Academic literature on the topic 'Carbohidrat'

It had been done a biodegradation polyblend from blending polypropilene-palm oil-amylum with three composition of polyblend i.e polyblend A 80% polypropilene- 19.5% palm oil- 0.5% amylum, poliblend B 80% polypropilene- 19% palm oil- 1% amylum and polyblend C 80% polypropilene-18% palm oil- 2% amylum by B. subtilus and C. botulinum, time incubation was twenty five days. The characterization of polyblend before and after biodegradation has done with FTIR, DTA, Viscometre and tensile strength of polyblend. The result showed that Bacillus subtilus and Clostridium botulinum can biodegradate polyblend and make holes as well as chink on polyblend especially polyblend C, because it has more carbohidrat than polyblend A and B. Analysis from FTIR showed compatible of poliblend because it did not have a new function group and did not change of wavelength. Data of tensile strength showed lower value after biodegradation at polyblend C and from DTA and Viscometre showed lower melting point and lower average molecule weight, respectively. Keywords: Biodegradation, Polyblend, Bacillus, Clostridium

Hyperurisemia is a condition that uric acid levels in blood above the normal value. Uric acid levels are influenced by consumption of purines, carbohydrate intake, protein, fat, vitamin C and Body Mass Indeks (BMI). The purpose of study was to describe correlation of consumption of purine, carbohydrate intake, protein, fat, vitamin C, BMI and uric acid level in man (aged 26-45 years old) in RW 05 sub-district Bukit Duri Jakarta, 2017. This study was used a cross sectional design with sample of 56 man aged 26-45 years old. Data of carbohydrate , protein, fat,vitamin C and purine intake were collected from Food Frequency Questionaire semi quantitative used food phothograph. BMI was measured by is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Uric acid levels was measured by GCU Easy Touch. Data was analyzed by Pearson’s test and One-Way ANOVA test. There are 56 respondents, as many as 57.1% had normal uric acid levels. While 37.5% respondents have high uric acid levels. Based on statistical Pearson’s test showed there are significant relation between consumption of purine (0,001), protein intake (0,001), fat intake (0,001), vitamin C (0,008) and uric acid levels. There is not relation between carbohidrat intake (0,259), IMT (0,117). Another One-Way ANOVA test founded that there are differences consumption of purine, carbohydrate intake, protein, fat, vitamin C based on uric acid levels (p<0,020). The higher intake of the purin, protein and fat increases uric acid levels. The higher intake of the vitamin C can reduce uric acid levels

The increase of population and the depletion of productive agricultural land causes the availability of rice as the staple food as carbohidrat becomes unbalanced. Efforts to reduce dependence on rice should be made, through the diversification of alternative food crops containing high carbohydrates. Pumpkin plants (waluh) is one of the crop that have high carbohydrate content and has many types. This research aims to collect various types of yellow squash varieties as the initial material in the assembling of superior varieties, and to identify vegetative character and agronomic character of yellow squash pumpkin varieties. The research was conducted in Randuagung Village, Lumajang Regency with height of 112 asl. The materials used in are local lumajang pumpkin seeds and local poor pumpkin. The results of this study indicate that the ratio of male flowers and female flowers on both varieties of local yellow squash showed the number of male flowers more than the number of female flowers. The beta-carotene content of local lumajang is lower than the local yellow squash is seen from the color of the pumpkin the yellow is getting faded and the taste is less sweet. The resistance to the disease of both varieties of local yellow squash indicates the tolerance criteria. The male juvenile blueberry male jungle flowers are faster than the local yellow squash lumajang, but the age of the local pumpkin flower lumajang is faster than the local yellow squash.The yellow local pumpum lumajang color is relatively the same that is brown, while the varieties of local yellow pumpkin there is a difference that is brown and green.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is often suffered by pregnant women. Preventive action by giving iron tablet during pregnancy had been performed with unsatisfying result. Kelor leaves has micro nutrient substance that is needed by pregnant women. This study aims to develop additional food product such as mocaf (Modified cassava flour)-arrowroot biscuit that�s supplemented with kelor (Moringa Oleifera) leaves and chicken liver with high level iron and protein as well as sensory characteristics that can be accepted in pregnant women. Methodology: This study used Random Groups Design. There were two factors tested; they were, the proportion of mocaf : arrowroot (P), 80:20 (P1); 75:25 (P2); 70:30 (P3) and the comparison of kelor leaves : chicken liver (K), 50% addition to total flour, 25% : 25% (K1); 35% : 15% (K2). There were 6 treatment combinations repeated four times until 