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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbohydrate drugs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Witczak, Zbigniew J. "Carbohydrates as Drugs and Potential Therapeutics." Current Medicinal Chemistry 1, no. 5 (1995): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986730105220216103120.

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Abstract: New developments in the medidnal chemistry of carbohydrate based drugs is presented. Classificatio!"J,_ as well as therapeutic effects and potential applications are discussed. The main objective of this review is to compile literature data on known carbohydrate therapeutics and address a new developments in particularly promising areas of medicinal chemistry utilizing carbohydrates as new potential drugs.

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2

Pieters, Roland J. "Toward multivalent carbohydrate drugs." Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 6, no. 1-4 (2009): e27-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.12.001.

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3

Johnson, M. A., and B. M. Pinto. "Molecular Mimicry of Carbohydrates by Peptides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 2 (2002): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02047.

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The use of carbohydrates as drugs and vaccines has several limitations. Molecular mimics of carbohydrates provide an alternative source of compounds to target pathways involving protein-carbohydrate interactions. In recent years, immunological studies have demonstrated the ability of certain peptides to act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates, in that they are able to induce an anti-carbohydrate immune response. Carbohydrate-mimetic peptides that bind to enzymes and lectins have also been discovered. The nature of this mimicry at the molecular level is currently the subject of investigation. Structural data regarding the origin of mimicry are reviewed, and their implications for drug and vaccine design are presented.

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4

Ernst, Beat, and John L. Magnani. "From carbohydrate leads to glycomimetic drugs." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8, no. 8 (2009): 661–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2852.

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5

Witczak, Zbigniew J. "Thio Sugars: Biological Relevance as Potential New Therapeutics." Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 2 (1999): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867306666220207213740.

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Abstract: The biological relevance of sulfur containing carbohydrates is gaining substantial attention. Thus the new developments, especially in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry of thio-sugars are critically important for carbohydrate drug design. New studies of biological processes including bio synthetic reactions and enzyme control mechanisms, discovered during the last few years clearly contributed to an understanding of their biological roles. These roles of carbohydrates and thio sugars in particular through biological processes and diseases are becoming better understood now. These new trends will provide tremendous opportunities for the development of carbohydrates as new potential drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances and stimulate continuous development of carbohydrate pharmaceuticals.

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6

Zhang, Yan, and Fengshan Wang. "Carbohydrate drugs: current status and development prospect." Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 9, no. 2 (2015): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2015.01028.

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7

MCAULIFFE, J. C., and O. HINDSGAUL. "ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate Drugs-An Ongoing Challenge." ChemInform 28, no. 29 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199729272.

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8

Horne, Graeme. "Correcting Nature: Targeting dysfunctional carbohydrate processing." Biochemist 34, no. 1 (2012): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03401026.

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The pharmaceutical industry has experienced remarkable growth over the last few decades fuelled by sales revenues of blockbuster drugs such as Lipitor® (Pfizer), Plavix® (BMS/Sanofi-Aventis) and Advair® (GlaxoSmithKline). However, as these drugs approach patent expiries, the era of the blockbuster drug can be considered to be coming to an end.

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9

Lee, Gregory, Cheng-Yuan Huang, Song-Nan Chow, and Chin-Hsiang Chien. "Carbohydrate-associated epitope-based anti-cancer drugs and vaccines." Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 04, no. 09 (2013): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/abb.2013.49a003.

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10

YIN, Jian. "Chemical glycobiology drives the discovery of carbohydrate-based drugs." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 18, no. 10 (2020): 721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60011-5.

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11

Tsimihodimos, V., and M. Elisaf. "Effects of evolving lipid-lowering drugs on carbohydrate metabolism." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 137 (March 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.012.

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12

Pischetsrieder, Monika, Sabrina Gensberger-Reigl, Lisa Atzenbeck, and Ingrid Weigel. "Chemistry and clinical relevance of carbohydrate degradation in drugs." Drug Discovery Today 21, no. 10 (2016): 1620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.011.

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13

Wood, A. C., E. K. Kabagambe, I. B. Borecki, H. K. Tiwari, J. M. Ordovas, and D. K. Arnett. "Dietary Carbohydrate Modifies the Inverse Association between Saturated Fat Intake and Cholesterol on Very Low-Density Lipoproteins." Lipid Insights 4 (January 2011): LPI.S7659. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/lpi.s7659.

