Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caractérisation magnétique'
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Basly, Brice. "Conception et caractérisation de nano-objets magnétiques pour l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM)." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/BASLY_Brice_2010.pdf.
Full textFunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted an increasing interest as contrast agents for MRI. However, challenges remain to overcome: to optimize the functionalization of nanoparticles without affecting their magnetic properties while ensuring their biocompatibility and stealth in the human body, to prevent desorption of the grafted molecules under in vivo conditions, to ensure a small particle size distribution below 100 nm… In this context, we propose a novel strategy which involves the grafting, at the surface of NPs, of dendritic molecules (favoring the suspensions stability by steric hindrance and constituting a platform for the grafting of functional molecules) via a phosphonate coupling agent (allowing a direct grafting and a stronger binding) to develop innovative and competitive contrast agents. Thus, NPs with an average size of 10 nm were synthesized by two methods: co-precipitation and thermal decomposition. Three hydrophilic oligoethyleneglycol-based dendrons displaying a phosphonic acid at the focal point and three biocompatible chains (oligoethylene glycol) bearing functional groups such as COOH or NH2 were designed. The grafting conditions have been adapted according to the NPs and dendron natures. Numerous characterizations of the nanoparticles and their suspensions showed the preservation of the NPs magnetic and structural properties after the grafting step. Relaxivity measurements, in vivo tests and MRI measurements have shown the great potential of these dendronized nanoparticles for MRI
Pétronille, Marie. "Contribution à la caractérisation du type d'occupation des sols à partir des propriétés magnétiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0011.
Full textSince the works of Le Borgne in the 1950s, the study of the magnetic properties of soils showed that it could not only report the structure of the subsoil by implementing methods of prospecting, but also allow to identify pedological or anthropological processes affecting the behavior of the different horizons of a soil. Our study joins in the continuity of these works: it is about the use of the magnetic properties of soils to better characterize the cultural processes to which they were able to be subjected, called anthropisation. That's why we studied both pristine and archaeological sites situated for four of them in France, against one in Bavaria. The studies in laboratory were completed as much as possible by field measurements. They concerned transposable measurements in prospecting (magnetic susceptibility and viscosity, by frequency dependence or in time-domain), as well as practicable measurements that can only be carried out in laboratory (conversion rate with regard to a maximal susceptibility, thermomagnetic curves and hysteresis loops). The chemical analyses include the measurements of the rate of carbon and organic matters, and these of phosphates and iron, as well as analyses with MEB and electron microprobe. Our work allowed a categorization in three different classes for the modifications of the magnetic signal of soils : (i) a class “horizon A” dominated by the bacterial activity, characterized by a peak at 500°C on thermomagnetic curves, a high enough relative viscosity and a conversion rate relatively low; (ii) a class “heated soils” where the heating results in an absence of peak at 50°C, both strong susceptibility and viscosity, and a relatively strong conversion rate ; (iii) a class “ metallurgical residues of iron” where, if the values of susceptibility can be very high, the relative viscosity is very low
Almanza, Morgan. "La réfrigération magnétique : conceptualisation, caractérisation et simulation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT105/document.
Full textMagnetic refrigeration is a relevant alternative in consideration of environmental restrictions of refrigerants gases. These restrictions require to improve the current technology or to pave the way for a new one, hence the opportunity for magnetic refrigeration to demonstrate its potential. Indeed, it could be energetically efficient and with higher power densities. This work aims to estimate the potential of magnetic refrigeration. Magnetism and thermodynamic, essential tools for our study, are developed in a case of magnetocaloric effect. With some care, we show that material characterizations are able to give consistence and relevant model. Magnetocaloric effect suffers of small temperature variations; therefore structures that increase the temperature span and give competitive system are studied. Finally numerical models are developed to optimize active magnetic regenerators, which are currently the most used. These models are used to calculate and design systems close to their optimum
Canou, Aurélien. "Caractérisation de l'Environnement Magnétique de la Couronne Solaire." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/64/92/15/PDF/thesis_main.pdf).
