Dissertations / Theses: 'Carbon footprint'

1

Золотова, Світлана Григорівна, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova, and D. S. Volovik. "Solar Power in Reducing Carbon Footprint." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13461.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Savelli, Elisa. "Carbon footprint, stato dell'arte ed applicazione pilota." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/552/.

Full text

Abstract:

Lo strumento in esame è il carbon footprint che ha lo scopo primario di calcolare l’impronta rilasciata in atmosfera dalle emissioni di gas ad effetto serra. Il carbon footprint è stato descritto ed esaminato in ogni suo aspetto pratico, strutturale e funzionale evidenziandone sia pregi da tenere in considerazione sia limiti da colmare anche attraverso il ventaglio di strumenti di misurazione ambientale che si hanno a disposizione. Il carbon footprint non verrà descritto unicamente come strumento di contabilità ambientale ma anche come mezzo di sensibilizzazione del pubblico o dei cittadini ai temi ambientali. Questo lavoro comprende un’indagine online degli strumenti di misura e rendicontazione delle emissioni di CO2 che sono sotto il nome di carbon footprint o carbon calculator. Nell’ultima parte della tesi si è applicato ad un caso reale tutto quello che è stato appreso dalla letteratura. Il lavoro è consistito nell’applicare lo strumento del carbon footprint ad un’azienda italiana di servizi seguendo la metodologia di calcolo prevista dalla norma ISO 14064. Di essa sono state contabilizzate le emissioni di CO2 generate dalle attività quotidiane e straordinarie sulle quali l’azienda ha un controllo diretto o comunque una responsabilità indiretta.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Hyland, John. "Reducing the carbon footprint of red meat." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reducing-the-carbon-footprint-of-red-meat(4420959a-9357-43d5-888b-580a73f76494).html.

Full text

Abstract:

The contribution of ruminant agriculture towards climate change is significant and responsible for approximately 14.5% of anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction of sectorial emissions is dependent on farmer decision-making at a multitude of scales, which comprise of the field scale, the farm, farmer typologies (farm scale with focus on farmers), and the community-scale. This conceptual framework provides the basis for the research carried out in this PhD. The first research chapter builds upon previous work carried out by Bangor University where farmers deemed the most practical mitigation measure they could adopt on their farming enterprises was the planting of leguminous crops. The research in this thesis demonstrated that grass-clover systems offered the same yield as grass swards receiving conventional amounts of nitrogen fertiliser. However, nitrous oxide emissions from the grass-clover sward were significantly lower. My second research chapter moves onto the farm scale and investigates the carbon footprint (CF) from 15 farming enterprises over two timescales. Considerable reductions in the CF of beef and lamb were demonstrated if efficiencies were increased to match those of the least-emitting producers. On-farm decisions are motivated by personal interests and goals. Hence, the third research chapter identifies distinct types of farmers based on perceptions of climate change. Four farmer types were identified which can aid the dissemination of climate change information and consequently increase the adoption of climate change measures. The final chapter evaluates social capital and collaboration amongst farmers at the community scale; such interactions can serve to facilitate mitigation and adaptation. Although overall collaboration was low, there was considerable latent social capital which can be used to further encourage collective action. The work carried out in this thesis can help reduce the livestock sector’s greenhouse gas emissions across numerous scales; thereby helping the industry meet its emission targets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

MANCINI, MARIA SERENA. "New methodological insights into Ecological Footprint Accounting: flow vs stock distinction and carbon Footprint revision." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1005536.

Full text

Abstract:

Natural capital is the primary and fundamental pillar allowing humans to thrive on Earth and sustain the functioning of human society and economy. Several ecosystem services (i.e. of the kind of provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services) are the tangible benefit to humans and are generated by natural capital in the form of stocks and flows of resources. Fully understanding and evaluating these ecosystem services is thus crucial for tracking the consumption of natural resources and properly managing natural capital. This thesis presents an in-depth analysis of the Ecological Footprint methodology, which is one of the most popular environmental accounting tools able to evaluate ecosystem services from a biophysical perspective. Ecological Footprint is defined as the biologically productive surface required to provide a specific sub-set of ecosystem services humans demand. It is compared with the capacity of existing biologically productive surfaces to produce such ecosystem services (i.e. biocapacity). Despite its growing popularity, Ecological Footprint has been subject to critical views on its rationale, methodology, and policy usefulness. This thesis aims at addressing part of these criticisms, specifically those related to the method’s inability to track depletion of natural capital stocks as well as those concerning a specific component, the carbon Footprint. Since Ecological Footprint is currently a measure of the use of resources and services in their flow dimension, the thesis presents a preliminary analysis of the feasibility of implementing a measure of stock depletion within this methodology. As such, this thesis first provides a comprehensive description of Natural Capital as well as of resources’ stocks and flows and their multiple relationships. Then, Ecological Footprint is explored according to its methodological premises, rationale and unit of measure and conceptually investigated for implementing the distinnction of stock vs flow of resources in the accounting framework. This issue was found to be vast and more complicated than expected; as such the thesis concludes this part by setting up a research agenda with the needed future steps to guide research on this topic. Following this process of refinement and development, the thesis addresses the stock and flow distinction in one specific component of Ecological Footprint, the carbon Footprint. It represents the largest input on the overall result and a review process around its rationale, calculation steps and a key parameter (the Average Forest Carbon Sequestration, AFCS) is performed to increase transparency and accuracy of its accountings. As a consequence of this refinement process, a new AFCS value is provided according to accurate and reproducible dataset on forested surface and average biomass growth in forest. These results represent one of the major changes adopted in 2016 Edition of National Footprint Accounts, the main application of Ecological Footprint accounting at national and world level annually published by Global Footprint Network. As such, new results of carbon Footprint, as well as of total Ecological Footprint, have been tested at geographical level and compared at national level among countries. This analysis highlights the relevant implications of the consumer approach adopted by the Ecological Footprint to assign responsibility of CO2 emissions. Finally, thesis supports the policy relevance of the Ecological Footprint method and its carbon Footprint component in light of the Paris agreement, the treaty stipulated in December 2015 to combat climate change and limit temperature rise below 2°C by 2050. Despite acknowledged limitations and the need to keep improving the methodology of this relatively young accounting tool, Ecological Footprint could still represent a relevant monitoring tool to keep track of resources and help society flourishing within the limit of our planet.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Hendey, Bröte Erik. "Duration-Weighted Carbon Footprint Metrics and Carbon Risk Factor for Credit Portfolios." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273641.

Full text

Abstract:

Current standard carbon footprint metrics attribute responsibility for a firm’s green house gas (GHG) emitting activities equally between an entity’s equity and debt. This study introduces a set of novel duration-weighted metrics which take into consideration the length of financing provided. These measure show promise for reporting footprints of debt portfolios, but further study of methodological robustness should be performed before they can be adopted widely. The measures are also attractive from a risk perspective as they are linearly dependent on duration and therefore are sensitive to yields. A factor portfolio is constructed using the new carbon intensity measure, and corporate yields are studied in a linear factor model. Other factors included derive from Nelson-Siegel parameterizations of US Treasury rates and the USD swap spread curve. Following the Fama-MacBeth procedure, the carbon factor is found not to persist over the 10-year period.
Nuvarande standardmått f ̈or koldioxidsavtryck i en portfölj tilldelar ansvaret för ett företags emitterande aktiviteter av växthusgas lika mellan aktier och skulder, där finansieringens längd inte beaktas. Ett ny durationsviktat mått introduceras i denna studie och dess lämplighet som metrik för rapportering undersöks. Studien visar att detta mått har potential för rapportering i kreditportföljer, men ytterligare studier av hur robust metoden är bör utföras innan den tillämpas brett. Måttet har attraktiva egenskaper eftersom den är linjärt beroende på durationen och därmed känslig gentemot obligationsavkastningen. En faktorportfölj konstrueras med hjälp av det nya kolintensitetsmåttet, och i en linjär faktormodell studeras företagsobligationsavkastning. Andra faktorer som inkluderas i modellen härstammar från Nelson-Siegel-faktorisering av US Treasury och USD swap- spread kurvorna. CO2-faktorn utvärderas med hjälp av Fama-MacBeths tvärsnittsmetod, och det konstateras att faktorn inte visar signifikans under den 10-åriga studieperioden.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Dereix, Florian. "Adaptation of emission factors for the Tunisian carbon footprint tool." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131694.

