Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon-based composites

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon-based composites'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

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Dyana Merline, J., and C. P. Reghunadhan Nair. "Carbon / Epoxy Resin Based Elastic Memory Composites." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 14, no. 3 (2012): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj118.

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Elastic memory composites were processed from shape memory epoxy resins and carbon fabric reinforcements. Three different types of epoxies (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, tris(4-glycidyloxy phenyl)methane, and epoxy novolac) were used as matrices. Developed composites were evaluated for flexural strength and analyzed by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal analysis. Of the three different epoxy systems with carbon: resin ratio of 50:50, the composite with diepoxy system exhibited maximum glass transition value of 119 °C, epoxy novalac system exhibited a low glass transition value of 54 °C and the tris epoxy system exhibited a glass transition of 100 °C respectively. The flexural strength and modulus of the composites were optimised at a concentration of 40 wt.%. The transition temperature also showed a maximum at around this composition. Bending test was adopted for the shape memory evaluation. All the developed composites exhibited more than 90% shape recovery. The diepoxy resin series of composites exhibited the maximum shape recovery of 97%. The shape recovery properties of the tris epoxy and epoxy novolac-based composites were inferior. For the diepoxy resin-based system, the shape recovery time was proportional to the resin content. The shape recovery of composite with 80% resin was demonstrated experimentally. The properties of the composites show that these systems have the required elastic memory characteristics for possible use in thermo-responsive self-deployable applications.
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Wang, Bin, Bugao Xu, and Hejun Li. "Fabrication and properties of carbon/carbon-carbon foam composites." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 21-22 (2019): 4452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519836942.

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This paper was focused on the development of a new composite for high thermal insulation applications with carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, carbon foams and an interlayer of phenolic-based carbon. The microstructure, mechanical properties, fracture mechanism and thermal insulation performance of the composite was investigated. The experiment results showed that the bonding strength of the C/C-carbon foam composite was 4.31 MPa, and that the fracture occurred and propagated near the interface of the carbon foam and the phenolic-based carbon interlayer due to the relatively weak bonding. The shear load-displacement curves were characterized by alternated linear slopes and serrated plateaus before a final failure. he experiment revealed that the thermal conductivity of the C/C-carbon foam composite was 1.55 W·m−1ċK−1 in 800℃, which was 95.8% lower than that of C/C composites, proving that the thermal insulation of the new foam composite was greatly enhanced by the carbon foam with its porous hollow microstructure.
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Pramono, Agus Edy, Iman Setyadi, Aminudin Zuhri, Anissa Puspa Dewi, and Nanik Indayaningsih. "Uneven Doping of Metal Powder in Carbon Polymer Composites Affects Electrical Conductivity Properties." Recent in Engineering Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.59511/riestech.v3i2.95.

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This paper compares the electrical conductivity of LLDPE-carbon composite materials, LLDPE-carbon-aluminum composites, and LLDPE-carbon-copper composites. Doping with aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) metal powders influences electrical conductivity in carbon-based polymer composite materials. Adding metal powders as secondary fillers to a mixture of conductive carbon powders and LLDPE can decrease electrical conductivity. This is due to the agglomeration or clustering of metal powders within the polymer matrix, which disrupts conductive pathways and diminishes the efficiency of electrical charge transfer. The impact of filler type and quantity on electrical conductivity in composite materials was examined, and the findings revealed that factors such as the filler's amount, shape, and dispersal significantly affect the composite's electrical resistance properties. Increasing the amount of metal powder filler raises the composite's viscosity, reducing adhesion between the metal and polymer fillers while promoting metal-to-metal contacts.
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Kamal, Khaliesah. "Structural Characterization of Magnesium-based Metal-organic Framework Carbon Composites." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 02 (2020): 2427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i2/pr200540.

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Kabat, Oleg, Vladimir Sytar, and Konstiantin Sukhyy. "Antifrictional Polymer Composites Based on Aromatic Polyamide and Carbon Black." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (2018): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.03.326.

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Galstian, I. Ye, E. G. Len, E. A. Tsapko, et al. "Low-Temperature Thermionic Converters Based on Metal–Nanostructured Carbon Composites." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 42, no. 4 (2020): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.04.0451.

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Lota, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Sierczynska, and Grzegorz Lota. "Supercapacitors Based on Nickel Oxide/Carbon Materials Composites." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/321473.

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In the thesis, the properties of nickel oxide/active carbon composites as the electrode materials for supercapacitors are discussed. Composites with a different proportion of nickel oxide/carbon materials were prepared. A nickel oxide/carbon composite was prepared by chemically precipitating nickel hydroxide on an active carbon and heating the hydroxide at 300 ∘Cin the air. Phase compositions of the products were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The morphology of the composites was observed by SEM. The electrochemical performances of composite electrodes used in electrochemical capacitors were studied in addition to the properties of electrode consisting of separate active carbon and nickel oxide only. The electrochemical measurements were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance spectroscopy. The composites were tested in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte using two- and three-electrode Swagelok systems. The results showed that adding only a few percent of nickel oxide to active carbon provided the highest value of capacity. It is the confirmation of the fact that such an amount of nickel oxide is optimal to take advantage of both components of the composite, which additionally can be a good solution as a negative electrode in asymmetric configuration of electrode materials in an electrochemical capacitor.
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Chukov, Dilyus, Sarvarkhodzha Nematulloev, Andrey Stepashkin, Aleksey Maksimkin, Dmitriy Zherebtsov, and Victor Tcherdyntsev. "Novel carbon fibers reinforced composites based on polysulfone matrix." MATEC Web of Conferences 242 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824201004.