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We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary saturated fat on fasting triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels, and any mediation of this relationship by dietary carbohydrate intake. Men and women in the NHLBI Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study ( n = 1036, mean age ± SD = 49 ± 16 y) were included. Mixed linear models were run with saturated fat as a predictor variable and fasting TG, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low density cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density cholesterol (HDL-C) as separate outcome variables. Subsequent models were run which included dietary carbohydrate as a predictor variable, and an interaction term between saturated fat and carbohydrate. All models controlled for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure and dietary covariates. In models that included only saturated fat as a predictor, saturated fat did not show significant associations with fasting lipids. When carbohydrate intake and an interaction term between carbohydrates and saturated fat intake was included, carbohydrate intake did not associate with lipids, but there was an inverse relationship between saturated fat intake and VLDL-C ( P = 0.01) with a significant interaction ( P = 0.01) between saturated fat and carbohydrate with regard to fasting VLDL-C concentrations. Similar results were observed for fasting TG levels. We conclude that, when controlling for carbohydrate intake, higher saturated fat was associated with lower VLDL-C and TGs. This was not the case at higher intakes of carbohydrate. This has important implications for dietary advice aimed at reducing TG and VLDL-C levels.

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Parfenov, A. I., O. V. Akhmadullina, N. I. Belostotsky, et al. "Enteropathy with impaired membrane digestion and the prospects for cytoprotective therapy." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 93, no. 2 (2021): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.02.200602.

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The article describes enteropathy with impaired membrane digestion (EIMD) as a new nosological form. The main clinical manifestation of EIMD is the poor tolerance of food products, in particular carbohydrates and a decrease in the activity of membrane enzymes, in particular, carbohydrates, in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. The cause of the disease can be acute intestinal infections, viruses, drugs and other agents that damage the small intestine. The pathophysiology, clinical picture and diagnosis of EIMD are described. The basis of therapy is rebamipide, which has the ability to reduce the symptoms of carbohydrate intolerance and increase the activity of disaccharidases.

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15

Giorgi, M. Eugenia, Rosalía Agusti, and Rosa M. de Lederkremer. "Carbohydrate PEGylation, an approach to improve pharmacological potency." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (June 25, 2014): 1433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.147.

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Conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), known as PEGylation, has been widely used to improve the bioavailability of proteins and low molecular weight drugs. The covalent conjugation of PEG to the carbohydrate moiety of a protein has been mainly used to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of the attached protein while yielding a more defined product. Thus, glycoPEGylation was successfully applied to the introduction of a PEGylated sialic acid to a preexisting or enzymatically linked glycan in a protein. Carbohydrates are now recognized as playing an important role in host–pathogen interactions in protozoal, bacterial and viral infections and are consequently candidates for chemotherapy. The short in vivo half-life of low molecular weight glycans hampered their use but methods for the covalent attachment of PEG have been less exploited. In this review, information on the preparation and application of PEG-carbohydrates, in particular multiarm PEGylation, is presented.

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16

Matsubara, Teruhiko. "Potential of Peptides as Inhibitors and Mimotopes: Selection of Carbohydrate-Mimetic Peptides from Phage Display Libraries." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/740982.

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Glycoconjugates play various roles in biological processes. In particular, oligosaccharides on the surface of animal cells are involved in virus infection and cell-cell communication. Inhibitors of carbohydrate-protein interactions are potential antiviral drugs. Several anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are derivatives of sialic acid, which inhibits neuraminidase. However, it is very difficult to prepare a diverse range of sugar derivatives by chemical synthesis or by the isolation of natural products. In addition, the pathogenic capsular polysaccharides of bacteria are carbohydrate antigens, for which a safe and efficacious method of vaccination is required. Phage-display technology has been improved to enable the identification of peptides that bind to carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins and antibodies, from a large repertoire of peptide sequences. These peptides are known as “carbohydrate-mimetic peptides (CMPs)” because they mimic carbohydrate structures. Compared to carbohydrate derivatives, it is easy to prepare mono- and multivalent peptides and then to modify them to create various derivatives. Such mimetic peptides are available as peptide inhibitors of carbohydrate-protein interactions and peptide mimotopes that are conjugated with adjuvant for vaccination.

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17

Ustyuzhanina, Nadezhda E., Natalia A. Ushakova, Marina E. Preobrazhenskaya, et al. "Fucoidans as a platform for new anticoagulant drugs discovery." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 9 (2014): 1365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0404.

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AbstractAnionic fucose-containing polysaccharides (fucoidans of brown seaweeds, sulfated fucans and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates of invertebrates) are attracting a rapidly growing research interest due to different types of their biological activity discovered in recent years. In particular, algal fucoidans are characterized by large structural variations depending on the species used for their isolation and by the lack of structural regularity due to random distribution of both carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate substituents along the polymer chains. These features make it difficult to find distinct correlations between structural elements and biological properties of polysaccharides. Nevertheless, there is expectation that systematic structural and biochemical studies of fucoidans will form a basis for the development of new drugs. Herewith we summarize our recent results on the influence of fucoidan structure on blood coagulation.