Full text

Abstract:

In Tunisia, the National Agency for the Environment is encouraging the creation of a carbon footprint method specifically adapted to the Tunisian context. In cooperation with the French National Agency for the Environment, the adaptation of the French carbon footprint method is realised and has to go along with an adaptation of the emission factors. In this framework, this master thesis aims at presenting the emission factors adaptation process led to adapt the accounting tool. First, a literature review enables to present the main notions useful to understand the precise definition of emission factor. Then, a preliminary study of the main carbon footprint tools is presented so as to identify the main characteristics of a carbon footprint method. A comparison is then done to present the differences which can occur between the previous methods. Finally, for each category of emission factor, the adaptation process is presented showing three different ways to adapt emission factors: a replacing of the data in the calculations, an adaptation based on local studies and a more difficult adaptation requiring to develop a new method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Brown, Rachael M. "Economic Optimization and Precision Agriculture: A Carbon Footprint Story." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/11.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the economic and environmental impacts that precision agriculture technologies (PATs) can have on the carbon footprint of a grain farm. An analysis is offered using two manuscripts. The first examines the impacts of three PATs and compares the findings to a conventional farming method. It was found that all three PATs investigated showed a potential Pareto improvement over conventional farming. The second manuscript expanded the model used previously to in order to develop a process to construct a carbon efficient frontier (CEF). The model employed examined uniform and variable rate technologies. In addition to the CEF, a marginal abatement cost curve was constructed. Using these curves in a complementary fashion, more accurate information on the adaptive behavior of farmer technology adoption can be gleaned. the information gleaned for the two manuscripts can give both producers and policy makers the analytical tools needed to make more information decisions with regard to economic and environmental feasibility of PATs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Fazeli, Seyed Mohammad. "SMART CITY: A PROTOTYPE FOR CARBON FOOTPRINT MOBILE APP." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152820.

Full text

Abstract:

Global warming has increased significantly over the past decades and at its center, there are human factors which have the greatest impacts on productions of carbon dioxide which is considered as a primary greenhouse gas in development of global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions and, in particular, carbon dioxide emissions are growing significantly to the extent that if no initiatives are taken, it can have dramatic consequences for our future generations and in general for human’s life on Earth, therefore we need means by which we can control and maintain the levels of greenhouse gas emissions and in particular carbon dioxide emissions. One of the efficient solutions that can significantly decrease the levels of carbon dioxide emissions is the construction and development of smart cities. In this context (smart city), individuals can play an important role in reducing the CO2 emissions. By considering the new opportunities that can result from development of Smart Cities and the essential role of information and communication technology (ICT) in such cities, this thesis work tries to introduce the idea of a self-tracking Carbon Footprint mobile application which enables users to keep track of their individual’s carbon dioxide emissions occurred as a result of their daily activities such as eating, transportation, shopping, energy consumption, and etc. in real time. Being able to measure the generated carbon footprint with respect to each of the user’s activities, users will be able to monitor and control it. This monitoring and controlling of one’s carbon footprint can have significant influences in reducing those human factors which result in production of more carbon dioxide gases and consequently more global warming effects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Andrews, Suzanne L. D. (Suzanne Lois Denise). "A classification of carbon footprint methods used by companies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51642.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-54).
The percent increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere can be harmful to the environment. There is no single preferred method for measuring GHG output. How can a company classify and choose an appropriate method? This thesis offers a classification of current methods used by companies to measure their GHG output.
by Suzanne L. D. Andrews.
M.Eng.in Logistics

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Olsson, Fredrika. "The Potential of Reducing Carbon Footprint Through Improved Sorting." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415691.