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The aim of this study is to create composites based on the high-temperature polymer reinforced with the carbon fibers and to study interfacial interaction between carbon fibers and polymer matrix. We propose a new method to obtain polysulfone based composite materials reinforced with high-modulus carbon fibers. The influences of thermal oxidation of carbon fibers on mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were studied. It was found that the obtained composite materials have sufficiently high mechanical properties, tensile strength up to 1047 MPa and Young’s modulus up to 70.9 GPa were found. Considerable interest to the polymer composites is associated with their high performance and good mechanical and thermal properties, which enable a broad range of aerospace, automotive and medical applications. Additionally, the manufacturing process of such composites can easily be optimized and automatized, furthermore, it is not time-consuming process in relation with thermosetting polymer based composites.
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Naito, Kimiyoshi, Chiemi Nagai, Keiichi Shirasu, Yoshinobu Shimamura, and Yoku Inoue. "Tensile properties and fracture behavior of carbon nanotube-sheets/carbon fibers epoxy-impregnated bundle composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221109436.

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An interesting technique for modifying carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites is through hybridization with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotubes sheets/carbon fibers offer potential benefits of nanoscale reinforcement to the well-established fibrous composites by creating multiscale hybrid micro-nano composites. In this study, the tensile properties of high tensile strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and high modulus pitch-based carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites incorporating CNT sheets (CNT-sh/CFs/Ep-H: CNT sheets/carbon fibers/epoxy hybrid composites) were investigated. To fabricate CNT sheets, CNT was vertically grown on a quartz glass plate by chemical vapor deposition. A solid-state drawing and winding technique was applied to transform the vertically aligned CNT array into horizontally aligned CNT sheets. The tensile modulus of the CNT-sh/CFs/Ep-H was higher than that of the composite in the as-received state (CFs/Ep: carbon fibers/epoxy bundle composite). The tensile strength of the CNT-sh/PAN-based CF/Ep-H was lower than that of the PAN-based CF/Ep, whereas the tensile strength of the CNT-sh/pitch-based CF/Ep-H was higher than that of the pitch-based CF/Ep.
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Fényi, B., N. Hegman, F. Wéber, P. Arató, and Cs Balázsi. "DC conductivity of silicon nitride based carbon-ceramic composites." Processing and Application of Ceramics 1, no. 1-2 (2007): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac0702057f.

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The silicon nitride ceramics are usually known as strongly refractory and enduring materials and have typical electrically insulating properties. If the reinforcing phase of ceramic composite (that is mainly put in the material to improve mechanical properties) is a good electrical conductor, it is worth to investigate the composite in electrical aspect. In this work carbon nanotubes, black-carbon and graphite were added to the basic silicon nitride ceramic and the electrical conductivity of the prepared carbon-ceramic composites was determined. The conductivity of the ceramic composites with different type and concentration of the carbon additives was observed by applying four point DC resistance measurements. Insulator and conductor composites in a wide conductivity range can be produced depending on the type and quantity of the additives. The additive types as well as the sintering parameters have influence on the basic electrical properties of the conductor composites.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

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Zheng, Yishan. "Activated carbon & carbon-cryogel composites for haemoperfusion based applications." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2013. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/daf37d00-4da8-4b0d-8bb5-a91941fed23d.

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A number of pathological conditions are associated with the build up of toxic substances within the systemic circulation. For example, renal and hepatic failure can lead to the accumulation of metabolites which are usually processed by these organs. There has been much interest over a number of years in techniques such as haemoperfusion that could help clear these toxins from the body and improve patient outcome. Haemoperfusion is an extracorporeal blood purification technique in which a patient’s blood is passed over a column containing a material designed to adsorb a board spectrum of biological toxic molecules. Direct blood contact with the adsorbent requires a material that is able to display good haemocompatibility whilst maintaining adsorption efficiency. Activated carbons (AC) have great adsorption capacity and have previously been used as haemoadsorbents. However the haemocompatibility of carbons has been questioned and they are often coated with biocompatible polymers that increase their haemocompatibility but also act as a barrier to the removal of larger toxins and middle molecules.
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Sun, Xinxin. "Conductive behaviour of carbon nanotube based composites." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6280.