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Ernazarova, B. K., A. Z. Dzhumanazarova, A. E. Barmashov, and G. N. Apryshko. "Search for new anticancer drugs among new carbohydrate derivatives urea." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 18, no. 3 (2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2019-18-3-31-38.

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19

David, Ayelet. "Carbohydrate-based Biomedical Copolymers for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs." Israel Journal of Chemistry 50, no. 2 (2010): 204–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201000021.

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20

Kalmykova, Z. A., I. V. Kononenko, and A. Yu Mayorov. "Diabetes mellitus and chronic liver diseases. Literature review (part 2): treatment features." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, no. 12 (2019): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.12.000166.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are pathological conditions associated with each other and reaching epidemic proportions. There is a strong pathogenetic relationship of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and a number of CLD. Common mechanisms that provoke metabolic and autoimmune disorders in the development of various CLD, leading to steatosis, insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance and the development of DM are described. Effective glycemic control can have a beneficial effect on the treatment of these patients, and, conversely, there is evidence of a positive effect of CLD therapy on carbohydrate metabolism. This review discusses the correction of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with CLD, the main groups of modern hypoglycemic drugs, mechanisms of their action, the impact on the physiology of the liver, the possibility of using each of these pharmacological groups in patients with impaired liver function. The modern approaches and possibilities of drug effects on the process of fibrogenesis in CLD, the effect of these drugs on carbohydrate metabolism are listed.

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21

Nosova, A. S., Yu A. Budanova, and Yu L. Sebyakin. "Structural features of synthetic glycoconjugates and efficiency of their interaction with glycoprotein receptors on the surface of hepatocytes." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 5 (2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-5-7-20.

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Objectives. Over the last few years, medicinal chemistry research has been focusing on the creation of molecules that can target particular body systems, organs and tissues, thus abating systemic toxicity and side effects, and, most of all, boosting therapeutic potential. This goal can be achieved through the specific interaction of such drugs with active sites of cellular receptors. For example, glycoprotein receptors that can be found on cellular surfaces in neural tissues and liver parenchyma, selectively bind various glycoproteins and glycosides, facilitating their penetration into cells. This review describes how certain parameters of ligand structure (the nature and length of the spacer between carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate fragments of the molecule, number of carbohydrate residues per molecule, etc.) influence the penetration efficiency of synthetic glycoconjugates into liver cells.Methods. This review article summarizes 75 research papers and discusses data from in vitro and in vivo experiments showing which structures of synthetic carbohydrate derivatives are optimal for targeted drug delivery into liver cells.Results. The surface of liver cells (hepatocytes) contains a significant number of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) that are almost never found elsewhere. This makes ASGP-R an ideal target for the directed treatment of liver diseases, including such difficult, socially important conditions as hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepatitis C. A number of various ligands and targeted (to ASGP-R) delivery systems have been designed. Such molecules always contain derivatives of mono- and disaccharides, most commonly D-glucose, D-galactose, D-lactose and N-acetylglucosamines. This review contains the chemical structures of carbohydrate-based ligands.Conclusions. Glycolipids based on D-carbohydrates, when in liposomes, facilitate penetration into liver cells by a receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanism that is activated upon contact of the carbohydrate-containing ligand fragment with the active site of ASGP-R. It can be addressed by the use of monovalent derivatives of carbohydrates as well as polyvalent glycoconjugates. Alterations in the ligand structure and the number of liposomal modifications can boost the therapeutic effect. The distance between the liposomal surface and the carbohydrate residue (spacer length), as well as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the ligand molecule, have a great effect on the affinity and cellular response.

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22

Kuraeva, Tamara Leonidovna, Elena Aleksandrovna Sechko, Lubov' Iosifovna Zilberman, et al. "Molecular genetic and clinical variants MODY2 and MODY3 in children in Russia." Problems of Endocrinology 61, no. 5 (2016): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201561514-25.

