization of a Self-powered Thermoelectric Car Seat Cooler." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83374.
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It is well known that the seats in a parked vehicle become very hot and uncomfortable on warm days. A new self-powered thermoelectric car seat cooler is presented to solve this problem. This study details the design and optimization of such a device. The design relates to the high level layout of the major components and their relation to each other in typical operation. Optimization is achieved through the use of the ideal thermoelectric equations to determine the best compromise between power generation and cooling performance. This design is novel in that the same thermoelectric device is utilized for both power generation and for cooling. The first step is to construct a conceptual layout of the self-powered seat cooler. Using the ideal thermoelectric equations, an analytical model of the system is developed. The model is validated against experimental data and shows good correlation. Through a non-dimensional approach, the geometric sizing of the various components is optimized. With the optimal design found, the performance is evaluated using both the ideal equations and though use of the simulation software ANSYS. The final design consists of a flat absorber plate embedded into the car seat with a thermoelectric attached to the back. A finned heat sink is used to cool the thermoelectric. The device is shown to generate enough power to provide a reasonable temperature drop in the seat.Master of Science
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Zheng, Chun Hua 1978. "Inchworm car seat drive : designing a linear actuator that mimics inchworm motion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29738.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 67).
A continuing goal in the automobile seat drive industry is to design lighter, smaller, more economical seat drives that offer excellent long-term performance. The way to achieve this goal is to minimize the number of parts and part complexity while meeting all safety and functional requirements. Current seat drives which use motorized lead screws are large and heavy. An alternative solution that the industry is exploring to replace the lead screw seat drive is a simple linear actuator. The goal of this project is to design an inchworm motion linear actuator that may be used as part of the seat drive system to provide fore-aft motion. The resulting final design is a simple system that consists of two modules, an actuation module and a clamping module. The actuation module is a simple motor-wobble plate assembly and the clamping module consists of spring-loaded jamming plates. The final prototype succeeded in inching the shaft forward in one direction, but failed at shifting directions. This failure can be remedied in future work by the introduction of an actuation guide plate as well as the more accurate and detailed machining of components.
by Chun hua Zheng.
S.B.
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Malowicki, Mark. "Active Vibration Isolation Using an Induced Strain Actuator with Application to Automotive Seat Suspensions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9640.
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The characteristics of an automotive passenger seat in response to vibrational excitations are examined and an active vibration isolation system incorporating smart materials is designed, built, and tested. Human sensitivity to vibration is discussed. Characteristics of road roughness are discussed and used to implement a representative test input to a passenger seat system. extsc{Matlab} is used to model the car seat and vehicle system with four degrees of freedom to determine actuator requirements. Selection and implementation of a low--profile, prestressed piezoceramic device into an active seat suspension system is described, and experimental results of the actuator assembly performance are presented. Vibration isolation is realized in an experimental setup representing one quarter of a seat and passenger's total mass, using one actuator assembly (representing one corner of the seat suspension).
For an input power spectrum representative of a passenger vehicle environment, the smart material actuator assembly, as applied to a quarter seat experimental setup, is proven to be capable of isolating vibration with an isolation frequency of 2Hz and no resonant peak, versus 6Hz and a resonant peak of 2g/g for an actual passenger seat tested.Master of Science
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Posner, George. "Do Seat Belt Laws Drive Up Insurance Premiums?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/423.
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If you have to wear a seat belt when you drive, are you safer? Intuitively, it may seem that the answer is yes. After all, if you are wearing a seat belt and get in an accident, you are half as likely to die, and 62% of fatal accident victims were not wearing seat belts at the time of accident. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration, the Governors' Highway Safety Administration, and many other organizations highly recommend wearing seat belts. The NHTSA claims that in 2010 alone, approximately 12,500 deaths were prevented by seat belt use alone. Seat belt laws clearly reduce the chance of death to vehicle occupants in a given auto accident.
In response to these findings, the federal government has made the release of highway funds to states contingent on the passage of state laws mandating seat belt adoption. Laws mandating seat belt use, along with extensive campaigns to raise public awareness, have caused seat belt use to rise from 69% in 1998 to 88% in 2009. As of this writing, laws mandating the use of seat belts when driving have been passed in every state save New Hampshire. Intuitively, this should make roads safer because seat belts make an accident more survivable.