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This project was basically exploratory in the electrical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) based materials. The direct current (DC) conductivity of CNT/polymer composites was computed by using equivalent circuit method and a three dimensional (3-D) numerical continuum model with the consideration of tunneling conduction. The effects of the potential barrier of polymer and the tortousity of CNTs on the conductivity were analyzed. It was found that both of percolation threshold and DC conductivity can be strongly affected by the potential barrier and the tortousity. The influence of contact resistance on DC conductivity was also computed, and the results revealed that contact resistance and tunneling resistance had significant influences on the conductivity, but did not affect the percolation threshold. The microstructure-dependent alternating current (AC) properties of CNT/polymer composites were investigated using the 3-D numerical continuum model. It was found that AC conductivity and critical frequency of CNT/polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the curl ratio of CNTs. In the mid-range CNT mass fraction, with increasing curl ratio of CNTs, AC conductivity, interestingly, became frequency-dependent in low frequency range, which cannot be explained by reference to the percolation theory. A proper interpretation was given based on the linear circuit theory. It was also found that the critical frequency can also be affected by the size of CNT cluster. Series numerical formulas were derived by using a numerical capacitively and resistively junction model. In particular, this work introduced an equivalent resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit with simple definitions of the values of contact resistance and average mutual capacitance for CNT/polymer nanocomposites. Theoretical results were in good agreement with experimental data, and successfully predicted the effect of morphology on the AC properties of CNT/polymer composites. DC and AC conductivities of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid films were measured for selected MWCNT mass fractions of 10%, 33.3%, 50%, 66.7%, and 83.3% using four-probe method. The experimental results were fitted using scaling law, and relatively high percolation threshold was found. This high percolation threshold was understood in terms of the potential energy and intrinsic ripples and warping in the freestanding graphene sheets. The capacitance of these hybrid films were measured using the voltmeter-ammeter-wattmeter test circuit with different voltages and heat treatments. The MWCNT/GO film showed relatively high specific capacitance (0.192F/cm3 for the mass fraction of 83.3%) and power factor compared to conventional dielectric capacitors. Both of measured capacitance and power factor can be enhanced by increasing testing voltages. The capacitance of MWCNT/GO films rapidly decreased after heat treatments above 160 ℃. This decrease was caused by redox reaction in the GO sheets. The capacitive behaviour of MWCNT/GO hybrid films was also interpreted by using the equivalent circuit model. Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and SWCNT/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were used to form a piezoresistive strain sensor. Both of static and dynamic strain sensing behaviours of SWCNT and SWCNT/PVA films were measured. It was found that the sensitivities of these films decreased with increasing their thicknesses. The SWCNT film with a thickness of 1900 nm and SWCNT/PVA film exhibited viscoelastic sensing behaviour, because van der Waals attraction force allowed axial slippages of the smooth surface of nanotubes. A numerical model was derived based on the dynamic strain sensing behaviour. This model could be useful for designing CNT strain sensors. Finally, thermoelectric power (TEP) of deformed SWCNT films with various thicknesses was measured. It was observed that positive TEP of SWCNT films increased with increasing stain above the critical point. The experimental results were fitted by using a numerical model in terms of a variation of Nordheim-Gorter relation and fluctuation induced tunneling (FIT) model. From the numerical model, it was found that the increase of TEP above the critical strain resulted from the positive term of the contribution from the barrier region, and the effect of barrier regions decreases with increasing the thickness of the film.
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Raza, Mohsin Ali. "Carbon nanofiller-based composites for thermal interface applications." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574596.

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Carbon nanofillers such as graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) and vapour grown carbon nanofibres (VGCNFs) have enormous potential for developing thermal interface materials (TIMs), mainly due to their high thermal conductivity. In this project GNPs, VGCNFs and carbon black (CB) fillers were dispersed in the compliant polymer matrices, rubbery epoxy and silicone, to form composites. Mechanical mixing, dual asymmetric centrifuge speed mixing, three-roll milling or combined sonication and solvent mixing were used to produce composites. The effects of processing technique, wt.% offiller(s), particle size and silane-functionalisation of fillers on the properties of composites were studied. Composites were characterised mainly in terms of morphology, texture, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. The interfacial thermal transport performance of carbon nanofiller/polymer composites was studied using a steady state method, with a view to their use as 'thermal interface adhesives and thermal pads. Roll milling was found to be the best method for producing composites with superior transport properties. GNP/rubbery epoxy and GNP/silicone composites produced by roll milling have thermal conductivities in the range of 1-3 W/m.K with 8-25 wt.% GNP. The thermal conductivities of the composites increase with increasing GNP loading and particle size but slightly decrease with silane-functionalisation of GNPs. Composites produced using GNPs ) synthesised (in-ho~se) via graphite, oxidation and thermal exfoliation offered improved transport properties compared to corresponding composites produced with commercial GNPs. Development of good interconnects between carbon nanofillers was found to be vital for producing composites with improved transport properties. GNP/silicone composites are more compliant materials than GNP/rubbery epoxy composites. VGCNF/rubbery epoxy composites have thermal conductivities in the range of 0.2-1.8 W/m.K with 2-40 wt.% VGCNF. VGCNFs increase the compressive strength of both rubbery epoxy and silicone without compromising their compliant nature. The thermal conductivity of CB/polymer composites reached ~O.2-0.3 W/m.K with 8-36 wt.% CB, depending upon the CB used. CB incorporation improved dispersion of GNPs in hybrid CB/GNP/rubbery epoxy composites and produced a thermal paste-type morphology. Similarly, VGCNFs improved the dispersion of GNPs in GNPNGCNF/rubbery epoxy hybrid composites but reduced the density of interconnects between GNPs. GNP/rubbery epoxy and VGCNF/rubbery epoxy composites offered the best performance as thermal interface adhesives compared to CB/rubbery epoxy and commercial thermal interface adhesive. The thermal contact resistance of the adhesives depends on their viscosity/conformability, bond line thickness, filler particle size, surface roughness of the substrate and thermal conductivity.
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BAYAT, AHMAD. "RF characterization and applications of carbon based composites." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2715629.