Full text

Abstract:

Almost five million tonnes of household waste was generated in Sweden in 2018, half of which was residual waste sent for incineration with energy recovery. For materials that can not be recycled or biologically treated, incineration with energy recovery is considered a preferred management option. The issue is that the fraction for residual waste contains considerable amounts of wrongly sorted materials, such as food waste and plastic packaging, which can be recycled or biologically treated, thus causing a smaller environmental impact. To quantify the composition and waste quantities of the wrongly sorted materials a waste composition analysis of the residual waste from four community bins in Västmanland county was conducted. The analysis revealed that about two-thirds of the waste was wrongly sorted and only one-third was actual residual waste. Life cycle analysis was subsequently used to calculate the carbon footprint of the wrongly sorted food waste and plastic packaging waste as well as the carbon footprint from optimal sorting and treatment of the materials. The investigation concluded that for food waste, anaerobic digestion caused a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery and for plastic packaging, recycling generated a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery. The size of the carbon footprint for the different management methods was in line with the priority order given in the waste hierarchy, stated in Swedish legislation. However, the size of the potential climate savings partly depended on the choices made in the life cycle analysis where the most sensitive parameters were related to external production of heat, polymer resin and vehicle fuel. If the potential climate savings is extrapolated for VafabMiljö's entire collecting area, the total climate savings per year would be 8 263 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for food waste and 2 070 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for plastic packaging waste. This would be equivalent to driving 1 250 laps around the Earth with a car every year or flying 14 900 times Sweden–Thailand back and forth every year.
Nästan fem miljoner ton hushållsavfall genererades i Sverige under 2018, varav ungefär hälften skickades till energiåtervinning. För avfall som inte kan materialåtervinnas eller behandlas biologiskt anses energiåtervinning vara den bästa metoden för avfallshantering. Problemet är att stora mängder återvinningsbart material såsom matavfall och plastförpackningar felaktigt hamnar i restavfallet när det istället hade kunnat återvinnas och på så sätt medfört en mindre miljöpåverkan. För att kvantifiera samansättning och avfallsmängder av det felaktigt sorterade materialet, gjordes en plockanalys på restavfallet från fyra miljöbodar i Västmanland. Analysen visade att ungefär två tredjedelar av materialet var felaktigt sorterat och endast en tredjedel utgjordes av övrigt restavfall. Livscykelanalys användes därefter för att beräkna klimatavtrycket för det felaktigt sorterade matavfallet och för plastförpackningarna som återfanns i restavfallet såväl som klimatavtrycket för optimal sortering och hantering av materialen. Ordningen i avfallshierarkin visade sig stämma väl överens med klimatavtrycket från de olika behandlingsmetoderna i det undersökta området. För matavfall innebar rötning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning och för plastförpackningar medförde materialåtervinning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning. Storleken på besparingarna av växthusgaser berodde dock till viss del på val av inparametrar och de faktorer som främst påverkade var alternativ produktion av värme, plastråvara och drivmedel. Om resultaten extrapoleras över hela VafabMiljös upphämtningsområde så skulle de totala klimatbesparingarna för matavfall vara 8 263 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år och för plastförpackningar 2 070 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år. Dessa besparingar är jämförbara med bilkörning motsvarande 1 250 varv runt jorden varje år eller 14 900 tur- och returresor med flyg Sverige–Thailand varje år.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Cranston, Gemma. "Carbon and ecological footprints for the 21st century." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532709.

Full text

Abstract:

Environmental and carbon footprints have recently come to the fore of the media’s, governmental and general public’s attention. They offer an excellent indication of humanity’s demands upon Nature and allow evaluation of ecological deficit by contrasting supply and demand. The ecological debt many nations find themselves in is unsustainable, globally inequitable and adds to the growing effects of climate change. These footprints need to be further investigated, looking at historic and future trends in order to better understand, not only the global overuse of natural capital, but also the imbalance between nation states of the world. The value and limitations of the footprint must be recognised; the footprint alone cannot represent the full anthropogenic impacts upon the Earth. This thesis focuses on developing the definitions of the ecological and carbon footprints, analysing the significant factors that affect their composition. The selected parameters are diverse, ranging from a host of economic, geographic and climatic factors. It is shown that both the carbon and ecological footprints are primarily driven by economic welfare, a result that reflects the consumptive nature and fundamental basis of the footprint. Analysis of the resultant correlating equations, for both the environmental and carbon footprints, highlights the differences between the developing and industrialised world in terms of their profligate or frugal use of Nature’s resources. This concludes the stark contrast between these regions of the globe in terms of their per capita and total footprint values. The disparity between the populous South and the prosperous North is further investigated to the year 2100, with the use of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s scenarios and adaptation of the correlating ecological footprint equation. Four separate scenarios are adopted, each having different underlying assumptions regarding economic development, demographic transition and environmental awareness for various regions of the world. For all scenarios the Southern regions rapidly increase their levels of total ecological footprint; in contrast the industrialised world maintains a relatively conservative evolution. Although different scenarios suggest contrasting future pathways, the hope of contraction and convergence among global footprint levels is not completely lost. The intensification of carbon emissions from both the affluent North and the majority South are considered with respect to population, economic and energy use trends from 1900 to the end of the twenty-first century. It is overwhelmingly shown that affluence will drive growth in carbon emissions across the world by the end of the century. Global inequality must be reduced; the footprint is utilised to demonstrate the trends in resource misuse and contrast between the ecological debtors and ecological creditors of the world.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Chalmers, Neil George. "The demand for low carbon food products." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17068.

Full text

Abstract:

The emissions associated with food consumption make up approximately 20-30 percent of Scotland’s total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Reducing demand for high carbon footprint food products may provide an effective instrument for reducing GHG emissions. However, there is concern that using consumption based taxes may also have negative consequences on nutrition. Therefore, this thesis investigates the likely effect of carbon consumption taxes on GHG emissions and the resulting impact on nutrient consumption. The data used for the analysis are the Scottish part of Kantar Worldpanel data for the UK for the period 2006-2013 along with various sources of carbon footprint and nutrient data. This thesis models a carbon consumption tax which is based on the carbon footprint of the products of interest. The impact of the taxes on demand for food products were measured through the use of demand systems. Two forms of demand systems were used: Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and an Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) which allow for the estimation of price elasticities based on time series data. These Marshallian price elasticities were then used for estimating carbon footprint and nutrient elasticities which allow for the estimated change in GHG emissions (represented as carbon emissions) and nutrients. The price elasticities were particularly important for identifying the substitutes and complements of the different food products. This is useful as some food products such as poultry have a lower carbon footprint relative to beef products. The results suggest that applying carbon consumption taxes would likely reduce carbon emissions though the reduction is relatively small. The net effect of taxing all major food products would likely reduce emissions by 543,208.75 tCO2e/y which represents approximately five percent of the total emissions in Scotland attributed to food consumption (no land use change considered). However, taxing only meat and milk food products could reduce emissions by approximately 1.6 million tCO2e/y. While this reduction is much larger than when all food products are taxed, it is considered that modelling all the major food products offers a more realistic understanding of how households will change their demand for the different food products. The effect on nutrient consumption with regards to taxing all food products suggests that households with lower socioeconomic status would likely experience some favourable changes in terms of a reduction in sugar and energy. Though a negative distributional effect is likely to occur when considering the decreased consumption of vitamin D and the increased consumption of salt. Therefore, a carbon consumption tax is estimated to reduce food based GHG emissions by a relatively small amount. Despite the mainly positive effect on nutrient intake, policy makers are still likely to be cautious when considering this instrument because of the relatively small (compared to other studies) reduction in GHG emissions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Wu, Weiling. "Carbon Footprint : A case study on the municipality of Haninge." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-40891.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractCarbon Footprints, as an indicator of climate performance, help identify major GHG emission sources and potential areas of improvement. In the context of greatly expanding sub-national climate efforts, research on Carbon Footprint accounting at municipality level is timely and necessary to facilitate the establishment of local climate strategies. This study aims at exploring the methodologies for Carbon Footprint assessment at municipality level, based on the case study of Haninge municipality in Sweden. In the study, a Greenhouse Gas inventory of Haninge is developed and it is discussed how the municipality can reduce its Carbon Footprint. The Carbon Footprint of Haninge is estimated to be more than 338,225 tonnesCO2eq, and 4.5 tonnes CO2eq per capita. These numbers are twice as large as the production-based emissions, which are estimated to be 169,024 tonnes CO2eq in total, and approximately 2.3 tonnes CO2eq per capita. Among them the most important parts are emissions caused by energy use, and indirect emissions caused by local private consumption. It is worth noting that a large proportion of emissions occur outside Haninge as a result of local consumption. Intensive use of biomass for heat production and electricity from renewable sources and nuclear power have significantly reduced the climate impact of Haninge. The major barrier for Carbon Footprint accounting at municipality level is lack of local statistics. In the case of Sweden, several databases providing emission statistics are used in the research, including KRE, RUS, NIR and Environmental Account.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Wei, Wenjing. "Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint of Secondary Aluminum Cast House." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122081.

