Academic literature on the topic 'Carbohydrate-rich drink'

The acute effects of drinks rich in protein (PRO) versus carbohydrate (CHO) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and reactivity are uncertain. A randomized crossover design was used to compare 400-mL isoenergetic (1.1 MJ) drinks containing whey protein (PRO; 44 g) or carbohydrate (CHO; 57 g) versus 400 mL of water in 14 healthy men. The primary and secondary outcomes were changes in cardiac output, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and digital volume pulse measured prior to and 30 min following consumption at rest, during 12 min of multi-stage bicycle ergometry, and 15 min postexercise. The mean change (95% confidence interval (CI)) in resting cardiac output at 30 min was greater for CHO than for PRO or water: 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0), 0.1 (–0.2 to 0.40), and 0.0 (–0.3 to 0.3) L/min (P < 0.001), respectively; the higher cardiac output following CHO was accompanied by an increase in stroke volume and a lower SVR. The mean increments (95% CI) in cardiac output during exercise were CHO 4.7 (4.4 to 5.0), PRO 4.9 (4.6 to 5.2), and water 4.6 (4.3 to 4.9) L/min with the difference between PRO versus water being significant (P < 0.025). There were no other statistically significant differences. In summary, a CHO-rich drink increased cardiac output and lowered SVR in the resting state compared with a PRO-rich drink or water but the effect size of changes in these variables did not differ during or after exercise between CHO and PRO. Neither protein nor carbohydrate affected blood pressure reactivity to exercise.

Protein-rich supplements are used commonly to increase energy intake in undernourished older people. This study aimed to establish age effects on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying, blood glucose, and gut hormones in response to protein-rich drinks. In a randomized double-blind, order, 13 older men (age: 75 ± 2 yrs, body mass index (BMI): 26 ± 1 kg/m2) and 13 younger (23 ± 1 yrs, 24 ± 1 kg/m2) men consumed (i) a control drink (~2 kcal) or drinks (450 mL) containing protein/fat/carbohydrate: (ii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/‘P280′), (iii) 14 g/12.4 g/28 g (280 kcal/‘M280′), (iv) 70 g/12.4 g/28 g (504 kcal/‘M504′), on four separate days. Appetite (visual analog scales), gastric emptying (3D ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0–180 min), and ad-libitum energy intake (180–210 min) were determined. Older men, compared to younger men, had higher fasting glucose and CCK concentrations and lower fasting GLP-1 concentrations (all p < 0.05). Energy intake by P280 compared to control was less suppressed in older men (increase: 49 ± 42 kcal) than it was in younger men (suppression: 100 ± 54 kcal, p = 0.038). After the caloric drinks, the suppression of hunger and the desire to eat, and the stimulation of fullness was less (p < 0.05), and the stimulation of plasma GLP-1 was higher (p < 0.05) in older men compared to younger men. Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and CCK responses were similar between age groups. In conclusion, ageing reduces the responses of caloric drinks on hunger, the desire to eat, fullness, and energy intake, and protein-rich nutrition supplements may be an effective strategy to increase energy intake in undernourished older people.

High levels of osmolalities have been found in manufactured carbohydrate-based functional drinks that occasionally include added protein; however, fruit components rich in bioactive ingredients have been absent. It has proved difficult to obtain recovery drinks based on natural fruit components that deliver calories and nutrients to the body whilst simultaneously ensuring that the body is adequately hydrated after physical exertion; the problem being that it is difficult to ensure the drinks’ stability at low pH levels and maintain an appropriate sensory quality. This study aims to develop drinks based on natural fruit components that contain added electrolytes, carbohydrates, prebiotic fiber and protein; an improved water and electrolyte balance; the calories needed after intense physical exertion; a high content of nutrients; and a favorable sensory quality. Furthermore, the relationships between regressive osmolalities of beverage components are herein investigated. The study materials were raspberry powders (prepared via fluidized-bed jet milling, drying, freeze-drying and spray-drying) as well as citrated sodium, potassium, magnesium salts, isomaltulose, hydrolyzed collagen, whey protein isolate and prebiotic fiber. The drinks’ polyphenols and antioxidant properties were measured spectrophotometrically, whilst vitamin C content was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The sensory qualities of each drink were assessed according to a scaling method. Six test versions of recovery drinks were prepared in which osmolalities ranged from 388 to 607 mOsm/kg water, total polyphenol content was 27–49 mg GAE/100 mL and vitamin C level was 8.1–20.6 mg/100 mL, following compositions defined by the study results. It is thus possible to obtain fruit-based recovery drinks of the recommended osmolality that contain added protein, prebiotics and fiber, as well as defined amounts of electrolytes and carbohydrates. All drinks were found to have a satisfactorily sensory quality. The design of appropriate recovery drink compositions was also greatly helped by investigating the relationships among the regressive osmolalities of beverage components (i.e., electrolytes, carbohydrates, fruit powders and protein).