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Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms with remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. The attractive electronic properties of thin and thick films made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are increasingly being exploited for environmental and biological sensors. In particular, their sensitivity, selectivity, fast response time, ability to operate at room temperature, and their passive nature (no power consumption) provide competitive advantages of CNTs in sensor applications. However, their design as RF wireless sensors requires the integration of an antenna with the sensor element. Moreover, while the plasmonic nature of graphene at terahertz frequency has been widely reported, investigations on the practical utility of graphene at the microwave frequencies used in wireless sensor nodes are sparse which is indicated in this thesis. First, an ink comprising graphene thick films of different concentrations (12.5%, 25% and 33% in weight) is prepared for deposition, by screen printing. Detailed investigation of the surface morphology of the films using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) reveals that the graphene films present a homogeneous dispersion of the filler with a comparatively lower surface roughness at higher concentrations, and negligible agglomerates. The films are then printed in between copper electrodes on FR-4 substrate, commonly used in RF circuits, and the measured scattering parameters analyzed. A measurement-based RF equivalent circuit model of the graphene film is developed using a microstrip transmission line with a gap loaded by the film. Second, investigation on various patch antennas with different substrates using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) thin film deposition is addressed. Screen printing technique is used to insert a CNT film in a loading stub connected to the antenna patch. The variation of the CNT surface impedance modifies the resonant frequency from the reference value, as revealed by comparison of return loss measured with and without the CNT loading. This CNT stub loaded patch antenna can be used as a bio sensor. Third, a printed RF slot ring resonator is configured with a graphene thin-film for sensor application. The conductive losses in the graphene film are characterized by dielectric spectroscopy and considered in the design. The graphene sensing element comprising the slot ring can be integrated with control electronics as a passive wireless sensor node. The novelty of this research is that RF losses are minimized by capacitively loading the ring at selective locations along its periphery. Dielectric spectroscopy is used to study variation in surface impedance of the film for various graphene loadings, and RF simulations are corroborated with measurements on graphene loaded slot ring resonators used in ammonia gas sensor application. The measurement steps are taken into consideration. As mentioned, the ring resonant frequency shift in presence of the ammonia gas is the factor used to sense the gas. Fourth, a novel design of an aperture coupled antenna which is weakly coupled to an interdigitated capacitor (IDC) is presented that serves the dual purpose of antenna impedance matching and the sensing function, the latter enabled by a thick film of CNTs deposited on the IDC surface. Simulations using CNT films of varying conductivity (or surface impedance) reveal that a strong antenna resonance can be produced. Furthermore, a study of the patch antenna radiation pattern with and without the CNT film shows weak coupling between the film and the antenna (loss of 0.5 dB or less relative to patch alone). Thus, the sensor film and geometry can be independently optimized without affecting radiation pattern.
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Gan, Kok Dian Patrick. "Electrochemical studies at carbon-based electrodes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1a566ceb-8968-42d0-94fa-586ca2e6191c.

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Carbon electrodes have found widespread use in electrochemistry due to its broad versatility and low cost amongst other advantages. Recent innovations in carbon materials have added new dimensions to their utility in electrochemical applications. This thesis aims to investigate aspects of carbon materials, in particular boron-doped diamond (BDD) and nanocarbon composites, mainly for electrochemical analysis and energetics studies. The electrochemical behaviour of estradiol and other endocrine disrupting compounds was examined on the BDD electrode with different surface pretreatments, as well as on a nanocarbon-modified BDD electrode. It was shown that the precise control of surface chemical termination enabled the electrode to be tuned to exhibit diffusional or adsorptive voltammetry at oxidised and hydrogenated BDD interfaces respectively. Adsorption effects were also observed on the modified electrode leading to significant pre-concentration of the analyte onto the nanocarbon and a corresponding lowering of the limit of detection by ca three orders of magnitude to nanomolar levels. Surface modification of the BDD electrodes was then explored using a simple and convenient dropcast technique to deposit microcrystalline copper phthalocyanine onto the electrode. The influence of the surface chemical termination towards the interaction with the modifier compound was demonstrated in relation to the oxygen reduction reaction. Hydrogen terminated BDD modified in such a manner was able to significantly decrease the overpotential for the cathodic reaction by ca 500 mV when compared to the unmodified electrode while modified oxidised BDD showed no such electrocatalysis, signifying greater interaction of the phthalocyanine modifier with the hydrogenated surface. The lack of a further conversion of the peroxide product was attributed to its rapid diffusion away from the triple phase boundary (comprising the phthalocyanine microcrystallite, aqueous solution and BDD electrode) at which the reaction is expected to exclusively occur. Next carbon composites were studied in the form of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs). The practicality of a nanocarbon paste was established by cyclic voltammetry with several well-characterised redox systems commonly used to test electrode activity and was found to exhibit comparable behaviour to the more typical graphitic formulation. Reversible uptake of some analytes was observed at the CPEs, giving rise to complex double peak voltammetry. This uptake phenomenon was then further examined at the nanocarbon paste electrode to monitor the transfer of species between two dissimilar liquid phases. The interfacial behaviour gave rise to voltammetric peaks which were assigned to species originating from the aqueous, binder and carbon phases respectively and this enabled the measurement of Gibbs energies of transfer between oil and aqueous phases. Finally the effect of different ionic liquids as binder for carbon-ionic liquid composite electrodes was studied. Some ionic liquids were demonstrated to offer benefits in comparison to oil in the fabrication of carbon paste type electrode due to an increased adsorption of analytes. The ionic “liquid” (with a melting point above room temperature) <i>n</i>-octyl-pyridinium hexafluorophosphate [C<sub>8</sub>py][PF<sub>6</sub>] was shown to be useful in combination with carbon nanotubes as a composite electrode or as a modifier to a screen-printed electrode to significantly enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical detection via adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Overall the carbon-based electrodes studied have demonstrated excellent utility as electrode materials in the areas of electrochemical sensing and energetics investigations.
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Kuemmerle, Daniel Lange. "Strengthening of concrete bridge decks using carbon-based composite materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20694.

