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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon composition'

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1

Yurii, Sementsov, Grebel’na Yulia, Strelchuk Victor, et al. "Carbon-Carbon Composition “Expanded Graphite – Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes”." International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 8, no. 6 (2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190806.16.

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2

Yastrebov, S. G., and V. I. Ivanov-Omskiĭ. "Allotropic composition of amorphous carbon." Semiconductors 41, no. 8 (2007): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782607080155.

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3

Swart, Peter K., and Jim J. Leder. "The utility of stable isotopic signatures in coral skeletons." Paleontological Society Papers 1 (October 1996): 249–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000127.

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There is a fundamental ecologic differentiation between zooxanthellate and non-zooxanthellate corals. This paper reviews factors which govern the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of these groups of corals. Although the stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of coral skeletons are strongly influenced by environmental and physiological factors, the precise mechanisms remain a matter of debate. In particular the oxygen isotopic composition is known to be governed by the temperature and the oxygen isotopic composition of the water and perhaps also by kinetic factors. In contras
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4

Arakawa, Masashi, Junji Yamamoto, and Hiroyuki Kagi. "Developing Micro-Raman Mass Spectrometry for Measuring Carbon Isotopic Composition of Carbon Dioxide." Applied Spectroscopy 61, no. 7 (2007): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207781393244.

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We investigated the applicability of micro-Raman spectroscopy for determining carbon isotopic compositions (13C/12C) of minute CO2 fluid inclusions in minerals. This method is nondestructive and has sufficiently high spatial resolution (1 μm) to measure each fluid inclusion independently. Raman spectra of CO2 fluid have 12CO2-origin peaks at about 1285 cm−1 and 1389 cm−1 (v12− and v12+) and a 13CO2-origin peak at about 1370 cm−1 (v13+). The relationship between carbon isotopic compositions and peak intensity ratios of v12+ and v13+ was calibrated. Considering several factors affecting the peak
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5

Parczewska-Plesnar, B., R. Brzozowski, H. Gwardiak, E. Białecka-Florjańczyk, and Z. Bujnowski. "Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition." Grasas y Aceites 67, no. 3 (2016): e144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1017153.

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6

Sundh, Ingvar. "Biochemical composition of dissolved organic carbon released from natural communities of lake phytoplankton." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 125, no. 3 (1992): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/125/1992/347.

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7

Galimov, E. M. "Carbon isotope composition of Antarctic plants." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 10 (2000): 1737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00328-2.

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8

Cienfuegos, Edith, Isabel Casar, and Pedro Morales. "Carbon isotopic composition of Mexican honey." Journal of Apicultural Research 36, no. 3-4 (1997): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1997.11100945.

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9

De Cosmo, Vittorio, Herbert Gush, Mark Halpern, and Alex Leung. "Carbon composition resistors for cryogenic thermometry." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 3 (1987): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139251.

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10

Maron, N. "Carbon altotropic composition of interstellar grains." Astronomische Nachrichten: A Journal on all Fields of Astronomy 310, no. 4 (1989): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asna.2113100417.

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11

Krueger, Dana A., and Harold W. Krueger. "Isotopic Composition of Carbon in Vinegars." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (1985): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.449.

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Abstract Measurements of δ13C and 14C-activity were performed on vinegars from various known sources. Natural vinegar can be distinguished from petrochemical acetic acid by 14C-analysis: Natural vinegar currently gives values of > 112% of modern activity; petrochemical acetic acid yields values of 0% of modern activity. Apple cider vinegar can be distinguished from corn-derived vinegar by δ13C-analysis: Cider vinegar gives δ13C-values near — 26%o; corn-derived vinegars yield δ13C-values near - 10% δ13C-Analysis also can be applied, with some restrictions, to wine vinegars. These techniq
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12

Peck, William H., Erin E. Cummings, and Ellis Van Slyke. "Carbon isotope composition of birch syrup." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 71 (August 2018): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2018.04.012.

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13

Ding, Beidou, Naiqiang Xiao, Shuxun Zhang, and Yong Wang. "Research on NDT Technology in Inference of Steel Member Strength Based on Macro/Micro Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4393279.

