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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbide–cobalt'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Jia, Xiao Ming, and Fei Wang. "Influence of Antirusting Aggent on the Cobalt Leaching of the Cemented Carbide Tool." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.317.

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The cutting fluid is widely used in cutting process with the cemented carbide tool. This paper studied the influence of some antirusting aggents, such as triethanolamine, tri-sodium phosphate, benzotriazole, sodium carbonate anhydrous, on the cobalt leaching of the cemented carbide tool by soaking test. The test results showed that a cobalt on cememted carbide surface and triethanolamine can produce complex compound into solution that made the cobalt leaching. The cobalt of the cemented carbide with the ion of the tri-Sodium phosphate in a water solution can form the loose deposition which leaded to the cobalt leaching.The benzotriazole and the cobalt can generate complex compound film covering on cemented carbide to effective inhibits the cobalt leaching. The inhibitive effect about the cobalt leaching of the sodium carbonate anhydrous is carried out through cathode reaction. The cobalt leaching of cemented carbide tool is effective inhibited by adding the benzotriazole and the carbonate anhydrous in the water-based cutting fluid.

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2

Zhang, Hao Qiang, Xiao Ming Jia, and Fei Wang. "Study of Inhibition Function of Grinding Fluid Additive to Leaching Cobalt from Cemented Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 416 (September 2009): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.416.381.

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Grinding fluid is the essential supplementary material in cemented carbide grinding process. The amine-base additive can make cobalt leach from cemented carbide. Through grinding test, this paper mainly studies the influence of TEA-containing solution on cobalt leaching from cemented carbide and the leaching mechanism by SEM and AES, and then identifies the effective inhibitor. The results are as follows: (1) TEA additive can make cobalt leach from cemented carbide. (2) Additive of triethanolamine oleate in the solution can obviously inhibit the leaching of cobalt from cemented carbide. (3) Additive of benzotriazole in the solution can obviously inhibit the leaching of cobalt from cemented carbide. (4)The mixture of triethanolamine oleate, borax and benzotriazole has the best inhibition function. So it can conclude: The mixture of triethanolamine oleate, borax and benzotriazole can obviously reduce the leaching of cobalt from the cemented carbide, and reduce the danger of the fluid to human body.

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3

Yui, Akinori, Takayuki Kitajima, and Kenichiro Yoshitomi. "Face Turning of Cobalt-Free Tungsten Carbide Using Nano-Polycrystalline Diamond Tool." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.245.

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The use of hard and brittle materials for manufacturing optical parts, such as dies and molds are required in order to extend mold life. Although, cobalt-free tungsten carbide is one of the hardest materials, micro-cutting is very difficult due to its hardness and its brittleness. This paper investigates face turning of cobalt-free tungsten carbide using a nanopolycrystalline diamond [NPD] tool and Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP) fluid. Surface roughness of the cobalt-free tungsten carbide achieved was 22nmRz, which is far larger than the theoretical value. That is, traditional cutting theory does not directly apply for face turning of cobalt-free tungsten carbide using NPD tool and ZnDTP fluid.

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4

Pee, J. H., G. H. Kim, H. Y. Lee, and Y. J. Kim. "Extraction Factor Of Tungsten Sources From Tungsten Scraps By Zinc Decomposition Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0120.

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Abstract Decomposition promoting factors and extraction process of tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders in the zinc decomposition process of tungsten scraps which are composed mostly of tungsten carbide and cobalt were evaluated. Zinc volatility was suppressed by the enclosed graphite crucible and zinc volatilization pressure was produced in the reaction graphite crucible inside an electric furnace for ZDP (Zinc Decomposition Process). Decomposition reaction was done for 2hours at 650°, which 100% decomposed the tungsten scraps that were over 30 mm thick. Decomposed scraps were pulverized under 75μm and were composed of tungsten carbide and cobalt identified by the XRD (X-ray Diffraction). To produce the WC(Tungsten Carbide) powder directly from decomposed scraps, pulverized powders were reacted with hydrochloric acid to remove the cobalt binder. Also to produce the tungstic acid, pulverized powders were reacted with aqua regia to remove the cobalt binder and oxidize the tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders were identified by XRD and chemical composition analysis.

