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Cvikl, B., A. Lussi, A. Moritz, and S. Flury. "Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide." Operative Dentistry 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): E39—E47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/15-010-l.
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SUMMARY Objective This study evaluated the differences in enamel color change, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness between treatments with four bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide (two at 10% and one each at 35%, and 45%) and two bleaching gels containing hydrogen peroxide (two at 40%). Methods Enamel specimens were bleached and color changes were measured. Color change was calculated using either ΔE or the Bleaching Index (BI). Then, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of the enamel specimens were evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and directly after the first bleaching treatment for all carbamide peroxide– and hydrogen peroxide–containing bleaching gels. In addition, final measurements were made 24 hours after each of a total of 10 bleaching treatments for carbamide peroxide bleaching gels, and 1 week after each of a total of three bleaching treatments for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Results After the last bleaching treatment, respective ΔE scores were 17.6 and 8.2 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, 12.9 and 5.6 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and 9.6 and 13.9 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. The respective BI scores were −2.0 and −2.0 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, −3.5 and −1.5 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and −2.0 and −3.0 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. Each bleaching gel treatment resulted in significant whitening; however, no significant difference was found among the gels after the last bleaching. Whitening occurred within the first bleaching treatments and did not increase significantly during the remaining treatments. Surface hardness significantly decreased after the last bleaching treatment, when 10% carbamide peroxide was used. Furthermore, significant changes in the elastic modulus or surface roughness occurred only after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusion All six bleaching gels effectively bleached the enamel specimens independent of their concentration of peroxide. Gels with low peroxide concentration and longer contact time negatively affected the enamel surface.
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Felincia, Jeanice, Rudy Djuanda, and Angela Evelyna. "Perbedaan efektivitas home bleaching berbahan carbamide peroxide 10% dengan home bleaching berbahan non peroxide terhadap gigi premolar rahang atas." Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v2i2.22514.
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Pendahuluan: Terdapat beberapa macam pewarnaan gigi, yaitu eksternal, internal dan gabungan keduanya. Prosedur bleaching menjadi perawatan gigi yang paling digemari untuk mengatasi perubahan warna gigi. Terdapat dua macam prosedur bleaching vital, yaitu home bleaching dan in office bleaching. Bahan yang sering digunakan untuk metode home bleaching adalah carbamide peroxide 10% yang aman serta efektif memutihkan gigi, namun peroksida cenderung bersifat tidak stabil dan mutagenik dalam konsentrasi tinggi, karena itu dikembangkan bahan bleaching non peroxide.Tujuan penelitian untuk membandingkan efektifitas home bleaching carbamide peroxide 10% dan non peroxide terhadap gigi premolar rahang atas. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara merendam gigi dalam bahan carbamide peroxide 10% dan non-peroxide hingga batas CEJ selama 14 hari dengan durasi 7 jam per hari. Sampel disimpan dalam inkubator bersuhu 37˚C. Pengukuran warna dilakukan pada hari ke-1, ke-7, dan ke-14 menggunakan spektofotometer Premiere Colorscan SS6200 yang menghasilkan pengelompokan warna CIELAB. Metode analisis data menggunakan t-test independent. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada nilai perubahan warna 17.672 pada kelompok perlakuan carbamide peroxide 10% dan 8.863 pada non peroxide di hari ke-14. Nilai p=0.000 (<0.005) pada kedua perbandingan hari ke-7 dan ke-14. Simpulan: Penggunaan bahan carbamide peroxide 10% lebih efektif memutihkan gigi dibandingkan bahan non peroxide.Kata kunci: Home bleaching, carbamide peroxide, non peroxide, teeth discoloration
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ARAÚJO, Roberto Paulo de, Danilo Barral de ARAÚJO, and Márcio Cajazeira AGUIAR. "A comparative study of the effects of two carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on the structure of enamel." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 64, no. 3 (September 2016): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720160003000083024.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Considering that different sources of carbamide peroxide bleaching agent may cause greater or lesser damage to the enamel and may have reduced effectiveness in dental whitening, the aim of this study was to compare the effects on the structure of enamel of two bleaching agents, drugstore-compounded and commercial carbamide peroxide bleaching agents. Methods: The specimens in the first group (drugstore-compounded carbamide peroxide) and second group (commercial carbamide peroxide) were treated with to 16% carbamide peroxide for 4 h per day for 20 days. The third group served as a control and was kept in artificial saliva during the test period. After the treatments, all specimens were examined via scanning electron microscopy. Results: Changes in the enamel morphology were similar in both experimental groups, but these changes were greater than those observed in the control group. The changes were mild and included only pores. Conclusion: There were no differences regarding damage to the enamel between drugstore-compounded and commercial carbamide peroxide bleaching agents.
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Ferreira, Josemar Martins, Sara Rodrigues Renovato, Fernanda Ribeiro Santana, Daniel De Almeida Decurcio, Carlos José Soares, and Carlos Estrela. "Effect of internal bleaching agents on the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentine." Revista Odonto Ciência 31, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.3.20490.
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Objective: This study evaluated the effect of internal bleaching agents on the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentine.Methods: Seventy bovine teeth were divided into 7 experimental groups (n=10) according to the bleaching agent used: SpH – sodium perborate + 20% hydrogen peroxide; SpW – sodium perborate + distilled water; Cp37 – 37% carbamide peroxide; Cp16 – 16% carbamide peroxide; Cp10 – 10% carbamide peroxide; H – 35% hydrogen peroxide; C – no bleaching agent (control). After bleaching, posts were cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100) and the roots were crosssectioned to obtain two discs from each third. The posts underwent micropush-out testing, and bond strength values (MPa) were analyzed using ANOVA in a split-plot arrangement and the Tukey test (p<0.05). Failure mode was evaluated under confocal microscopy.Results: There were no significant differences between the control and bleaching agent groups. Bond strength was greater in the cervical third of the 16% carbamide peroxide (Cp16) group than in the sodium perborate + 20% hydrogen peroxide (SpH) group. The cervical third had a higher bond strength than the apical third in the 10% carbamide peroxide (Cp10), 16% carbamide peroxide (Cp16) and sodium perborate + distilled water (SpW) groups, and no significant differences in the other groups. Adhesive cement-dentine failure was prevalent in all groups.Conclusion: The use of internal bleaching agents did not decrease the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin.
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Asmawati, Asmawati, and Irene E. Rieuwpassa. "Comparison of enamel hardness after dental bleaching agent application strawberry gel and carbamide peroxide 10%." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v3i1.626.
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Objective: Carbamide peroxide 10% is commonly used in home bleaching procedure. Effectiveness of carbamide peroxide bleaching process as a home bleaching has no successor yet, but its use is still being debated due to the effects on oral cavity. Strawberries are one of natural ingredients that currently used to whiten decolorized teeth because it contains ellagic acid and malic acid. On contrary, malic acid is said to be involved in the process of erosion. The aim of this study was to compare tooth enamel hardness after application of dental bleaching agent carbamide peroxide 10% and strawberry gel.Material and Methods: Sample consists of 30 maxillary incisors were divided into 3 groups. The first group as control soaked in aquades. The second treatment group were applied with carbamide peroxide 10% and a third group applied with strawberry gel. Before and after the sample application, tests were performed to determine the hardness of tooth enamel as measured using Universal Hardness Tester.Results: Based on Friedman test, p-value = 0,000 (p <0,05; significant). This means that there was a significant difference in tooth enamel surface hardness of each group and treatment group using bleaching carbamide peroxide 10% and strawberry gel.Conclusion: There was a decrease on tooth enamel hardness after application of carbamide peroxide 10% compared strawberry gel.
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Dahl, J. E., and U. Pallesen. "Tooth Bleaching—a Critical Review of the Biological Aspects." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 14, no. 4 (July 2003): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400406.