Full textThe magnetic field is known to play a major role in the structure and dynamic of the solar corona. However, it cannot be directly measured in the three dimensional (3D) space but only on the Sun's surface (called photosphere) and provided as a vector magnetogram. Using these maps with the only assumption that the field is force-free, one is able to reconstruct the magnetic field in a 3D domain. In the framework of this thesis, the magnetic field reconstruction has been applied to three different topics of solar physics. First, the emergence of a magnetic structure across the photosphere has been studied. Based on the data measured by the telescope THEMIS in September 2005, the reconstruction highlights the presence of a twisted flux rope in equilibrium as the pre-eruptive magnetic config- uration. The second study focuses on the determination of the magnetic structure supporting the cold matter of a filament. Some data, measured in April 2007 by Hinode, has been used and it has been shown that the underlying magnetic structure of the filament was a twisted flux rope in a stable equilibrium state. The last study deals with the evolution of an emerging active region, from which an eruption originated in December 2006. The sequence of reconstructions shows the creation and expansion of a twisted flux rope, followed by its disappearance after the eruption takes place. Possible mechanisms for its eruption are discussed. This work clearly shows the crucial role played by the twisted flux rope to better understand both the studied solar phenomena and the link between the observations and the theories
Canou, Aurélien. "Caractérisation de l'Environnement Magnétique de la Couronne Solaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00649215.
Full textOzenne, Valéry. "Caractérisation des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828597.
Full textLegait, Ulrich. "Caractérisation et modélisation magnétothermique appliquée à la réfrigération magnétique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612428.
Full textBouchard, Jonathan. "Caractérisation d'un régénérateur ferromagnétique poreux utilisé en réfrigération magnétique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1835.
Full textLee, Sang-Goog. "Réalisation et caractérisation d'un capteur magnétique en couche mince." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES050.
Full textAzzouz, Yacine. "Nouvelle méthode de caractérisation des tôles magnétiques en champ tournant." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30089.
Full textTillier, Jérémy. "Films Ni-Mn-Ga et mémoire de forme magnétique : Elaboration et caractérisation des propriétés structurales et magnétiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553096.
Full textWagner, Mathilde. "Carcinome hépatocellulaire : diagnostic et caractérisation par imagerie par résonance magnétique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC101.
Full textImaging allows HCC diagnosis without histological examination in case of typical imaging appearance (association of hypervascularization and washout). However this appearance is not sensitive for the diagnosis of early HCC. We showed the potential of functional imaging for characterization of nodules in the cirrhotic liver. In a rat model of multinodular cirrhosis, the diffusion MRI technique with oscillating gradients (OGSE), performed ex vivo, showed potential for identification of high grade dysplastic nodules and well differentiated HCC. The classic diffusion technique with pulsed gradients (PGSE) was able to separate HCC according to histological grade. The viscoelastic properties of HCC, evaluated by magnetic resonance elastrography in the same rat model and in patients, are different from those of the cirrhotic liver. The increase of loss modulus in HCC only in vivo suggests the importance of perfusion in determining mecanical properties. We have also shown that the delayed venous phase allowed superior washout detection compared to the portal venous phase in HCC explored by MRI. The inter-observer agreement was moderate. Finally, we have shown that viable tumor regions within liver tumors could be differentiated from fibrotic and necrotic regions by measuring the pure diffusion coefficient D, but not the apparent diffusion coefficient ADC, suggesting the applicability of D in tumor characterization and monitoring after treatment
Leclerc, Julien. "Méthodes et outils de caractérisation électrique et magnétique des supraconducteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005608.
Full textLeclerc, Julien. "Méthodes et outils de caractérisation électrique et magnétique des supraconducteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0208.
Full textThe development of new superconducting materials and of new cables manufacturing processes such as YBaCuO films, allow to consider new application or to improve their performances. For the study of industrial applications, it is necessary to know the electromagnetic characteristics of these new materials. For superconductors, the difficulty lies in the reconstruction of the local electric law E(J), from measurements. This thesis therefore consists in the developing theoretical and experimental tools for characterization of high temperature superconductors. The work has mainly been carried out on two methods: - the MB method, which consists in making measurements on a coil and then extracting the properties of the superconducting tape. - the field mapping, based on the measurement of a map of the magnetic flux density. These methods have been tested and validated both experimentally and theoretically
Rocher, Vincent. "Synthèse et caractérisation de billes d'alginate magnétiques pour l'élimination de polluants organiques dans les effluents par séparation magnétique." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066504.
Full textRocher, Vincent. "Synthèse et caractérisation de billes d?alginate magnétiques pour l'élimination de polluants organiques dans les effluents par séparation magnétique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346240.
Full textDesmarest, Cyrille. "Propriétés électromagnétiques de matériaux superparamagnètiques : préparation, et caractérisation magnétique et optique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000VERSA011.