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5

Antonini, J., K. Starks, L. Millecchia, J. Roberts, and K. Rao. "Changes in F-actin Organization Induced by Hard Metal Particle Exposure in Rat Pulmonary Epithelial Cells as Observed by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015786.

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Hard metal is an alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt along with other components such as chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, and nickel. Chronic exposure to hard metal particles by inhalation causes alveolitis leading to interstitial fibrosis, the pathogenesis of which is still undefined. The initial inflammatory response includes a change in epithelial cell permeability barrier function (1) which has been shown to be regulated by the state of assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeletal network (2, 3). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect hard metal particles have on F-actin organization of rat lung epithelial cells in an in vitro culture system.Rat lung epithelial cells (L2: ATCC, CCL-149) were grown to confluence on glass coverslips and exposed to various concentrations of hard metal particles for 24 hours. The effect on F-actin organization was visualized by confocal microscopy following Bodipy-Phallacidin staining, while changes in cell morphology were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. Hard metal particles of cobalt, tungsten carbide, and tungsten carbide/cobalt (6 % cobalt) were tested at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 μg/ml. There was a dose-dependent change in the F-actin organization in the cells. The actin microfilaments lost their uniform distribution and aggregated into homogeneous masses of F-actin staining. Significant change in F-actin state was observed even at a 1 μg/ml concentration of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles. This is consistent with previous observations that pathological effects of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles are more pronounced compared to either metal alone. Phase contrast microscopy revealed no significant change in the cell morphology at this short incubation time.

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6

Zhang, Xiu Ling, Xiao Ming Jia, and Jian Xiao Lian. "Study on the Mechanism of the Cobalt Leaching of Cemented Carbide in Triethanolamine Solution." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1203.

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The reactionary trend of the triethanolamine and cobalt in cemented carbide and the mechanism of cobalt leaching have been investigated by soaking experiments, friction experiments and electrochemical gaging experiments. The experimental results reveal that triethanolamine is prone to form coordination compound with cobalt ion .The amount of cobalt’s element leaching from cemented carbide is added up with the increase of time and triethanolamine concentration. So when using cemented carbide cutting tool, the water-based cutting fluid containing triethanolamine addictive should be avoided.

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7

Zhang, Hao Qiang, Xiao Ming Jia, Y. Gao, and Suo Xia Hou. "Study of Inhibition to Leaching of Cobalt from Cemented Carbide Tools." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.546.

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Cutting fluid is the essential material in metal cutting process. This paper mainly studies the influence of TEA-containing solution on cobalt leaching from cemented carbide tools and the leaching mechanism, and then identifies the effective inhibitor. The results are as follows: (1) TEA additive can make cobalt leach from cemented carbide tools. (2) Addictive of triethanolamine oleate in the solution can obviously inhibit the leaching of cobalt from cemented carbide tools and there exists the best proportion. (3) The mixture of triethanolamine oleate and borax has the best inhibition function. So it can conclude: The mixture of triethanolamine oleate and borax can obviously reduce the leaching of cobalt from the cemented carbide tools, which improves the working life of the cutter and reduces the danger of the fluid to human body.

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8

Bagnall, C., J. Capo, and W. J. Moorhead. "Oxidation Behavior of Tungsten Carbide-6% Cobalt Cemented Carbide." Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 7, no. 6 (November 15, 2018): 661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0493-7.

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9

Zhu, Xinyang, Xueping Zhang, Liang Huang, Yongqin Liu, He Zhang, and Shaojun Dong. "Cobalt doped β-molybdenum carbide nanoparticles encapsulated within nitrogen-doped carbon for oxygen evolution." Chemical Communications 55, no. 67 (2019): 9995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc04892h.

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Herein, we report a novel cobalt doped transitional metal carbide based OER electrocatalyst, cobalt doped β-molybdenum carbide encapsulated by nitrogen doped carbon framework, which shows an overpotential of 262.2 mV at current density of 10 mA cm⁻².