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Present tooth-bleaching techniques are based upon hydrogen peroxide as the active agent. It is applied directly, or produced in a chemical reaction from sodium perborate or carbamide peroxide. More than 90% immediate success has been reported for intracoronal bleaching of non-vital teeth, and in the period of 1–8 years’ observation time, from 10 to 40% of the initially successfully treated teeth needed re-treatment. Cervical root resorption is a possible consequence of internal bleaching and is more frequently observed in teeth treated with the thermo-catalytic procedure. When the external tooth-bleaching technique is used, the first subjective change in tooth color may be observed after 2–4 nights of tooth bleaching, and more than 90% satisfactory results have been reported. Tooth sensitivity is a common side-effect of external tooth bleaching observed in 15%-78% of the patients, but clinical studies addressing the risk of other adverse effects are lacking. Direct contact with hydrogen peroxide induced genotoxic effects in bacteria and cultured cells, whereas the effect was reduced or abolished in the presence of metabolizing enzymes. Several tumor-promoting studies, including the hamster cheek pouch model, indicated that hydrogen peroxide might act as a promoter. Multiple exposures of hydrogen peroxide have resulted in localized effects on the gastric mucosa, decreased food consumption, reduced weight gain, and blood chemistry changes in mice and rats. Our risk assessment revealed that a sufficient safety level was not reached in certain clinical situations of external tooth bleaching, such as bleaching one tooth arch with 35% carbamide peroxide, using several applications per day of 22% carbamide peroxide, and bleaching both arches simultaneously with 22% carbamide peroxide. The recommendation is to avoid using concentrations higher than 10% carbamide peroxide when one performs external bleaching. We advocate a selective use of external tooth bleaching based on high ethical standards and professional judgment.
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Miranda, Carolina Baptista, Clovis Pagani, Ana Raquel Benetti, and Fábio da Silva Matuda. "Evaluation of the bleached human enamel by Scanning Electron Microscopy." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 2 (June 2005): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000200021.
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Since bleaching has become a popular procedure, the effect of peroxides on dental hard tissues is of great interest in research. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to perform a qualitative analysis of the human enamel after the application of in-office bleaching agents, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Twenty intact human third molars extracted for orthodontic reasons were randomly divided into four groups (n=5) treated as follows: G1- storage in artificial saliva (control group); G2- four 30-minute applications of 35% carbamide peroxide (total exposure: 2h); G3- four 2-hour exposures to 35% carbamide peroxide (total exposure: 8h); G4- two applications of 35% hydrogen peroxide, which was light-activated with halogen lamp at 700mW/cm² during 7min and remained in contact with enamel for 20min (total exposure: 40min). All bleaching treatments adopted in this study followed the application protocols advised by manufacturers. Evaluation of groups submitted to 35% carbamide peroxide was carried out after two time intervals (30 minutes and 2 hours per session), following the extreme situations recommended by the manufacturer. Specimens were prepared for SEM analysis performing gold sputter coating under vacuum and were examined using 15kV at 500x and 2000x magnification. Results: Morphological alterations on the enamel surface were similarly detected after bleaching with either 35% carbamide peroxide or 35% hydrogen peroxide. Surface porosities were characteristic of an erosive process that took place on human enamel. Depression areas, including the formation of craters, and exposure of enamel rods could also be detected. Conclusion: Bleaching effects on enamel morphology were randomly distributed throughout enamel surface and various degrees of enamel damage could be noticed. Clinical significance: In-office bleaching materials may adversely affect enamel morphology and therefore should be used with caution.
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Borges, BCD, JS Borges, CD de Melo, IVA Pinheiro, AJS dos Santos, R. Braz, and MAJR Montes. "Efficacy of a Novel At-home Bleaching Technique With Carbamide Peroxides Modified by CPP-ACP and Its Effect on the Microhardness of Bleached Enamel." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-013-l.
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SUMMARY This study was designed to evaluate in vitro the efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique using 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide modified by casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and its influence on the microhardness of bleached enamel. A total of 40 bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10) according to the bleaching agent used: 10% carbamide peroxide only; a blend of 10% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste; 16% carbamide peroxide only; and a blend of 16% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste. During the 14-day bleaching regimen, the samples were stored in artificial saliva. The Vickers microhardness and color of the teeth were assessed at baseline (T0) and immediately after the bleaching regimen (T14) using a microhardness tester and a spectrophotometer, respectively. The degree of color change was determined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclariage (CIE) L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) and Vita shade guide parameters. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p<0.05). The teeth that were bleached with a blend of peroxide (10% or 16%) and the CPP-ACP paste presented increased microhardness values at T14 compared with T0, whereas the samples that were bleached with peroxide only did not show any differences in their microhardness values. All of the bleaching agents were effective at whitening the teeth and did not show a statistically significant difference using the CIEL*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) or the Vita shade guide parameters. The use of a CPP-ACP paste with carbamide peroxide bleaching agents increased the bleached enamel's microhardness and did not have an influence on whitening efficacy.
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Savic-Stankovic, Tatjana, and Branislav Karadzic. "The effect of bleaching agents on human enamel microhardness." Serbian Dental Journal 57, no. 4 (2010): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1004193s.
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Introduction. Bleaching agents can cause alteration of hard tissues of the tooth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different concentrations of carbamide peroxide (10% and 35%) on human enamel microhardness. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on ten extracted teeth divided into two groups. The teeth were sectioned in mesiodistal direction using the diamond disc in order to obtain experimental and control samples. First group was exposed to the concentration of 10% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence gel, Ultradent. Pro, US) at the time intervals that corresponded to home night bleaching technique of vital teeth. Second group was exposed to high concentration of 35% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence Quick, Ultradent. Pro, US) at the time intervals that corresponded to the professional bleaching technique of vital teeth. Control samples were exposed to artificial saliva for the same time intervals as the samples from experimental group. Knoop?s test for enamel microhardness was performed at the beginning, after the first phase of therapy, after the therapy was completed and after three weeks of exposure to artificial saliva. The results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test. Results. The microhardness values of enamel samples treated with 10% carbamide peroxide decreased after 8 hours (261 khn) and three weeks of treatment (222 khn) but increased after three weeks of exposure to artificial saliva (263 khn). The decrease of enamel microhardness of the samples treated with 10% carbamide peroxide was not statistically significant. The microhardness values of enamel samples treated with 35% carbamide peroxide were reduced after 1 hour (235 khn) and 3 hours (190 khn) and increased after three weeks of exposure to artificial saliva (241 khn). Microhardness of enamel treated with 35% carbamide peroxide was significantly decreased in experimental samples compared to controls. Conclusion. Carbamide peroxide in concentration of 35% leads to the significant decrease in enamel microhardness compared to 10% carbamide peroxide.
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Bizhang, M., Y.-H. P. Chun, K. Damerau, P. Singh, W. H.-M. Raab, and S. Zimmer. "Comparative Clinical Study of the Effectiveness of Three Different Bleaching Methods." Operative Dentistry 34, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/08-069-c.
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Clinical Relevance The efficacy of vital bleaching depends on the two aspects—viz, bleaching agent and the bleaching method. Results from this in vivo study show that 10% carbamide peroxide home-bleaching and 15% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching were more effective than a 6% hydrogen peroxide home-bleaching over-the-counter product up to three months after completion of the bleaching treatment.
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Istianah, Istianah, Endah Aryati Ekoningtyas, and Benni Benyamin. "PERBEDAAN PENGARUH HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA 35% DAN KARBAMID PEROKSIDA 35% TERHADAP MICROLEAKAGE PADA RESIN KOMPOSIT NANOHYBRID." ODONTO : Dental Journal 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/odj.2.1.20-24.