Full text

Abstract:

Primary aluminum production brings about severe environmental burden due to its energy intensive process. Secondary aluminum production contributes to cutting off high energy demand around 90-95% and greenhouse gas emission by remelting scraps. However, previous research indicates melting furnace’s energy efficiency in secondary plant is still very low, which is around 26-29% and more than 70% heat is lost in different way. The objective of this project is to investigate energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in secondary aluminum cast house through process analysis. The result offers a comprehensive overview to aid decision-maker to compare energy consumption and environmental impacts caused by different product or process. This project has been done in collaboration with SAPA Heat Transfer. This project consists of two tasks. First task is aimed to give an overview of annual energy distribution and carbon footprint of per ton aluminum slab in SAPA cast house. In order to analyze energy distribution, mass and energy conservation has been applied for calculation. Meanwhile, International standard method, life cycle assessment, has been used to evaluate greenhouse gas contribution of the whole production process. The second task intends to investigate two effects (melting furnace type, raw material type) on products’ energy consumption and carbon footprint. Melting furnace’s effect is compared by selecting electric induction furnace and oxy-fuel furnace. On the other hand, raw material’s effect is studied by comparison of four different cast house products which have different raw material recipe. Calculation and analysis results indicates that per ton Sapa cast house aluminum slab consumes energy 3826MJ and contributes to 306kgCO2eq. green house gas. Meanwhile, comparison results show that oxy-fuel melting furnace has higher energy efficiency than electric induction furnace, however, it contributes much more GHG due to consumption of propane fuel. In addition, primary ingot has been concluded as distinct carbon footprint contribution than others contributors (i.e. fuel) for Sapa cast house’s slab.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Lee, Yin Jin. "Streamlined carbon footprint computation : case studies in the food industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80981.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-201).
One of the greatest barriers in product Carbon Footprinting is the large amount of time and effort required for data collection across the supply chain. Tesco's decision to downsize their carbon footprint project from the original plan of 70,000 house brand products to only a small fraction of them exemplifies the tradeoff between cost and good intention. In this thesis, we have merged salient characteristics from several recent works in this area to develop a fast and cheap method to calculate food carbon footprint accurately. We defined sources of uncertainty as data quality, data gaps and cut-off error, and quantified them. Firstly, quick judgment uncertainty was applied to assess data quality, reducing the time and the expertise needed. Secondly, we showed that it is feasible to use averaged proxies in a preliminary carbon footprint calculation to select the inputs with high impact. The analysis was streamlined by getting specific data only for a subset of high impact inputs while leaving the insignificant inputs represented by low resolution averaged proxies. Monte Carlo simulations and analytical solutions were introduced to account for the total variance of averaged proxies. We applied hierarchy structures to organize the existing emission factors to facilitate proxy selection, but found that the hierarchy required either expert knowledge for design or large numbers of emission factors to average out the inconsistencies within the same input types. Lastly, by integrating uncertainty calculation with iterative carbon footprint calculation, we demonstrated convergence of the calculated carbon footprint and its uncertainty results, providing firm support for our techniques of leaving less significant inputs represented by low resolution averaged proxies. The novel contribution of this work is the application of test sets to 1) prove that carbon footprints calculated using the streamlined approach converged quickly to a stable estimate even when the true values were beyond the range of the proxies, and 2) show an adaptive and justifiable way to select the minimal number of high impact inputs for further analysis.