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10

Cheng, Jian Bing, Si Qin Pang, Xi Bin Wang, and Qi Xun Yu. "Effect of Grain Refinement and Composition on the Wear of Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.507.

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Tool life tests of continuous cutting superalloy GH2132 were carried out by WC/Co cemented carbide cutting inserts of different grain size and cobalt content, and flank surface wear morphology of the cutting inserts were observed by ZEISS continuous zoom stereo microscope and microphotograph system. The results show that grain size and cobalt content strongly influence the cutting tool life and tool wear, grain refinement and proper cobalt content are help to improve the tool life and the wear resistance of WC/Co cemented carbide. The wear mechanisms of different grain size and cobalt content of ultrafine cemented carbide tools were adhesion and notch, among them, adhesive was the main wear mechanism at higher cutting speeds.

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11

Norafifah, H., M. Y. Noordin, S. Izman, and D. Kurniawan. "Acid Pretreatment of WC-Co for Surface Roughening and Cobalt Removal Prior to CVD Diamond Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.592.

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Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coatings are being developed to be applied on carbide cutting tools to enhance wear resistance and increase tool life. As a prerequisite, for ensuring adhesion of CVD diamond on tungsten carbide substrate, it is necessary to prepare high surface roughness and to remove the cobalt on tungsten carbide surface during the pretreatment. In this study, a two step acid pretreatment was examined for those purposes. Etching using modified Murakamis reagent was initially performed to roughen the surface. Subsequently, the carbide was immersed in nitric acid to remove cobalt. Concentration of the acid solutions and reaction time were varied. Results showed that the initial step by modified Murakamis reagent etching resulted in a surface roughness of Ry = 6.95 µm, which is a 15% increase from the average initial surface roughness. The second step by nitric acid immersion on modified Murakamis reagent etched carbide samples resulted in carbide surfaces with zero cobalt content, confirming the effectiveness of the pretreatment.

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12

Noordin, Mohd Yusof, A. S. Noor Adila, S. Izman, and D. Kurniawan. "Acid Pretreatment of WC-Co Prior to CVD Diamond Coating." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.626.

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Pretreatment on tungsten carbide (WC-Co) surface is critical for obtaining perfectly adherent diamond coatings by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The carbide surface should have high roughness to facilitate diamond nucleation and adhesion. The presence of cobalt—common binder for tungsten carbide—on the surface to be coated should be made minimum since it has negative influence on the diamond deposition process. In this study, surface pretreatment on tungsten carbide using sulfuric acid was evaluated in terms of the resulted cobalt removal and the surface roughening. The variables included were acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The resulted surface roughness was 29% higher than initial, averaged at 1.07 µm. The acid pretreatment was also found effective in eliminating surface cobalt.

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13

Arzumanova, A. V., and A. V. Starunov. "Effect of Electrolysis Modes on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Composite Coatings Based on Nickel." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.647.

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The receiving method and some properties of the composite nickel containing galvanic coating on base nickel-cobalt-oxide silicon-carbide silicon system were discussed. Chloride electrolyte for the application of the composite electroplating coating with firmness to wear and corrosion properties of nickel-cobalt-oxide silicon-carbide silicon system was elaborated. Influence of electrolysis and electrolyte composition on physico-mechanical properties (firmness to wear, corrosion resistance, hardness, internal tensions, porosity, adhesion) of the composite electrolytic coating of nickel-cobalt-silicon oxide system, electroplated from chloride electrolyte, and on the properties of electrolyte (diffusing ability, output current draught) were investigated. The possibility of using for composite electroplating of nickel-cobalt-silicon oxide-carbide silicon system as a firmness to wear coating in instead of chrome was showed.

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14

Li, Shao Xiang, Zhao Feng Wang, Wen Qian Li, Gui Zhong Zhou, and Guang Zhao Liu. "Characterization of Recycled Cemented Carbide and the Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.173.

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Nowadays, a large quantity of cemented carbide is being consumed, and the amount of scrap cemented carbide is increasing year by year. In this paper, crystal morphology, element content and phase structure of the recycled cobalt powder as well as recycled tungsten carbide powder were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. Hardness of the prepared W-Co alloy using recycled cobalt powder and recycled tungsten carbide powder as the raw materials was tested by Rockwell apparatus. Through analysis of these results, the existing problems in recycling of scrap cemented carbide emerged. As for recycling of scrap cemented carbide, the research results can provide theoretical basis for improvement of recycling technology and process control technology.