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Aim — to research molecular genetic and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus MODY2 and MODY3 in children.Material and methods. Genetic testing for GCK and HNF1α was performed in 169 patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders, with age of diagnosis under 18. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were interpreted as MODY. Analysis of clinical data at the presentation of carbohydrate metabolism disorder and cases follow-up was provided in 62 patients with genetic confirmed MODY2 and 18 patients with genetic confirmed MODY3.Results. Ratio MODY2 and MODY3 was 3,4:1. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were diagnosed earlier in MODY2 than in MODY3 — 7,8 years (4,0; 10,5) vs. 11,8 years (9,7; 13,5) (p<0,01). Degree of carbohydrate metabolism disorder was less in MODY2 — in 22,4% of patients all makers of carbohydrate metabolism disorder (HbA1c, fasting glycaemia, 120 min glycaemia) were less than diabetic range, in MODY3 all these makers were diabetics in 100% of cases. Patients with MODY2 significantly less frequently were treated with antihyperglycemic drugs. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders in one of the parents were diagnosed earlier in MODY3 — in 24 years (18,5; 35,3) vs. 32 years (27; 37) in MODY2 (p<0,05), parents were treated with antihyperglycemic drugs — in 94,4% vs. 22,2% respectively (p<0,01).Conclusion. This study is the largest in Russia and estimated that MODY2 is the most prevalence and has had milder presentation and less dysfunction of β-cells to compare to MODY-HNF1α.

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23

Riu, Federico, Alessandro Ruda, Roberta Ibba, et al. "Antibiotics and Carbohydrate-Containing Drugs Targeting Bacterial Cell Envelopes: An Overview." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 8 (2022): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15080942.

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Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. This review covers the main structural and functional properties of cell wall polysaccharides (CWPs) and PG. Drugs targeting CWPs are discussed, both noncarbohydrate-related (β-lactams, fosfomycin, and lipopeptides) and carbohydrate-related (glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides). Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed. The use of carbohydrate-based vaccines as a valid strategy to prevent bacterial infections is also addressed.

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Oh, Jung Kwon, Daniel J. Siegwart, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Synthesis and Biodegradation of Nanogels as Delivery Carriers for Carbohydrate Drugs." Biomacromolecules 8, no. 11 (2007): 3326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm070381+.

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25

Liu, Min, Qin Pan, Fengling Luo, Craig Meyers, and Xiao-Lian Zhang. "Tumor carbohydrate antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines and drugs." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 18, no. 1 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0885-0.

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26

Halushko, O. A. "Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in critical conditions." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-36-38.

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Background. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) include ketoacidosis and ketoacidotic hyperglycemic coma, non-diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemic syndrome and hypoglycemic coma, lactic acid coma. The main factors in the development of CMD are newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) or inadequate therapy of previously diagnosed DM, infectious processes, acute diseases (myocardial infarction, strokes, pancreatitis, renal failure, severe burns, thyrotoxicosis), use of certain drugs (calcium channel blockers, osmotic and thiazide diuretics, propranolol, chemotherapeutic drugs), alcohol or cocaine abuse. Objective. To describe the course and management of patients with CMD. Materials and methods. Review of the available literature on this issue. Results and discussion. CMD in critical conditions leads to the development of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hyperosmolarity, electrolyte imbalance, arising against the background of the underlying disease, being masked by it and worsening the patient’s condition. When diagnosing ketoacidosis, one should focus primarily on the clinical condition of the patient, because the test for ketonuria does not reflect the actual level of ketone bodies in the urine. CMD therapy should include rehydration (infusion therapy – IT), insulin therapy, partial correction of severe metabolic acidosis, use of antiketogenic drugs, compensation of electrolyte disorders and elimination of the CMD causes. Isotonic NaCl solution or Ringer solution must be used for IT. Elderly patients and patients with heart failure should be treated with caution, with a possible dose reduction of 50 %. In case of hyperglycemia, insulin therapy (intravenous bolus 0.15 IU/kg, then infusion 0.1 IU/kg/h) is prescribed to ensure a reduction in glucose concentration by 2-3 mmol/L per hour. To correct metabolic acidosis, hydrocarbonate solutions are prescribed under the control of acid-base status (ABS). If it is not possible to determine ABS, in the presence of clinical signs of ketoacidosis, it is possible to prescribe Soda-Bufer (“Yuria-Pharm”) up to 300 ml. Xylitol (Xylate, “Yuria-Pharm”) is the main antiketogenic solution. It reduces the amount of free fatty acids, which oxidize to acetyl-CoA, acts as an insulin-independent energy source, increases the intensity of glycolysis and glycogen production, stimulates insulin secretion. If the patient has a fasting blood glucose level >13.9 mmol/L, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry skin and dry mouth, Kussmaul’s breathing, frequent urination, or a patient with diabetes is scheduled for surgery, it is advisable to prescribe xylitol-containing solution. Xylate should be prescribed for various CMD (hyperglycemia, dehydration, hypokalemia, ketoacidosis). Another area of CMD treatment is the normalization of potassium levels, which should be started in the conditions of normokalemia, because CMD are characterized by an initial increase and subsequent decrease in potassium content. The latter should be maintained at 4-5 mmol/h with tight monitoring every 2 hours firstly and then every 4 hours. Conclusions. 1. Many patients in the intensive care unit develop CMD. 2. CMD in critical conditions involve the development of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hyperosmolarity, and electrolyte imbalance. 3. CMD therapy should include rehydration, insulin therapy, partial correction of severe metabolic acidosis, use of antiketogenic drugs, compensation of electrolyte disorders and elimination of the CMD causes. 4. Isotonic NaCl solution, Ringer solution, insulin therapy, hydrocarbonate solutions, xylitol, potassium preparations are used in CMD therapy.