24 samples were obtained. Chemistry variable analysis used F-test (95%) and then continued with Duncan�s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 5%, sensoric variable used Friedman Test and then continued with Double Compare Test 5%. The best treatment combination used Effectivity Index Test. Result: The best treatment combination was P3K1, in which biscuit had proportion of the composite of mocaf : arrowroot 70:30 and the comparison of kelor leaves : chicken liver 25%:25% with energy value 460.35 kkal/100g; water content 4.40% bb; gray value 1.76% bk; protein level 6.09% bk; fat content 17.71% bk; carbohidrat content by difference 74.43% bk and iron level 9.89 mg. Conclusion: Second trisemester pregnant women anemia could be given eleven biscuits and for third semester pregnant women anemia could be given sixteen biscuits in a day to fulfil the iron need. Key words: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Pregnant women, PMT biscuit, mocaf, Kelor leaves (Moringa Oleifera), Arrowroot flour, Chicken liver.

This experiment has conducted on march – April 2015.Background: High Prevalence of anemia in Indonesia, especially defficincy anemia, need several nutrition approaches. Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) consist of 23 kinds of amino acyd that make high concentration of protein (2.3% - 5.6 %) higher than other fruits. With other substances like Carbohidrat ( total 44%-88%) , fat (0,2% -0,4%), fiber (6,4%-11,5%), minerals and vitamins, date fruit should be usefull for therapy of anemia. There are several commercial date juice product that should be proved to be a herbal therapy of anemia.Objective: This research aims to know the effect of date (Phoenix dactilafera) juice toward hemoglobin level in white rat blood (Rattus novergicus).Research Method: Twenty four (24) white, male, adult, health and clean rat with weight around 100-200 gr (Rattus novergicus) are divided into four (4) groups. The rats are adapted for seven (7) days, then be measured its hemoglobin degree. Next, they are given with Na 10-20 mg each rat for seven (7) days. The next step is giving date juice 3 cc per oral, given in three groups with three different brands for three days, while the control group is not given date juice. Then, it is done to measure haemoglobin level by using hemoglobin Hb strip easy touch.Result : The issue of date juice (Phoenix dactilafera) in all tested brands can increase hemoglobin level of white rat (Rattus novergicus) with different percentage. The increasing of hemoglobin level is reached by each brand. The highest rate is taken by Date juice “AJ” (63,7 %) or 7,0 point, then followed by date juice” S” (36,8%) or 4,4 point, and date juice “T” (8,7%) or 1,1 point. In the meantime, the control group is around 6,7 % or 0,93 point. Statistically, the increasing of white mice hemoglobin level is significantly just reached by giving Date juice “AJ”, justified by one-way ANOVA ( P = 0,0099).Conclusion :The date juice (Phoenix dactilafera) increase the hemoglobin level of white rat (Rattus novergicus)

Abstract Raising fish rearing African catfish lately more and more attention due to its economical value, easy to maintain and grow quickly. Quality of water at seeding activities have received attention because of seed is a phase that is still vulnerable to environmental changes so that the replacement of water and absolutely must be done if the accumulation of organic materials that cause toxic. African catfish fish hatcheries closed recirculation system based on the work system of water management repeatedly by using a filter (filter) and decomposing bacteria. This study aimed to determine whether the bacterium Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81% sp, Pseudomonas stutzeri index 61.21% and 97.81% of Pseudomonas stutzeri index may decompose the organic material in an aqueous medium Clarias gariepinus hatchery closed recirculation system and how long required to decompose proteins, lipid and carbohidrat. This research method using descriptive methods, aims to describe symptoms that are based on data collected by observation. Factors include the observation of incubation time at the beginning of the experiment, day 3, day 6 and day-to-9 after incubation performed. This study uses four treatments, namely A (water catfish hatcheries closed recirculation system with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81%),B (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 97.81%), C (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of the bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 61.21% and D (catfish hatchery water recirculation system closed with the addition of Pseudomonas pseudomallei index of 97.81%, 97.81% index of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas stutzeri index of 61.21%). Result of this research shows that granting of Pseudomonas pseudomallei sp index 97.81%, 61.21% index of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas stutzeri index decreased 97.81% to give the effect of the proteins, lipid, carbohydrates, BOD and COD. The highest reduce protein content, lipid, carbohydrates, BOD and COD become to combination of pseudomonas bacteria after nine days.