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Böhm, Robert, Mike Thieme, Daniel Wohlfahrt, Daniel Sebastian Wolz, Benjamin Richter, and Hubert Jäger. "Reinforcement Systems for Carbon Concrete Composites Based on Low-Cost Carbon Fibers." Molecular Diversity Preservation International MDPI, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33323.

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Carbon concrete polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/lignin-based carbon fiber (CF) composites are a new promising material class for the building industry. The replacement of the traditional heavy and corroding steel reinforcement by carbon fiber (CF)-based reinforcements offers many significant advantages: a higher protection of environmental resources because of lower CO2 consumption during cement production, a longer lifecycle and thus, much less damage to structural components and a higher degree of design freedom because lightweight solutions can be realized. However, due to cost pressure in civil engineering, completely new process chains are required to manufacture CF-based reinforcement structures for concrete. This article describes the necessary process steps in order to develop CF reinforcement: (1) the production of cost-effective CF using novel carbon fiber lines, and (2) the fabrication of CF rebars with different geometry profiles. It was found that PAN/lignin-based CF is currently the promising material with the most promise to meet future market demands. However, significant research needs to be undertaken in order to improve the properties of lignin-based and PAN/lignin-based CF, respectively. The CF can be manufactured to CF-based rebars using different manufacturing technologies which are developed at a prototype level in this study.
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Camponeschi, Erin L. "Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotube polymer based composites." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26503.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.<br>Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Hamid Garmestani; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Rina Tannenbaum; Committee Member: Dr. Kenneth Gall; Committee Member: Dr. Meisha Shofner; Committee Member: Dr. Thomas Sanders. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Zhang, Shengwen. "Carbon nanotube based composites for electricity storage in supercapacitors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13095/.

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In the context of fossil-fuel shortage and climate change, the production, conversion, storage and distribution of energy have become the focus of today's world. Supercapacitors, with their unique energy and power density specifications, cover the application gap between batteries and conventional capacitors and hence making valuable contributions in energy storage and distribution. Caron nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique aspect ratio and other distinctive physical, electrochemical and electronic properties have been chosen to enhance traditional electrode materials for supercapacitors, i.e. conducting polymer and transition metal oxides. Polypyrrole/CNTs (PPy/CNTs), polyaniline/CNTs (PAni/CNTS) and manganese oxides/CNTs (MnOx/CNTs) nanocomposites have been synthesised through chemical redox reaction in aqueous solutions. The nanocomposites have been characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM), BET nitrogen surface adsorption, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to examine and to select the appropriate candidates as electrode materials. Electrochemical characterisations, i.e. cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), have been conducted with the selected nano-composites in a classic three-electrode compartment cell. Desirable capacitive behaviour, with long-term cycling stability, has been identified within appropriate potential windows for each of the nanocomposites. Asymmetric and symmetric supercapacitor prototypes have been constructed with the nanocomposites synthesised and characterised in this work. Carbon materials, due to their higher hydrogen overpotential in aqueous systems, have been proved to be good negative electrode materials in this study. Excellent specific capacitances of 1.2 F cm-2, 0.83 F cm-2 and 0.96 F cm-2 have been achieved with PAni/CNTs, PPy/CNTS and MnOx/CNTs electrodes respectively. Supercapacitor-stacks with multiplied cell voltage have been constructed with both symmetric and asymmetric prototype cells. Therefore, it has been confirmed that desirable cell voltage and capacitance can be achieved by connecting appropriate individual cells in parallel and in series to cater the requirements of the end-users. Last but not least, the prototype cells have been fitted with equivalent circuits to gain an insight into the resistive and capacitive contributions from each component. Suggestion for improvement has been given based on the simulation results of the prototype cells.
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Rajpurohit, Ashok. "Development of advanced carbon/glass fibre based hybrid composites." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM020.

