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1
Sulaymon, Abbas H., Abdul-Fattah M. Ali, and Saadi K. Al-Naseri. "Mathematical models application for natural organic matter adsorption onto activated carbon." Desalination and Water Treatment 24, no. 1-3 (December 2010): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1241.
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Ibrahim, A. S., A. S. AL Buloshi, S. S. AL Zaabi, and L. A. AL Yafai. "Mathematical Model Describes Treatment of Waste Water Using Modified Activated Carbon." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol14iss1pp94-104.
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The proposed mathematical model covered in this paper includes the most important parameters associated with the rates of adsorption and desorption. Also, partial pressure is included since it is an important factor that affects rates of adsorption and desorption. The study focuses on the effects of the constant rates on adsorption of pollutant concentrations for benzene, nickel, cadmium, and copper using modified active carbon. When the rate constant of adsorption decreases, the pollutant concentration will also decrease, yielding high acceptable evidence of the logic of the proposed mathematical model. Also, the proposed model is compared with experimental data and other models to give good outcomes with high accuracy.
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Campos, C., I. Baudin, and J. M. Lainé. "Adsorption performance of powdered activated carbon-ultrafiltration systems." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0095.
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The use of powdered activated carbon in combination with ultrafiltration membranes is attracting increasing interest for the removal of organic compounds in drinking water treatment. The overall adsorption efficiency of this hybrid membrane process strongly depends on the reactor configuration and its operating conditions. Identification of the operating conditions yielding optimum carbon performance can be facilitated by the use of mathematical models describing the adsorption process. In this study, the effect of various designs and operating parameters on the efficiency of the adsorption process is discussed using an adsorption model previously developed and verified by the authors. This discussion includes the effect of filtration time, membrane reactor volume, carbon dosing procedure, carbon dose and carbon particle size on the adsorption removal of two selected micropollutants and dissolved organic matter.
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Snoeyink, V. L., C. Campos, and B. J. Mariñas. "Design and performance of powdered activated carbon/ultrafiltration systems." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0228.
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The use of powdered activated carbon in combination with ultrafiltration membranes is attracting increasing interest for the removal of organic micropollutants in drinking water treatment. The overall adsorption efficiency of this hybrid treatment process strongly depends on the reactor configuration and its operating conditions. Identification of the operating conditions yielding optimum carbon performance can be facilitated by the use of mathematical models describing the adsorption process. In this study, the effect of various design and operating parameters on the efficiency of the adsorption process is discussed using an adsorption model previously developed and verified by the authors. This discussion includes the effect of filtration time, membrane reactor volume, carbon dosing procedure, and the effect of dosing the carbon in reactors installed in series upstream of the membrane reactor.
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Sandi, Kurnia, Ricky Andi Syahputra, and Moondra Zubir. "Review Journal Thermodynamics Carbon Active Adsorption Empty Fruit bunch of Heavy Metal from Liquid Waste." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 3, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v3i2.19530.
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Research on metal adsorption isotherms with activated carbon oil palm empty fruit bunches in liquid waste. Oil palm empty fruit bunches are used as adsorbent for metal absorption. Oil palm empty fruit bunches are prepared at 105O C for 24 hours to get a constant weight then are characterized by SEM. Oil palm empty fruit bunches are heated at temperatures (400O C – 700O C) to get activated carbon. Re-characterization using SEM at optimum conditions shows that the pore surface is expanding. Then with a batch method for metal absorption (Cu, Pb, Hg) and analyzed using AAS. The most common absorption of activated carbon of oil palm empty fruit bunches is Cu (II). Based on the Langmuir and Freundlich R2 models close to 1, which means that multi-layer adsorption occurs.
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Hand, D. W., J. C. Crittenden, D. R. Hokanson, and J. L. Bulloch. "Predicting the performance of fixed-bed granular activated carbon adsorbers." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 7 (April 1, 1997): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0282.
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Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) adsorption is an effective treatment technology for the removal of Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) from drinking water supplies. This treatment process can be expensive if not properly designed. Application of mathematical models is an attractive method to evaluate the impact of process variables on process design and performance. In this study, a mathematical modeling methodology incorporating the pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) is proposed for known mixtures in fixed-bed adsorbers. Thermodynamic correlations for estimation of equilibrium parameters and empirical correlations for estimation of mass transfer parameters are presented. The PSDM was successfully compared to a 6-component mixture for empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 2.4, 4.9, and 9.56 minutes.
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Brenner, Asher, Shimshon Belkin, Shimon Ulitzur, and Aharon Abeliovich. "Fast Assessment of Toxicants Adsorption on Activated Carbon Using a Luminous Bacteria Bioassay." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0541.
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A new approach for the evaluation of activated carbon adsorption characteristics in the treatment of water contaminated by toxic organic compounds is presented. It is based on direct determination of the toxicity in the treated water, as opposed to actual chemical analysis of their constituents. The MicrotoxR bioassay, based upon measurement of bacterial bioluminescence, was utilized for this purpose. The suitability of this approach was judged by applying values of residual toxicities, obtained during batch adsorption experiments with mixtures of pure chemicals and industrial wastes, to traditional mathematical models. The Freundlich model was found to describe accurately adsorption isotherms derived from balances of residual toxicities, as well as from residual concentrations of specific chemicals. This approach allows a fast, convenient assessment of selective toxicant adsorption, alleviating the need for complex analytical methods.