by Yin Jin Lee.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Erlandsson, Jennifer, and Fredrik Tannoury. "Climate Footprint on Transportation and Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281757.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to combat climate change there is a need to achieve negative emissions. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a promising technology that offers the possibility to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the atmosphere. However, this also implies that the BECCS process needs to store more CO2 than it emits. The purpose of this study is to examine the liquefaction, intermediate storage, transportation and long term storage of CO2 and evaluate the climate impact of the energy use and the leakage of CO2. This thesis is based on data collected through an extensive literature study and several interviews that were performed with relevant actors and informants. A key finding in this thesis is that the energy use through the examined steps of BECCS is responsible for the bulk of the CO2 emissions. Liquefaction and the transportation plays an essential role as it has the highest energy usage. Unfortunately the energy use of injecting CO2 into the geological formation remains unknown because of lack of data. The leakages found throughout the process were often negligible or even zero. However the leakages from injecting CO2 through pipeline and the CO2 leakage from long term storage was found to be of some significance. The total BECCS related carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, are summarised in three scenarios ranging from approximately 49-58 kg CO2e per stored tonne of CO2. In these scenario calculations, some assumptions have had to be made. In order to evaluate the true and total environmental impact of BECCS, further research will be needed.
Dagens samhälle står inför avsevärda miljömässiga utmaningar, inte minst då mängden växthusgaser (GHG) i atmosfären kommer behöva reduceras drastiskt för att undvika två graders uppvärmning. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) är en teknologi med potential att avlägsna koldioxid (CO2) inte bara från nya utsläpp, utan även i bästa fall från atmosfären. I det specifika fall som denna rapport tittar närmare på, förbränns biomassa för att skapa fjärrvärme, men istället för att CO2 släpps ut i luften så fångas den upp och komprimeras till flytande form. Därefter kan CO2 transporteras till en injektionsanläggning för att slutligen pumpas ner i en geologiskt lämplig berggrund. Denna process kan resultera i negativa utsläpp om mer CO2 lagras än vad processen skapar och släpper ut. Målet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att undersöka energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 under förvätskningen, den kortsiktiga lagringen, transporten samt den långsiktiga lagringen av CO2. Kandidatexamensarbetet är framförallt baserat på data insamlad i form av en litteraturstudie. Denna data har även kompletterats med data från flertalet intervjuer med forskare och anställda på företag som arbetar med BECCS. Flera antaganden har varit nödvändiga då det i dagsläget finns en brist på information angående energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 i processens delsteg. Energianvändningen för injektionen av CO2 förblir okänd då det inte fanns någon relevant information att tillgå. Då läckaget visade sig vara försumbart eller noll i flera delsteg, utgör energianvändningen en signifikant andel av de totala utsläppen. De största utsläppen av CO2 inom ramen för BECCS processen orsakas därför av förvätskningsprocessen och transporten av CO2 då dessa delar är mest energikrävande. Resultatet av kandidatexamensarbetet kan sammanfattas i tre scenarion, ett lågt scenario, ett median scenario och ett högt scenario. Slutsatsen var att samtliga inkluderade steg av BECCS resulterar i ett utsläpp mellan 49-58 kg koldioxidekvivalenter (CO2e) per ton CO2 som lagras. För att kunna kvantifiera den totala klimatpåverkan av BECCS finns ett behov av ytterligare studier som tar hänsyn till alla delsteg under processen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Munetsi, Martin. "Performance impacts of mobile carbon footprint calculators in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25406.