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Les composites hybrides offrent un moyen efficace d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux composites. Cette thèse vise à comprendre le comportement mécanique et l'effet synergique offerts par de tels composites hybrides sous plusieurs conditions de chargement. L'accent est mis, non seulement sur la caractérisation mécanique, mais également sur le développement et l'optimisation de nouvelles générations de renforts hybrides, permettant ainsi une hybridation aussi bien au niveau des nappes, qu’au niveau des mèches et des fibres. Dans ce travail, les fibres de carbone et de verre sont choisies comme les deux types de renforts pour les composites hybrides. Les propriétés de ces fibres unitaires sont d'abord caractérisées pour étudier l'impact des procédés textiles. De nouveaux renforts unidirectionnels ont été fabriqués après avoir optimisé les procédés, tels que la technologie UD cousu et l'étalement des fibres. Les composites ont été fabriqués via RTM basse pression en utilisant une résine époxy. Les caractéristiques en raideur et en résistance des composites de référence, des hybrides inter-plis, intra-plis et fibre à fibre ont ensuite été caractérisées dans des conditions de charge quasi-statique en traction, compression et flexion. L'effet d’hybridation (synergique) a été évalué pour ces composites en comparant les propriétés du composite hybride avec un composite de référence en carbone. Afin de comprendre le comportement à rupture de ces composites dans différentes conditions de charge, une étude de fractographie a été réalisée. Les hybrides inter-plis font apparaître une légère augmentation de la déformation à rupture en traction mais présentent une synergie négative pour toutes les autres conditions. Les hybrides intra-plis montrent eux, un effet synergique pour les résistances à la traction et à la compression, sans réduire leur déformation à rupture. Un composite hybride fibre à fibre réalisé par étalement montre une performance mécanique supérieure par rapport à d'autres hybrides. Les résultats présentés révèlent les avantages potentiels de l'hybridation à différents niveaux et dispersions. Les résultats ouvrent une voie pour les futurs travaux sur les composites hybrides et leurs procédés<br>Hybrid composites offer an effective way of enhancing mechanical properties of composite materials. This thesis aims to understand the mechanical behaviour and synergistic effect offered by such hybrid composites in several loading conditions. The focus not only lies on mechanical characterisation but also on development and optimization of new generation of hybrid reinforcements thus allowing hybridization both at ply levels and at tow and fibre levels. In this work, carbon and glass fibres are chosen as the two types of reinforcements for hybrid composites. Single fibre properties of these fibres were first characterised to study the effect of textile processes. Novel unidirectional reinforcements have been fabricated after optimising the processes such as unidirectional stitching and spreading technology. Composites were manufactured via low pressure RTM process using an epoxy resin. Stiffness and failure characteristics of reference, interply, intraply and intermingled hybrid composites were then characterised in quasi-static tensile, compression and flexural loading conditions. The hybrid (synergistic) effect were evaluated for these composites by comparing the hybrid composite properties with a carbon reference composite. To understand the failure behaviour under different loading conditions, a fractography study was conducted. Interply hybrids slightly increase the failure strain in tension but demonstrate negative synergy in all other properties. On the other hand, intraply hybrids show a synergistic effect in both tensile and compressive strengths, while not reducing the failure strain. A spread tape intermingled hybrid composite demonstrates a superior mechanical performance when compared to other hybrids. The presented results reveal the potential benefits of hybridisation at different levels and dispersions. The results provide a driving force for future work on hybrid composites and their processing
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Books on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

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Jawaid, Mohammad, Akil Ahmad, Norli Ismail, and Mohd Rafatullah, eds. Environmental Remediation Through Carbon Based Nano Composites. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6699-8.

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Rahmandoust, Moones, and Majid R. Ayatollahi. Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites under Consideration of Defects. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00251-4.

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Ezema, Fabian I., Chandrakant D. Lokhande, and Abhishek C. Lokhande, eds. Chemically Deposited Metal Chalcogenide-based Carbon Composites for Versatile Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23401-9.

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Tatiana, Makarova, and Palacio Parada Fernando, eds. Carbon-based magnetism: An overview of the magnetism of metal free carbon-based compounds and materials. Elsevier, 2006.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. Design considerations for lightweight space radiators based on fabrication and test experience with a carbon-carbon composite prototype heat pipe. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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Li, Songtao, Zhengwang Zhu, Dongyan Liu, and Yu Dong. Hierarchically Porous Bio-Carbon Based Composites for High Electromagnetic Shielding Performance. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1069-2.

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Fitzer, Erich. Carbon Fibres and Their Composites: Based on papers presented at the International Conference on Carbon Fibre Applications, Sāo José dos Campos (SP), Brazil, 5-9 December 1983, which was jointly sponsored by the Centro Técnico Aerospacial, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the United Nations Financing System for Science and Technology for Development. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985.

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S, Bloomfield Harvey, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Development of lightweight radiators for lunar based power systems. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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S, Jacobson Nathan, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Chemical status of the fiber coating/matrix interface in silicon-based ceramic matrix composites. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Delhaes, Pierre. Carbon-Based Solids and Materials. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

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Kostikov, V. I. "Carbon-based composites." In Ceramic- and Carbon-matrix Composites. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1280-2_3.

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Das, Shayeri, Prabhat Ranjan, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. "Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage: A Review." In Carbon Composites. Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003331285-5.

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Shanmugharaj, A. M. "Thermoset/Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91346-5_7.

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Ahlatcioglu Ozerol, Esma, Michael Bozlar, Cem Bulent Ustundag, and Burak Dikici. "Latex-Based Carbon Nanotube Composites." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91346-5_9.

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Ahlatcioglu Ozerol, Esma, Michael Bozlar, Cem Bulent Ustundag, and Burak Dikici. "Latex-Based Carbon Nanotube Composites." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70614-6_9-1.

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Shanmugharaj, A. M. "Thermoset/Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70614-6_7-1.

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Xiang, Dong. "Biaxially Stretched Conductive Polymer Composites." In Carbon-Based Conductive Polymer Composites. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003218661-3.

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Xiang, Dong. "Compression Molded Conductive Polymer Composites." In Carbon-Based Conductive Polymer Composites. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003218661-2.

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Cravanzola, Sara, Federico Cesano, Lucia Muscuso, Domenica Scarano, and Adriano Zecchina. "Carbon-Based Piezoresistive Polymer Composites." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06611-0_4.

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Ghosh, Shrabani, Supratim Maity, and K. K. Chattopadhyay. "Carbon Nanostructure–Based Composite for Energy-Related Applications." In Toughened Composites. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429330575-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

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Bordun, Ihor, Myroslav Malovanyy, Nazar Nahurskyi, and Anatoliy Borysiuk. "Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Carbon Composites Based on Finely Dispersed Powders of Different Valence Iron Oxides." In 8th International Congress "Environment Protection. Energy Saving. Sustainable Environmental Management". Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-09oeek.