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Mohammad, Y. S., E. M. Shaibu-Imodagbe, S. B. Igboro, A. Giwa, and C. A. Okuofu. "Modeling and Optimization for Production of Rice Husk Activated Carbon and Adsorption of Phenol." Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/278075.
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Modeling of adsorption process establishes mathematical relationship between the interacting process variables and process optimization is important in determining the values of factors for which the response is at maximum. In this paper, response surface methodology was employed for the modeling and optimization of adsorption of phenol onto rice husk activated carbon. Among the action variables considered are activated carbon pretreatment temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of phenol, while the response variables are removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. Regression analysis was used to analyze the models developed. The outcome of this research showed that 99.79% and 99.81% of the variations in removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, respectively, are attributed to the three process variables considered, that is, pretreatment temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial phenol concentration. Therefore, the models can be used to predict the interaction of the process variables. Optimization tests showed that the optimum operating conditions for the adsorption process occurred at initial solute concentration of 40.61 mg/L, pretreatment temperature of 441.46°C, adsorbent dosage 4 g, adsorption capacity of 0.9595 mg/g, and removal efficiency of 97.16%. These optimum operating conditions were experimentally validated.
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Taha, Mohd Faisal, Anis Suhaila Shuib, Maizatul Shima Shaharun, and Azry Borhan. "Adsorptive Removal of Ni2+ from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.950.
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An attempt was made to study the potential of rice husk as an alternative cheap precursor for activated carbon to remove Ni2+ from aqueous solution. Rice husk was treated chemically (with NaOH) and physically (carbonization) to prepare rice husk based activated carbon (RHAC). The textural properties of RHAC, i.e. surface area (255 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2 adsorption using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analyzer. RHAC was also characterized for its morphology and its elemental compositions. The adsorption studies for the removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution were carried out using different dosage of RHAC as adsorbent as a function of varied contact time. The concentration of Ni2+ was determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The results obtained from adsorption studies indicate good potential of rice husk as a cheap precursor to produce activated carbon for the removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution. The equilibrium data from adsorption studies fitted well the of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.
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Luo, Liu Dan, Hai Yi Huang, Jian Hong Bi, Lang Lang Tan, Hua Zhang, and Di Zhang. "Optimization of Malachite Green by KOH-Modified Grapefruit Peel Activated Carbon: Application of Response Surface Methodology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.611.
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Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the best adsorbent conditions on Malachite Green in wastewater by the activated carbon which has been prepared from grapefruit peel with potassium hydroxide activating. Built on single-factor experiment, adsorbent dosage, pH, initial MG concentration and temperature were chosen as influencing factors during adsorption. The experimental mathematical model was arranged according to central composite design (CCD). The results shown that the best conditions were pH 9, initial MG concentration of 2000 mg/L, 1 g/L dosage of KAC and 40°C. Maximum absorption was 1944.35 mg/L.
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Yang, Xia, Tao Zhang, Yao Ding, Jun Bo Li, and Jia Guo. "Vitamin B3 Adsorbed onto Activated Carbons and their Release Kinetics in Different Media." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.697.
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The adsorption of vitamin B3 (VPP) by activated carbons and their release processes in the distilled water, simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid were investigated. The adsorptive capacity of the activated carbon for VPP was 94.91 mg/g. Simulated gastric fluid could promote the release of VPP adsorbed by the activated carbon, and the cumulative percentage of VPP released was 76.36%. Based on three commonly-used kinetic models for drug release, mathematical simulations were carried out. It was found that the release processes of VPP in three different media could be fitted well by the Higuchi model Q = kt1/2 + C.
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Pita Rengga, Wara Dyah, Maharani Rani, and Ashar Shidqi. "Application Of Activated Candlenut Shell Using Potassium Hydroxide For Iron Reduction (Fe TO FeSO4)." Journal of Chemical Process Engineering 4, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jcpe.v4i2.437.
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This study aims to prepare carbon from candlenut shell by carbonation and activation of 1M KOH which is used to adsorb Fe 2+ in solution. The activation process produces changes in structure and functional groups on activated carbon. This study studied the effect of carbonation temperatures of 800 o C with the concentration of activator is KOH 1M with 24 hours activation time. The initial concentration of the solution affects the adsorption capacity of activated carbon, the greater the initial concentration of the solution which is at 5 mg/L, the greater the adsorption capacity. Optimum adsorption occurs at pH 7 by providing an increase of Fe 2+ absorption of ± 7 mg/g and contact time is 120 minutes. The equilibrium review is used using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models , where the most suitable equilibrium is the Freundlich Isotherm model with a value of R 2 = 0.9 848 ; K F = 4,427 ; n = 3,475 . It can be concluded that the activated carbon from the candlenut shell is able to absorb Fe 2+ metal in FeSO 4 solution.