Insulin resistance develops as a response to virtually all types of surgical stress. There is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that insulin resistance in surgical stress is not beneficial for outcome. A recent large study in intensive-care patients showed that aggressive treatment of insulin resistance using intravenous insulin reduced mortality and morbidity substantially. Similarly, in burn patients, intensive insulin and glucose treatment has been shown to improve N economy and enhance skin-graft healing. In surgical patients insulin resistance has been characterized in some detail, and has been shown to have many similarities with metabolic changes seen in patients with type 2 diabetes. This finding may be important since insulin resistance has been shown to be one independent factor that influences length of stay. When patients about to undergo elective surgery have been treated with glucose intravenously or a carbohydrate-rich drink instead of overnight fasting, insulin resistance was reduced by about half. A small meta-analysis showed that when post-operative insulin resistance was reduced by preoperative carbohydrates, length of hospital stay was shortened. Overnight intravenous glucose at high doses improved post-operative N economy. This type of treatment has also been shown repeatedly to reduce cardiac complications after open-heart surgery. Furthermore, if the carbohydrates are given as a drink pre-operatively, pre-operative thirst, hunger and anxiety are markedly reduced. In summary, preventing or treating insulin resistance in surgical stress influences outcome. Fasting overnight is not an optimal way to prepare patients for elective surgery. Instead, pre-operative carbohydrates have clinical benefits.

Bakgrund: Preoperativ fasta är nödvändigt innan anestesi för att reducera magsäckens innehåll och därmed minska risken för aspiration. Trots att internationella riktlinjer rekommenderar två timmars fasta för klar vätska är det många sjukhus som fortfarande använder sig av rutinmässig praxis att låta patienter fasta från midnatt. Detta kan innebära en onödigt lång fasta som ger patienten komplikationer i form av sekundära biverkningar och insulinresistens. Syfte: Att undersöka preoperativ omvårdnad i samband med fasta inför kirurgi. Metod: En litteraturstudie med beskrivande design bestående av 14 utvalda originalartiklar från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl användes. Den teoretiska referensramen för denna studie var Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori gällande förståelse av lidande och lidandets drama. Resultat: Många patienter fastade längre än American Society of anesthesiologists (ASAs) rekommenderade riktlinjer. Att fasta längre än två timmar innan operation minskade inte risken för aspiration och gav inte någon mindre volym av magsäckens innehåll hos patienterna. Att ge patienter kolhydratrik dryck innan operation ökade patienternas pre- och postoperativa välbefinnande och innebar inga risker. Slutsats: Genom ett mer flexibelt arbetssätt vid planerad operation kan längden på fastan anpassas efter patientens individuella behov. I samband med planerad kirurgi kan kolhydratrik dryck vara ett bra komplement vid fasta för att minska patientens lidande. Sjuksköterskan är omvårdnadsansvarig och ska arbeta evidensbaserat samt se till patienternas bästa och tillgodose deras behov. Sjuksköterskan kan använda detta som underlag för att minska lidandet i samband med fastan.
Background: Preoperative fasting is necessary before anesthesia to reduce gastric contents and decrease the risk of aspiration. Although international guidelines recommend two hours fasting of liquids, many hospitals still practice nil-by-mouth after midnight. This might give an unnecessarily prolonged fasting which give the patient discomfort and insulin resistance. Aim:  To examine preoperative care in connection with fasting prior to surgery. Method: A literature study with descriptive design based on 14 original articles selected from the databases Pubmed and Cinahl was used. The theoretical frame of reference for this study was Katie Eriksson's nursing theory regarding understanding of suffering and the drama of suffering. Results: Many patients fast longer than American Society of anesthesiologists (ASAs) recommended guidelines. Fasting more than two hours before surgery did not decrease the risk of aspiration and did not decrease the gastric volume. To give patients a high carbohydrate drink before surgery increased the patient's pre- and postoperative comfort. Conclusion: Through a more flexible working method during the planned operation, the length of the fast can be adapted to the patient's individual needs. In conjunction with planned surgery, carbohydrate-rich beverages can be a good complement to fasting to reduce the patient's suffering. The nurse is responsible for nursing care and should work evidence-based and ensure the patients' best and meet their needs. The nurse can use this as a basis for reducing the suffering associated with fasting.