Full textCamus, Lydie. "Caractérisation par résonance magnétique nucléaire à l'état solide de silices hybrides." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066415.
Full textBoukadir, Saïd. "Caractérisation par résonance magnétique nucléaire des noyaux quadrupolaires à l'état solide." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10100.
Full textSiberchicot, Bruno. "Caractérisation physique et chimique de nouveaux matériaux particulaires dérivés de Fe₄N pour l'enregistrement magnétique de haute densité." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10586.
Full textSarno, Thomas. "Caractérisation sécuritaire des mémoires magnétiques MRAM." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0796.
Full textMRAM (magnetoresistive RAM) is an emergent non-volatile memory technology; it has the particularity to store data in magnetic moments orientations. It has very interesting characteristics that overwhelm mature technologies on several points. Crocus Technology is developing a new MRAM technology called TAS-MRAM (for Thermally Assisted Switching). During write operations, this new MRAM technology uses a current to heat the memory cell. This reduces the power consumption and makes scalability easier. TAS-MRAM are developed for secure or critical applications but this technology relies on spintronic, a field of physics not much studied for electronics security.This work aims to evaluate potential security weaknesses of this technology. More specifically the memory capacity to guarantee data confidentiality was studied. This work was divided in two parts; one part is dedicated to the analysis of MRAM resistance against physical perturbations, with a special focus on magnetic fields (both static and pulsed) effects on read and write operations as well as their effects on data retention. Various methods to reduce these effects were tested and compared. The effect of high temperature was also studied.The second part focuses on the analysis of electromagnetic emissions of the MRAM components during its operations. Methods to retrieve the Hamming weight of data written in the memory are exposed and compared
Dkhil, Mohamed. "Modélisation, caractérisation et commande d'un système microrobotique magnétique à l'interface air/liquide." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066212.
Full textIn recent years research laboratories have shown an increasing interest for non-contact actuation systems at micrometer scale. These systems control both the displacement and the orientation of the objects using remote force fields. They are of major interest in confined spaces in which traditional approaches based on robotic grippers are not suitable. In addition high manipulation throughputs can be reached due to the low inertia of these systems. Several physical principles can be considered as the actuation source. Among them a special attention is given to magnetic forces due to the high forces that can be applied to the objects. A large amount of work has been carried out on magnetic actuation systems for manipulation in liquid environments. However velocities are limited by viscous effects. A few studies are reported on magnetic systems in ambient environments. However repeatability is decreased by adhesion forces between the substrate and the objects. This work proposes an original approach with a good trade off between low viscous effects and high repeatability based on the use of a specific environment: the air/liquid interface. This thesis presents the modelling, the characterization, the performance analysis and the control of a magnetic actuation system at the air/liquid interface for applications at the micrometer scale
Beuf, Olivier. "IRM et biomatériaux prothétiques : caractérisation magnétique et interface avec les tissus vivants." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10017.
Full textDubourg, Sébastien. "Elaboration et caractérisation magnétique de bicouches NiO-Co : étude du couplage d'échange." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0013.
Full textMantilla, Jauregui Juan José. "Caractérisation de pathologies cardiaques en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique par approches parcimonieuses." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S073/document.