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Taha, Mohd Faisal, Anis Shuib, Maizatul Shima Shaharun, and Azry Borhan. "Adsorptive Removal of Ni2+ from Aqueous Solution onto Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.893.
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The potential of rice husk-based activated carbon (RHAC) as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution was studied. RHAC was prepared via chemical treatment using NaOH followed by the carbonization process. The textural properties of rice husk-based activated carbon, i.e. surface area (253 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2 adsorption. The adsorption studies to remove Ni2+ from aqueous solution using RHAC were carried out at a fixed initial concentration of Ni2+ (150 ppm) with varying RHAC as a function of contact time at room temperature. The concentration of Ni2+ was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The maximum removal of Ni2+ was increased from 40% to 89% when the amount of RHAC was increased from 0.1 g to 0.5 g. The isotherm and kinetic analyses showed that equilibrium data of adsorption studies fitted well Langmuir, Freundlich and second order kinetic models.
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Prabakaran, R., and S. Arivoli. "Thermodynamic and Isotherm Analysis on the Removal of Malachite Green Dye Using Thespesia Populnea Bark." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2012): 2575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/629089.
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Activated carbon was synthesized from Thespesia Populnea Bark, a low cost material, by sulphuric acid activation; it was tested for its ability to eliminate malachite green in aqueous solution. The parameters studied included contact time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order rate equation. In addition, it was found that the adsorption process was described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Those models were applied to the equilibrium data. The absorption capacities (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 349.20, 365.43, 476.44, and 389.96 mg/g at 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60°C, respectively, at an initial pH 6.0. The temperature variation study showed that the malachite green dye absorption was endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. The thermodynamic parameters like ∆H°, ∆S°, and ∆G° were calculated from the slope and intercept of the linear plots.
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Kwiatkowski, Mirosław, Jarosław Serafin, Andy M. Booth, and Beata Michalkiewicz. "Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112951.
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This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.
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Mohamed, E. F., G. Awad, C. Andriantsiferana, and H. Delmas. "Effect of Salinity and PH on the Industrial Effluent Treatment by Activated Carbon: Modeling of the Kinetic Adsorption and Equilibrium Isotherms." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14258.
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In recent years, interest has been focused on the removal of phenols from contaminated by using a variety of purification techniques. Adsorption of bio-industrial effluent on commercial activated carbon S23 was investigated at ambient conditions. In this wok, phenol and p-hydroxyl benzoic acid (PHBA) was studied as an example of the organic compounds present in the industrial effluent. The effect of temperature, pH, and the presence of inorganic salt NaCl on the pollutants adsorption were studied to give further comprehension of the optimal conditions of the organic compounds adsorption onto activated carbon. It was noted that the increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in phenols adsorption capacity by S23. Lower phenol adsorption was also observed at the solution pH 2 and 10, whereas, favourable adsorption was reached at neutral solution pH, and the coexisting inorganic salt NaCl exerts slightly positive effect on the adsorption process. The isotherms obtained at pH 2.2 and 3.5 (non-buffered solution) are very similar and showed a higher adsorption capacity compared with that obtained at pH 7 and 10 for PHBA which is more adsorbable than phenol. The kinetic of the adsorption processes can be better represented by the pseudo-second order. The results showed also that the total organic carbon (TOC) of the industrial effluent reduced for about 20 %. Freundlich, Langmuir and Jovanovic adsorption models were used for mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium of phenols. The results showed that the experimental data fitted very well to the Freundlich and Jovanovic models.
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Samaras, Peter, Evan Diamadopoulos, and George P. Sakellaropoulos. "Relationship between the Activated Carbon Surface Area and Adsorption Model Coefficients for Removal of Phenol from Water." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.030.
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Abstract The present study investigated the relationship between the activated carbon surface area, as measured by the BET nitrogen adsorption method, and its adsorptive capacity. Aqueous solutions of phenol at pH 7 were used. The activated carbons were produced in the laboratory from raw and demineralized lignite. Adsorption experiments took place under equilibrium or kinetic conditions and the results were simulated by mathematical modelling. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to describe equilibrium, while the Peel-Benedek non-equilibrium model was applied for the kinetic study. The results showed that for activated carbons produced from different starting materials, the adsorptive capacities could not be solely explained by their BET surface area. While laboratory-made activated carbons with a surface area of 300 m2/g demonstrated similar capacities under equilibrium, their kinetic behaviour was different. Activated carbon produced from raw lignite showed faster kinetics, due to wider porosity, which was facilitated by the mineral matter during activation. These results were in agreement with the mass transfer coefficients in macropores and micropores estimated by the Peel-Benedek model. Comparison of a laboratory-made activated carbon, with a surface area of 500m2/g, with a commercial activated carbon having twice the surface area showed that the maximum adsorptive capacity under equilibrium of the commercial carbon was only 35% higher than that of the lab-made carbon. Yet, the mass transfer coefficients of the commercial carbon were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of the laboratory-produced carbon. Finally, the use of the qualitative D-R plots has been suggested to elucidate the porous structure of the activated carbons.