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Background: Intrinsic tooth discoloration is an aesthetic problem for most people. One of the Intracoronal bleaching treatment used hydrogen peroxide 35% and carbamide peroxide 35%. Tooth whitening material reported increase microleakage in composite resin. Purpose: This research aims to determine the differences effect of hydrogen peroxide 35% and carbamide peroxide 35 % toward microleakage in the nanohybrid composite resin. Method: This research was an experimental laboratory method with post test only control group design. The research was conducted by doing the root canal treatment on 27 samples of maxillary central incisor with the base, then the procedure of intracoronal bleaching was done using hydrogen peroxide 35 % as group 1, carbamide peroxide 35 % as group 2 and distilled water as control group. After nanohybrid composite resin restorative procedure, coated with nail varnish then immersion in methylene blue 5%. Furthermore, slit the teeth and methylene blue penetration depth measured using metalography microscope. Result: Based on one way ANOVA test found that there was a difference in each group with a significance of 0,000 (p < 0,05) it can be interpreted that there are differences between groups. Based on LSD Post Hoc test, found that there was a difference in the effect on the group of hydrogen peroxide 35% and carbamide peroxide 35% with a significance of 0,004 (p<0,05). Conclusion: The results of this research can be concluded that there was differences in the effect of hydrogen peroxide 35% and carbamide peroxide 35% towardmicroleakage in the nanohybrid composite resin.Keywords: intracoronal bleaching, hydrogen peroxide 35%, carbamide peroxide 35 %, microleakage, nanohybrid compositeresin
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Patusco, Virna Cavalcante, Gil Montenegro, Marcos Augusto Lenza, and Adilson Alves de Carvalho. "Bond Strength of Metallic Brackets After Dental Bleaching." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/072507-345.1.
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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the action of at-home and in-office vital bleaching on the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with composite resin 24 hours after bleaching. Materials and Methods: Forty-five human upper premolars were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control, (2) 10% carbamide peroxide at-home bleached, and (3) 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleached. Twenty-four hours after bleaching the teeth were pumiced, bonded with metallic brackets, and stored in distilled water. One day after bonding the shear bond strength of the brackets was determined. Results: The mean shear bond strength of Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (carbamide peroxide bleached) were not statistically different. Group 3 (hydrogen peroxide bleached) had a significantly lower mean shear bond strength than Group 1 and Group 2. Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching does not significantly alter shear bond strength values. On the other hand, use of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly reduces these values and diminishes the amount of resin remnant on the tooth surface after bracket debonding.
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Mona, Deli, and Indah Rismayansari. "Effect of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on surface hardness of nano filled composite resin." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 31, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol31no3.23794.
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Introduction: Home bleaching is the whitening treatment of vital teeth applied by patients themselves at home under dentist supervision. In clinical condition, several patients who need bleaching treatment already had nano filled composite resin restoration on their teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contact time difference of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gels application for home bleaching on the surface hardness of nano filled composite resin activated by Light Emitting Diode (LED). Methods: Total sample in this study was 30 samples, divided into 3 groups. The samples used were nano filled composite resin cylindrical shape with a diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. Group I as the control group was immersed in distilled water, group II was treated with immersion in 10% carbamide peroxide for 4 hours per day, and group III was immersed in 10% carbamide peroxide for 6 hours per day. The duration of treatment was 14 days for all groups. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis with Mann-Whitney test and the p-value = 0.05. Results: The result of one-way Kruskal-Wallis with Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant difference between the control group and the groups applied with 10% carbamide peroxide for 4 hours and 6 hours per day with the p-value 0.00 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of 10% carbamide peroxide decreasing the surface hardness of nano filled composite resins activated by LED.Keywords: Nano filled composite resin, carbamide peroxide, composite resin hardness, Light Emitting diode (LED).
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Martin, Juliana Maria Habith, Vladja Torno, Marcos Vinícius da Silveira Vaz, Sérgio Vieira, Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa, and Rui Fernando Mazur. "Specific concentration evaluation of 16% carbamide peroxide compounded at dispensing pharmacies." Brazilian Oral Research 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242007000400007.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the concentration of carbamide peroxide compounded at different dispensing pharmacies. Immediate concentration analysis was made of bleaching gels dispensed by specialized pharmacies, and of a commercially available gel (control group) (n = 20). The carbamide peroxide concentration was determined by titration and the results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The commercial bleaching agent (control group) and one of the gels from the pharmacies presented the best mean concentration values, close to 16%. In conclusion, the concentration of the manipulated and industrialized carbamide peroxide gels presented concentration values differing from 16%.
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Matis, B. A., M. A. Cochran, G. J. Eckert, and J. I. Matis. "In Vivo Study of Two Carbamide Peroxide Gels with Different Desensitizing Agents." Operative Dentistry 32, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/07-10.
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Clinical Relevance Under the conditions of this study, 15% carbamide peroxide with potassium nitrate and fluoride exhibited greater bleaching potential but exhibited no difference in sensitivity compared to 16% carbamide peroxide with amorphous calcium phosphate.
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Tezel, Hüseyin, Cigdem Atalayin, Ozlem Erturk, and Ercument Karasulu. "Susceptibility of Enamel Treated with Bleaching Agents to Mineral Loss after Cariogenic Challenge." International Journal of Dentistry 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/953835.
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Objectives. Controversial reports exist whether bleaching agents cause a susceptibility to demineralization. The aim of this study was to compare the calcium loss of enamel treated with different bleaching agents and activation methods.Method and Materials. The specimens obtained from human premolars were treated in accordance with manufacturer protocols; 10% carbamide peroxide, 38% hydrogen peroxide light-activated, 38% hydrogen peroxide laser-activated, and no treatment (control). After cariogenic challenge calcium concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Results. No differences were found between the calcium loss of the laser-activated group and 10% carbamide peroxide group (). However, the differences between laser-activated and control groups were statistically significant (). The differences between 10% carbamide peroxide and the control group were not significant (). On the other hand, the light-activated group showed a significantly higher calcium loss compared with the other groups ().Conclusions. The results show that bleaching agents may cause calcium loss but it seems to be a negligible quantity for clinical aspects.
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Shreelakshmi, S., Srisakthi Doraikannan, I. Meignana Arumugham Indiran, and S. Rajeshkumar. "Bleaching Efficacy of Carbamide Peroxide, Fluoridated Carbamide Peroxide against Nanohydroxyapatite reinforced Carbamide Peroxide-An In Vitro Study." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 3748. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.04174.3.
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Mohammadi, Narmin, Soodabeh Kimyai, Yasaman Ghavami Lahij, Mahmoud Bahari, Amir Ahmad Ajami, Mahdi Abed Kahnamouei, and Mehdi Daneshpooy. "Comparison of the effect of bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxideand 35% hydrogen peroxide on flexural strength of Cention N in selfcuredand dual-cured polymerization modes." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 14, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2020.023.
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Background. The use of bleaching agents might result in microstructural changes in tooth structure andin restorative materials. This study compared the effects of bleaching with %15 carbamide peroxide and%35 hydrogen peroxide on the flexural strength of Cention N restorative material using the self-curedand dual-cured polymerization modes. Methods. Sixty bar-shaped samples of Cention N restorative material were included in this in vitrostudy and assigned to three groups (n=20) randomly: control, bleaching with %15 carbamide peroxideand bleaching with %35 hydrogen peroxide. Each group was divided into two subgroups: samplespolymerized in the self-cured mode and samples polymerized in the dual-cured mode. Then the flexuralstrengths of the samples were determined. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare flexural strengthsbetween the three groups in two polymerization modes, followed by post hoc Tukey test. Statisticalsignificance was defined at P<0.05. Results. The difference in the mean flexural strength was significant in terms of the bleaching regimen(P<0.001), with significantly lower flexural strength in the two bleaching groups compared to thecontrol group. However, the mean flexural strengths were not significantly different in terms of thepolymerization mode applied (P=0.14). Conclusion. The application of %15 carbamide peroxide and %35 hydrogen peroxide bleaching agentsdecreased the flexural strength of Cention N restorative material. Irrespective of the bleaching regimen,there was no significant difference in the flexural strength of Cention N between the self-curing anddual-curing polymerization modes.
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Bersezio, C., P. Vildósola, M. Sáez, F. Sánchez, R. Vernal, OB Oliveira, G. Jorquera, J. Basualdo, A. Loguercio, and E. Fernández. "Does the Use of a “Walking Bleaching” Technique Increase Bone Resorption Markers?" Operative Dentistry 43, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/16-334-c.