Full textThis work concerns the use of sparse representation and Dictionary Learning (DL) in order to get insights about the diseased heart in the context of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Specifically, this work focuses on 1) assessment of Left Ventricle (LV) wall motion in patients with heart failure and 2) fibrosis detection in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In the context of heart failure (HF) patients, the work focuses on LV wall motion analysis in cardiac cine-MRI. The first contribution in this topic is a feature extraction method that exploits the partial information obtained from all temporal cardiac phases and anatomical segments in a spatio-temporal representation from sequences cine-MRI in short-axis view. These features correspond to spatio-temporal profiles in different anatomical segments of the LV. The proposed representations exploit information of the LV wall motion without segmentation needs. Three representations are proposed : 1) diametrical spatio-temporal profiles where radial motions of LV’s walls are observed at the same time in opposite anatomical segments 2) radial spatiotemporal profiles where motion of LV’s walls is observed for each segment of the LV cavity and 3) quantitative parameters extracted from the radial spatio-temporal profiles. A second contribution involves the use of these features as input atoms in the training of discriminative dictionaries to classify normal or abnormal regional LV motion. We propose two levels of evaluation, a first one where the global status of the subject (normal/pathologic) is used as ground truth to label the proposed spatio-temporal representations, and a second one where local strain information obtained from 2D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE), is taken as ground truth to label the proposed features, where a profile is classified as normal or abnormal (akinetic or hypokinetic cases). In the context of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), we address the problem of fibrosis detection in Late Gadolinium Enhanced LGE-Short axis (SAX) images by using a sparse-based clustering approach and DL. In this framework, random image patches are taken as input atoms in order to train a classifier based on the sparse coefficients obtained with a DL approach based on kernels. For a new test LG-SAX image, the label of each pixel is predicted by using the trained classifier allowing the detection of fibrosis. A subsequent postprocessing step allows the spatial localization of fibrosis that is represented according to the American Heart Association (AHA) 17-segment model and a quantification of fibrosis in the LV myocardium
Kurtz, Samuel. "Caractérisation et limitation des biais de mesure de l’élastographie par résonance magnétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS023.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) is an adapted technique of MRI for non-invasive and in vivo characterization of mechanical properties of living tissues. MRE typically involves identifying properties associated with a displacement field induced by the propagation of shear waves in the tissue medium. The fundamental interest of MRE relies in the strong contrast of the mechanical properties of soft tissues, which are relevant biomarkers for the detection and staging of pathological processes. Since its introduction in the late 1990s, MRE has established itself as a versatile medical imaging modality providing quantitative maps of the soft tissues viscoelasticity. The field of applications of MRE is vast, and the gradual growth of this technique in a clinical setting testifies to its significant interest.However, the high degree of interdisciplinarity of MRE, and the resulting interactions between actors from different communities, represent a barrier to its development. The absence of rigorous methods for integrating measurement biases is an illustrative example of this problem. This thesis work is built around addressing this bias problem.The first axis is motivated by the need to characterize biases related to MRI measurements. To do this, an optical slicing tomography device and a digital volume correlation procedure are adapted to provide three-dimensional harmonic kinematic field measurements. The validation of the device is tested by analyzing the fields obtained on different phantom materials. The consideration of different sources of measurement errors and the diversity of measurable fields make this device a metrological tool for measuring such kinematic fields in an MRI environment.The second axis focuses on limiting the impact of measurement errors in the identification model. To achieve this, a coupled formulation of the direct adjoint problem that underlies MRE is implemented in a subzone decomposition-based identification algorithm for a nearly-incompressible, isotropic, viscoelastic model. This specific formulation relies on the presence of a complementary field to avoid the indirect influence of measurement errors through their application as Dirichlet-type boundary conditions which are particularly abundant considering the subzone decomposition of the problem. It is thus demonstrated that the non-consideration of the boundary conditions contributes significantly to the quality of identifications.The developments presented in this work are compared to several studies on reconstructions of mechanical properties of in silico data, phantoms, and in vivo human brain. These applications provide a detailed evaluation of the stability gains of the algorithm and establish new standards for driving the spatial resolution of identifications in MRE. These developments are particularly useful for validating preclinical MRE studies
Ledieu, Marc. "Contribution à la caractérisation : hyperfréquence des matériaux." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4025.
Full textAdvances in microwave material characterization using transmission line and free space techniques are presented. Single-coil perturbation measurement of thin ferromagnetic films is studied. International cross-measurements provide a first step in the technique validation. By the design of new reference samples based on meta-materials, we improved the apparatus calibration process. As magnetic materials may be mechanical stress sensitive, we developed coaxial cells to measure the permeability spectra of ferrite under compressive stress. Experimental validation of the cells is presented. Finally, a microwave near-field measurement technique is used to obtain a non-destructive imaging of material properties. We demonstrated the ability of our approach to detect and quantify local dispersions of electromagnetic properties
Benyoubi, Fethi. "Caractérisation en champ proche des émissions rayonnées de boitiers de blindage électromagnétique." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4004/document.