Does wearing a seat belt, however, make that accident more likely to occur in the first place? If a driver wears a seat belt now and I didn't before, does he feel safe enough to take more risk? In this paper, I examine this question using insurance premiums as a proxy for the likelihood of an accident. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 offers background information, including a framework with which to interpret a driver’s actions and a review of the relevant literature. Section 3 contains details on the data analyzed. Section 4 covers the results of my preliminary data analysis, model specifications, and robustness checks. Section 5 concludes.
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Öhman, Tanja. "Flexible touch screen for Rear Seat Entertainment." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5328.
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Rapporten beskriver förslag på framtidens ”Rear Seat Entertainment” som baseras på användning av pekskärm, istället för de DVD-baserade TV-skärmar som finns i t ex Volvo S80 i dagsläget. Projektet utfördes som ett examensarbete inom integrerad produktutveckling vid Högskolan i Skövde. Syftet med arbetet var att hitta lösningar som möjliggör användning av ”touchteknik” som kräver armavstånd till displayen. Arbetet delades upp i tre delar där val av pekskärmsenhet (inbyggd eller mobil), positionering av pekskärmen i bilen enligt ergonomiska rekommendationer, samt anpassning för olika stora personer inkluderade barn och utformning av infästningselement har utvecklats. Arbete inleddes med litteraturstudier om interaktion av pekbaserade interface, målgruppsundersökningar, sammanställning av marknadsundersökningar, trendanalyser samt ergonomiska förutsättningar och miljöutvärderingar. För idégenereringen användes kreativa och systematiserade metoder. Urval av idéer skedde i samråd med Volvo och med hjälp av en konceptvalsmatris. Det slutliga konceptet baseras på användningen av mobila pekskärmsenheter. Dessa motsvarar bäst de i dagsläget ställda kriterierna på användning, ekonomi, miljö och flexibilitet. Dessutom erhålls en enklare mjuk- och hårdvaruuppdatering. Positionering av pekskärmar i bilens baksäte gjordes med hjälp av ergonomiska rekommendationer samt databaserade beräkningar och simuleringar. Utformning av infästningselementen anpassades till kravspecifikationen och resulterade i ett fäste som håller fast enheten med hjälp av permanentmagneter som byggs in i ett infästningselement på stolens baksida och ett i fodralet för surfplattan. Arbetet har lett till skärmar som enkelt kan fästas med magnetkrafter.
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Kruithof, Aernout. "Emotional Effects Of Car Passenger Activities On Physiology And Comfort: An Empirical Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615166/index.pdf.
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There are lots of elements involved in the design of a car. This study, which is inspired by the brief of BMW group, explores the seating unit of cars with regard to prototypical activities, such as, listening to music, working, looking outside etc. The current study proposes that these external stimuli have an effect on comfort experience and felt emotions. So, this study explores the relationship between types of music and activities typically performed by car passengers and emotion and comfort perception, through performing a within subject design empirical study. A car seat provided by BMW group was used to test the above mentioned relationships. Data was collected through a self-report questionnaire, heart rate equipment, a pressure mat and analyzed separately for each condition. Results of the study show that there is a successful emotion induction by task and music individually, and partly on task*music interaction. A comparison of congruent and non-congruent situations, i.e. high arousal music and high arousal task or low arousal music and low arousal task, showed that differences occur in subjects&rsquoreported level of arousal. Furthermore, the results of the study indicated that comfort is related to valance factors, independent of arousal levels. Lastly, physiological measurements showed that only task has a significant effect on heart rate, implicating for the complexity of linking physiological data to emotion and comfort.