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15

Cheng, Jian Bing, Si Qin Pang, Xi Bin Wang, Xi Bin Wang, and Chen Guang Lin. "The Effect of Grain Size and Cobalt Content on the Wear of Ultrafine Cemented Carbide Tools." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1344.

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This work contributes to a better understanding of wear mechanisms of ultrafine cemented carbide cutting tools used in turning operation of superalloy and high strength steels at high cutting speeds. The main objective of this work is to verify the influence of grain size and the cobalt content of ultrafine cemented carbide tools on tool life and tool wear mechanism. The main conclusions are that grain size and the cobalt content of ultrafine cemented carbide tools strongly influence tool life and tool wear involve different mechanisms. The wear mechanisms of different grain size and the cobalt content of ultrafine cemented carbide tools observed on the rake face at these conditions were adhesion and notch, at the end of tool life, adhesion was the main wear mechanism at higher cutting speeds.

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16

Gou, Li, Ji Lei Zhu, Jun Guo Ran, and Suang Feng Yan. "Diamond Coated on Cobalt-Deficient Gradient Tungsten Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1889.

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In order to improve the adhesion between diamond coatings and cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) substrates, the diamond coatings were deposited on one kind of cobalt-deficient gradient WC-Co by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the diamond coatings. The results showed dense, well facet diamond coatings. The cobalt content at the surface of substrate was measured by electron probe microanalysis. It was found that Co did not largely move to the surface as usual with deposition time increasing compared with the conventional tungsten carbide; The cobalt content at the surface of substrate after deposition (about 1 wt %) was lower than before (3.42wt%), which improved diamond coating’s adhesion against the tungsten carbide substrate.

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17

Miranda, G., B. Guimarães, D. Pereira, M. Buciumeanu, A. Cabral, M. Fredel, FS Silva, and B. Henriques. "Mechanical and tribological performance of Ni–Co-based binders for cubic boron nitride cutting tools." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 20 (January 29, 2020): 2753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320902514.

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Cubic boron nitride is becoming an alternative cutting tool material for machining under demanding conditions, displaying superior wear performance and machined parts with higher quality. The current need to reduce the cobalt content in these tools led to this study and focused on alternative binder materials for cubic boron nitride cutting tools. This work addresses several nickel–cobalt-based materials, regarding their microstructure, mechanical (hardness and shear strength), and tribological performance. The best results were attained when adding tungsten carbide to nickel–cobalt, once nickel–cobalt–tungsten carbide was found to display the higher mechanical properties, together with the higher wear resistance.

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18

Tzeli, Demeter, and Aristides Mavridis. "Electronic Structure of Cobalt Carbide, CoC." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 110, no. 28 (July 2006): 8952–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp062357g.

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19

Moustakas, T. D., J. Y. Koo, A. Ozekcin, and J. Scanlon. "Structure of tungsten carbide‐cobalt multilayers." Journal of Applied Physics 65, no. 11 (June 1989): 4256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343309.

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20

Adaskina, A. M., S. N. Grigoriev, A. A. Vereschaka, A. S. Vereschaka, and V. V. Kashirtsev. "Cemented Carbides for Machining of Heat-Resistant Materials." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.37.

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The optimum ratio of rhenium and cobalt in Co-Re binder of a cemented carbides based on the analysis of phase diagrams and studying the carbides properties is defined.It is shown that properties of carbide binder at the same ratio of rhenium and cobalt are also the same, and the carbide properties are determined by the amount of carbide binders.Researches of wear resistance of the tool from carbides with Co-Re binder at machining of a constructional steel and hard-to-machining alloys have confirmed their high efficiency.