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27

Massaro, M., S. Riela, C. Baiamonte, et al. "Dual drug-loaded halloysite hybrid-based glycocluster for sustained release of hydrophobic molecules." RSC Advances 6, no. 91 (2016): 87935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14657k.

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28

Morugova, T. V., and D. N. Lazareva. "Carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic patients with hypertension treatment." Kazan medical journal 70, no. 4 (1989): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj100616.

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For the purpose of rational therapy of diabetes mellitus, it is important to consider the effect of medications on carbohydrate metabolism, which may change ambiguously in diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals under the influence of drug treatment. In recent years, interest in this issue has undoubtedly increased and has prompted numerous publications containing disparate, unsystematized data on various drugs, mainly on the results of studies of insulin content and glucose levels.

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Fanara, Salvatore, Maria Aprile, Salvatore Iacono, et al. "The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (2021): 3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113774.

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Studies on the role of nutritional factors and physical activity (PA) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) go back a long time. Despite the intrinsic difficulty of studying their positive or negative role in MS, the interest of researchers on these topics increased during the last few decades, since the role of diet has been investigated with the perspective of the association with disease-modifying drugs (DMD). The association of DMD, diets, and PA might have an additive effect in modifying disease severity. Among the various diets investigated (low-carbohydrate, gluten-free, Mediterranean, low-fat, fasting-mimicking, and Western diets) only low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and fast-mimicking diets have shown both in animal models and in humans a positive effect on MS course and in patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, the Mediterranean diet is easier to be maintained compared to fast-mimicking and low-carbohydrate diets, which may lead to detrimental side effects requiring careful clinical monitoring. Conversely, the Western diet, which is characterized by a high intake of highly saturated fats and carbohydrates, may lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory immune pathways and is therefore not recommended. PA showed a positive effect both in animal models as well as on disease course and PROs in humans. Training with combined exercises is considered the more effective approach.

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Smith, Brenda K., David A. York, and George A. Bray. "Activation of hypothalamic serotonin receptors reduced intake of dietary fat and protein but not carbohydrate." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (1999): R802—R811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r802.

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Systemic treatment with dexfenfluramine (dF), fluoxetine, or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) recently was shown to suppress fat and occasionally protein but not carbohydrate intake in rats when a macronutrient selection paradigm was employed. These reports contrast with the prevailing literature, which for the past decade has described a role for serotonin neurotransmission in the modification of dietary carbohydrate consumption. To test the hypothesis that the suppression of fat selection and/or consumption by systemic serotonin agonists involves stimulation of central 5-HT receptors, a series of experiments was performed in nondeprived rats. In experiment 1, third cerebroventricular (3V) infusion of the nonselective 5-HT antagonist metergoline prevented the reduction in fat but not carbohydrate feeding caused by systemic dF. Furthermore, 3V metergoline alone increased fat intake. In experiments 2 and 3, 3V infusion of 5-HT1B/2C receptor agonistsd-norfenfluramine (dNF) or quipazine inhibited fat intake exclusively. Next, the infusion ofdNF or 5-HT into the region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) reduced both fat and protein intake ( experiments 4 and 5). Finally, in experiment 6, when rats were grouped by baseline diet preference, 5-HT infused into the PVN led to a dose-related decrease in fat intake in both carbohydrate- and fat-preferring rats. In contrast, there were no dose effects of 5-HT on carbohydrate or protein intake in either preference group. However, in fat-preferring rats, the highest dose of 5-HT reduced intake of all three macronutrient diets. These results demonstrate a selective effect of exogenous serotonergic drugs in the hypothalamus to reduce fat rather than carbohydrate intake and suggest that higher baseline fat intake enhances responsivity to serotonergic drugs.

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Давыдчик, Э. В., В. А. Снежицкий, and О. Н. Мартинкевич. "Effect of Hypoglycemic Drugs on Uric Acid Levels." Рецепт, no. 4 (September 13, 2022): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.25.4.014.