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Zubaidah, Salma, Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo, Januard Kristian Sihombing, Elis Nina Herliyana, Saptadi Darmawan, Nela Rahmati Sari, Muhammad Naufal Ibrahim Prabowo, Imam Hermawan, Isna Maulida, and Achmad Solikhin. "Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 11 (April 29, 2021): 2652–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.166.
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Abstract In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were employed. This study shows that both the activated and the non-activated CNPs were in the form of well-dispersed and aggregated particles. As analyzed using SEM, the external surfaces of the non-activated CNPs were determined to be irregular, while those of the activated CNPs had a more circular shape without aggregation. Carbon was the most dominant element observed in these CNPs, and the occurrence of its activation process altered the chemical functional groups of the non-activated CNPs by shifting their wavenumbers and intensities. Additionally, the activation process increased the crystallinity domain in the activated CNPs. OPEFB fibers could be valorized to obtain both activated and non-activated CNPs that had the potential efficiency to remove heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) at certain times. Based on the analysis of the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the activated and non-activated CNPs were found to have shown favorable adsorption to Cu, Pb, and Fe, with a percentage of heavy metal removal of over 84%. The adsorption of heavy metals was carried out via a chemical process.
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Ioannou, Z., and J. Simitzis. "Adsorption of methylene blue dye onto activated carbons based on agricultural by-products: equilibrium and kinetic studies." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 8 (April 1, 2013): 1688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.040.
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Mixtures of novolac resin and olive stone biomass (20/80 and 40/60 w/w) were cured, pyrolyzed up to 1,000 °C and activated with CO2 under a continuous flow operation (named N20B-cCa and N40B-cCa respectively). Commercial activated charcoal was similarly re-activated with CO2 and used for comparison reasons (AC-a). The characterization of these materials was performed by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and their specific surface area was determined according to DIN 66132. The materials were tested for their adsorption abilities at different temperatures (298, 333 K) and initial dye concentrations (0.01–0.35 g/L) using 1 L of methylene blue (MB) solution in 10 g of activated carbon. MB adsorption kinetic was also studied. The FTIR spectra of all activated carbons show absorption peaks which correspond to –OH, –CH, –C–O–C– groups and to aromatic ring. The presence of the absorption peak at about 1,400 cm−1 for N20B-cCa, N40B-cCa indicates more acidic groups on them compared to the commercial AC-a. The specific surface area of N20B-cCa, N40B-cCa and AC-a has values equal to 352, 342 and 760 m2/g respectively. From the applied kinetic models, pseudo-second-order equation could best describe MB adsorption. Consequently, such adsorbents can be used as filters to adsorb dyes from wastewaters.
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Manikrishna*, K. S. G. V., Veluru Sridevi, Sri Himaja Pamu, M. Tukaram Bai, and K. S. NV Prasad. "Biosorption of Malachite Green Dye from Wastewater with Henfeathers -Analysis of Various Mathematical Models Wrt Continuous Adsorption." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9387.08101021.
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In recent years, the remediation of hazardous organic dye-contaminated aquatic habitats has been a key research priority for environmental and chemical engineers. The goal of this research was to see how well malachite green adsorbs from waste water in a continuous column system having fixed bed. A biosorbent made from waste materials such as hen feathers has been shown to extract the water-soluble malachite green colour from waste water. The adsorption potential of malachite green dye ions in a continuous flow adsorption column is investigated in this work. The hen feathers' performance in the fixed bed column was assessed under a variety of operating circumstances, including bed height in the range 6-10cm; flow in the range 4-12ml/min, and starting concentration (10-30 mg/l). In comparison to other testing settings, the bed height (8cm), flowrate (12ml/min), and maximum input concentration (20mg/l) resulted in the highest malachite green absorption of 2.829mg/g. The column experimental data collected under various conditions was evaluated using three distinct models namely 1. Bohart-Adams model, 2 Yoon-Nelsons model, and 3 BDST model, all of which produced a decent estimation of the breakthrough curve. The findings from the Yoon-nelson and BDST models, on the other hand, were more favourable. The several characteristics of the hen feathers were studied using FTIR studies. The activated hen feather powder was a successful potential bio sorbent for the malachite green from aqueous phase.
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Rubio, Fernanda, Affonso Celso Gonçalves, Ana Paula Meneghel, Cesar Ricardo Teixeira Tarley, Daniel Schwantes, and Gustavo Ferreira Coelho. "Removal of cadmium from water using by-product Crambe abyssinica Hochst seeds as biosorbent material." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.233.
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The effectiveness of Crambe abyssinica Hochst seeds by-product as a biosorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater was analyzed. The biomass of crambe was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and determining the point of zero charge. The optimum adsorption conditions obtained were 400 mg of biomass in a solution of pH 6.0 and contact time of 60 min to remove 19.342 mg g−1 cadmium ions. The isotherms of adsorption were constructed and, according to the mathematical linearization, the best fitting followed the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models, describing a multilayer adsorption and chemical interaction, also confirmed by the pseudo-second order model and enthalpy value. In the desorption process, about 79% of cadmium ions that had been adsorbed were recovered. The same conditions applied for studying the isotherms of adsorption and desorption were used for comparative study with activated carbon. It was concluded that the use of crambe by-product as biosorbent for cadmium removal in wastewaters was not only a viable alternative to activated carbon, but also required no previous treatment, so it represents a sustainable material with high applicability and low environmental impact.