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A method for the synthesizing of carbon composites based on hydrolysis lignin powders and iron oxides (FeO and Fe₂O₃) was proposed in this work. The obtained composites were studied by X-ray diffractometry, adsorption/desorption gas porometry and magnetometry. X-ray phase analysis has revealed the presence of an amorphous carbon phase and crystalline phases of FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and Fe in both types of synthesised composites. The synthesized composites demonstrated significantly higher specific magnetisation values compared to the initial iron oxide powders. For Fe₂O₃ powder, the specific magnetisation was σs = 6 A·m²/kg, while the saturation specific magnetisation of the composite based on this oxide was σs = 34 A·m²/kg. For FeO powder, the specific magnetisation was σs = 28 A·m²/kg, with the composite based on it exhibiting a specific saturation magnetisation of σs = 40 A·m²/kg. The observed results were explained by the formation of particles with sufficiently high values of specific magnetisation due to thermal reduction of iron oxides in the presence of carbon monoxide, obtained from the pyrolysis of hydrolysed lignin.
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Agrawal, Shobhit, and R. C. Prasad. "Influence of Environment on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Epoxy Composite." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05526.

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Abstract Carbon-epoxy composites are used extensively for high performance applications and they come in contact with varied kind of environments. Many applications require their use in conjunction with metals. In the presence of the electrolyte, galvanic coupling forms and carbon-epoxy composite degrades due to cathodic reactions. In the present study, the effect of this degradation on the interlaminar mechanical properties of the carbon-epoxy composite is investigated. Samples of carbon plain weave fabric–epoxy matrix composite were potential static exposed at cathodic potential for long duration in a electrochemical cell. Significant reduction in the interlaminar shear strength after cathodic exposure was observed. At the same time, interlaminar fracture toughness was found to be increased for cathodic exposed samples. The changes in the micro mechanisms of failure for the composites after cathodic exposures had been evaluated based on the fractographs of the specimens.
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Loyola, Bryan R., Luciana Arronche, Valeria La Saponara, and Kenneth J. Loh. "Conductivity-Based Damage Detection in Carbon Fiber Composites." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7958.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become a primary structural material in many new structures, particularly in the aerospace, wind turbine, automobile, and marine industries, due to their higher strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and ease of manufacturing. However, these composite materials have complex damages modes that are different from typical monolithic metallic alloys, such as delamination, fiber breakage, matrix cracking, and fiber-matrix debonding. These avenues of damage tend to manifest internally to the composite structure, making them nearly invisible to visual inspection. Several damage detection approaches have been introduced for the purpose of in situ non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites; however, many of these approaches require complex analysis methods, data interpolation for achieving spatial sensing, and/or embedding invasive sensors into the composites themselves. To allow for widespread implementation of a next-generation NDE approach for composites, an easily discernible, highly visual, and fast approach that does not adversely affect the structural performance of the composite laminate is needed. This study introduces the use of a spatially distributed electrical conductivity distribution mapping method called electrical impedance tomography (EIT). EIT reconstructs a material’s 2D or 3D electrical conductivity within a series of boundary electrodes. A 100 mA current is injected between two opposing electrodes while the adjacent differential voltages are measured at the remaining electrodes; this process is repeated for all opposing electrode pairs. Using a linear reconstruction algorithm, changes in electrical conductivity are spatially resolved and plotted for easy detection, localization, and evaluation of damage. This approach is validated by applying EIT to a set of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates. First, damage has been simulated in composite parts by selectively removing portions of the structure and then verifying that EIT has captured this occurrence. After validation of the EIT method, pristine composite laminates have been subjected to low velocity impact damage. Before and after impact EIT readings have been taken. The differential conductivity reconstruction is presented. This work demonstrates the value of adopting electrical impedance tomography for in situ NDE of FRP composites.
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Zhou, X., E. Shin, K. W. Wang, and C. E. Bakis. "Damping Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48537.

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Because of their ultra small, nanometer scale size and low density, the surface area to mass ratio (specific area) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is extremely large. Therefore, in a nanotube-based polymeric composite structure, it is anticipated that high damping can be achieved by taking advantage of the interfacial friction between the nanotubes and the polymer resins. In addition, the CNT’s large aspect ratio and high elastic modulus features allow for the design of such composites with large differences in strain between the constituents, which could further enhance the interfacial energy dissipation ability. Despite their wonderful engineering potential, the damping properties of CNT-based composites have not been examined in any detail. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural damping characteristics of polymeric composites distributed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In this study, the system is modeled using a four-phase composite, composed of a resin, voids, and bonded and debonded nanotubes. A micromechanical model is proposed to describe interfacial debonding evolution. To characterize the overall behavior, the Weibull’s statistical function is employed to describe the varying probability of nanotube debonding under uniaxial loading. Fictitious, perfectly bonded inclusions are used to replace debonded nanotubes such that the elastic mechanical properties can be obtained through Eshelby’s approach. To address damping effects, the concept of interfacial “stick-slip” frictional motion between the nanotubes and the resin is proposed. A critical shear (bonding) stress is used to separate the material system into an energy-conservative range due to strong interfacial bonding, and a nanotube sliding range resulting in energy dissipation. The developed method is further extended to analyze composites with randomly oriented nanotubes. The analytical results show that the critical shear stress, nanotube weight ratio and structure deformation are the factors affecting the damping characteristic. Experimental efforts are also performed to verify the trends predicted by the analysis. Through comparing with neat resin specimens, the study shows that one can indeed enhance damping by adding CNT fillers into polymeric resins. It is also observed that SWNT-based composites can achieve higher damping than composites with other types (different size, surface area, density and stiffness) of fillers. These results confirm the advantage of using CNTs for damping enhancement.
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SHEN, TONGTONG, CHUNYU LI, BENJAMIN P. HALEY, SAAKETH DESAI, and ALEJANDRO STRACHAN. "Molecular Structure of PAN-based Carbon Fiber Precursor." In American Society for Composites 2017. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc2017/15315.