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Учитывая частое сочетание и взаимосвязь нарушений пуринового и углеводного обменов, актуальным является выбор препаратов для коррекции данных нарушений, обладающих сочетанным положительным влиянием на уровень мочевой кислоты и глюкозы. В статье приведены группы сахароснижающих препаратов, которые оказывают положительное влияние на обмен мочевой кислоты. Considering the frequent combination and relationship of disorders of purine and carbohydrate metabolism, the choice of drugs for the correction of these disorders with a combined positive effect on uric acid and glucose levels is relevant. The article provides groups of hypoglycemic drugs that have a positive effect on uric acid metabolism.

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32

Hossain, Farzana, and Peter R. Andreana. "Developments in Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Therapeutics." Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 2 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12020084.

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Cancer cells of diverse origins express extracellular tumor-specific carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) because of aberrant glycosylation. Overexpressed TACAs on the surface of tumor cells are considered biomarkers for cancer detection and have always been prioritized for the development of novel carbohydrate-based anti-cancer vaccines. In recent years, progress has been made in developing synthetic, carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines to improve immune responses associated with targeting these specific antigens. Tumor cells also exhaust more energy for proliferation than normal cells, by consuming excessive amounts of glucose via overexpressed sugar binding or transporting receptors located in the cellular membrane. Furthermore, inspired by the Warburg effect, glycoconjugation strategies of anticancer drugs have gained considerable attention from the scientific community. This review highlights a small cohort of recent efforts which have been made in carbohydrate-based cancer treatments, including vaccine design and the development of glycoconjugate prodrugs, glycosidase inhibiting iminosugars, and early cancer diagnosis.

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J. Reina, Jose, and Anna Bernardi. "Carbohydrate Mimics and Lectins: A Source of New Drugs and Therapeutic Opportunities." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 14 (2012): 1434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955712803832690.

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Shukla, Raj Kumar, and Akanksha Tiwari. "Carbohydrate polymers: Applications and recent advances in delivering drugs to the colon." Carbohydrate Polymers 88, no. 2 (2012): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.021.

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Chukwuma Sr, Chrysanthus. "Etiopathophysiological Functions of Carbohydrate-Lipid Interactions Associated with Obesity, Diabetes and Covid-19." Diabetes & Obesity International Journal 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000252.

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The extant COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an expansive mortality due to the SARS-COV-2. The SARS-COV-2 is encompassed by a lipid bilayer that enhances fusion of the viral membrane to the host cell, replication, endocytosis, exocytosis and role of lipid metabolism in viral infectivity. In the absence of appropriate drugs and vaccines, there are never-ending opportunities for antiviral treatments. Consumption of diets suffused with carbohydrates and saturated fats contribute to obesity and diabetes prevalence, oxidative stress and comorbidities development as risk factors for COVID-19 pandemic as an emergency public health enigma. COVID-19 outbreak has invariably constituted a severe challenge to global public health system with resultant deficient approaches to stem the disorder but carbohydrates may provide accelerated diagnostics, appropriate, effective and efficient vaccines and therapeutic regimen. This paper provides a set of themes and modalities for analysing carbohydratelipid interactions as extrapolated to the issues and challenges of SARS-COV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Burzyńska, Patrycja, Marlena Jodłowska, Agata Zerka, Jan Czujkowski, and Ewa Jaśkiewicz. "Red Blood Cells Oligosaccharides as Targets for Plasmodium Invasion." Biomolecules 12, no. 11 (2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12111669.

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The key element in developing a successful malaria treatment is a good understanding of molecular mechanisms engaged in human host infection. It is assumed that oligosaccharides play a significant role in Plasmodium parasites binding to RBCs at different steps of host infection. The formation of a tight junction between EBL merozoite ligands and glycophorin receptors is the crucial interaction in ensuring merozoite entry into RBCs. It was proposed that sialic acid residues of O/N-linked glycans form clusters on a human glycophorins polypeptide chain, which facilitates the binding. Therefore, specific carbohydrate drugs have been suggested as possible malaria treatments. It was shown that the sugar moieties of N-acetylneuraminyl-N-acetate-lactosamine and 2,3-didehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), which is its structural analog, can inhibit P. falciparum EBA-175-GPA interaction. Moreover, heparin-like molecules might be used as antimalarial drugs with some modifications to overcome their anticoagulant properties. Assuming that the principal interactions of Plasmodium merozoites and host cells are mediated by carbohydrates or glycan moieties, glycobiology-based approaches may lead to new malaria therapeutic targets.

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Ahmed, Marya, and Ravin Narain. "Carbohydrate-based materials for targeted delivery of drugs and genes to the liver." Nanomedicine 10, no. 14 (2015): 2263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.15.58.