La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad de tolerancia de cepas de rizobios sometidos a factores de estrés, en condiciones de laboratorio. Cinco cepas de rizobio aisladas de pastizales altoandinos fueron sometidas a los siguientes factores de estrés (altas concentraciones de NaCl, varios niveles de temperatura, resistencia a antibióticos, tolerancia a diferentes pH, 2+ 2+ tolerancia a niveles altos de iones metálicos Cu y Mn y crecimiento en diferentes fuentes de carbohidrato). Los resultados fueron evaluados mediante el análisis de cluster o conglomerados utilizando el programa estadístico MINITAB versión 16. Se determinó que las cepas evaluadas no son tolerantes al estrés salino (100-600 mM de NaCl), tampoco a temperaturas extremas (6 y 38°C). Se observó tolerancia a la presencia de iones metálicos de Cu y Mn, a pH ácidos (5) y alcalinos. La cepa H1 fue resistente al cloranfenicol y a la penicilina, la cepa E4, a lincomicina y kanamicina, la cepa Q26, a ampicilina, lincomicina y estreptomicina. Las cepas E4, M16 y Q10 son capaces de utilizar 30 y 31 fuentes de carbohidratos, mientras que las cepas H1 y Q26, dos y 11 carbohidratos respectivamente. En base a las características evaluadas las cepas se conglomeraron en dos grupos. El grupo I formado por las cepas H1 y Q26 con 76% de similitud y el grupo II formado por las cepas E4, M16 y Q10 con 95% de similitud. En base a los resultados obtenidos se puede afirmar que las cepas evaluadas pueden ser importantes en el desarrollo de leguminosas, ya que pueden ayudar a las plantas a enfrentar diferentes tipos de estrés abiótico.

La producción y regulación de la glucosa, así como el balance neto entre los requerimientos de cada sistema orgánico determinan las vías metabólicas requeridas en la producción de energía. Durante el embarazo normal, la glucosa y los combustibles metabólicos son suministrados al feto de una manera bien regulada. La diabetes durante el embarazo es una de las principales causas de alteración en el metabolismo materno afectando la glucorregulación y el desarrollo fetal. La presente revisión hace enfásis en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, y los principales procesos para la producción de energía mediante el uso de estas biomoléculas durante el período gestacional.

1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisfosfat (IP3) és un segon missatger que té un paper molt important en l'activitat dels magatzems de calci intracel·lulars així com en l'entrada de calci al citoplasma.
Estímuls extracel·lulars tals com hormones, neurotransmissors or factors de creixement (primers missatgers) són capaços d'unir-se a receptors específics localitzats a la part exterior de la membrana cel·lular. Com a resultat d'aquesta unió té lloc l'activació de la fosfolipasa C localitzada a la membrana cel·lular. Aquesta, al seu torn, catalitza la hidrólisi de fosfolípids, alliberant-se diacilglicerol (DAG) i IP3 (segon missatger).