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21

Kawashima, Kenta, Kihyun Shin, Bryan R. Wygant, Jun-Hyuk Kim, Chi L. Cao, Jie Lin, Yoon Jun Son, Yang Liu, Graeme Henkelman, and C. Buddie Mullins. "Cobalt Metal–Cobalt Carbide Composite Microspheres for Water Reduction Electrocatalysis." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 4 (March 5, 2020): 3909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00321.

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22

Tsurimoto, Seji, Toshimichi Moriwaki, and Masafumi Nagata. "Machinability of CBN Tool in Turning of Tungsten Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.70.

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Tungsten Carbide have extremely high hardness and wear-resistivity compared with conventional steel materials, and it is expected that the Tungsten carbide can be applied widely to dies and molds in the near future. In order to develop an efficient machining method of Tungsten Carbide for the dies and molds, series of cutting experiments were carried out to turn the sintered Tungsten Carbide materials with CBN tool. The selected sintered Tungsten Carbide workpieces are those containing Tungsten Carbide grains with mean grain size of 5μm, and 15wt%, 20wt% and 22wt% of Cobalt binder. The sintered CBN tool selected contains super-fine grains of CBN with mean grain size of 1μm. The cutting speed was varied from 10m/min to 60m/min, and the tool wear and the surface roughness were measured. It is concluded that the tool wear is less when cutting the sintered Tungsten Carbide containing larger amount of Cobalt binder. The surface roughness of about 2μm in Rz is obtained.

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23

Cherepova, T. S., G. P. Dmitrieva, and V. K. Nosenko. "Heat Resistance of the Powder Cobalt Alloys Reinforced with Niobium or Titanium Carbide." Science and innovation 12, no. 1 (March 19, 2016): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine12.01.005.

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24

Feng, Ping, Yue Hui He, Xiao Hua Sun, Guang Hong Ni, and Yi Hua Sun. "Gradient Characteristic of Functionally Graded Cemented Carbide." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1332.

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The invention of functionally graded structure cemented carbide is a significant revolution. In this paper, graded structure cemented carbide with cubic carbide free layer (CCFL) was prepared. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), metallographical microscope, electroprobe microanalyzer and microindentation, the gradient characteristics were investigated. The variation in elemental compositions from surface to inner is gradient, the concentrations of nitrogen and titanium are very low in surface layer, only element of tungsten, cobalt and carbon exist. A cobalt concentration peak occurs, which is higher than the average composition in bulk. Wherein binder phase piles up, its volume fraction is much higher than nominal value, resulting in a decrease in hardness and forming a tough layer.

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25

Kwak, Geunjae, Du-Eil Kim, Yong Tae Kim, Hae-Gu Park, Seok Chang Kang, Kyoung-Su Ha, Ki-Won Jun, and Yun-Jo Lee. "Enhanced catalytic activity of cobalt catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis via carburization and hydrogenation and its application to regeneration." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 12 (2016): 4594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy01399b.

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26

Oskolkova, T. N., and A. S. Simachev. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification of VK10KS solid alloy surface by titanium and boron on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-5-351-356.

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Modification of the surface of VK10KS solid alloy with titanium alongside with boron by the method of pulse-plasma exposure (electro-explosive alloying) is considered. In this case, a superhard (27,500 MPa nanohardness) layer is formed with a thickness of 2.0 – 2.5 μm and a low (μ = 0.10) friction coefficient compared to the friction coefficient of a hard alloy in the sintered state (μ = 0.41). This layer consists of finely dispersed high-hard phases TiB2, (Ti, W)C, W2C (according to scanning, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis). Below is a hardened (with a nanohardness of 17,000 MPa) surface layer (heat affected zone) 10 – 15 μm thick, identified by W2C and WC carbides and alloyed with a cobalt binder. This layer smoothly passes into the base. By profilometric studies it was established that after electroexplosive alloying with titanium and boron, the roughness increases (Ra = 2.00 μm) compared to the initial one (Ra = 1.32 μm), but remains within the specifications (Ra = 2.50 μm). The authors have revealed changes that occur in the surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases during electroexplosive alloying. In the carbide phase, accumulations of dislocations were indicated. In the cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and also finely dispersed tungsten carbide precipitates were found. This change can be explained by stabilization of the cubic modification of cobalt, the crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes during deformation and a greater ability to harden compared to the hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with a cobalt binder will positively affect the operational stability of tungsten carbide alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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27

Zhang, Tianfu, Jingsong Wu, Yuqun Xu, Xiaoping Wang, Jun Ni, Yongwang Li, and J. W. (Hans) Niemantsverdriet. "Cobalt and cobalt carbide on alumina/NiAl(110) as model catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 24 (2017): 5893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01806a.