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Sekonyela, Malira Patience. "Integrating Lesotho economy into the regional automotive value chain : manufacturing of car-seat covers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17421.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThe purpose of this study was to analyse the Automotive Industry in Southern Africa, to assess how best Lesotho can contribute to this supply chain. This analysis was done to better understand the sector, to identify Lesotho's potential to produce car seat covers for South African automotive assembly plants, and find the best trade policies and programmes to support value chains in the sector. The plan was to assess the possibility for Lesotho made automotive components manufacturers to supply the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs - the main automotive assembly plants), and use the South African Automotive Industry as the entry point for the Lesotho components to penetrate the Regional Automotive Value Chain. The main focus of this study was the manufacturing of car-seat covers to supply the seven Original Equipment Manufacturers namely: Volkswagen, BMW, Renault, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler, Ford and Mercedes Benz. The impact of Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP) and Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP) on the industry was assessed. The impact of the APDP on relocation of components manufacturers to other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries was assessed, Lesotho being used as a case study. It set out to find out if Lesotho firms have the potential to contribute to the automotive value chains through manufacture of car seat covers.
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Khamis, Nor Kamaliana Binti [Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Schramm. "An integrated model for predicting driver’s discomfort while interacting with car seat and car controls / Nor Kamaliana Binti Khamis ; Betreuer: Dieter Schramm." Duisburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1155722779/34.
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Gyi, Diane E. "Driver discomfort : prevalence, prediction and prevention." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25294.
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This research is concerned with exploring the relationship between car driving and musculoskeletal troubles and following on from this investigating methods which could aid the automotive industry in the design and evaluation of car seats. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part I describes the development and results of an epidemiological survey undertaken with data obtained from two sample groups. Study 1 was an interview survey (based on the Nordic Questionnaire) of 600 members of the British public, randomly selected within the strata of age and gender. Study 2 used the same interview, but with two carefully chosen groups of police officers (n=200). The results indicated that car drivers (especially those who drove as part of their job) appeared to be at risk in terms of reported discomfort and sickness absence due to low back trouble. Evidence from this and other studies has also indicated that drivers with the most adjustable driving packages may benefit in terms of both reduced discomfort and reduced sickness absence. This provided the background for the subsequent research in Part II and some impetus for car manufacturers to consider health issues in the design of car workstations. Part II involved a series of three experiments designed to investigate methodologies which could be used by manufacturers to predict car seat discomfort The literature was reviewed to identify suitable predictive techniques which would be robust enough to provide information to the automotive industry in 'real world' situations. The technique of interface pressure measurement had already generated interest in some seat manufacturers and was therefore selected for investigation. As a result of the findings in experiment 1, established guidelines for a comfortable driving posture may need to be modified. The other two experiments were designed to create discomfort in subjects firstly by varying foam hardness and secondly by varying posture. A clear, simple and consistent relationship between interface pressure and discomfort in realistic driving situations was not identified. Future studies using this technique should provide information regarding such factors as gender, the body mass index, anthropometric data, posture and foam hardness due to the confounding nature of these variables.
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Van, der Westhuizen Moniqué. "Effect of vehicle vibration on healthy term infants : method and infant car seat vibration quantification." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79202.
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Even though infants are frequent vehicle travellers, little is known about the effect of vibrations on their comfort and health. Some studies have characterised the vibrational response of infant car seats, while others have focussed on the physiological responses of infants secured in infant car seats under varying operating conditions (stationary, vertically simulated or varying infant postures). The void identified in the current literature is - the relationship between in-vehicle multi-axis vibration input to a new-born infant seated in an infant car seat, and the resulting changes in posture and cardiorespiratory response of the infant. This study aims to form a basis for future studies seeking to investigate the effect of vehicle vibration on healthy, term infants by establishing a comprehensive method and investigating the multi-axis transmissibility of the infant car seat and subsequent vibration input that infants may experience during testing. The relationship between the responses of infants to vehicle vibration and the vibration frequencies, -magnitudes or -directions can be used to design infant car seats that not only provide protection in the event of a crash, but also promote the health of the infant under normal driving conditions.
A comprehensive method was developed for an investigation into the effect of vehicle vibrations on new-born infants. Aspects addressed in this method include quantifying the vibration input to the infant, tracking the infant’s change in posture and measuring their cardiorespiratory response.