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H. Ragab, Ahmed, Hala S. Hussein, Inas A. Ahmed, Khamael M. Abualnaja, and Najla AlMasoud. "An Efficient Strategy for Enhancing the Adsorption of Antibiotics and Drugs from Aqueous Solutions Using an Effective Limestone-Activated Carbon–Alginate Nanocomposite." Molecules 26, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 5180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175180.
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Based on the adsorption performance of a porous nanocomposite with limestone (LS), activated carbon (AC) and sodium alginate (SG), a unique, multifunctional LS–AC–SG nanocomposite absorbent was designed and prepared for extracting antibiotics and drugs from aqueous solutions. The composite exhibited the following advantages: quick and simple to prepare, multifunctionality and high efficiency. Amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) were chosen as the conventional antibiotic and the drug, respectively. The prepared nanocomposite’s physicochemical characteristics were calculated through numerous characterization methods. The structure of the surface was made up of interconnected pores that can easily confine pollutants. The surface area was measured to be 27.85 m2/g through BET analysis. The results show that the maximum absorption capacity of amoxicillin and diclofenac was 99.6% and 98.4%, respectively, at a contact time of 40 min. The maximum removal of amoxicillin and diclofenac was reached at pH = 2. Adsorption analysis revealed that adsorption isotherm and kinetic data matched the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models. The results imply that the synthesized nanocomposites have the capacity to remove amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) from aqueous solutions.
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Lima, Lívia Katia dos Santos, Antônio Vilas Boas Quintiliano Júnior, André Henrique Zeferino, and Ana Paula Duarte. "Adsorption kinetics of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye from liquid effluents by bovine bone charcoal." JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE SPREADING 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): e11717. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/jrks1111717.
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The textile industry stands out for generating effluents with high levels of dyes, which have a high polluting potential. Among these dyes, the Remazol Brilliant Blue R azo dye, is one of the most used for dyeing wool and cotton, being released in excess on these effluents. Intended for the carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of this type of dyes, several researches are developed in search of economical technologies for their removal. An adsorption is a viable technique, since several materials can be used for this purpose. Bovine bone activated carbon, as it is a residue from the livestock industry that is easily obtained, has been studied as an adsorbent material in the removal of dyes. Therefore, the objective of this project was to evaluate the performance of the adsorption kinetics of the Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye from the effluents using bovine bone activated carbon. The experiments were carried out in batches, with solutions concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 ppm, and the mathematical models of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion were adjusted to the experimental data. For concentrations of 20 and 50 ppm, the model that best fits was the pseudo-first order, while for the concentration of 100 ppm the pseudo-second order model obtained the best result with R2 of 0.992. The intraparticle diffusion model showed that the higher the concentration of the dye in solution, the greater the thickness of the boundary layer and that the intraparticle diffusion does not control the adsorption process in any of the study criteria.
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Machado Garcia, Roberto, Robert Carleer, Maria Arada Pérez, Jeamichel Puente Torres, Ying Gu, Pieter Samyn, and Jan Yperman. "Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC Composites: Novel Photocatalysts Prepared from Waste Streams for the Efficient Removal and Photocatalytic Degradation of Cibacron Yellow F-4G Dye." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101137.
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Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC composites were prepared from activated carbon (AC) derived from residues of peanut hulls and TiO2 photocatalyst, electrochemically prepared from titanium scrap, and doped with Fe and Co, respectively. The adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity of the Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC composites were studied for removing and degrading Cibacron Yellow F-4G (CYF-4G) from wastewater. Doped ACs were characterized by thermogravimetric (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), a new X-ray absorption technique (XRA), and elemental analysis (EA). Interesting relationships were found between SEM, XRA, and TGA data and the doped amount of catalyst on ACs. Optimal dye adsorption was found at a pH of 2.0. The CYF-4G adsorption kinetics are followed according to the pseudo-second order model. The experimental data revealed that the Langmuir model fit better than the Freundlich and Temkin models. A decrease in adsorption capacity was observed when the catalyst dope percentage increased. A removal and degradation efficiency of the dye close to 100% was achieved around 120 min. A synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic degradation effect of the Fe-TiO2/AC and Co-TiO2/AC composites could be observed when adsorption experiments were conducted under simulated visible radiation.
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Oliveira, Karine Fonseca Soares de, Joemil Oliveira de Deus Junior, Talita Lorena da Silva do Nascimento, Raoni Batista dos Anjos, Dulce Maria de Araújo Melo, Renata Martins Braga, and Marcus Antonio de Freitas Melo. "Cashew nut shell (Anarcadium accidentale L) charcoal as bioadsorbent to remove Cu2+ and Cr3+." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0510212238. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12238.