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28

Kamal, S. S. Kalyan, A. Pavan Kumar, J. Vimala, N. V. Rama Rao, B. Majumdar, P. Ghosal, and L. Durai. "In situ synthesis of cobalt and cobalt carbide nanostructures using decomposition of cobalt acetate." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 748 (June 2018): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.194.

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29

Bukov, A. "Nanostructured composition of diamond-tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 7-8 (July 1998): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(98)85123-0.

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30

Guo, Jing-ru, Zhao-xia Zhang, Ting-ting Wang, Cong-xiang Chen, and Yang Chen. "F2+-X2+ Band System of Cobalt Carbide." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 21, no. 6 (December 2008): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-0068/21/06/505-509.

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31

El-Gendy, Ahmed A., Meichun Qian, Zachary J. Huba, Shiv N. Khanna, and Everett E. Carpenter. "Enhanced magnetic anisotropy in cobalt-carbide nanoparticles." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 2 (January 13, 2014): 023111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862260.

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32

Porto, A. O., B. I. Boyanov, D. E. Sayers, and R. J. Nemanich. "Cobalt silicide formation on 6H silicon carbide." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049599001326.

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33

Laczkó, László, and Margit Eniszné Bódogh. "Tungsten-carbide/cobalt based hard metals II." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 60, no. 1 (2008): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2008.1.

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34

Grebenyuk, G. S., E. Yu Lobanova, D. A. Smirnov, I. A. Eliseev, A. V. Zubov, A. N. Smirnov, S. P. Lebedev, V. Yu Davydov, A. A. Lebedev, and I. I. Pronin. "Cobalt Intercalation of Graphene on Silicon Carbide." Physics of the Solid State 61, no. 7 (July 2019): 1316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783419070102.

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35

Nerz, J., B. Kushner, and A. Rotolico. "Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02659015.

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36

Dmitrieva, G. P., T. S. Cherepova, T. V. Pryadko, and I. I. Melnik. "Influence of Doping on Physicochemical Properties of Eutectic Alloy of Cobalt with Niobium Carbide." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 42, no. 11 (December 21, 2020): 1547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.11.1547.

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Lukashov, A. S., Evgeniy A. Zernin, and M. A. Kuznetsov. "Application of Inorganic Nanopowders in Welding, Surfacing and Spraying (Review)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.299.

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The paper reviews research works on nanoincorporated consumables for welding, surfacing and spraying. Use of metal and compound nanoparticles is considered such as tungsten carbide, tungsten-cobalt carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbonitride, aluminum oxide and others. It has been proved that inoculation of nanopowders results in modification of metal structure and improves service performance of weld joints.

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Han, Chulwoong, Hyunwoong Na, Hanshin Choi, and Yonghwan Kim. "High Purity Tungsten Spherical Particle Preparation From WC-Co Spent Hard Scrap." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0162.

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Abstract Tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metal scrap was recycled to obtain high purity spherical tungsten powder by a combined hydrometallurgy and physical metallurgy pathway. Selective leaching of tungsten element from hard metal scrap occurs at solid / liquid interface and therefore enlargement of effective surface area is advantageous. Linear oxidation behavior of Tungsten carbide-cobalt and the oxidized scrap is friable to be pulverized by milling process. In this regard, isothermally oxidized Tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metal scrap was mechanically broken into particles and then tungsten trioxide particle was recovered by hydrometallurgical method. Recovered tungsten trioxide was reduced to tungsten particle in a hydrogen environment. After that, tungsten particle was melted and solidified to make a spherical one by RF (Ratio Frequency) thermal plasma process. Well spherical tungsten micro-particle was successfully obtained from spent scrap. In addition to the morphological change, thermal plasma process showed an advantage for the purification of feedstock particle.