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SUMMARY Objective: This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of 35% hydrogen peroxide in comparison with 37% carbamide peroxide in a nonvital bleaching technique of “walking bleaching” (four sessions of treatment) on periodontal markers: nuclear factor kappa B-ligand (RANK-L—process of root resorption marker) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β—inflammatory response marker). Methods and Materials: Fifty volunteers presenting with discoloration of nonvital teeth and endodontic treatment in good condition participated. Fifty teeth were randomly divided into two study groups according to bleaching gel: HP = 35% hydrogen peroxide (n=25) and 37% carbamide peroxide (n=25). Nonvital bleaching was performed with a walking bleaching technique consisting of four sessions of bleach application. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken in order to quantify the RANK-L and IL-1β levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples were obtained from six periodontal sites for each bleached tooth: three vestibular and three palatine (mesial, middle, and distal) at seven time periods: baseline, after each of the four sessions of nonvital bleaching, at one week, and at one month after nonvital bleaching. Tooth color variations were analyzed in each session by VITA Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER (ΔSGU). Results: Significant increments in the RANK-L and IL-1β levels were detected in each evaluated time compared with baseline (p<0.05); however, no differences were detected between hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide on increments of the biomarkers studied. The change of color was effective for both nonvital bleaching therapies (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nonvital bleaching induced a significant increment in the RANK-L and IL-1β levels in periodontal tissues around bleached, nonvital teeth.
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Rokaya, Mohammad E., Khaled Beshr, Abeer Hashem Mahram, Samah Samir Pedir, and Kusai Baroudi. "Evaluation of Extraradicular Diffusion of Hydrogen Peroxide during Intracoronal Bleaching Using Different Bleaching Agents." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/493795.
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Objectives. Extra radicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide associated with intracoronal teeth bleaching was evaluated.Methods. 108 intact single rooted extracted mandibular first premolars teeth were selected. The teeth were instrumented with WaveOne system and obturated with gutta percha and divided into four groups (n=27) according to the bleaching materials used. Each main group was divided into three subgroups (n=9) according to the time of extra radicular hydrogen peroxide diffusion measurements at 1, 7, and 14 days: group 1 (35% hydrogen peroxide), group 2 (35% carbamide peroxide), group 3 (sodium perborate-30% hydrogen peroxide mixture), and group 4 (sodium perborate-water mixture). Four cemental dentinal defects were prepared just below the CEJ on each root surface. The amount of hydrogen peroxide that leached out was evaluated after 1, 7, and 14 days by spectrophotometer analysis. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey’s test.Results. Group 1 showed highest extra radicular diffusion, followed by group 3 and group 2, while group 4 showed the lowest mean extra radicular diffusion.Conclusion. Carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate-water mixture are the most suitable bleaching materials used for internal bleaching due to their low extra radicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide.
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Silva Costa, Simone Xavier, Anne Buss Becker, Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli, Leonor de Castro Monteiro Loffredo, Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade, and Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato. "Effect of Four Bleaching Regimens on Color Changes and Microhardness of Dental Nanofilled Composite." International Journal of Dentistry 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/313845.
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Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the color changes and microhardness of a nanocomposite after four bleaching regimens.Materials. Twenty-five specimens(n=25)were made with a nanocomposite resin (Filtek Supreme XT). The specimens were divided into five groups equally(n=5): bleaching groups and control group, as follows: G1: artificial saliva at37∘C; (control) G2: hydrogen peroxide (HP) at 7%; G3: hydrogen peroxide (HP) at 35%; G4: carbamide peroxide (CP) at 10%; G5: carbamide peroxide (CP) 35%. Color measurements were made with spectrophotometer using CIELAB color scale. The Vickers hardness (VHN) measurements were performed at the top surface. The data were analyzed with two-way Analysis of Variance.Results.ΔE and VHN mean values into the groups were not statistically different, however, the VHN mean values before and after storage and bleaching showed statistically significant differences.Conclusion. Nanocomposite samples showed no significant alteration (color and microhardness) after bleaching. Thus, no replacement of restorations is required after bleaching.
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Knezevic, Natasa, Aleksandra Djeri, Renata Josipovic, Irena Kuzmanovic-Radman, and Zeljka Kojic. "Bond strength of composite materials after internal teeth bleaching using 30% carbamide peroxide." Serbian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (2014): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1404196k.
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Introduction. Bond between composite materials and bleached teeth depends on the change of micro-morphological structure of enamel and dentin after the application of bleaching agent. Bleaching procedure can weaken adhesion of composite materials to hard tissues, where even just a presence of hydrogen peroxide may affect their polymerization. The aim of this study was to determine bond strength of composite materials after internal teeth bleaching using 30% carbamide peroxide. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on 20 extracted, endodontically treated human teeth. After internal teeth bleaching with 30% carbamide peroxide a class V cavity was prepared and restored with Tetric EvoCeram nanocomposite material. Microleakage was determined using dye method (silver nitrate) and measured on the incisal and gingival walls using stereoloupes. Results. Linear dye penetration on the incisal wall (7.25 ?m) of bleached teeth was greater than on the incisal wall in non-bleached (control group) teeth (5.75 ?m) but with no statistically significant difference. Dye penetration on the gingival wall of bleached teeth (20.00 ?m) was greater than on the gingival wall of the control group (14.25 ?m). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion. Greater microleakage and inferior bond of composite material was observed in teeth bleached with internal bleaching technique (30% carbamide peroxide) compared to non-bleached teeth.
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Bertacci, Angelica, Gianfranco Ulian, Daniele Moro, Stefano Chersoni, and Giovanni Valdrè. "In Vivo Effects of Two In-Office Vital Tooth Bleaching Systems on Enamel Permeability." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040098.
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Tooth bleaching is a common treatment for the amelioration of the aesthetic of discoloured teeth. In this context, there are two common approaches that employ concentrated solutions (30–40 wt.%) of either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide as bleaching agents. However, there is an ongoing debate on the possible adverse effects of these different treatments on tooth health, such as variation of the enamel structure, surface morphology, and chemistry, which also affect tooth sensitivity. In the present work, a study on the effect of the two bleaching agents, a 35 wt.% solution of hydrogen peroxide and a 30 wt.% solution of carbamide peroxide, on the permeability and surface morphology of enamel is reported. The investigation was carried out on replicas of incisors obtained after different treatment times and for several patients, employing scanning electron microscopy to study the morphological features of the treated teeth. The significance of the analytical study was corroborated by a statistical analysis of the results. The collected data suggest that hydrogen peroxide treatment increases the enamel permeability, and this could be related with tooth sensitivity, whereas the carbamide peroxide solution increases the formation of precipitates on the tooth enamel.
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Faria Campos, Sabrina Fróes, Ilene Cristine Rosia César, Egberto Munin, Priscila Christiane Suzy Liporoni, and Marcos Augusto do Rego. "Analysis of Photoreflectance and Microhardness of the Enamel in Primary Teeth Submitted to Different Bleaching Agents." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 32, no. 1 (September 1, 2007): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.32.1.n427315267x36261.
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Treatment of darkened teeth in children is of great importance from an esthetic-functional point of view and for the psychoemotional development of the child. The objective of the present study was to determine the in vitro efficacy of three bleaching agents for whitening of artificially stained primary teeth. Fifty anterior primary teeth were artificially stained and then divided into three experimental groups (n = 15) submitted to bleaching treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel, 35% carbamide peroxide gel, and 35% carbamide peroxide gel mixed with sodium perborate powder. The control group (n = 5) was not submitted to any bleaching treatment. Color changes were evaluated with a reflectance spectrophotometer and possible alterations in the enamel surface after bleaching were measured by Vickers microhardness testing. The data were assessed using the Student's t test. The results confirmed the bleaching action of the three agents tested. No significant difference in mean microhardness was observed between the three bleaching agents when compared to the control group.
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Gurgan, S., A. Kiremitci, F. Yalcin, T. Alpaslan, and E. Yazici. "Effect of Carbamide Peroxide Treatments on the Metal-ion Release and Microstructure of Different Dental Amalgams." Operative Dentistry 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/06-136.