L'any 1993, Takahashi i col·laboradors aïllaren d'un cultiu de Penicillium brevicompactum, dos potents gliconucleòtids trisfosfat: Adenofostina A i B. Aquests compostos són els agonistes més potents descrits fins ara, presentant activitats de 10 a 100 vegades superiors a les del propi IP3.
Des d'un punt de vista químic, les adenofostines comparteixen amb l'IP3 l'agrupació bisfosfat trans-diequatorial flanquejada per un grup hidroxil a la posició C-2'' (veure figura). A més a més, les adenofostines són resistents als enzims que metabolitzen l'IP3 com per exemple IP3-fosfatasa i IP3-quinasa.


S'han sintetizat molts anàlegs de les adenofostines amb la finalitat per una banda d'elucidar les característiques estructurals responsables de la seva activitat i per l'altra d'obtenir compostos més actius. Tantmateix, fins a dia d'avui, solament pocs anàlegs han superat l'activitat de l'IP3 i cap d'ells ha conseguit superar l'activitat de les adenofostines.
Estudis d'estructura-activitat han permés dissenyar un model farmacófor per a l'adenofostina A. Les principals característiques del qual són:
La unitat bisfosfat trans-diequatorial flanquejada pel grup 2''-OH, el qual és un punt clau en la'activitat de l'adenofostina i mimetitzaria la unitat 4,5-bisfosfat-6-OH de l' IP3.
La presència de l'adenina (o qualsevol estructura equivalent) incrementa l'activitat respecte a la de l' IP3. En aquesta direcció, s'han proposat dos possibles papers per a l'adenina. Per una banda, l'adenina podria permetre un millor posicionament de 2'-fosfat mitjançant una conformació C2'-endo (paper indirecte). Per l'altra, l'adenina podria estar implicada directament en interaccions complementàries amb una regió localitzada prop del centre d'unió (paper directe) permetent d'aquesta manera evitar l'efecte del domini inibidor C-terminal. Concretament, s'ha proposat l'existència d'una interacció catió-entre l'adenina i un residu d'argininia (Arg 504).
Un estudi recent dut a terme en col·laboració amb el Dr. Morère, ha mostrat que els receptors de la manosa-6-fosfat són capaços de reconéixer anàlegs de manosa que incorporen grups carboxilats isòsters. En concret, s'ha mostrat que els anàlegs carboxilats tenen la mateixa afinitat per receptor que la manosa-6-fosfat. A més a més, amb aquesta substitució (fosfat-carboxilat) és pot evitar la labilitat dels grups fosfat.
Com s'ha mencionat anteriorment, les adenofostines són resistents als enzimes que metabolitzen l' IP3. En aquest sentit, és ben conegut que la presència d'un àtom de flúor a la posició 2' en un glicòsid incrementa l'estabilitat de l'enllaç glicosídic especialment davant la hidròlisi àcida.
Amb aquests antecedents, es va proposar estudiar la capacitat del IP3R per reconéixer efetivament anàlegs d'adenofostina en els quals un o més grups fosfats han estat reemplaçats per unitats metilencarboxilat. D'altra banda, també es va proposar incrementar l'estabilitat de l'adenofostina mitjançant la introducció d'un àtom de fluor a la posició C-2''.