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Lignocellulosic materials have been used as bioadsorbents for contaminants removal from industrial effluents due to their physical-chemical properties, renewable source, low-cost and efficiency that make them competitive to commercial activated carbon. The objective of this work is to develop an efficient and low cost bioadsorbent reusing the cashew nut shell (Anarcadium accidentale L), CNS, for the removal of metal ions (Cu2+ and Cr3+). The CNS was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the point of zero charge (pHpzc) and the Boehm titration. The kinetics and adsorption equilibrium experiments were carried out in a monoelementary system, in batch runs at room temperature. The adsorption kinetics was evaluated by the mathematical models of pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion, while the adsorption isotherm was adjusted according to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models. The removal percentage was 91% (Cu2+) and 96% (Cr3+) and adsorption kinetics was better adjusted to the pseudo second-order model, suggesting the predominance of chemisorption. The fit of the Langmuir isotherm was better for the experimental data of Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions, indicating adsorption in monolayers. It is concluded that the bioabsorbent produced from the cashew nut shell has a high potential for the removal of metals, in addition to being an abundant product in nature, is renewable and biodegradable and its reuse contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution, the production of waste and improves the local circular economy through the valorization of the byproduct.
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Schideman, L., V. L. Snoeyink, B. J. Mariñas, and M. Kosterman. "Pilot plant study on the performance and optimization of submerged membranes for taste and odor removal." Water Supply 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0062.
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Hybrid sorption-membrane processes are an attractive alternative for meeting a range of water treatment goals in a single process that is compact and cost-effective. This study investigated the performance and optimization of a hybrid sorption-membrane process using powdered activated carbon (PAC) and submerged-style membranes for odor control. Specifically, this study focused on the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) from a Lake Michigan source water and investigated the effects of PAC dose, dosing method, backwash interval, and aeration. Adsorption performance was predicted using a mathematical model, and tested using a pilot-scale, submerged membrane system. Modeling continuously dosed PAC performance agreed well with pilot results, but pulse dosed PAC performance was overestimated by the model. Non-ideal mixing effects were identified as important factors in explaining the pulse dosing results. Pilot results with aeration and pulse dosing were also overestimated by the model. It is hypothesized that aeration disturbs the PAC cake layer that forms on the membrane, and thus eliminates the beneficial effects that this cake layer can have on adsorption. Extending backwash intervals from 30 to 180 minutes with continuous dosing increased the percent removal of 2-MIB by up to 30% in both the model predictions and pilot results. This study highlights some important considerations in the design of full-scale systems and future mathematical models.
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Корельская, Татьяна Александровна, Екатерина Александровна Журавлева, Наталья Александровна Зубова, and Елена Анатольевна Айвазова. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SORPTION ACTIVITY OF SAMPLES OF NATIVE HUMIC ACID AND SOME ENTEROSORBENTS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 4(42) (December 21, 2020): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2020.4.10.
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В работе приведен сравнительный анализ сорбционных свойств гуминовых кислот, выделенных из верхового торфа Архангельской области и некоторых энтеросорбентов (активированный уголь, полисорб и фильтрум-СТИ) по отношению к ионам Pb. Для количественной оценки сорбционной активности препаратов использовались математические модели Лэнгмюра и Фрейндлиха. Показано, что модель Лэнгмюра с наибольшей достоверностью описывает сорбционные процессы ионов свинца на поверхности прежде всего активированного угля. Сорбционные характеристики гуминовых кислот, полисорба и фильтрум-СТИ наиболее адекватно представляются с использованием математической модели Фрейндлиха, что подтверждает гетерогенность поверхностей соответствующих образцов. Структурно-функциональные особенности гуминовых кислот определяют их высокую свинецсвязывающую активность и прочность связывания иона свинца, на что указывают максимальные значения вычисленных констант Г и K. Продемонстрировано, что степень сродства препарата Фильтрум - СТИ к ионам свинца выше по сравнению с таковой для гуминовых кислот и других сорбентов. Наибольшая скорость поглощения ионов свинца выявлена для активированного угля и гуминовых кислот. На основании полученных результатов, делается вывод о перспективности разработки и применения препаратов на основе гуминовых кислот в качестве энтеросорбентов, используемых при острых отравлениях соединениями свинца. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the sorption properties of humic acids isolated from the top peat of the Arkhangelsk region and some enterosorbents (activated carbon, polysorb, and filtrum) with respect to Pbions. To quantify the sorption activity of drugs, Langmuir and Freundlich mathematical models were used. It is shown that the Langmuir model describes the sorption processes of lead ions on the surface of activated carbon with the greatest confidence. The sorption characteristics of humic acids, polysorb, and filtrum are most adequately represented using the Freundlich mathematical model, which confirms the heterogeneity of the surfaces of the corresponding samples. The structural and functional features of humic acids determine their high lead-binding activity and the binding strength of the lead ion, which is indicated by the maximum values of the calculated constants Г and K. It is shown that the degree of affinity of the Filtrum preparation to lead ions is higher than that for humic acids and other sorbents. The highest rate of absorption of lead ions was found for activated carbon and humic acids. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the development and use of humic acid-based drugs as enterosorbents used in acute lead poisoning is promising.