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Carvalho, Adriana Oliveira, Ana Paula Almeida Ayres, Letícia Cunha Amaral Gonzaga de Almeida, André Luiz Fraga Briso, Frederick Allen Rueggeberg, and Marcelo Giannini. "Effect of peroxide bleaching on the biaxial flexural strength and modulus of bovine dentin." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 02 (April 2015): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.156845.
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ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effects of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide on the biaxial flexural strength and flexural modulus of bovine dentin. Materials and Methods: Thirty coronal dentin disks (0.5 mm thick × 6.0 mm diameter) were prepared from bovine teeth. The disks were randomly divided into three groups (n=10): A control group (unbleached), a group bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (8 h at 37°C), and a group bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide (three 10 min applications at 37°C). The specimens were tested in a biaxial flexural apparatus held in a universal testing machine at 1.27 mm/min until failure occurred, and the biaxial mechanical properties were calculated. For each test parameter, the data were statistically analyzed by Fisher's PLSD test (predetermined ⍺ = 0.05). Results: The group bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide demonstrated significantly lower flexural strength than the unbleached control group. Hydrogen peroxide treatment resulted in a significantly lower flexural modulus compared with the control group and with carbamide peroxide bleaching. Conclusion: Exposure of dentin to hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced both the flexural strength and the flexural modulus compared with the no-treatment control, whereas exposure to carbamide peroxide did not significantly affect either parameter.
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Rodrigues, José Augusto, Glauco Paulo Felício Oliveira, and Cristiane Mariote Amaral. "Effect of thickener agents on dental enamel microhardness submitted to at-home bleaching." Brazilian Oral Research 21, no. 2 (June 2007): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242007000200013.
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Dental bleaching occurs due to an oxidation reaction between the bleaching agents and the macromolecules of pigments in the teeth. This reaction is unspecific and the peroxides can also affect the dental matrix causing mineral loss. On the other hand, recent studies have suggested that the thickener agent carbopol can also cause mineral loss. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of at-home dental bleaching on dental enamel microhardness after the use of bleaching agents with and without carbopol as a thickener agent. Bovine dental slabs with 3 x 3 x 3 mm were obtained, sequentially polished, and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the experimental treatment: G1: 2% carbopol; G2: 10% carbamide peroxide with carbopol; G3: carbowax; G4: 10% carbamide peroxide with poloxamer. Bleaching was performed daily for 4 weeks, immersed in artificial saliva. Enamel microhardness values were obtained before the treatment (T0) and 7 (T1), 14 (T2), 21 (T3), 28 (T4), and 42 (T5) days after the beginning of the treatment. ANOVA and Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences only for the factor Time (F = 5.48; p < 0.01). All bleaching and thickener agents caused no alterations on the enamel microhardness.
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Rikhtegaran, Sahand, Mahdi Rahbar, Narmin Mohammadi, Shadieh Mowlaie, Siavash Savadi-Oskoee, Mohammad E. Ebrahimi, and Tahereh Pirzadeh. "Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer." World Journal of Dentistry 8, no. 4 (2017): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1452.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Adhesion of bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), to the surface of tooth restorations is a factor in the etiology of secondary caries. Given the ever-increasing popularity of bleaching procedures, the aim of the present study was to evaluate adhesion of S. mutans and surface roughness (SR) of microhybrid composite resin and giomer subsequent to the application of 15% carbamide peroxide. Materials and methods Twenty disk-shaped samples were prepared from each material, measuring 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Then, the samples of each material were divided into two groups (n = 10): (a) microhybrid without bleaching; (b) microhybrid with bleaching; and (c) giomer without bleaching; and (d) giomer with bleaching. The samples in groups I and III were immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days without any bleaching procedure; the samples in groups II and IV underwent a bleaching procedure on their polished surfaces with 15% carbamide peroxide for 14 days (4 hours of bleaching and 20 hours of immersion in artificial saliva). The SR of all the samples was determined with the use of a profilometer. The samples were added to the culture medium after 4 hours of placement in a microbial suspension at 37°C; after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, the bacterial counts, indicating the number of bacteria adhering to the surface, were determined by counting them in the plates containing the solid culture medium. Results The type of the restorative material had a significant effect on SR, with greater SR in giomer (p = 0.03). However, bleaching had no significant effect on SR (p = 0.099). In relation to the rate of bacterial adhesion (BA), both the types of the restorative materials and bleaching procedures were significantly effective; in this context, there was more BA in microhybrid composite resin samples that did not undergo bleaching (p < 0.001). Bleaching resulted in the adhesion of S. mutans to the surface of both materials decrease. Pearson's correlation coefficient did not reveal any correlation between BA and SR (p = 0.42). Conclusion The BA was higher in microhybrid composite resin, and SR was higher in giomer. The BA was higher in samples that did not undergo a bleaching procedure. Clinical significance There is no change in the SR of microhybrid composite resin and giomer after application of 15% carbamide peroxide; therefore, it is not necessary to polish or replace these restorative materials after bleaching. In addition, use of 15% carbamide peroxide does not increase caries risk. How to cite this article Mohammadi N, Mowlaie S, Savadi- Oskoee S, Ebrahimi ME, Rikhtegaran S, Rahbar M, Pirzadeh T. Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer. World J Dent 2017;8(4):288-295.
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Albuquerque, Rodrigo de Castro, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Rodrigo Aliprandi Dutra, Wallison Arthuso Vasconcellos, Renato Santiago Gomez, and Marcus Vinícius Gomez. "Effects of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on rat oral epithelium proliferation." Brazilian Dental Journal 13, no. 3 (2002): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402002000300003.
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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of short course topical application of carbamide peroxide on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical expression in the oral tongue mucosa of rats. Twelve male Wistar rats were submitted to topical application of 10% carbamide peroxide on one side of the dorsal tongue once a week for three consecutive weeks. Only distilled water was applied on the control side. The animals were killed on days 0, 10, and 20 after the last application. The tongue was fixed in buffered formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Tissue blocks (3 µm) were subjected to the biotin-streptavidin amplified system for identification of PCNA. The percentage of epithelial-positive basal cells in each side of the tongue mucosa was calculated. The results demonstrated that topical application of 10% carbamide peroxide increases PCNA immunohistochemical expression on the basal layer of the oral mucosa epithelium of rats on day 0 after treatment. In conclusion, short-course use of carbamide peroxide induces transient epithelial cell proliferation of the oral mucosa of rats.
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Ghaleb, Maroun, Giovanna Orsini, Angelo Putignano, Sarah Dabbagh, Georges Haber, and Louis Hardan. "The Effect of Different Bleaching Protocols, Used with and without Sodium Ascorbate, on Bond Strength between Composite and Enamel." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122710.
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This in vitro study aims to evaluate whether a solution of 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) may exert a beneficial effect on the bonding of composite to enamel after using different bleaching agents and protocols. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was evaluated on 72 freshly extracted human central incisors, divided into eight experimental groups and one control group (total n = 9): Group 1 serves as control (nonbleached). Group 2 was bleached with 5% carbamide peroxide. Group 3 was bleached with 5% carbamide peroxide and then treated with 10% SA. Group 4 was bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide. Group 5 was bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide, then treated with 10% SA. Group 6 was bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide. Group 7 was bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide, then treated with 10% SA. Group 8 was bleached with 6% hydrogen peroxide. Group 9 was bleached with 6% hydrogen peroxide, then treated with 10% SA. All groups were restored immediately after the different treatments using a resin composite. The µTBS values were measured using a universal testing machine and statistical analysis was performed by means of normality and variance analyses, SIDAK test for univariate test and multiple comparisons, and Student test to compare µTBS values of each group with the control. The mean µTBS values in groups 2, 4, 6, 8 were significantly lower than controls. For groups 3, 5, 7, 9, subjected to antioxidant (10% SA) application, all µTBS values increased significantly. However, only for Groups 3 and 5 there was no significant difference with the control. Applying 10% SA for 10 min may improve the bond strength composite/bleached enamel just when whitening is performed with 5% and 10% carbamide peroxide.