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39

Kim, B. K. "Effect of tungsten carbide size on mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 52, no. 7-8 (July 1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)80225-1.

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40

Kim, B. "Effect of tungsten carbide size on mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 7-8 (July 8, 1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)84731-5.

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41

Rosso, Mario, Ildiko Peter, and Federico Gobber. "Focus on Carbide-Tipped Circular Saws when Cutting Stainless Steel and Special Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.13.

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Circular saw blades are used exclusively for cut-off work, ranging from small manual feed operations, up to very large power fed saws commonly used for sectioning stock as it comes from a rolling mill or other manufacturing processes for long products. The teeth profile, as well as the tooth configuration are of fundamental importance for the blade performances; through a combination of blade rigidity and grinding wheel condition a good quality surface finish is attained for tools of commercial standard. The materials used for the production of circular saw blades are ranging from high speed steel to cemented carbides. In particular, cemented carbides, being characterized by high hardness and strength, are used in applications where materials with high wear resistance and toughness are required. The main constituents of cemented carbides are tungsten carbide and cobalt. Tungsten carbide imparts the alloys the necessary strength and wear resistance, whereas cobalt contributes to the toughness and ductility of the alloys. The WC-Co alloys are tailored for specific applications by the proper choice of tungsten carbide grain size and the cobalt content. The grain size of the tungsten carbide in WC-Co varies from about 40 µm to around 0.3 µm, the cobalt content from 3 to 30 wt%. The coarse grained hardmetals are mainly used in mining applications, the smallest grain size being about 3 µm and the minimum cobalt content 6 wt%. The grain size of tungsten carbide in the metal cutting industry, as well as for universal applications lies in the range of 1-2 µm. However, with the advent of near net shape manufacturing and thin walled components, the use of submicron carbide is growing, since their high compressive strength and abrasive wear resistance can be used to produce tools with a sharp cutting edge and a large positive rake angle.In this invited paper, a general overview on the actual trends in the choice of the best material when cutting special alloys will be presented and discussed. Based on the recent and past literature some examples of their up-to-date application, such as circular saws used to cut stainless steels and some high strength alloys, are talk over.

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Anhua, Liu, Chen Jianming, Ding Shaonan, Yao Yanbo, Liu Ling, Li Fengping, and Chen Lifu. "Processing and characterization of cobalt silicide nanoparticle-containing silicon carbide fibers through a colloidal method and their underlying mechanism." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 25 (2014): 4980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00315b.

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Гребенюк, Г. С., Е. Ю. Лобанова, Д. А. Смирнов, И. А. Елисеев, А. В. Зубов, А. Н. Смирнов, С. П. Лебедев, В. Ю. Давыдов, А. А. Лебедев, and И. И. Пронин. "Интеркалирование графена на карбиде кремния кобальтом." Физика твердого тела 61, no. 7 (2019): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.07.47854.416.

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AbstractIn this paper, we studied cobalt intercalation of single-layer graphene grown on the 4 H -SiC(0001) polytype. The experiments were carried out in situ under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by high energy resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and low energy electron diffraction. The nominal thicknesses of the deposited cobalt layers varied in the range of 0.2–5 nm, while the sample temperature was varied from room temperature to 800°C. Unlike Fe films, the annealing of Co films deposited on graphene at room temperature is shown to not intercalate graphene by cobalt. The formation of the graphene–cobalt–SiC intercalation system was detected upon deposition of Co atoms on samples heated to temperatures of above ~400°C. Cobalt films with a thickness up to 2 nm under graphene are formed using this method, and they are shown to be magnetized along the surface at thicknesses of greater than 1.3 nm. Graphene intercalation by cobalt was found to be accompanied by the chemical interaction of Co atoms with silicon carbide leading to the synthesis of cobalt silicides. At temperatures of above 500°C, the growth of cobalt films under graphene is limited by the diffusion of Co atoms into the bulk of silicon carbide.

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Oskolkova, T. N., A. S. Simachev, and S. I. Yares’ko. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification with titanium and silicon carbide of the surface of hard VK10KS alloy on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-922-928.