As the proposed method relies on in-field testing, the road inputs and speed of the vehicle have been identified as aspects that may influence the vibration input to infants. The mission profile was selected such that it includes road inputs typically found during suburban driving. The vehicle speed was found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on the vibrational response of the vehicle body, and based on available difference thresholds, will be perceptible by adult occupants. Whether these differences will result in different responses between infants remains to be investigated. The transmissibility of the infant car seat was determined over the selected mission profile. Although frequencies could be identified where the infant car seat amplified the vibration input to infants, the coherencies determined for the in-vehicle measurements made it challenging to interpret the transfer functions obtained.
If the findings presented in this study are considered during investigations into the response of infants to vehicle vibration, a holistic approach will be followed which considers many of the aspects that may influence the observed responses. This should provide meaningful insight into the effect of vehicle vibration on the health of infants under normal driving conditions, as this effect has not been investigated before.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Mechanical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Remancus, Kelly. "Examining Venous Thromboembolism Post-Operative Orthopedic Care Using Electronic Order Sets." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3828.
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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious health concern of patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Analysis of the study site semiannual reports from January 2014 through March 2015 indicated 10 VTE events in 546 orthopedic cases. The community hospital was classed as an outlier performing in the bottom 10th percentile when compared to other hospitals. To standardize the ordering of VTE prophylaxis, the hospital developed a postoperative electronic VTE order set. The purpose of this project was to assess the difference in orthopedic VTE occurrences in the postoperative total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients before and after the implementation of the electronic VTE order set. The goal of the project was to use an electronic retrospective chart review to evaluate if the order set implementation influenced the adherence to ordering mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxis in the THA patient. Differences in the ordering of VTE prophylaxis and VTE outcomes were evaluated using a retrospective review of 325 preimplementation order set cases and 406 postimplementation order set cases. This evaluation demonstrated that appropriate pharmacological prophylaxis ordering increased and orthopedic VTE occurrences decreased after the standardized electronic order set was implemented. Social change occurred through the empowerment of clinicians when empirical evidence was provided for use at the point of care, which positively impacted patient outcomes undergoing a common surgical procedure. VTE is no longer considered a routine postoperative orthopedic complication as technology-enabled solutions have proven to be appropriate tools to combat and prevent postoperative VTE complications.
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Salgado, Roberto B. "Toward a quantum dynamics for causal sets." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available, full text:, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Ryndzionek, Roland. "New concept, implementation and analysis of the multicell piezoelectric motor for the control of the car seat position." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15755/1/Ryndzionek.pdf.
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The research works in the frame of the dissertation have been carried out with the cooperation between the University INP - ENSEEIHT - LAPLACE (Laboratory on Plasma and Conversion of Energy), Toulouse, France, and the Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Research Unit Power Electronics and Electrical Machines, Gdańsk, Poland. The main scope of the dissertation was following: development a novel concept, implementation and analysis of the multicell piezoelectric motor (MPM) for the control of the car seat position. The new concept of the MPM is based on a combined topology using the working principles of the traveling wave motor/actuator (known as the Shinsei motor), and the electromechanical structure of the rotating-mode motor/actuator. The electromechanical structure of each rotating-mode motor has been considered as an independent one – referred to as a "single cell". The application of the novel MPM for the control of the car seat position will reduce the number of gears due to its direct coupling with the driving/movement shaft of the seat positioning system. The achieved effects of a such integrated structure will be following: a higher efficiency, a lower noise of performance, a low cost of manufacturing, and in general a lower pollution of the environment. The preliminary dimensions and parameters of the prototype MPM have been verified using its developed analytical (geometrical) model and numerical methods (FEM). The prototype MPM has been manufactured. Finally, the laboratory measurements of the MPM prototype has been carried out.
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Zadrozny, Bianca. "Policy mining : learning decision policies from fixed sets of data /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3099556.
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James, Russell. "The impact of sects, rationality and human capital in religious charitable giving /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3052183.
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Pettersson, Josefine, and Johanna Colling. "Analysis of Customisation in a Modular System : Development of a New Seat Solution." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44747.