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Gökay, O., F. Zıraman, A. Çalı Asal, and O. M. Saka. "Radicular peroxide penetration from carbamide peroxide gels during intracoronal bleaching." International Endodontic Journal 41, no. 7 (July 2008): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01384.x.
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Kimyai, Soodabeh, and Hadi Valizadeh. "Comparison of the Effect of Hydrogel and a Solution of Sodium Ascorbate on Dentincomposite Bond Strength After Bleaching." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 9, no. 2 (2008): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-2-105.
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Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to compare the effects of solution and different sodium ascorbate hydrogels on dentin-resin composite shear bond strength subsequent to a bleaching procedure with 10% carbamide peroxide. Methods and Materials Sixty buccal dentin surfaces obtained from intact human third molars were randomly divided into five groups (n=12). Dentin surfaces received different treatments: (1) no treatment; (2) bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide gel); (3) bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate solution; (4) bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate hydrogel, and (5) bleaching + 20% sodium ascorbate hydrogel. Dentin surfaces were bonded with Single Bond™ and restored with a composite (Z100). The samples were tested for shear bond strengths. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests. Results Significantly higher bond strengths were observed subsequent to treatment with hydrogel and solution forms of sodium ascorbate (p<0.05). No significant differences were demonstrated between different forms of sodium ascorbate preparations. In addition, no significant differences were observed among groups with antioxidant treatment (Groups 3, 4, and 5) and Group 1 (no treatment). Conclusion Reduced bond strength to bleached dentin can be amended by the use of sodium ascorbate as an antioxidant. Clinical Significance Both hydrogel and solution forms of sodium ascorbate can significantly improve the reduced bond strength of resin composite to dentin subsequent to a bleaching procedure with 10% carbamide peroxide. Citation Kimyai S, Valizadeh H. Comparison of the Effect of Hydrogel and a Solution of Sodium Ascorbate on Dentin-composite Bond Strength After Bleaching. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 February;(9)2:105-112.
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Malkondu, Ö., H. Yurdagüven, EC Say, E. Kazazoğlu, and M. Soyman. "Effect of Bleaching on Microhardness of Esthetic Restorative Materials." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-078-l.
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Loyola-Rodriguez, Juan Pablo, Amaury de Jesus Pozos-Guillen, Felipe Hernandez-Hernandez, Rocio Berumen-Maldonado, and Nuria Patiño-Marin. "Effectiveness of treatment with carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide in subjects affected by dental fluorosis: a clinical trial." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, no. 1 (September 1, 2004): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.1.1q78t43054jk5911.
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Dental fluorosis is an endemic dental health problem around the world; so, it is important to develop clinical alternatives that are non-invasive and inexpensive. In this study, nightguard vital bleaching technique (NVBT), using carbamide and hydrogen peroxide as active agents, has shown itself to be effective in whitening teeth affected by dental fluorosis. Carbamide peroxide at 10 and 20% and hydrogen peroxide at 7.5% showed good clinical effectiveness in improving clinical appearence, but it is important to point out that clinical success is only in cases of class 1 to 3 of the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis. When comparing 10 and 20% concentrations of carbamide peroxide, there was no difference in the clinical effectiveness (p>0.05); but when comparing both concentrations of carbamide peroxide against hydrogen peroxide, results showed that carbamide peroxide was more effective in whitening in cases of dental fluorosis, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.05). NVBT has two advantages: it is a non-invasive technique and the relationship cost/benefit is excellent; only a few patients reported tenderness or mild tooth sensitivity.
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Tosun, Samet. "Effect of Chitosan on Mineral Content of Human Tooth After Bleaching: An SEM-EDX Study." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 10, no. 2 (November 2019): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2320206819881606.
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Aim and Background: 35% carbamide peroxide can cause adverse effects on the structure and composition of teeth. However, the addition of calcium and fluoride in bleaching agents may reduce enamel demineralization. The aim of the study is to evaluate the chemical changes in a tooth submitted to 35% of carbamide peroxide containing chitosan and carbopol as a carrier system using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Materials and Methods: 30 freshly extracted anterior teeth were given root canal treatment. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was Opalescence PF (35% carbamide peroxide), group 2 was chitosan with 35% carbamide peroxide, and group 3 was a control group (no treatment). All canals were filled with 0.06 tapered gutta-percha and AH-plus sealer. Then, intracoronal bleaching was applied. SEM-EDX analysis was performed to determine whether bleaching procedures changed the mineral content of the tooth. While SEM-EDX analysis, the tooth was analyzed based on elemental content and elemental distribution from standardized points under 300× magnification. Statistical analysis was performed with one way analysis of variance. Results: There was no significant difference in C, O, Na, P, Mg, K, and S values and the Ca/P ratio obtained by SEM-EDX analysis among groups ( P > .05), whereas the Ca level was significantly lower in Opalescence PF group than the control group ( P < .05). Conclusions: The results of this study show that chitosan does not cause mineral loss and dissolution in the inorganic content of a tooth. Thus, chitosan can be used as an alternative carrier system in the bleaching agent.
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Yu, H., Q. Li, T. Attin, and Y. Wang. "Protective Effect of Resin Coating on the Microleakage of Class V Restorations Following Treatment with Carbamide Peroxide In Vitro." Operative Dentistry 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-039-lr.
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Clinical Relevance Carbamide peroxide treatment increased the microleakage of Class V conventional glass-ionomer cement and resin modified glass-ionomer cement restorations. The resin coating is an effective method to avoid bleaching-induced microleakage without affecting the bleaching outcome.
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FERREIRA, Nadia de Souza, Patrícia Campos Ferreira da ROSA, Raffaela Di Iorio Jeronymo FERREIRA, and Marcia Carneiro VALERA. "Evaluation of shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded on the tooth surface after internal bleaching." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 43, no. 3 (June 2014): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/rou.2014.033.
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Introduction: There is great demand for esthetic treatment by patients who have discolored teeth, because currently aesthetic standards have become stricter and many patients have tooth bleaching procedures performed before or during orthodontic treatment. Objective: To evaluate the bonding of orthodontic brackets to human molars after internal tooth bleaching. Material and method: Forty molars were divided into four groups according to the bleaching agent used: PS) sodium perborate + water; PC) carbamide peroxide; PC + PS) carbamide peroxide + sodium perborate; Cont) water (control group). Bleaching agents placed inside the pulp chambers were replaced every 7 days for 2 weeks, and the brackets were bonded 30 days after the end of bleaching. The shear strength test was performed in a universal testing machine (Emic). Result: ANOVA with a significance level of 5% (p > 0.05), showed no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.1214). Conclusion: It was concluded that the different bleaching agents studied did not interfere with the bond strength of brackets to enamel and bonding the brackets 30 days after internal bleaching is a safe procedure.
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Moosavi, Horieh, Marjaneh Ghavamnasiri, and Vahideh Manari. "Effect of Postoperative Bleaching on Marginal Leakage of Resin Composite and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations at Different Delayed Periods of Exposure to Carbamide Peroxide." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 10, no. 6 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-10-6-1.
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Abstract Aim To evaluate the effect of dental bleaching with carbamide peroxide at different exposure times on the microleakage of resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer restorations after placement in extracted human teeth. Methods and Materials 120 Class V cavity preparations were placed at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of human teeth. Half of the cavities were restored with Filtek P60 resin composite(C) and the other half were restored with Fuji II LC resin-modified glass ionomer (G). Each group was randomly divided into four subgroups (n=15). Groups C1 and G1 were not bleached and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C to serve as control groups, while in Groups C2 and G2, C3 and G3, and C4 and G4 specimens were exposed to a 15% carbamide peroxide gel for one day, one week, and two weeks, respectively, following the placement of restorations. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration method. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests (p=0.05). Results The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference among all groups of composite or glass ionomer restorations with either enamel or dentinal margins with regard to microleakage (p>0.05). The Wilcoxon test revealed more marginal leakage in the enamel/ glass ionomer margins than the enamel/ composite margins (p<0.05). In comparisons within each group, the Wilcoxon test showed there was more microleakage in dentinal margins of composite restorations than in the enamel margins in the test groups (p<0.05). The dentinal margins of the glass ionomer in control groups showed more leakage than the enamel margins, but after the bleaching procedure all experimental groups showed statistically similar microleakage in both the enamel and dentinal margins (p>0.05). Conclusions Postoperative bleaching with carbamide peroxide could increase microleakage in the dentinal margins of composite and the enamel margins of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations. Clinical Significance Rebonding of resin composite restorations should be considered following bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide in order to reseal the margins. Resin-modified glass ionomer is not suitable as a filling material before bleaching because of its susceptibility to increased microleakage. Citation Moosavi H, Ghavamnasiri M, Manari V. Effect of Postoperative Bleaching on Marginal Leakage of Resin Composite and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations at Different Delayed Periods of Exposure to Carbamide Peroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2009 Nov; 10(6):009-016. Available from: http://www.thejcdp. com/journal/view/volume10-issue6-moosavi.