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Electro-explosive alloying as a method of pulse-plasma treatment consists in accumulation of energy by a battery of pulsed capacitors and its subsequent discharge for 100 μs through a conductor in form of titanium foil with silicon carbide powder, while conductor is under explosive destruction. Method of electro-explosive alloying of tungsten-cobalt hard alloy includes melting of surface and its saturation with explosion products, followed by self-hardening by removing heat deep into the material and environment. On the surface of VK10KS hard alloy, the coating was obtained with thickness of up to 15 – 20 microns with nanohardness of 26,000 MPa. Using X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it has been established that new phases of TiC, W2C, (W, Ti)C1 – x , WSi2 with high hardness were formed in the surface layer. As a result, friction coefficient decreased to 0.18 compared to the initial 0.41. Investigations with transmission electron microscopy have revealed changes during electro-explosive alloying that occur in surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases. Dislocations accumulations were found in the carbide phase. In cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and finely dispersed precipitates of tungsten carbides were revealed. This change can be explained by stabilization of cubic modification of cobalt, crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes upon deformation and greater ability to harden in comparison with hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with cobalt binder in heat affected zone after pulse-plasma treatment have a positive effect on the service life of tungsten-cobalt hard alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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45

Oskolkova, T. N., A. S. Simachev, and S. I. Yares’ko. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification with titanium and silicon carbide of the surface of hard VK10KS alloy on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-922-928.

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Abstract:

Electro-explosive alloying as a method of pulse-plasma treatment consists in accumulation of energy by a battery of pulsed capacitors and its subsequent discharge for 100 μs through a conductor in form of titanium foil with silicon carbide powder, while conductor is under explosive destruction. Method of electro-explosive alloying of tungsten-cobalt hard alloy includes melting of surface and its saturation with explosion products, followed by self-hardening by removing heat deep into the material and environment. On the surface of VK10KS hard alloy, the coating was obtained with thickness of up to 15 – 20 microns with nanohardness of 26,000 MPa. Using X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it has been established that new phases of TiC, W2C, (W, Ti)C1 – x , WSi2 with high hardness were formed in the surface layer. As a result, friction coefficient decreased to 0.18 compared to the initial 0.41. Investigations with transmission electron microscopy have revealed changes during electro-explosive alloying that occur in surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases. Dislocations accumulations were found in the carbide phase. In cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and finely dispersed precipitates of tungsten carbides were revealed. This change can be explained by stabilization of cubic modification of cobalt, crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes upon deformation and greater ability to harden in comparison with hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with cobalt binder in heat affected zone after pulse-plasma treatment have a positive effect on the service life of tungsten-cobalt hard alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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46

Busch, Wibke, Dana Kühnel, Armin Springer, Tobias Meißner, Michael Gelinsky, Annegret Potthoff, Stefan Scholz, Volkmar Richter, and Kristin Schirmer. "Tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide cobalt nanoparticle toxicity: The role of cellular particle uptake, leached ions and cobalt bioavailability." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.645.

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Lin, Qiang, Bing Liu, Feng Jiang, Xuejin Fang, Yuebing Xu, and Xiaohao Liu. "Assessing the formation of cobalt carbide and its catalytic performance under realistic reaction conditions and tuning product selectivity in a cobalt-based FTS reaction." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 12 (2019): 3238–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00328b.

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48

Xiao, Xiangjun, Xiaoli Xi, Zuoren Nie, Liwen Zhang, and Liwen Ma. "Direct Electrochemical Preparation of Cobalt, Tungsten, and Tungsten Carbide from Cemented Carbide Scrap." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0836-1.

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49

Zhang, Dong-Yang, Han Xu, Ting He, Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Leli Zeng, Hengke Liu, Chao Jiang, Jing Lin, and Peng Huang. "Cobalt carbide-based theranostic agents for in vivo multimodal imaging guided photothermal therapy." Nanoscale 12, no. 13 (2020): 7174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00468e.

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50

"Characterisation of vanadium carbide in tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 57, no. 11 (November 2002): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(02)80594-x.

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