D'aquesta manera, el present treball s'ha centrat en dos punts principals:
El primer és confirmar les interaccions de l'adenina amb el receptor i el paper del fosfat 2' en l'activitat de l'adenofostina. En aquest sentit, s'ha dut a terme l'evaluació biològica de: IP3, adenofostina A, inositol 4,5-bisfosfate (IP2), and 2'-defosfo-adenophostina A. Els primers assaigs es van dur a terme utilitzant el receptor en la seva forma completa, el fragment corresponent al domini d'unió i aquest mateix fragment incorporant una mutació a la posició 568 (Arg a Gln). Aquest residu interacciona amb el fosfat 1 de l'IP3 i es creu que interaccionaria també amb el fosfat 2' de l'adenofostina. Els següents assajos es van realitzar utilitzant el mateix fragment anteriorment citat, però aquest cop incorporant una mutació a la posició 504 (Arg a Gln). Es creu que aquest residu podria formar una interacció tipus catió- "stacking" amb l'adenina. Del resultat d'aquestes evaluacions biològiques, es pot deduir que l'activitat de l'adenofostina es deguda principalment a la presència de l'adenina i, a més a més, la suposada òptima disposició del fosfat 2' no es determinant per a l'elevada afinitat de l'adenofostina. També s'ha confirmat la presència de la intercció catió- al centre d'unió del receptor.
El segon punt de l'estudi presentat ha estat el disseny i la síntesi de nous anàlegs d'adenofostina basats en els resultats dels estudis biològics anteriorment mencionats.
Així doncs, s'ha sintetitzat el precursor d'un anàleg d'adenofostina que incorpora un àtom de flúor a la posició C-2'' amb la finalitat de conferir-li major estabilitat a l'enllaç glicosídic i evaluar el paper del grup 2''-OH en la formació de ponts d'hidrogen. La introducció del flúor a l'estructura de l'adenofostina es va dur a terme mitjançant la fluoració electròfila del 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal amb Selectfluor®. El qual, posteriorment, es va convertir en el corresponent bromur de glicosil.
Per altra banda, l'adenosina va ser convenientment protegida i utilitzada com a acceptor de glicosil amb el fragment fluorat. Els següents passos posteriors a la glicosilació foren la manipulació de grups protectors amb la finalitat d'obtenir el substrat apropiat par a la introducció dels grups fosfat a les posicions desitjades (2', 3', 4'').
Així també, considerant el paper secundari del fosfat 2' en l'activitat de l'adenofostina, ens vam centrar en la síntesi de dos nous anàlegs en els quals els grups fosfat de les posicions 3'' i 4'' van ser substituits per un grup metilencarboxilat. Així, a banda d'incorporar funcionalitats no metabolitzables, la substitució alternada permetria saber el paper de cadascún dels fosfats en la unió amb el receptor.
L'estructura bàsica per als dos anàlegs es va obtenir de la glicosilació de l'adenosina convenientment protegida amb un tioglicosid que incorporava la unitat metilencarboxilat en la seva estructura. El methyl (4,6-O-benzilidene)-1-O--glucòsid va ser el matrial de partida per a la síntesi dels dos fragments de carbohidrat, els quals es van obtenir variant la seqüència de grups protectors utilitzada.
La introducció del precursor de la unitat metilencarboxilat a les unitats de carbohidrat es va fer mitjançant al·lilació radicalària, obtenint-se els al·lil derivats amb la estereoquímica desitjada. La posterior ruptura oxidativa del grup al·lil donà lloc a l'àcid. Les etapes finals de la síntesi dels fragments de carbohidrat implicaven la hidròlisi de la posició anomèrica i la formació del tioglicòsid. Finalment, els tioglicòsids així obtinguts es van fer reacionar amb el derivat d'adenosina obtenint-se l'estructura bàsica per tots dos anàlegs. Després de vàries etapes de desprotecció, es van obtenir els substrats apropiats per a la fosforilació.
En resum, el present treball ha permès:
1. Establir les característiques estructurals que confereixen a les adenofostines la seva elevada activitat, fins i tot superior a la del propi IP3.
2. Sintetitzar els precursors de tres nous anàlegs d'adenofostina els quals presenten modificacions estructurals que haurien de permetre: a) saber el paper independent de cadascún dels fosfats en el producte natural; i b) saber el paper del grup 2''-OH en les interaccions amb el receptor.