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Moosavi, Horieh, Marjaneh Ghavamnasiri, and Vahideh Manari. "Effect of Postoperative Bleaching on Marginal Leakage of Resin Composite and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations at Different Delayed Periods of Exposure to Carbamide Peroxide." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 10, no. 6 (2009): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-10-6-9.
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Abstract Aim To evaluate the effect of dental bleaching with carbamide peroxide at different exposure times on the microleakage of resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer restorations after placement in extracted human teeth. Methods and Materials 120 Class V cavity preparations were placed at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of human teeth. Half of the cavities were restored with Filtek P60 resin composite(C) and the other half were restored with Fuji II LC resin-modified glass ionomer (G). Each group was randomly divided into four subgroups (n=15). Groups C1 and G1 were not bleached and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C to serve as control groups, while in Groups C2 and G2, C3 and G3, and C4 and G4 specimens were exposed to a 15% carbamide peroxide gel for one day, one week, and two weeks, respectively, following the placement of restorations. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration method. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests (p=0.05). Results The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference among all groups of composite or glass ionomer restorations with either enamel or dentinal margins with regard to microleakage (p>0.05). The Wilcoxon test revealed more marginal leakage in the enamel/ glass ionomer margins than the enamel/ composite margins (p<0.05). In comparisons within each group, the Wilcoxon test showed there was more microleakage in dentinal margins of composite restorations than in the enamel margins in the test groups (p<0.05). The dentinal margins of the glass ionomer in control groups showed more leakage than the enamel margins, but after the bleaching procedure all experimental groups showed statistically similar microleakage in both the enamel and dentinal margins (p>0.05). Conclusions Postoperative bleaching with carbamide peroxide could increase microleakage in the dentinal margins of composite and the enamel margins of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations. Clinical Significance Rebonding of resin composite restorations should be considered following bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide in order to reseal the margins. Resin-modified glass ionomer is not suitable as a filling material before bleaching because of its susceptibility to increased microleakage. Citation Moosavi H, Ghavamnasiri M, Manari V. Effect of Postoperative Bleaching on Marginal Leakage of Resin Composite and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations at Different Delayed Periods of Exposure to Carbamide Peroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2009 Nov; 10(6):009-016. Available from: http://www.thejcdp. com/journal/view/volume10-issue6-moosavi.
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Akin, Mehmet, Sertac Aksakalli, Faruk Ayhan Basciftci, and Abdullah Demir. "The effect of tooth bleaching on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets using self-etching primer systems." European Journal of Dentistry 07, no. 01 (January 2013): 055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698996.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide and 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets using self-etching primer systems.Methods: Forty five freshly extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 teeth each: control (group 1), 10% carbamide peroxide at-home bleached (group 2), and 38% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleached (group 3). Three weeks later, all brackets were bonded using a self-etching primer system. The shear bond strength of these brackets was measured and recorded in MPa. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined after the brackets failed. Data were analyzed using Kruskal- Wallis test, pairwise comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test and ARI scores were analyzed using a chi-square test at a significance level of P<.05.Results: The shear bond strengths of group 1 (mean: 17.7 ± 9.7 MPa) were significantly higher (P<.05) than those of group 3 (mean: 9.9 ± 5.4 MPa). No significant differences were found between group 2 (mean: 12.3 ± 4.7) and either group 1 or group 3 (P>.05). ARI scores did not differ significantly among the 3 groups.Conclusions: The use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching does not significantly reduce shear bond strength values. In contrast, use of 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly reduces these values. (Eur J Dent 2013;7:55-60)
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Ferreira, Nadia De Souza, Paula Elaine Cardoso, Natalia Passos Ferreira, Amanda Costa Corocher, Isabela Ferreira Paulino, and Marcia Carneiro Valera. "Evaluation of morphological and chemical alterations in enamel, dentin and cementum after internal bleaching technique using different bleaching agents." Brazilian Dental Science 19, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i4.1286.
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<p><strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and chemical alterations in enamel, dentin and cementum after internal bleaching using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Seventy-two bovine incisor teeth were prepared, cut and bleached for 7 days as follows: HP: 35% hydrogen peroxide gel; HP+SP: 35% hydrogen peroxide gel + sodium perborate; CP: 37% carbamide peroxide gel; CP+SP: 37% carbamide peroxide gel + sodium perborate; SP: sodium perborate + water; and control: deionized water. The specimens were sectioned and prepared for morphological analysis under SEM and analysis of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon levels using EDS. <strong>Results</strong>: A significant reduction was found in the calcium levels in enamel after treatment with CP + SP and CP (p < 0.05). Carbon (organic part) was hardly altered in enamel. A significant reduction in the calcium levels was found in dentin in Groups HP+SP, CP and CP+SP. Phosphorus levels increased after SP+H20 (p < 0.05) and CP (p < 0.05). Carbon levels showed little variation and the largest amount was found in Groups CP and CP+SP (p < 0.05); in the other groups there was no alteration. A significant reduction in the calcium levels was found in the cementum in Group CP+SP (p < 0.05). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Alterations in the enamel, dentin and cementum compositions occurred after bleaching and these alterations showed to be less significant with sodium perborate and water.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Carbamide peroxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Scanning electron microscopy; Sodium perborate; Tooth bleaching.</p>
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Gurgan, S., S. Bolay, and R. Alaçam. "Antibacterial activity of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents." Journal of Endodontics 22, no. 7 (July 1996): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(96)80217-2.
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Dudek, M., A. Roubickova, L. Comba, D. Housova, and P. Bradna. "Effect of Postoperative Peroxide Bleaching on the Stability of Composite to Enamel and Dentin Bonds." Operative Dentistry 38, no. 4 (June 1, 2013): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-429-l.
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SUMMARY This study investigated the effect of peroxide bleaching gel on the durability of the adhesive bond between composite material, enamel, and dentin created with the etch-and-rinse adhesive Gluma Comfort Bond (GLU) and with the self-etch adhesives Clearfil SE Bond (CLE), Adper Prompt (ADP), and iBond (IBO). The adhesives were applied to flattened enamel and dentin of extracted human molars and built up with a microhybrid composite (Charisma). After 25 eight-hour cycles of bleaching with a 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel (Opalescence PF 20), the shear bond strength was measured and compared with one-day and two-month control specimens stored in water. The data were analyzed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistics (p<0.05). Detailed fractographic analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The bleaching gel significantly decreased the bond strength on both enamel and dentin for the simplified single-step self-etch adhesives ADP and IBO and markedly affected a fracture pattern of ADP specimens at the periphery of their bonded area. The results of our study indicate that the durability of adhesive restorations can be detrimentally influenced by carbamide peroxide bleaching and that different adhesives show varying sensitivity levels to the bleaching gel.
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Lo Giudice, R., G. Pantaleo, A. Lizio, U. Romeo, G. Castiello, G. Spagnuolo, and G. Lo Giudice. "Clinical and Spectrophotometric Evaluation of LED and Laser Activated Teeth Bleaching." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010242.