Full textThe increased use of on-board electronics and the electrification of the transport means (automobile, ..) makes critical the problems of electromagnetic interference which can cause a dysfunction of the system. In order to reduce these disturbances, designers are resorting more and more to modeling since the design phase. Among the disturbances to be reduced are electromagnetic radiation. Physical modeling of this problem type in digital simulators is becoming more and more complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to have simple models for reconstructing the field radiated by sources of disturbances. The work carried out in the first part has allowed the establishment of models to reproduce the radiation of power electronics devices. Several approaches based on elementary dipole have been implemented using the near-field measurement. These different approaches have been compared and validated on real applications (power converters). In the second part, our study is on the use of these models in order to predict the magnetic shielding efficiency (SEH) in near-field low frequency. The frequency range is from DC up to a few megahertz (around 10 MHz). One of the goals, we have set for the prediction of shielding effectiveness is the development of simple and fast models to overcome the numerical models
Vassa, Alexandre. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'un matériau magnétique auto-soufflant pour dispositifs de coupure électrique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENY105.
Full textPinaud, Olivier. "Caractérisation, modélisation et identification de sources de champ magnétique dans un véhicule électrique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT070/document.
Full textElectric vehicles have a lot of electrical devices onboard. All of them may generate electromagnetic field inside the car: a quite small space containing the passengers. A complete modeling of the vehicle can hardly be done because of the parameters number. The magnetic field measurement everywhere inside the car is also impossible. We first measure the magnetic field inside the car to study its characteristics. Then we propose to merge together a priori modeling with measurements into a Bayesian approach of the inverse problem. Based on spherical harmonic decomposition of the magnetic field, a priori information helps the resolution and gives the identified parameters with a very few measurements
Poumeyrol, Thomas. "Résonance magnétique nucléaire du soufre-33 : application à la caractérisation des élastomères vulcanisés." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2075/document.
Full textSulfur vulcanization is a widely used crosslinking process of elastomers in the rubber industry, but the involved chemical mechanisms and the structure of the crosslinked materials are still poorly understood. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows selectively probing the sulfur chemical environments, can provide new information about the local structure of the crosslinked material. However, due to its intrinsic properties, the observation of the NMR active isotope of sulfur (33S) is challenging in solid materials and requires the use of a specific methodology. In this work, we show that the use of very high magnetic fields and convenient NMR methods allows studying the chemical environment of sulfur in solid materials. First principle computations of the NMR parameters have been performed and compared to experimental results. This comparison shows that the computations lead to a reliable prediction of the NMR parameters and can be used to assign the observed NMR signals to a chemical structure. The NMR parameters characteristic of sulfur atoms involved in crosslinks have been computed from structural models. For such sulfur local environments, extremely large quadrupolar coupling constants (CQ > 40 MHz) and thus ultra broad resonances are expected. The NMR detection limit of sulfur environments giving rise to such very broad lines has been investigated through the 33S NMR study of elemental sulfur. In the case of vulcanized rubbers, the results of this work suggest that the NMR observation of the distinct sulfur chemical environments present in the crosslinked networks requires the use of both ultra high magnetic field and very low temperature
Castiella, Marion. "Elaboration et caractérisation de nanostructures de FeRh structure, ordre chimique et transition magnétique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30293/document.
Full textWith the increasing demand for ultra-high density magnetic recording, an important effort was put on fabrication and control of magnetic nanoalloys. Indeed, magnetic alloys possess much more interesting properties than magnetic pure metals in particular chemically ordered alloys (higher magnetic anisotropy). When these alloys have a nanometer size, their properties may change significantly. In the last decade, much attention has been paid to the remarkable magnetic properties of the FeRh ordered alloy, for both fundamental and technological issues. Indeed, the FeRh alloy presents, in a very narrow range of composition close to the equiatomic one, a magnetic transition from antiferromagnetic (AFM) to ferromagnetic (FM) state. This transition takes place at a temperature close to 370K in the bulk, i.e. slightly higher than room temperature, which make with alloy particularly attractive for applications as heat-assisted magnetic recording or for microelectronics. The present work focuses on the fabrication and study of FeRh nanostructures with different morphologies. All the nanostructures were grown by dc magnetron sputtering in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. Particular attention was paid to the evolution of the structural, and eventually magnetic, characteristics of the nanostructures as the function of their size and the growth conditions. Two types of nanostructures were studied: thin films epitaxially grown on MgO (001) and nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous alumina matrix. The evolution of the morphological chemical and structural characteristics was analyzed by high-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and associated spectroscopies. Magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer and in-situ in a microscope by electronic holography
Huve, Laurent. "Synthèse de phyllosilicates en milieu acide et fluoré et leur caractérisation." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0228.
Full textDriss, Hafedh. "Synthèse et caractérisation de dérivés organophosphorylés d'hexamétallates." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066145.