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Marzabadi, Cecilia, and Ian Talisman. "Carbohydrate-Based Drugs in the Treatment of Epilepsy, Depression and Other Affective Disorders." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2008): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802608783378846.

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Tolstikova, T., M. Khvostov, and A. Bryzgalov. "The Complexes of Drugs with Carbohydrate-Containing Plant Metabolites as Pharmacologically Promising Agents." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 9, no. 11 (2009): 1317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955709789878123.

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Harder, A., P. Andrews, and H. Thomas. "Chlorpromazine, other amphiphilic cationic drugs and praziquantel: effects on carbohydrate metabolism ofSchistosoma mansoni." Parasitology Research 73, no. 3 (1987): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00578512.

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Ramazani, Yasaman, Elena N. Levtchenko, Lambertus Van Den Heuvel, et al. "Evaluation of carbohydrate-cysteamine thiazolidines as pro-drugs for the treatment of cystinosis." Carbohydrate Research 439 (February 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.12.003.

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Jassim, Goran, Silje Skrede, María Jesús Vázquez, et al. "Acute effects of orexigenic antipsychotic drugs on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rat." Psychopharmacology 219, no. 3 (2011): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2397-y.

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Kochergina, Anastasia M., and Alina A. Khorlampenko. "Percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: risks and novel way to manage." Diabetes mellitus 22, no. 2 (2019): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/dm9827.

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The article is a literature review devoted to issues of planned percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pathogenetic base of poor prognosis and new ways to pharmacological risk correction are described. The article highlights the trends in the incidence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, their role in the development of complications of myocardial revascularization. The results of studies comparing different tactics of revascularization and their results in patients with different status of carbohydrate metabolism are presented. The article discusses the methods of risk management within percutaneous coronary revascularization, the role of glycemic metabolism in the risk of an poor prognosis of myocardial revascularization, describes the results of clinical trials of new drugs that can have a positive effect on the prognosis of revascularization in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

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Li, Jun, Chao Cai, Chendong Yang, Jianghua Li, Tiantian Sun, and Guangli Yu. "Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Potential of Brown Algal Polysaccharides and their Derivatives." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 11 (2019): 1290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190618143952.

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Marine plants, animals and microorganisms display steady growth in the ocean and are abundant carbohydrate resources. Specifically, natural polysaccharides obtained from brown algae have been drawing increasing attention owing to their great potential in pharmaceutical applications. This review describes the structural and biological features of brown algal polysaccharides, including alginates, fucoidans, and laminarins, and it highlights recently developed approaches used to obtain the oligo- and polysaccharides with defined structures. Functional modification of these polysaccharides promotes their advanced applications in biomedical materials for controlled release and targeted drug delivery, etc. Moreover, brown algal polysaccharides and their derivatives possess numerous biological activities with anticancer, anticoagulant, wound healing, and antiviral properties. In addition, we also discuss carbohydrate- based substrates from brown algae, which are currently in clinical and preclinical studies, as well as the marine drugs that are already on the market. The present review summarizes the recent development in carbohydratebased products from brown algae, with promising findings that could rapidly facilitate the future discovery of novel marine drugs.

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García Fernández, José M., Juan M. Benito, and Carmen Ortiz Mellet. "Cyclodextrin-scaffolded glycotransporters for gene delivery." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 9 (2013): 1825–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-10-13.

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Conventional drugs consist of a formulation of a bioactive species and a carrier, the former accounting for most of the sophistication of the design. In the case of biomolecular drugs, however, the role of the carrier becomes decisive in enabling the load to reach its target to carry out its designed therapeutic function. Thus, the clinical success of gene therapy, where the active principles are nucleic acids, critically depends on the use of efficient and safe delivery systems. Carbohydrates have proven particularly useful in this regard. Glycocoating, similarly to poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG)-coating (pegylation), can stabilize colloidal aggregates by improving solvation and preventing nonspecific interactions, for example, with serum proteins. Moreover, glycoconjugates can drive specific recognition and receptor-mediated internalization in target cells. Actually, the inherent flexibility of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry has greatly contributed to enlarging the range of functional materials that can be rationally conceived for gene delivery. Herein, this is illustrated with selected examples that focus on controlling the architectural parameters of the vectors to make them suitable for structure&ndash;activity relationship (SAR) and optimization studies. The members of the cyclomaltooligosaccharide (cyclodextrin, CD) family will be the central actors of the story.

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Lloyd, Pamela G., and Christopher D. Hardin. "Role of microtubules in the regulation of metabolism in isolated cerebral microvessels." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 6 (1999): C1250—C1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.6.c1250.