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Today there is a shift from mass production to mass customisation due to changing customer needs in the global market. This thesis report analyses customisation in a modular system through a case study in the truck industry with focus on development of a new seat solution. The customer requests showed a demand for one to two additional seats in the cab. In order to answer to various customer needs, companies implement modular product development principals which enables them to produce in a rapid speed, minimize costs, increase performance and produce a high mix of products. The established RQ:s were: RQ1: How do companies improve competitiveness by translating customer needs into technical requirements? RQ2: What are the challenges and possibilities when making changes in a modular system? The thesis followed the first steps in the product development process due to delimitations in time, scope, and research quality. The data was collected through a literature study, interviews with customers and archival records and documentations at the case company. The study resulted in two final concepts, namely a seat solution and a bench solution which answered to the customer need of one to two additional seats in the cab. A conclusion was that it is crucial for companies to understand the in-depth customer needs to provide higher customer value, which in turn can contribute to strengthen the companies’ competitiveness. The correct translation of customer needs to technical requirements is essential for the development of a modular system. Challenges and possibilities when making changes in a modular system was found to be design complexity along with opportunity to reuse existing components. Both the translation of customer needs and design decisions regarding a modular system is achieved in the earlier stages of the product development process. It is thus of high importance to translate the customer needs correctly and make thoughtful decisions of the modules in the modular system to ensure company competitiveness.
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Brannath, Werner, and Walter Schachermayer. "A bipolar theorem for $L^0_+(\Om, \Cal F, \P)$." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1688/1/document.pdf.
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A consequence of the Hahn-Banach theorem is the classical bipolar theorem which states that the bipolar of a subset of a locally convex vector pace equals its closed convex hull. The space $\L$ of real-valued random variables on a probability space $\OF$ equipped with the topology of convergence in measure fails to be locally convex so that - a priori - the classical bipolar theorem does not apply. In this note we show an analogue of the bipolar theorem for subsets of the positive orthant $\LO$, if we place $\LO$ in duality with itself, the scalar product now taking values in $[0, \infty]$. In this setting the order structure of $\L$ plays an important role and we obtain that the bipolar of a subset of $\LO$ equals its closed, convex and solid hull. In the course of the proof we show a decomposition lemma for convex subsets of $\LO$ into a "bounded" and "hereditarily unbounded" part, which seems interesting in its own right. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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Bleidorn, Christoph, Lars Podsiadlowski, Min Zhong, Igor Eeckhaut, Stefanie Hartmann, Kenneth M. Halanych, and Ralph Tiedemann. "On the phylogenetic position of Myzostomida : can 77 genes get it wrong?" Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4489/.
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Background:
Phylogenomic analyses recently became popular to address questions about deep
metazoan phylogeny. Ribosomal proteins (RP) dominate many of these analyses or are, in some cases, the only genes included. Despite initial hopes, hylogenomic analyses including tens to hundreds of genes still fail to robustly place many bilaterian taxa.
Results:
Using the phylogenetic position of myzostomids as an example, we show that phylogenies derived from RP genes and mitochondrial genes produce incongruent results. Whereas the former support a position within a clade of platyzoan taxa, mitochondrial data recovers an annelid affinity, which is strongly supported by the gene order data and is congruent with morphology. Using
hypothesis testing, our RP data significantly rejects the annelids affinity, whereas a platyzoan relationship is significantly rejected by the mitochondrial data.
Conclusion:
We conclude (i) that reliance of a set of markers belonging to a single class of macromolecular complexes might bias the analysis, and (ii) that concatenation of all available data might introduce conflicting signal into phylogenetic analyses. We therefore strongly recommend testing for data incongruence in phylogenomic analyses. Furthermore, judging all available data, we consider the annelid affinity hypothesis more plausible than a possible platyzoan affinity for myzostomids, and suspect long branch attraction is influencing the RP data. However, this hypothesis needs further confirmation by future analyses.
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Kern, Robert James (R J. ). "Symbol sets for mapping uncertainty: A case study in wildland fire response." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1427779.
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Jöbsis, Paul D. "Muscle oxygenation and blood flow during submersion in ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and seals (phoca vitulina) /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9907822.
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Raphael, Benjamin J. "A computational investigation of spectral sets and rational dilations over multiply-connected domains /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3061636.
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Storlien, Hugh Lars Haakon, and Anton Davis Halldin. "Healthcare on the High Seas : A telemedical perspective on quality." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96112.