Full textHamdoun, Ghanem. "Nouvelles méthodes RMN pour la caractérisation structurale et dynamique des agrégats organolithiés." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES018.
Full textBecause of their high reactivity and diversity, alkyllithium compounds are important reagents for both organic and polymer chemistry. In solution, these species exist as hexamers, tetramers, trimers, or dimers forms, depending on temperature, concentration, solvent, and on the nature of the alkyl chain. In the presence of oxygen, they lead to many kinds of mixed alkyllithium/lithium alkoxide aggregates in solution as they react with oxygen to give alkoxides and peroxides. The formation of those mixed aggregates, whose properties may be quite different from those of either pure component, affects substantially the reactivity of the alkyllithium coumpounds. The main objective of this work was to determine the structure, the solvation and aggregation states of pure alkyllithium compounds (Et6Li, Pr6Li, Bu7Li) and mixed alkyllithium/lithium peroxide aggregates, in THF, at low temperature. We have shown that these alkyllithium compounds existed as tetramer, and dimer forms in exchange within a dissociative mechanism. In the presence of the corresponding lithium alkoxide, a mixture of 5 tetra-solvated tetramers is formed. 1H Pure shift DOSY NMR was used for the characterization and the quantitative estimation of degree of solvation and aggregation state of n-butyllithium/lithium n-butoxide mixed aggregates. In the second part of this work, we have thought to use a new NMR method for the measurement of very weak 6,7Li-6,7Li scalar coupling. The strategy we used consisted in doubling the spin-spin splitting without altering the line width by the introduction of a scale factor into a 2D NMR J-resolved like experiment, named “SERF”. For more complex systems we have shown that the CT-COSY experiment in lithium 7 observation could be an alternative tool, resulting in accurate measurements of J7Li-7Li
Breard, Arnaud. "Caractérisation électromagnétique d'objets conducteurs enfouis : application à la prospection du sous-sol." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077132.
Full textThe work presented in this paper deals with the characterization of electromagnetic three-dimensional objects, buried in the ground. The soil is modeled by a homogeneous half space, resistive and non-magnetic, under the planar interface between air and ground. The buried objects are modelized as penetrable spheres or ellipsoids, small with respect to the skin depth of the ground, homogeneous and non-magnetic, from resistive to conductive ones. The application domain is the characterization of natural or artificiel buried objects by measuring the variation of the electromotive force of a horizontal electric current loop or of the magnetic field diffracted. In the first part, one develops, then evaluates an approximate model of the magnetic field and of the variation of the electromotive force of the current loop due to the presence of one, two, then N objects. This model is based on the Localized Non Linear approximation, and uses low frequency expansions. The coupling between objects is taken into account via the theory of Lax-Foldy on multiple diffraction. In the second part one focuses on solving the inverse problem of characterization of a number of known or unknown buried objects, to estimate the number of objects, their position, size, orientation and conductivity. One describes the different steps of the differential evolution algorithm with all the changes that one has made to deal with a known number of objects. One is also developing two other hybrid algorithms, in order to solve the inverse problem of characterization of an unknown number of buried objects. The second algorithm can deal with the problem for a small number; it is a Differential Evolution Algorithm with a Strategy of Communication between Groups and an idea of multi-resolution. One focuses on the case "one or two objects". The third algorithm is a Differential Evolution with a Strategy of Groups and a multi-resolution Multi-zone, which in the first instance defines a number of search areas, based on a likelihood criterion, then to determine the number of objects present in each zone. One in particular presents a study of the resolution of the reconstruction of spheres or ellipsoids, and the effects of not taking into account the interaction between objects in the model
Simon, Angélique. "Caractérisation de l'acidité des zéolithes par spectroscopie de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire du fluor 19." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0509.
Full textDebernard, Laëtitia. "Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques des muscles avec la technique d'Élastographie par Résonance Magnétique (ERM)." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1974.