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DOSHI, SAGAR M., AMIT CHAUDHARI, and ERIK T. THOSTENSON. "Carbon Nanotube-based Flexible Sensors for Human Motion Analysis." In American Society for Composites 2019. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc34/31419.

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RODRIGUEZ-UICAB, OMAR, LEO NARDO, JANDRO L. ABOT, and FRANCIS AVILÉS. "Thermoresistive Characterization of Monofilament Composites Based on Carbon Nanotube Yarns." In American Society for Composites 2020. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc35/34958.

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Merijs-Meri, Remo, Janis Zicans, Tatjana Ivanova, et al. "Carbon nanotubes and carbon onions for modification of styrene-acrylate copolymer based nanocomposites." In TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876869.

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CRABTREE, JOSHUA, DAYAKAR PENUMADU, and STEPHEN YOUNG. "Tensile Properties of Carbon Fiber: Single Filament Vs Tow Based Testing." In American Society for Composites 2017. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc2017/15290.

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Bellucci, S., F. Micciulla, C. Balasubramanian, A. Grilli, and G. Rinaldi. "Studies of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites for Aerospace Applications." In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11001.

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Carbon nanotubes are being widely studied for various applications ranging from medical to electronics and also optical devices. They are also being studied for the suitability and applications in aerospace and aeronautical field. A useful application in aerospace that we are studying is the improvement of electrical properties of composites made from carbon nanotubes and epoxy resin. Towards this end, we have studied the resistivity of composite materials with varying percentages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to the epoxy resin. Carbon nanotubes were synthesized by thermal arc plasma process after optimization of the synthesis parameters. These samples were then analysed by electron microscopes like scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM), in order to establish the morphology of the nanostructures. Composites of epoxy resin with curing agent as well as a mixture of graphite and carbon nanotubes were prepared with varying proportions of the mixture. The electrical resistivity of the material was studied under varying pressure and voltage conditions. The result of these studies yields interesting features which are useful in choosing the ideal composition and ratio of the composite material for use in shielding of electrical circuits of space vehicles from radiations of the outer space.
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Reports on the topic "Carbon-based composites"

1

Stansberry, Peter G., and John W. Zondlo. COAL DERIVED MATRIX PITCHES FOR CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE MANUFACTURE/PRODUCTION OF FIBERS AND COMPOSITES FROM COAL-BASED PRECURSORS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801029.

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Thostenson, Erik T., and Tsu-Wei Chou. Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites for Future Air Force and Aerospace Systems. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448421.

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Zhao, Guang-Lin. Study of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Composites. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada582080.

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Zaldivar, R. J., G. S. Relick, and J. M. Yang. Fiber Strength Utilization in Carbon/Carbon Composites: Part 2. Extended Studies With Pitch- and PAN-Based Fibers. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada341676.

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Bakis, Charles E., and Kon-Well Wang. Structural Damping and Health Monitoring Enhancement via Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Tailoring. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada544855.

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Chou, Tsu-Wei, and Erik T. Thostenson. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors for Damage Detection and Self Healing in Structural Composites. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547292.

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Naseem, Sajid, Sandra Heckel, Martin Zahel, and Andreas Leuteritz. Optimization of dosing methodof hybrid filler (Cellulose/MgAl LDH) in biopolymers using micro-compounder for preparation of bio-composites. Universidad de los Andes, 2024. https://doi.org/10.51573/andes.pps39.ss.bbb.1.

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With growing environmental concerns about using conventional plastics in daily life, the demand for bio-based polymer products is increasing. Natural and biodegradable raw materials are alternatives for making plastic products more sustainable. Cellulose-based fibers have gained attention in preparing biodegradable polymer composites because of their biodegradable nature, bio-based origin, low cost and low weight compared to synthetic fibers (glass and carbon). In this research, hybrid fillers based on cellulose and hydrotalcite were used in biodegradable polymers such as in PLA and blend of PBAT/PLA to prepare bio composites. The loading of hybrid filler (cellulose/LDH) was done using a small-scale compounding machine. Hybrid fillers were used in compounding machines in different forms (paste, freeze dried, PLA dissolved, PEG mixed, and sheet based) with PBAT/PLA. The dosing method of hybrid filler in polymer was optimized in this work. Morphological analysis of hybrid filler and the mechanical properties of bio composites were also done. The tensile modulus of PLA was increased by about 33% when sheet-based hybrid filler was added to the PLA composite.
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Lee, Andre. Durability Characterization of POSS-Based Polyimides and Carbon-Fiber Composites for Air Force-Related Applications. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada481814.

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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.

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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.
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Corum, J. M. Durability-Based Design Properties of Reference Crossply Carbon-Fiber Composite. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/779794.

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