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The Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS) plays a vital role in medical care at sea by linking the medically responsible officers (MROs) on board with onshore physicians. This project aims to investigate telemedical providers’ perceptions of maritime health care quality today, as well as future potential improvements in this field. A qualitative methodology was chosen as its strength lies in focus on the processes – the people, situation and events that lead to certain outcomes. Semi-structured interviews with TMAS professional staff focused on current communication limitations, perceptions of overall care quality, and what developments, technological or otherwise, might improve healthcare at sea. Following interview transcription and coding against the aims, results with a good degree of consensus were as follows. Poor communication is clearly an issue. High speed data transmission would allow TMAS medical staff to directly observe and evaluate injured crew, and to direct MROs with greater certainty. A touchpad-based system to codify onboard pharmaceuticals was recommended. Standardised initial communication templates would save time and uncertainty and are congruent with how ship’s officers deal with many other situations. Given the difficulty MROs have with IV placement, a shift to intraosseous delivery was recommended. A smaller, more focused and integrated TMAS physician cohort in Sweden was suggested. Pulse oximeters, glucometers and defibrillators were seen as ‘must have’ items on board. Developments in point of care blood analysis, especially for detection of inflammation and infection, were seen as important to evaluate. As a general conclusion, progress could be made in improving onboard medical care via a collaboration between TMAS personnel, MROs, and maritime training staff. This would allow for dialogue on what changes to training and onboard equipment might be agreed now; what should be further evaluated; and a mechanism by which developments in communication, techniques, and portable analytic devices might be effectively implemented in the future.Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS) spelar en viktig roll i sjukvård till sjöss genom att sammanföra sjukvårdsansvariga sjöbefäl (MROs) med sjukvårdspersonal iland. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka uppfattningar hos landbaserad personal i TMAS-funktionen angående dagens vårdkvalitet inom sjöfarten, samt potentiella förbättringar inom området. En kvalitativ metod valdes då denna lämpar sig väl med hänsyn till att den fokuserar på processerna, vilka inbegriper individer, situationer, och händelser som leder till vissa utfall. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med TMAS-personal inriktades på rådande begränsningar inom kommunikation, vårdkvalitet ombord, samt hur framtidens teknik kan förbättra sjukvård till sjöss. Efter intervjutranskribering och kodning mot tre huvudfrågor har resultat med en hög grad av samstämmighet utkristalliserats. Bristfällig kommunikation är ett uppenbart problem. Dataöverföring med hög hastighet skulle tillåta konsulterande läkare att själv observera och utvärdera skadade besättningsmedlemmar, samt att instruera MROs med högre noggrannhet. Ett system baserat på pekplattor för effektiviserad hantering av mediciner ombord rekommenderades. Standardiserade mallar som stöd för initial patientrapportering skulle spara tid och förebygga osäkerhet, och skulle ligga väl i linje med hur fartygsbefäl hanterar många andra situationer ombord. Mot bakgrund av ombordanställdas besvär med att sätta intravenösa infarter, rekommenderades en övergång från intravenös till intraosseös läkemedelsadministrering. En mindre och mer integrerad arbetsgrupp på TMAS-avdelningen i Sverige föreslogs. Syremättnadsmätare, glukosmätare, och defibrillatorer ansågs vara oumbärliga tillbehör ombord. Utrustning för patientnära blodanalys, i synnerhet för att upptäcka inflammation och infektion sågs som viktigt att utvärdera vidare. Sammanfattningsvis pekar resultaten mot att framsteg inom sjukvård till sjöss kan främjas genom samarbete mellan TMAS-personal, sjukvårdsansvariga ombord, och kursansvariga för sjöfartsutbildningar. Ett sådant samarbete skulle möjliggöra en dialog om vilka förändringar avseende utbildning och utrustning ombord som kan implementeras i dagsläget, och vilka som kräver vidare granskning. Det hade även utgjort ett forum för vad som kan realiseras i framtiden beträffande kommunikation, tillvägagångssätt, och portabla analysverktyg.
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Lindquist, Mats. "Fatal car crash configurations and injury panorama : with special emphasis on the function of restraint system." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-976.