Full textThe objective of my thesis was to characterize the mechanical properties of the muscles of the thigh with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) during physiological changes (growing muscle and age-related changes) and pathological process (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). This thesis depicted that shear modulus was a mechanical parameter more sensitive to the aged-related neuromuscular changes, while the attenuation coefficient was more related to the muscle quality, thus to the age and gender-related structural changes. Study of viscoelastic parameters of muscle tissue (vastus medialis and sartorius) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, with multi-frequency tests ERMs and rheological models (Voigt, Zener and Springpot) showed that the model Springpot was the best adapted for simulation of the viscoelastic properties. In addition, mapping of the shear modulus was correlated with the cartography of the muscle hardness, obtained by ultrasound elastography, thus validating the feasibility of the MRE to detect physiological changes in muscle. Finally, these data were used for the development of phantoms, reflecting muscle mechanical properties. All data, set up with that thesis, will be of use for the clinician to better determine the pathophysiology of neuromuscular disorder, to help in the choice of treatment (therapeutic or surgical) and in the evaluation of future treatments with a gain of function and tissue for the simulation the musculoskeletal system
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019/document.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Bouard, Chloé. "Elaboration et caractérisation de systèmes magnétiques pour l'observation de skyrmions." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY084/document.
Full textNew technology needs huge storage capacity together with high speed and low-cost transport of information. Current devices meeting their limits, research on new storage solutions is needed.One of them, proposed a few years ago, consists in using magnetic domain walls. Aligning them in nanowires and using the thickness of the layers could enable the realization of a tridimensional recording device and then improve the storage capacity.A new object more robust and less sensitive to perturbations has been discovered since. Skyrmion is now widely studied. It has been experimentally observed in two kinds of systems. The first one is helimagnet, with non centrosymmetric crystal structure. FeGe is one of them, with the highest critical temperature observed yet. Skyrmion has been observed as well at the interface between a heavy metal with strong spin-orbit coupling and a ferromagnet. In particular, multilayers with non-symmetric interfaces are very promising systems for manipulation of skyrmions at room temperature.Nevertheless, the elaboration of systems for industrial devices and reliable detection of skyrmions is still challenging. These two problematics are explored in this thesis, applied to two different systems. A protocol to grow helimagnetic FeGe thin films was first established, thanks to structural characterization mainly based on X-ray diffraction. Growth of multilayers with non symmetrical interfaces [heavy metal 1/ferromagnet/heavy metal 2]n was studied as well. These systems were then magnetically characterized, using numerous techniques such as magnetic imaging, magneto transport measurements and magnetic spectroscopy
Delay, Corinne. "Isolement, caractérisation et identification de saponines hémolytiques de gypsophila paniculata." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON13526.
Full textPerrusson, Gaële. "Caractérisation électromagnétique d'objets conducteurs enfouis : application à la prospection géophysique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999VERS0015.
Full textGhaymouni, Jaouad. "Etude et caractérisation de nanoparticules." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0075.
Full textThis work describes how to create and characterize metallic nanoparticles. Two major steps are required to obtain such nanoparticles. The first one consists in the making of thin layers using a sputtering method. To evaluate the efficiency of this method, we have carefully analyzed how various parameters may affect the deposit. The set of parameters includes the distance between the target and the substrate, the current and the time of deposit. We have shown that these parameters are crucial regarding the morphology of the layer, its porosity as well as its optical and electrical properties. The second step consists in the preparation of the nanoparticles solution using a new method using ultrasounds. By characterizing the solutions, we have carefully checked the properties of the nanoparticles and the efficiency of the method. The tools and the methods we have used are based on imagery (MEB, TEM, AFM), optical and spectroscopic characterization and dynamic light scattering. First results are also presented concerning targeted therapy. The aim is to use the nanoparticles we have made to destroy tumor cells. An experimental setup has been used to evaluate the capabilities of the nanoparticles to increase their temperature under magnetic field activity using a field of 15 mT at high frequencies (200 kHz)
Bouchaour, Zineb Chadlia. "Synthèse et caractérisation des verres fluorophosphoniobate." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S158.