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In consideration of correlations among hardness, chemical composition, grain size, and strength of carbon steel, a new nondestructive testing technology (NDT) of inferring the carbon steel strength was explored. First, the hardness test, chemical composition analysis, and metallographic analysis of 162 low-carbon steel samples were conducted. Second, the following works were carried out: (1) quantitative relationship between steel Leeb hardness and carbon steel strength was studied on the basis of regression analysis of experimental data; (2) influences of chemical composition and grain size o
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14

Regordosa, Anna, Nuria Llorca-Isern, Jon Sertucha, and Jacques Lacaze. "Evolution of Shrinkage with Carbon Equivalent and Inoculation in Ductile Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.28.

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Studying how shrinkage porosity changes size when varying the composition of ductile irons is still of interest for manufacturing sound cast parts and defining optimised processing conditions. Usual changes in carbon and silicon contents strongly affect shrinkage, so that a detailed analysis of the effect of alloy composition and of inoculation level on porosity was carried out in the present study. Two test castings have been used to evaluate the extent of porosity formed using different compositions and inoculation levels. It has been observed that increasing carbon content from hypoeutectic
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15

Cerling, Thure E., D. Kip Solomon, Jay Quade, and John R. Bowman. "On the isotopic composition of carbon in soil carbon dioxide." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, no. 11 (1991): 3403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90498-t.

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16

Starovoit, Anatoliy, and Yevgen Maliy. "Research of polymeric additive influence of organic composition on thermochemical conversion of carbon masses." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 1 (2008): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.01.065.

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Influence of polymeric addition is explored on properties of carbon the masses of itself calcinating electrodes in the process of their carbonation. It is exposed that polymeric addition intensifies co-operation of carbon filler with an electrode pitch – connective, that is high-quality represented on descriptions thermographic of laboratory masses. The mechanism of co-operation of components of carbon mass is formulated with a modifier.
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17

Jokić, S., R. Sudar, S. Svilović, et al. "Fatty acid composition of oil obtained from soybeans by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 2 (2013): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2012-cjfs.

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Soybean oil fractions were obtained by collecting the extract at different time intervals during supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The extraction was performed at the following temperatures: 313, 323, and 333 K, and at pressures of 300, 400, and 500 bar. The triacylglycerol composition and concentration of fatty acids in soybean oil fractions was evaluated. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions of soybean oil obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide was compared with the soybean oil extracted with n-hexane. The extraction temperature and pressure, did not influence the fatty
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18

Irwandi, Dodi, Zainal Alim Mas’ud, Komar Sutriah, and Muhammad Khotib. "Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Foam Derived from Fine Coal and Phenolic Resin." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 3 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21138.

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Carbon foam from fine coal and phenolic resin mixture had been prepared by heating in nitrogen atmosphere. The composition of fine coal in a mixture was 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50%. Physical and mechanical characters of carbon foam that were determined from each of these compositions were density, porosity, compressive strength, and oxidation resistance and thermal insulation. Microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal insulation was tested using an insulation index approach with Styrofoam for comparison. The result showed that the density and compressive strength we
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19

Qiao, Yunfa, Shujie Miao, Yingxue Li, and Xin Zhong. "Chemical composition of soil organic carbon changed by long-term monoculture cropping system in Chinese black soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (2018): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/492/2018-pse.

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Monoculture is common to meet commodity grain requirements in Northeast China. The effect of long-term monoculture on chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains unclear. This study was done to evaluate how changes in chemical compositions of SOC responded to long-term monoculture. To achieve this objective, the chemical compositions of SOC in maize-soybean rotation, continuous soybean and continuous maize were characterized with the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Two main components, O-alkyl and aromatic C, showed a wider range of relative proportion in monoculture than r
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20

Chen, Mindong, Huijie Zhang, Liang Chen, and Dongmei Fu. "An electrochemical method based on OCP fluctuations for anti-corrosion alloy composition optimization." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 3 (2018): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-03-2018-1913.

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Purpose An electrochemical method based on the open circuit potential (OCP) fluctuations was put forward. It can be used to optimize the alloy compositions for improving the corrosion resistance of rust layer. Design/methodology/approach The potential trends and potential fluctuations of carbon steels in seawater were separated by Hodrick–Prescott filter. The Spearman correlation coefficient and max information coefficient were used to explore the correlation of alloy compositions and potential fluctuations. Findings After long-term immersion, potential fluctuation resistance (PFR) can be used
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21

Krankowsky, Dieter. "The Composition of Comets." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 116, no. 2 (1991): 854–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100012744.