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Lim, Jeongsub. "Who sets the agenda? : intermedia agenda-setting between online wire service and online newspapers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420935.
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Skalník, Vít. "Analýza vlivu výrobních procesů na deformace kolejnic." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417076.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work is to assess the possibilities of using numerical simulation tools in the process of laser welding of the guide rail of a car seat. In the diploma thesis, a description of the components and the problem, which consists in the deformation of the groove of the guide rail, was made. A description was made of the manufacturing operations that the components go through. The positives of selected welding methods were evaluated and the choice of those used in production was justified. A description of the issues of laser welding, deformation and the use of simulation tools was made. The influence of individual production operations was evaluated in terms of the size and nature of deformations. Using the Visual – Mesh, Visual – Weld and Visual – Assembly simulation tools, which are products of the French company ESI Group, the same state of the simulated and real process was achieved. Subsequently, a proposal for the elimination of deformations and its verification using a simulation tool could be approached. The use of a spacer wedge, which acts on the most deformed places of the groove, was proposed. By its application, the resulting deformations were eliminated or significantly reduced. In the last part of the work, a technical and economic evaluation was made, taking into account the current global crisis and the important role of the automotive industry.
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Reitenbach, Markus. "A homological approach to differentiation algorithms and dimensions of finite type for representations of partially ordered sets." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Koluchová, Petra. "Design kočárku na elektrický pohon." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416655.
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This master´s thesis deals with a design of an electric stroller. This alternative means of transport for a parent and a child was designed based on a design and technical analysis. This product allows independent and fast movement in the city. Using the product requires an introduction of a new arrangement of streets, with designated communications for micromobility. Modern technologies are used in the concept of the designed product. The advantage of the design concept is that the product can be used as a classic electric scooter.
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Klein, Simon. "Avoiding the conjunction fallacy: Who can take a hint?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136847.
Full textAbstract:
Humans repeatedly commit the so called “conjunction fallacy”, erroneously judging the probability of two events occurring together as higher than the probability of one of the events. Certain hints have been shown to mitigate this tendency. The present thesis investigated the relations between three psychological factors and performance on conjunction tasks after reading such a hint. The factors represent the understanding of probability and statistics (statistical numeracy), the ability to resist intuitive but incorrect conclusions (cognitive reflection), and the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking (need-for-cognition). Participants (n = 50) answered 30 short conjunction tasks and three psychological scales. A bimodal response distribution motivated dichotomization of performance scores. Need-for-cognition was significantly, positively correlated with performance, while numeracy and cognitive reflection were not. The results suggest that the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking plays an important role for the capacity to avoid the conjunction fallacy after taking a hint. The hint further seems to neutralize differences in performance otherwise predicted by statistical numeracy and cognitive reflection.Människor begår ofta det så kallade ”konjuktionsfelslutet”, genom att felaktigt bedöma sannolikheten för sammanträffandet av två händelser som större än sannolikheten för en av händelserna. Vissa typer av ledtrådar har visat sig mildra denna tendens. Denna uppsats undersökte relationerna mellan tre psykologiska faktorer och prestation på konjunktionsuppgifter efter att ha läst en sådan ledtråd. Faktorerna motsvarade förståelsen för sannolikhet och statistik (statistisk räknefärdighet, eng., statistical numeracy), förmågan att motstå intuitiva men felaktiga slutsatser, (kognitiv reflektion, eng., cognitive reflection), samt viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande (behov-av-tänkande, eng., need-for-cognition). Deltagare (n = 50) besvarade 30 korta konjunktionsuppgifter och tre psykologiska mätskalor. En bimodal svarsfördelning motiverade dikotomisering av resultaten. Behov-av-tänkande var signifikant, positivt korrelerat med prestation, vilket varken räknefärdighet eller kognitiv reflektion var. Resultaten tyder på att viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande spelar en viktig roll i förmågan att undvika konjunktionsfelslutet efter att ha fått en ledtråd. Ledtråden verkar också neutralisera skillnader i prestation som annars uppstår på grund av räknefärdighet och kognitiv reflektion.