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Gupta, Kaushal Naresh, and Rahul Kumar. "Fixed bed utilization for the isolation of xylene vapor: Kinetics and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural network." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 200105–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.105.
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This paper discusses the isolation of xylene vapor through adsorption using granular activated carbon as an adsorbent. The operating parameters investigated were bed height, inlet xylene concentration and flow rate, their influence on the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed up to the breakthrough was found out. Mathematical modeling of experimental data was then performed by employing a response surface methodology (RSM) technique to obtain a set of optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum percentage utilization of bed till breakthrough. A fairly high value of R2 (0.993) asserted the proposed polynomial equation’s validity. ANOVA results indicated the model to be highly significant with respect to operating parameters studied. A maximum of 76.1% utilization of adsorbent bed was found out at a bed height of 0.025 m, inlet xylene concentration of 6,200 ppm and a gas flow rate of 25 mL.min-1. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN) was also employed to compute the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed. A comparison between RSM and ANN divulged the performance of the latter (R2 = 0.99907) to be slightly better. Out of various kinetic models studied, the Yoon-Nelson model established its appropriateness in anticipating the breakthrough curves.
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Karam, Ahmed, Khaled Zaher, and Ahmed S. Mahmoud. "Comparative Studies of Using Nano Zerovalent Iron, Activated Carbon, and Green Synthesized Nano Zerovalent Iron for Textile Wastewater Color Removal Using Artificial Intelligence, Regression Analysis, Adsorption Isotherm, and Kinetic Studies." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212090827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120908273.
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Daily, a big extent of colored, partially treated textile effluents drained into the sanitation systems causing serious environmental concerns. Therefore, the decolorization treatment process of wastewater is crucial to improve effluent quality. In the present study, 3 different sorbent materials, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), activated carbon (AC), and green-synthesized nano zerovalent iron (GT-nZVI), have been prepared for raw textile wastewater decolourization. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the effect of different operating parameters such as pH, contact time, and stirring rate on the color removal efficiency was extensively studied to identify the optimum removal conditions. The reaction temperature, adsorbent dose, and initial color concentration were fixed during the experiments at room temperature, 0.7 g/L, and 350 and 50 mg/L Pt/Co color unit, respectively. Moreover, adsorption and reaction kinetics were analyzed using different isotherms and models. For simulating the adsorption process, artificial neural network (ANN) data were compatible with the result of regression analysis derived from response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. Our results showed the higher ability of nZVI, AC, and GT-nZVI in textile wastewater color removal. At pH 5, contact time 50 minutes, and stirring rate 150 rpm, nZVI showed good color removal efficiency of about 71% and 99% for initial color concentrations of 350 and 50 mg/L Pt/Co color unit, respectively. While slightly higher color removal ability of about 72% and 100% was achieved by using AC at pH 8, contact time 70 minutes, and stirring rate 250 rpm. Finally, the largest ability of color removal about 85% and 100% was recorded for GT-nZVI at pH 7, contact time 40 minutes, and stirring rate 150 rpm. This work shows the enhanced color removal ability of GT-nZVI as a potential textile wastewater decolourization material, opening the way for many industrial and environmental applications.
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"Role of different parameters and mathematical models for metal ions adsorption from industrial waste water." Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 5516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/briac103.516523.
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Manuscript discussed the role of different parameters for the metal ions removal from industrial waste water. The metal ions removal from waste water is essential to decrease the diseases and environmental hazards caused by heavy metal ions. The different parameters of adsorption including the effect of contact time, dose, pH, temperature, kinetics and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis is discussed. This manuscript focuses on biosorption of metal ions, competitive adsorption of metal ions and ligand based adsorption of metal ions. This manuscript also focuses on the commercially available adsorbent used in the removal of metal ions efficiently including polymeric adsorbent and activated carbon.
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Yustratov, Vladimir, Vladimir Yustratov, Yulia Solov'eva, Yulia Solov'eva, Tamara Krasnova, and Tamara Krasnova. "TECHNOLOGY OF WASTEWATER PURIFICATION FROM DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE." Science Evolution, June 27, 2016, 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-1-34-39.
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The following research observes the peculiarities, rules and mechanisms of dimethylformamide adsorption from water solutions with the help of activated carbons of different nature and industrial techniques for producing. To receive activated carbon characteristics, the author analyses pore volume and chemical state of carbon surface and applies porosity measurement and potentiometric titration methods. The research helped to reveal cellular structure of the given adsorbents were calculated in isotherms of nitrogen adsorption-desorbtion. Potentiometric titration method was used for the evaluation of oxigen-containing surface acid functional groups (OFG). The analysis of balance, kinetics and dynamics of DMF adsorption from water solutions was carried out. The author found out equilibrium adsorption characteristics, rate-determining step and mass transfer ratio, calculates the parameters of adsorption column and the mode of continuous cleaning process. Mathematical model method helped to receive the following dynamic characteristics of the adsorption process: dynamic capacity, travel rate of operating space, fixed bed operational capacity, bed length, the quantity of water cleared before slip. All these characteristics can be used on practice on real homeland equipment. The author conducted the optimization of the parameters of adsorption column filled with adsorbent AG-OV-1 and the mode of continuous cleaning process. The basis of theoretical calculation is fundamental equation of outer diffusive adsorption dynamics in case of linear isotherm with the use of absorption Dubinin-Radushkevich equation constants and the experimental data on kinetics of DMF absorption from process effluent on carbon adsorbents. The result of the following article is the development of technology of wastewater adsorption cleaning from the organic component, which can help to improve environmental safety and resource conservation by means of prevention of wastewater disposal.