Full textGlasses containing high amounts of niobium have been obtained in the NbO₂F - BaF₂ -RF (R = Li, Na, K) ternary system. The gotten glasses show less thermal stability and strong tendency to devitrification, although, the sodium glass possesses the best stability criteria and the most extended vitreous domain. The incorporation of sodium monofluorophosphate permitted to get several vitreous compositions characterized by a very good thermal stability. The evolution of thermal properties indicates that the fluorophosphoniobate glasses are less rigid and very sensitive to temperature changes. The values of density show a compact aspect of glasses. The refractive index is higher compared to oxide and fluoride glasses. The infrared transmission is limited by phosphorus tetrahedral vibrations. The values of bandgap energies denote a non metallic behaviour and a less pronounced covalent character of the fluorophosphoniobate glasses. The addition of sodium monofluorophosphate reduces the values of the elastic modulus and the hardness, which corresponds to a weak resistance against distortion and damage, as fluorophosphoniobate glasses are brittle materials. The fluorophosphoniobate glasses can be considered as “normal” glasses. The structural investigations performed by infrared absorption, Raman scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance show an evolution of the vitreous network according to the composition. The incorporation of Na₂PO₃F provokes a depolymerization of the ReO₃ network by the formation of non-bridging anions in the Nb(O,F)₆ octahedra. In addition, the isolated tetrahedra initially present in the sodium monofluorophosphate, are connected to each other to form short units or polyanions P₂(O, F)₇ and P₃(O,F)₁₀. The formation of mixed phosphate-niobate glass network is evidence as the thermal study doesn’t indicate the existence of two distinct phases
Meynier, Christophe. "Caractérisation des interactions galectines-sucres par dynamique moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX11021.pdf.
Full textPetronille, Marie. "Contribution à la caractérisation du type d'occupation des sols à partir des propriétés magnétiques." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495918.
Full textMandroyan, Audrey. "Caractérisation de l'hydrodynamique et de la cavitation dans un réacteur utilisé pour la sonoélectrochimie." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2023.
Full textPrevious studies have shown positive effects induced by ultrasound during chemical processes. They allow envisaging a large application field for power ultrasound at low frequencies (from 20 to 60 kHz) as well as at high frequencies (from 100 to 1 MHz). In the particular case of industrial electrochemical processes, ultrasound and their effects are difficult to managed, due to numerous phenomena which are caused by the wave propagation in a liquid and especially the acoustic flows and the cavitation in the liquid bulk and at a solid surface. It's is important to note that the distribution of this activity is not homogeneous within the reactor, leading to difficulty in process control. So, the optimisation of sonoelectrochemistry processes needs a good knowledge of both acoustic flow distribution and cavitation, which are essential parameters. The aim of this PhD thesis was to obtain reliable elements for the sonoelectrochemistry systems characterization. This work takes interest in the study of interactions between the hydrodynamic phenomena, the cavitation and the electrochemical reactions, what will allow understanding the mechanisms and their limits. The ultrasonic activity characterization was implemented by several methods, as the calorimetric power measurements, the Fricke’s dosimetry, the mass transfer measurements, the laser tomography, the PIV and chronoamperometry. A systematic study was carried out for all these methods. Thus it has been possible to estimate the reactor geometry influence, the ultrasound beam diameter influence or the frequency influence on the hydrodynamic flows induced by ultrasound and on the cavitation phenomenon at the surface electrode
Rico-Lamy, Audrey. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle du système moteur au stade précoce de la sclérose en plaques : approche par stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et imagerie fonctionnelle par résonnance magnétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20724.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system which is frequently responsible for motor disability. Better assessment of pathophysiological process implicated in motor system dysfunction (cortico-spinal tract or more diffuse tissue damage) as well as the compensatory mechanises are critical in the understanding and the prevention of disability. Their study in the early stage of the disease will allow to a better understanding of the links between tissue injury, compensatory mechanisms and functional consequences. We have better characterized functional dysfunction of the central motor pathway at the early stage of multiple sclerosis. We have also evidenced the influence of diffuse brain injury on functional motor cortical reorganization. Last, we have demonstrated the existence of a basal functional plasticity at rest of the nondominant motor network that is correlated with its functional plasticity during action
Lionte, Sergiu. "Caractérisation, étude et modélisation du comportement thermomagnétique d'un dispositif de réfrigération magnétique à matériaux non linéaires et point de Curie proche de la température ambiante." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD008/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is the developing of a multi-physics and multi-scale numerical model of an Active Magnetic Regenerator in order to optimize the operation of a magnetic refrigeration system. The numerical model developed in this thesis is a multi-physics and multi-scale model that takes into account simultaneously three distinct phenomena (magnetism, fluid flow and heat transfer), each on a different scale (micro-scale, mini-scale scale and macro-scale). An experimental study was conducted to determine the thermophysical properties of magnetocaloric materials and integrate the results of these measurements in the numerical model. The model has been validated by comparison with experimental data and the results showed a good correlation between the model results and measurements. Finally, the model was exploited by an analysis of parameter sensitivity allowing studying the operation and performance of the system. This model will identify an optimal design strategy of an Active Magnetic Regenerator in order to design high-performance magnetic refrigeration systems