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Background: Auxiliary power sources (LED and laser) are used in in-office teeth bleaching techniques to accelerate the redox reaction of the whitening gel to increase ease of use, to improve comfort and safety, and to decrease the procedure time. Objective: The aim this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the teeth whitening procedures performed with hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, LED or Laser activated. Method: 18 patients, affected by exogenous dyschromia, were treated with a bleaching agent composed by 35% hydrogen peroxide and 10% carbamide peroxide. They were divided into two groups: in the first group the bleaching agent was activated by a LED lamp; in the second group it was activated by a Laser diode lamp. Both groups were subjected to 3 bleaching cycle of 15’ each. The chromatic evaluations were performed before and after one week from the treatment, using a chromatic scale and a spectrophotometer. The mean value of pre, post bleaching and follow-up were analyzed using a T-test, with results statistically significant for P<0,05. Results: Results showed that the variations in brightness, chroma and hue are significantly influenced by the interaction between the whitening agent and the original colour of the teeth. Laser-activation has marginally improved the bleaching effectiveness. All patients treated with laser activation complained an increase in dental sensitivity. Conclusion: The use of laser-activating systems did not improve the efficacy of bleaching.
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Barcellos, Daphne Câmara, Alessandra Buhler Borges, Regina Célia dos Santos Pinto Silva, Luciana Maria Ribeiro, Cesar Rogério Pucci, and Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres. "pH-changes during Intracoronal Bleaching: An in vivo Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 12, no. 2 (2011): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1018.
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ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to measure pH changes during 14 days intracoronal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide/sodium perborate and carbamide peroxide/sodium perborate. Materials and methods Twenty patients presenting endodontically treated central maxillary incisors with color alterations were divided in two groups (n = 10): Group CP + SP: 37% carbamide peroxide + sodium perborate paste; Group HP + SP: 30% hydrogen peroxide + sodium perborate paste. The pH values were measured using a digital microprocessor at different times: Baseline, 2, 7 and 14 days. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (á = 0.05). Results ANOVA showed p < 0.00 which indicated significant difference between the groups. The mean values (± sd) and the results of the Tukey's test were: HP + SP/14 days—7.98 (±0.58)a; HP + SP/7 days—8.59 (±0.18)b; HP + SP/2 days— 8.83 (±0.32)bc; HP + SP/Baseline—8.83 (±0.01)bc; CP + SP/ Baseline—8.89 (±0.01)bc; CP + SP/14 days—9.11 (±0.58)cd; CP + SP/7 days—9.54 (±0.16)de; CP + SP/2 days—9.66 (±0.08) de. The group HP + SP resulted in significantly lower pH values compared with group CP + SP. Conclusion It can be concluded that both associations showed alkaline pH values; however, there was significant reduction in the pH values of the 30% hydrogen peroxide associated with sodium perborate after 14 days. Clinical Significance The association of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide with sodium perborate paste presented alkaline characteristics during the 14-day evaluated period. Thus, regarding pH changes, both associations can be considered safe as intracoronal bleaching agents. How to cite this article Barcellos DC, Borges AB, Silva RCDSP, Ribeiro LM, Pucci CR, Torres CRG. pH-changes during Intracoronal Bleaching: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):109-113.
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Cavalli, Vanessa, Ricardo Marins de Carvalho, and Marcelo Giannini. "Influence of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents on the bond strength of resin-enamel/dentin interfaces." Brazilian Oral Research 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242005000100005.
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In this bond strength study, a bleaching agent containing 10% carbamide peroxide was applied over composite-teeth bonded interfaces of two adhesive systems applied to enamel and dentin. Sixteen human third molars were used for bonding procedures. Single Bond (SB) and Clearfil SE Bond (CB) were applied to enamel and dentin according to the manufacturers' instructions. A resin composite cube-like structure was incrementally built on the bonded surfaces. The restored teeth were sectioned into 0.7 mm thick slices that were trimmed at enamel or dentin bonded interfaces to an hourglass shape with a cross-sectional area of approximately 0.5 mm². Specimens were assigned to 8 groups (n = 10) according to the following factors under study: dental substrate (enamel and dentin); adhesive system (SB and CB) and treatment (10% carbamide peroxide and not bleached/control). The bleaching gel (Opalescence) was applied at the bonded interfaces for 6 hours during 14 days and after daily treatment specimens were stored in artificial saliva. Unbleached specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 14 days. Specimens were tested for tension and the data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Enamel tensile bond strength of CB was reduced after carbamide peroxide application. The bleaching treatment did not alter dentin bond strength of both adhesives. The results suggest that bleaching significantly affects bond strength of CB to enamel, but no influence on bond strength to dentin was noted for both adhesive systems.
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Yu, H., Q. Li, Y. Lin, W. Buchalla, and Y. Wang. "Influence of Carbamide Peroxide on the Flexural Strength of Tooth-colored Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study at Different Environmental Temperatures." Operative Dentistry 35, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-139-l.
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Clinical Relevance The flexural strength of dental materials can be affected by carbamide peroxide. The environmental temperature can be thought to be a factor influencing the bleaching effects on dental materials.
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Andrade, Alessandra Pereira, Angela Mayumi Shimaoka, Marcio Vivan Cardoso, and Rubens Côrte Real Carvalho. "Effects of different degrees of acidity and concentration of bleaching agents on human enamel mineral content and surface morphology over time." Brazilian Dental Science 21, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2018.v21i1.1493.
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<p><strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and concentration of bleaching agents on the mineral content and surface morphology of human dental enamel for 14 days. <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: Eighty human central incisors were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10): G1-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G2–9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G3-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G4-9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G5-10% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G6-16% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G7-37% phosphoric acid 15s (positive control); G8-no treatment (negative control). The mineral analysis of the bleaching gel collected was assessed by ICP-AES and surface morphology was observed by SEM. <strong>Results</strong>: Friedman and Dunn’s statistical test demonstrated significant differences among the proposed treatments (p<0.01). No significant difference was found among groups treated with hydrogen peroxide (G1, G2, G3, and G4) or among groups G5, G6 and G7 (p>0.01). However, the latter groups showed significantly higher values as compared to groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 (p<0.01). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Alteration in enamel mineral content may not be influenced by concentration when bleaching agents with the same pH are compared. The most apparent alterations in mineral content and surface morphology may be noted when more acidic products are used. The daily mineral content measurement may not be influenced by repeated applications of bleaching agents.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Dental bleaching; Mineral content; Enamel; Peroxide; Demineralization; pH.</p>
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Santoso T, Pambudi. "Kekerasan permukaan email setelah aplikasi gel karbamid peroksida 10%." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 8, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v8i2.224.
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The influence of strawberries as bleaching alternative material toward surfacemicrohardness of the teeth is still unknown so that a research should be conducted toquantitatively assess the effects of bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide andblended strawberry paste on post-extracted incisive teeth by performing superficialmicrohardness analysis. Three groups of sample i.e. group 1 (control): post-extractedincisive teeth soaked in ordinary mineral water, group 2: soaked in carbamideperoxide 10% gel, and group 3: soaked in 100% strawberry paste. The microhardessof each sample group is tested before and after the application of bleaching materials.The result was there was significant difference of strawberry paste compared to CP10% gel and mineral water soaked incisive teeth. The data obtained are tabulated,then analyzed with one way Anova and LSD. It can be concluded that the applicationof carbamide peroxide 10% gel in 6 weeks doesn’t decrease the microhardness ofteeth enamel surface. However, the application of strawberry paste decreases themicrohardness of enamel surface
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Wang, Xiao Jie, Arndt Klocke, Boriana Mihailova, R. Stosch, B. Güttler, and Ulrich Bismayer. "Effect of Bleaching on Dental Hard Tissues: A Raman and IR Spectroscopic Study." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.1405.
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The effect of two bleaching materials on dental enamel was studied by vibrational spectroscopy. Human molar enamel sections parallel to the dentin-enamel junction were one-side polished and treated with bleaching agents containing 38% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Xtra Boost) or 20% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF 20%). Then the crystalline structure and molecular inclusions of the bleached samples were analyzed by Raman scattering and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. No spectral difference was observed between the unbleached enamel and that bleached with the two different agents, which indicates no significant occurrence of structural or chemical changes in enamel apatite due to bleaching.