During the past decades, much progress has been made in the knowlledge of calcium signalling and how cells employ calcium in order to regulate their processes. 1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that plays an important role in intracellular calcium stores activity as well as in extracellular calcium entry.
Extracellular stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters or growing factors (first messengers) are capable to bind to specific receptors located a the outer face of cell membrane. This bind results in an activation of Phospholipase C located on the cell membrane, which in turn catalyses the hydrolysis of phospholipids, releasing diacyl-glycerol (DAG) and IP3 (second messenger).
In 1993, Takahashi et al. isolated from a Penicillium brevicompactum, culture, two potent glyconucleotides trisphosphate: Adenophostin A and B. These compounds are the most potent IP3 agonists ever reported until now, being from 10 to 100 fold times more active than IP3 itself.
From a chemical point of view, Adenophostins share with IP3 a trans-diequatorial bis-phosphate moiety flanked by an hydroxyl group at C-2".(see Figure) Moreover, Adenophostins are resistent to enzymes that metabolize IP3 such as IP3-phosphatase and IP3-kinase.


Many Adenophostin analogues have been synthesized in order to elucidate strucural features responsible of Adenophostin activity, and to obtain more active compounds. However, until now, only few analogues has overcome IP3 activity and none of them has reach Adenophostine activity.
Structure-activity-relationship studies has allowed to design a pharmacophore model for Adenophostin A. Main features of this model are:
The trans-diequatorial bis-phosphate moiety flanked by 2''-OH, which is a key point for Adenophostin biological activity, and mimics 4,5-bisphosphate-6-hydroxyl groups in IP3.
The presence of adenine (or any equivalent structure) increases its activity respect to IP3. In that direction to possible adenine roles have been proposed. Adenine would allow to position 2'-phosphate in an optimal disposition through a C2'-endo conformation (indirect role). On the other hand, adenine could be directly involved in complementary interactions with a region located near the binding site (direct role) allowing to avoid the effect of C-terminal inhibitory domain. In particular, it is proposed the existence of a cation- interaction between adenine ring and an arginine residue (Arg504).
A recent study carried out in collaboration with Dr. Morère, has allow to show that that mannose-6-phosphate receptors are capable of recognize mannose analogues incorporating carboxylate isoster groups. In particular, it has been showed that carboxyl analogues have same affinity for the receptor as mannose-6-phosphate. Moreover, with this substitution (phosphate-carboxylate) lability of phosphate groups can be avoided.
As has been mencioned before, Adenophostins are resistent to IP3 metabolizing enzymes. In that direction, it is well known that the presence of a fluorine atom at 2' position of glycosides increases glycosidic bond stability specially towards acidic hydrolysis.
With this background in mind, it was proposed to study whether IP3R are capable of recongnising effectively Adenophostin analogues in which one or more phosphate groups have been replaced by methylene carboxylate moieties. On the other hand, it was also proposed to increase Adenophostin stability by means of fluorine introduction at position C-2''.
Present work has been focused in two points:
The first one was focused in confirming the interactions of adenine with the receptor and the role of 2'-phosphate in Adenophostin activity. In this sense, biological avaluation of IP3, Adenophostin A, inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (IP2), and 2'-dephospho-Adenophostin A has been carried out. First assays were made with using full lenght receptor, binding domain fragment and binding domain fragment incorporating a mutation at position 568 (from Arg to Gln). This residue interacts with phosphate 1 of IP3 and it is supposed to interact with Adenophostin 2'-phosphate as well. Second assays were made using binding domain receptor fragment incorporating a mutation at position 504 (from Arg to Gln). This residue it is supposed to form a cation- stacking with adenine moiety. With this biological avaluations, it can be deduced that Adenophostin A activity is mainly due to the adenine presence, and moreover, the supposed optimal 2'-phosphate disposition is not determinant in Adenophostin high affinity. Furthermore, it has been confirmed the presence of cation- stacking interaction at the binding core.