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Oluwatoyin, Akinsete O., and Araoye A. Olalekan. "Adsorption of Crude Oil Spill from Aqueous Solution using Agro-Wastes as Adsorbents." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, May 29, 2021, 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i430376.
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Ever increasing and growing awareness of oil-spillage to water environment has led to the search for cost-effective unconventional remediating techniques. This study was carried out using agro-wastes (Rice Husks, Banana Peels and Groundnut Husks) adsorbents. They were activated with H3PO4 for crude oil spill removal from aqueous solution; results were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The raw agro-wastes and their activated forms were characterized by SEM. The sorption study for maximum adsorption capacity were carried out at different adsorbent concentrations, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and rotational speed. The experimental results were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The maximum average adsorption capacity (qe) for raw and activated carbon adsorbents were observed in rice husks with 0.2750 and 0.3698 mg/g respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was found to well represent the measured sorption data for the raw and activated banana peel while the remaining raw and activated adsorbents followed the Temkin isotherm. The batch adsorption data on the effect of contact time were fitted into the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order models. The banana peel data and its activated form were best described by the pseudo-second-order model indicating chemisorption process while the remaining adsorbents followed the pseudo-first-order model indicating physisorption process. The average removal efficiency of oil by the various adsorbents used increase in the order: (Raw: Banana Peels (50.4 %) < Groundnut Husks (56.8 %) < Rice Husks (74.4 %); Activated Carbon: Banana Peels (61.4 %) < Groundnut Husks (65.6 %) < Rice Husks (82.8 %)). Results of this study (high values of R2 and least values AARE and RMSE) revealed and confirmed that activated carbon adsorbents have better adsorption capacity than the raw forms to clean-up oil spills in aqueous solution.
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Pendurthi, Manudeep, Vamsi Bhargav Pelluru, Anjaneyulu Chilakapati, Devendra Dandotiya, and Nitin D. Banker. "Performance Investigation of a Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration System Based on Adsorption/Desorption Time and Heat Transfer." Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 13, no. 5 (March 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4050230.
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Abstract In the past two decades, the development of sustainable refrigeration systems such as thermally operated vapor adsorption refrigeration systems achieved unparalleled growth in the research world as compared to conventional vapor compression systems and even thermally operated vapor absorption refrigeration system. Yet, the commercial success of the adsorption refrigeration system could not be achieved due to mainly its higher space area required per kilowatts of refrigeration capacity. With the focus to look improvement on this issue, the performance of the adsorption refrigeration system has been studied concerning adsorption/desorption time and heat transfer of adsorber. It is proposed to reduce the adsorption/desorption time, due to which the concentration (ratio of the mass of adsorbed refrigerant to the mass of activated carbon) will not reach its equilibrium value, but it is possible to get a higher mass flow in a shorter period. In turn, the cooling capacity will increase. In view of this, a mathematical model has been developed to study the performance and applied to three adsorbent–adsorbate pairs, namely, Maxsorb III–ethanol, Maxsorb III–R507a, and Maxsorb III–R134a. Based on the mathematical investigations, it is observed that the cooling capacity can be improved significantly at a litter higher cost of the heat transfer mechanism.
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Yerima, Y., I. Eiroboyi, and I. Eiroboyi. "Optimization of the Production of Ethylene Di-Amine Tetra-Acetic Acid Modified Activated Carbon using Palm Kernel Shell for the Adsorption of Copper ion." Chemical Science International Journal, May 25, 2021, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2021/v30i430224.
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Biomass-based activated carbon has received large attention due to its excellent characteristics such as inexpensiveness, good absorption behaviour, and potential to reduce strong dependence towards non-renewable precursors. The potential use of Palm Kernel Shell in modified activated carbon was evaluated by using the Response Surface Methodology. In this study, a 23 three-level Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to develop a statistical model for the optimization of process variables, contact time (10-130mins) X1, pH (5.0 – 8.0) X2, and adsorbent dose (0.4 -5.0g) X3. The investigation shows that Ethylene Di-Amine Tetra-Acetic Acid modified activated carbon prepared from Palm Kernel Shell is a promising adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions over a wide range of concentrations with an optimized efficiency of 99% at the solution pH of 7.2, contact time of 70 minutes and adsorbent dose of 2.1g/L. The adsorption results are in line with the linear and quadratic model representation, which is evident from the models for optimization of copper ions.