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Abstract.The chemical composition of gases in the coma of Comet Halley obtained from in situ and remote observations is reviewed. Water vapor with an abundance of approximately 80% by number is the dominant parent gas. Carbon monoxide is the second most abundant molecule, with about one-seventh of the water abundance. The other expected parent gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia—contributed with at most a few percent to the coma gas. Molecular nitrogen is found to be a minor species, with an abundance of less than one percent. Formaldehyde is relatively abundant, with a few percent rela
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22

Naito, Yuichi I., Yoshito Chikaraishi, Naohiko Ohkouchi, et al. "Dietary Reconstruction of the Okhotsk Culture of Hokkaido, Japan, Based on Nitrogen Composition of Amino Acids: Implications for Correction of 14C Marine Reservoir Effects on Human Bones." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045690.

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The relative contribution of marine-derived carbon in the ancient diet is essential for correcting the marine reservoir effect on the radiocarbon age of archaeological human remains. In this study, we evaluated the marine protein consumption of 3 human populations from the Okhotsk culture (about AD 550–1200) in Hokkaido, Japan, based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions in bulk bone collagen as well as the nitrogen isotopic composition of glutamic acid and phenylalanine. Despite the similarity of carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk collagens, nitrogen isotopic compo
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23

Jiao, Geng-sheng, He-jun Li, Ke-zhi Li, Chuang Wang, and Dang-she Hou. "SiC–MoSi2–(Ti0.8Mo0.2)Si2 multi-composition coating for carbon/carbon composites." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 6 (2006): 3452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.237.

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24

Jian-feng, Huang, Zeng Xie-rong, Li He-jun, Xiong Xin-bo, and Huang Min. "Al2O3–mullite–SiC–Al4SiC4 multi-composition coating for carbon/carbon composites." Materials Letters 58, no. 21 (2004): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.03.046.

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25

Deng, Jingyi, Yongliang Wei, and Wenchuan Liu. "Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Graded Carbon-Silicon Carbide Matrix Composition." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82, no. 6 (2004): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01976.x.

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26

Hope Jahren, A. "The carbon stable isotope composition of pollen." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 132, no. 3-4 (2004): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.08.001.

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27

Liao, X. Z., A. Serquis, Q. X. Jia, D. E. Peterson, Y. T. Zhu, and H. F. Xu. "Relationship Between Catalyst Composition and Carbon Morphology." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (2003): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603441640.

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28

Anacleto, Nathaniel, Oleg Ostrovski, and Samir Ganguly. "Carbon Solubility and Phase Composition of Silicomanganese." steel research international 77, no. 4 (2006): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200606379.

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29

Yoshida, Tomohiko, and Naoyuki Suzuki. "4737540 Carbon fiber reinforced polyester resin composition." Carbon 26, no. 6 (1988): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(88)90125-x.

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30

House, Christopher H., J. William Schopf, Kevin D. McKeegan, Christopher D. Coath, T. Mark Harrison, and Karl O. Stetter. "Carbon isotopic composition of individual Precambrian microfossils." Geology 28, no. 8 (2000): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0707:cicoip>2.3.co;2.

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31

House, Christopher H., J. William Schopf, Kevin D. McKeegan, Christopher D. Coath, T. Mark Harrison, and Karl O. Stetter. "Carbon isotopic composition of individual Precambrian microfossils." Geology 28, no. 8 (2000): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<707:cicoip>2.0.co;2.

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32

Gosteva, A. N., S. A. Efremov, and V. G. Nikolaev. "Catalytic Carbon-Containing Composition for Phosphine Oxidation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1079, no. 6 (2021): 062014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1079/6/062014.

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33

Origenes, M. G., and R. L. Lapitan. "Carbon stock assessment through above-ground biomass of trees at different forest composition in Mt. Malindawag, Lubilan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines." International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 11, no. 01 (2021): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/ijfee.030121.11.

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It is documented that the amounts of carbon stored and its level of degradation in different forests compositions and different types of forest is mostly unknown, Philippines is no exemption as little was done in some places of this country. This study was conducted to assess carbon stock through above ground biomass of trees at different forest composition in Mt. Malindawag. There were three (3) 20m x 20m sample plots (quadrats) (400m2 equivalent to 0.04 ha) established as replicate plots provided with 50m intervals. Forest composition such as the Agroforestry area, mixed forest area and the
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34

Zeidler, M. D., D. S. Gill, and M. D. Zeidler. "Molecular Reorientation of Methanol in Mixtures with Carbon Tetrachloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 47, no. 7-8 (1992): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1992-7-810.