The second point of the present work has been the design and synthesis of new Adenophostin analogues based in biological study results and antecendents mentioned above.
Thus, it has been synthesized the precursor of an Adenophostin analogue incorporatin a fluorine atom at C-2'' in order to confer more stability to the glycosydic bond and avaluate the role of 2''-OH in hydrogen bonding. The introduction of fluorine into Adenophostin structure was carried out by means of electrophilic fluorination with Selectfluor® of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, which lately was transformed into the corresponding glycosyl bromide. On the other hand, adenosine was conveniently protected and used as glycosyl acceptor in the glycosylation with fluorinated building block. Next steps after glycosylation were protecting group manipulation in order to afford a suitable substrate for phosphate group introduction at desired positions (2', 3', 4'').
Furthermore, considering the secundary role of 2'-phosphate in Adenophostin activity, we focused in the synthesis of two Adenophostin analogues in which phosphate groups at position 3'' and 4'' were replaced by a methylenecarboxylate moiety. Thus, a part from incorporate non metabolizable groups, alternate substitution would allow to know the independent role of each phosphate in receptor binding. Basic structure for two analogues was afforded from the glycosylation of conveniently protected adenosine with a thioglycoside derivative incorporating the methylenecarboxylate moiety in its structure. Methyl (4,6-O-benzylidene)-1-O--glucoside was used as starting material for both carbohydrate fragments, which were afforded depending on the protecting groups sequence used. Introduction of methylencarboxylate precursor into the scaffolds was made via radical allylation, affording allylderivatives with desired stereochemistry. The acid was obtained upon oxidative cleavage of allyl group. Lasts steps of the carbohydrate fragment synthesis involved the hydrolysis of anomeric position and thioglycoside synthesis. Finally, thioglycoside obtained was reacted with adenosine derivative affording the basic structure for both analogues. After several deprotection steps, apropiate substrates for phosphorilation at desired positions were afforded.
In summary, the present work has allowed to:
1. Stablish the structural features that confere to Adenophostins a activity higher than IP3.
2. Synthesize three precursors of Adenophostin analogues presenting new structural modifications that would allow to a) know the independet role of each phosphate in the natural product and b) the role of 2''-OH in receptor interaction.

Tratamos ratos por 7 dias com injeções subcutâneas de óleos de soja (S) ou de girassol (G). Verificamos o desenvolvimento de resistência insulínica, com diminuição de GLUT4 e de sua translocação no tecido adiposo de ratos tratados com estes óleos, apesar de aumento no RNAm de GLUT4 no músculo e no tecido adiposo. O tratamento com girassol diminuiu RNAm de GLUT1 no adiposo, onde também diminuiu a quantidade de RNAm de NF-kB. (outros fatores transcricionais não apresentaram alteração: PPARg, MEF2A e MF2D). Dosamos ácidos graxos no plasma, fígado (sem alterações), músculo (palmitoléico aumentou no grupo G; linolênico diminuiu no S e G e araquidônico aumentou no S) e adiposo (palmítico e esteárico aumentaram e linoleico diminuiu nos grupos S e G, além de aumentar a proporção saturados/ insaturados).
We treated rats for 7 days with subcutaneous soybean (SB) oil or sunflower (SF)oil injections. Insulin resistance was developed, with a decrease in GLUT4 quantity and translocation in adipose tissue in the rats treated with those oils, despite GLUT4 mRNA increase in muscle and adipose tissue. Sunflower treatment led to decrease in GLUT1mRNA in adipose tissue, where NF- kB mRNA was also decreased (other transcriptional factors did not change: PPARg, MEF2A e MF2D). Fatty acids were measured in the plasma, the liver (no changes), muscle (palmitoleic increased in SF, linolenic decreased in SB and SF and arachidonic increased in SB) and adipose tissue (palmitic and stearic increased and linoleico decreased in SB and SF, besides increasing in saturated/ unsaturated ratio.