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We used13C-labeled substrates and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine carbohydrate metabolism in vascular smooth muscle of freshly isolated pig cerebral microvessels (PCMV). PCMV utilized [2-13C]glucose mainly for glycolysis, producing [2-13C]lactate. Simultaneously, PCMV utilized the glycolytic intermediate [1-13C]fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) mainly for gluconeogenesis, producing [1-13C]glucose with only minor [3-13C]lactate production. The dissimilarity in metabolism of [2-13C]FBP derived from [2-13C]glucose breakdown and metabolism of exogenous [1-13C]FBP demonstrates that carbohydrate metabolism is compartmented in PCMV. Because glycolytic enzymes interact with microtubules, we disrupted microtubules with vinblastine. Vinblastine treatment significantly decreased [2-13C]lactate peak intensity (87.8 ± 3.7% of control). The microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol also reduced [2-13C]lactate peak intensity (90.0 ± 2.4% of control). Treatment with both agents further decreased [2-13C]lactate production (73.3 ± 4.0% of control). Neither vinblastine, taxol, or the combined drugs affected [1-13C]glucose peak intensity (gluconeogenesis) or disrupted the compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism. The similar effects of taxol and vinblastine, drugs that have opposite effects on microtubule assembly, suggest that they produce their effects on glycolytic rate by competing with glycolytic enzymes for binding, not by affecting the overall assembly state of the microtubule network. Glycolysis, but not gluconeogenesis, may be regulated in part by glycolytic enzyme-microtubule interactions.

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Budreiko, O. A. "EFFICIENCY OF INSULINOTHERAPY OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS." Problems of Endocrine Pathology 32, no. 2 (2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21856/j-pep.2010.2.02.

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Analysis of the treatment of type-1 diabetes in children and adolescents in recent years has shown a significant increase in using of insulin analogues. Improvement in the compensation of carbohydrate metabolism and state of microcirculation on the background of the use of insulin analogues when compared with other insulin drugs is shown. The importance of maintaining stable blood glucose levels at night to prevent the development of microcirculatory disorders, which is ensured, primarily by the drugs of non-peak prolonged insulin action was proved.

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Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. "The Auto-Brewery Syndrome: A Perfect Metabolic “Storm” with Clinical and Forensic Implications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 20 (2021): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10204637.

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Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) is a rare, unstudied, unknown, and underreported phenomenon in modern medicine. Patients with this syndrome become inebriated and may suffer the medical and social implications of alcoholism, including arrest for inebriated driving. The pathophysiology of ABS is reportedly due to a fungal type dysbiosis of the gut that ferments some carbohydrates into ethanol and may mimic a food allergy or intolerance. This syndrome should be considered in patients with chronic obstruction or hypomotility presenting with elevated breath and blood alcohol concentrations, especially after a high carbohydrate intake. A glucose challenge test should be performed as the confirmatory test. Treatment typically includes antifungal drugs combined with changes in lifestyle and nutrition. Additional studies are particularly needed on the human microbiome to shed light on how imbalances of commensal bacteria in the gut allow yeast to colonize on a pathological level.

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Гулей, Лилия. "Skin candidiasis as a consequence of carbohydrate disorder." Dermatovenerology. Cosmetology. Sexopathology, no. 3-4 (November 28, 2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37321/dermatology.2019.3-4-06.

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Summary. The purpose is to conduct a scientific literature sources research about features of the clinical course of skin candidiasis in patients suffered from diabetes mellitus.  Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the literature has been carried out about the presence of various skin form of candidiasis in patients suffered from diabetes mellitus.  Results of research and discussion. An analysis of literature sources has established that 285 million adults are suffering from diabetes mellitus all over the world. One third of them has skin rash, which can be divided into 3 groups: primary, secondary, dermatoses, caused by drugs used for the diabetes mellitus treatment. The most common clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus is candidiasis, caused by more than 186 species of the genus Candida pathogens.  Conclusion. The precursor of the diabetes mellitus onset is often skin candidiasis, so you need to have a profound knowledge of its various forms diagnostics.

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Dreval, A. V., and I. V. Misnikova. "Correction of pseudoresistance to sulfonylureas with amaryl." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 4 (2000): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11859.

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Pseudoresistance to sulfonylurea drugs is caused by their chronic overdosage and the resultant hypoglycemic reactions leading to decompensation of diabetes. The efficiency of amaril was studied in patients with type 2 diabetes ineffectively treated by traditional sulfonylurea. Amaril therapy in this group of patients resulted in a decrease of glycated hemoglobin fraction A/c by 2.2% in 3 months. Side effects were rare. Hence, amaril can be regarded as a drug for correcting pseudoresistance to sugar-reducing sulfonylurea drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes, as it notably improves carbohydrate metabolism.

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