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Abstract Proton and oxygen-17 nmr relaxation rates of CD317OH as well as deuteron nmr relaxation rates of CH3OD were measured in mixtures with carbon tetrachloride at different compositions and temperatures. By varying the 170-content different contributions to the proton relaxation rate could be separated and from the 17O-H dipolar interaction contribution the correlation time τ2OH of the OH bond was determined. Using these correlation times the composition dependence of the deuterium and oxygen-17 quadrupole coupling constants of methanol was derived. A strong variation of the coupling const
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35

Vishnevskiy, Konstantin, Zhanna Shashok, and Nikolay Prokopchuk. "Behaviour of Elastomeric Composition With High-Disperse Carbon Additives at Various Steps of the Process." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 10. Innovatcionnaia deiatel’nost’, no. 2 (May 2015): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu10.2015.2.7.

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36

Ion, I., G. R. Ivan, and A. C. Ion. "Distribution of Triclocarban in Natural Aqueous Systems Amended with Carbon Nanomaterials." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 4 (2021): 2368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18968.

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In this work, the sorption of TCC in natural aqueous solutions with different chemical compositions, on amended sediments with carbon nanomaterials such as MWCNTs and C60, pristine and weathered is presented. The variation of the temperature, the composition of the natural water, the compositions of the sediment were studied, the results were correlated for a better understanding of the possible effects of the carbon nanomaterials in the environment.
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37

Cao, Chunhui, Zhongping Li, Liwu Li, and Li Du. "Method for Analyzing the Molecular and Carbon Isotope Composition of Volatile Hydrocarbons (C1–C9) in Natural Gas." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (December 18, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4512081.

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) has already been applied to collect and identify volatile light hydrocarbons in oil and source rocks. However, this technology has not yet been used to analyze volatile light hydrocarbons in dry gas (natural gas with C1/C2+&gt; 95%). In this study, we developed a method to measure the molecular and carbon isotope composition of natural gas using divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber. This fiber proved to be suitable for extracting C1–C9hydrocarbons from natur
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38

Kreider, K. G., M. J. Tarlov, G. J. Gillen, et al. "Sputtered amorphous carbon nitride films." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 12 (1995): 3079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.3079.

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The recent announcement of the synthesis of C3N4 has increased interest in this unique material. Carbon nitride may have several useful applications as wear and corrosion resistant coatings, electrical insulators, and optical coatings. We have produced amorphous carbon nitride coatings containing up to 40% nitrogen using planar magnetron RF sputtering with and without an ion beam in a nitrogen atmosphere. Both wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometry (WDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate this composition. Coatings up to 2 μm thick were produced on alumina, silicon, SiO2, an
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Sun, D. S., K. Wesche, D. D. Chen, et al. "Grazing depresses soil carbon storage through changing plant biomass and composition in a Tibetan alpine meadow." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 6 (2011): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2011-pse.

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Grazing-induced variations in vegetation may either accelerate or reduce soil carbon storage through changes in litter quantity and quality. Here, a three-year field study (2005&amp;ndash;2007) was conducted in Tibetan alpine meadow to address the responses of surface soil (0&amp;ndash;15 cm) organic carbon (SOC) storage in the plant growing season (from May to September) to varying grazing intensity (represented by the residual aboveground biomass, with G&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; standing for 100%, 66%, 55%, a
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Hrytsenko, Olha, Dmytro Hrytsenko, Vitaliy Shvalagin, Galyna Grodziuk, and Mikhail Kompanets. "The Use of Carbon Nanoparticles for Inkjet-Printed Functional Labels for Smart Packaging." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6485654.

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Smart packaging functions can be provided by printing functional labels onto packaging materials using inkjet printing and inks with changeable photoluminescence properties. Carbon nanoparticles are considered a perspective fluorescent component of such inks. Ink compositions based on carbon nanoparticles are developed and adapted for inkjet printing on paper packaging materials for producing smart packaging labels. The influence of technological factors of the printing process on the photoluminescence characteristics of the printed images is investigated. The main investigated factors are the
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Major, Andrea Ádámné, and Károly Belina. "Properties of Carbon Nanotube - Polymer Composites." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.117.

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In the last ten years carbon nanotube composites are in the focus of the researchers of polymer blends. Different composition of carbon nanotubes and polymers were produced by a special mixing unit called Infinitely Variable Dynamic Shear Mixer (IDMX). In the experiments polypropylene and polycarbonate polymers were used as matrix materials. Nanotube masterbatches were used to prepare different compositions. Concentration series were manufactured by the dynamic mixer. The prepared materials were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical, electrical and burning properties of the
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42

Ostapenko, R. "Research of tribotechnical properties of antifriction polymer compositions." Problems of tribology 99, no. 1 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-99-1-33-42.

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The analysis of antifriction polymer compositions on the basis of polyamide, epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde, furan resins, and also on the basis of fluoroplastic with various fillers working in friction knots is made. The influence of fillers on the mechanisms of friction is little studied, so when creating antifriction compositions capable of working in conditions of lubrication in water, the following tasks were set: to justify the number and type of fillers; to investigate the influence of fillers on the process of wear of material and counterbody; determine the optimal composition of the antif
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43

Tomaszewski, Waldemar, Vladimir Gun’ko, Roman Leboda, and Jadwiga Skubiszewska-Zięba. "Interaction of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines with carbon and polymeric adsorbents in polar liquids." Open Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2010): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0042-y.

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AbstractSolid phase extraction (SPE) of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines from diluted aqueous solutions was investigated on carbon and polymeric adsorbents of different textures and chemical compositions. Those adsorbents were applied cartridges packed with three chemically modified carbons prepared from plum stones (initial A2PS, oxidized A2PS-O, and reduced A2PS-H) and commercially available adsorbents (polymeric LiChrolut EN, graphitized Hypercarb and Carboprep). Several factors influence the recovery rates of amphetamine derivatives such as the polarity of adsorbates (free energy of
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44

Cao, Yiping, Peter G. Green, and Patricia A. Holden. "Microbial Community Composition and Denitrifying Enzyme Activities in Salt Marsh Sediments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 24 (2008): 7585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01221-08.

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ABSTRACT Denitrifying microbial communities and denitrification in salt marsh sediments may be affected by many factors, including environmental conditions, nutrient availability, and levels of pollutants. The objective of this study was to examine how microbial community composition and denitrification enzyme activities (DEA) at a California salt marsh with high nutrient loading vary with such factors. Sediments were sampled from three elevations, each with different inundation and vegetation patterns, across 12 stations representing various salinity and nutrient conditions. Analyses included
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45

Gulyaev, Vitaly, Vadim Barsky, and Natalya Gurevina. "Effect of Total Ash Content and Coals Ash Composition on Coke Reactivity." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (2009): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.231.

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The article deals with the hypothesis of the influence of coals mineral components on coke reactivity. It has been shown that the reaction between carbon and carbon dioxide proceeds in kinetic area and its rate depends upon total ash content of coked coal. The data showing catalyst effect of coal mineral components upon their organic mass pyrolysis and consequently upon coke reactivity have been presented.
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46

Whittet, D. C. B. "The Composition of Dust in Stellar Ejecta." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 135 (1989): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900125458.

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I review the observational evidence relevant to the composition of dust ejected from circumstellar shells. Emphasis is placed on those types of stars believed to be the principal sources of refractory stardust in the interstellar medium. In stars with normal abundances (O &gt; C), the predominant species appears to be an amorphous silicate, characterised by smooth spectral features at 9.7 and 19μm, a far infrared emissivity close to unity, and a featureless ultraviolet extinction curve. Similarly, the characteristics of carbon stars (C &gt; O) are consistent with the presence of amorphous carb
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Liu, J., S. M. Colburn, R. L. Ornberg, and J. R. Ebner. "Studies of surface and structural heterogeneity of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138464.

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Abstract:
Activated carbons are generally used as support materials for precious metal catalysts. Properties of carbon that are important to catalyst preparation and application include composition, surface area, microstructure and pore shape and size distribution. Macropores (&gt; 50 nm), mesopores (2-50 nm) and micropores (&lt;2 nm) generally coexist in activated carbons. The accessibility of metal particles dispersed in microporous systems is of predominant importance, especially for large molecules that exhibit slow diffusion transport in narrow pores. It is desirable to have metal particles highly
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Waseda, Amane, and Hirotsugu Iwano. "Reservoir evaluation using carbon isotope composition of gas." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 72, no. 6 (2007): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.72.585.

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Schulze, D. J., J. W. Valley, K. S. Viljoen, J. Stiefenhofer, and M. Spicuzza. "Carbon Isotope Composition of Graphite in Mantle Eclogites." Journal of Geology 105, no. 3 (1997): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/515933.

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Norman, A. L., J. F. Hopper, P. Blanchard, et al. "The stable carbon isotope composition of atmospheric PAHs." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 17 (1999): 2807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00358-6.

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