Full text

Abstract:

Modernization and advancement in technology have contributed towards the increased use of mobile phones in South Africa. The increased demand for services and energy has resulted in the increase in generation of electricity to meet the country's need. Consequently, South Africa now possesses the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission per capita relative to other developing countries. Conservation organizations in South Africa argue that the first step towards reducing carbon footprint is through its measurement. In spite of the high penetration of mobile phones and the alarming GHG emission, there is hardly any research to investigate the fit and performance impacts of mobile carbon footprint calculators in South Africa. In fulfilment of this gap, the rationale of this study was to (1) investigate factors that are suitable to determine the fit of mobile technology for carbon footprint tasks, (2) adopt an existing model from the vast base of theories and models on technology usage and impact, (3) test the research model based on a South African sample within a mobile technology and carbon footprint context in order to determine the performance impacts on individual carbon footprint tasks. Sample data were collected, through a survey instrument, and was analysed quantitatively. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis was used to evaluate the study's outer and the inner model. The study revealed that only task-technology fit was the cause of performance impacts on individual carbon footprint tasks. In addition, there was no significant difference in the estimation and offsetting of carbon footprint between the users and non-users of mobile technology. In conclusion, this study established that performance impacts on individual carbon footprint tasks are only determined by the fit of the mobile technology. The insignificant difference between users and non users of carbon calculators, in performance impacts on carbon footprint tasks, was an unexpected result but yet relevant to practitioners. Further implications to practice and theory are outlined in conclusion to this study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Kavehei, Emad. "The net carbon footprint of green stormwater infrastructure; bioretention basins." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/395105.

Full text

Abstract:

Sustainable stormwater management systems have evolved to address the adverse environmental impacts of increased runoff, which is a consequence of urbanisation. Along with an increase in urbanisation, the sources of contaminants are increasing. Rain washes off surfaces such as roofs, roads, and car parks and adds a high pollution load to stormwater systems. To address this, there exist various types of vegetated stormwater infrastructure, such as bioretention basins, green roofs, rain gardens, vegetated swales, and stormwater ponds. Bioretention basins are a prominent type of vegetated stormwater infrastructure which has been designed for volume reduction and water quality improvement. Despite the attention paid to the environmental impacts and pollutant removal performance of bioretention basins, there is little understanding of the carbon (C) dynamics of bioretention soil. One of the most valuable added ecosystem benefits of these systems is C storage and sequestration within the soil media, while soil organic C also plays an essential role in the removal of nitrogen (N) from stormwater in bioretention basins. This thesis investigates the whole life cycle carbon footprint of vegetated stormwater infrastructure and provides field-based measurements of C and total nitrogen (TN) storage in bioretention soil and the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from these basins. The soils’ C and N dynamics, denitrification potential and the GHG fluxes from bioretention basins were investigated in relation to a variety of factors, such as the site’s age, soil texture and nutrient concentrations. The primary objectives of this research were: a) to review and analyse the net carbon footprint of green stormwater infrastructure; b) to measure the C sequestration potential of bioretention basins; c) to investigate the performance of bioretention basins in accumulation of TN and denitrification potential; and d) to investigate the total GHG fluxes from bioretention basins. The thesis is prepared in six chapters including published and unpublished papers. Chapter Two systematically reviews and analyses the life cycle carbon footprint and C sequestration potential of five types of vegetated stormwater infrastructure. The results show the significant potential of C sequestration in mitigating the life cycle carbon footprint in rain gardens, bioretention basins, green roofs, vegetated swales and stormwater ponds. The mitigation potential over a 30-year lifetime was estimated as >100%, 70%, 68%, 45% and 8%, for each of these systems respectively. In Chapter Three, the spatial, vertical and temporal variation of C were explored in 25 bioretention basins in subtropical climatic conditions in south-east Queensland, Australia. A thirteen-year soil chronosequence method was employed to measure the C sequestration potential of bioretention basins. The results showed that there was a strong influence of age on the soil C density throughout the top 20 cm of the bioretention soil only, with a sequestration rate of 0.31 kg C m-2 yr-1 over 13 years of operation. The accumulation rate of C in the bioretention soil was very high in the top 5 cm of soil, while in the lower soil depths, C accumulated at a more gradual rate. This chapter argued that future design considerations for bioretention basins should consider an addition of a C source layer at the bottom of the soil filter media, an increase in the saturation level in the soil profile and/or an increase in the hydraulic conductivity. This would potentially promote the pollutant removal performance of bioretention basins through denitrification by providing C in a deeper soil profile where anaerobic conditions are more likely to occur. In Chapter Four, the variation of TN in the bioretention soil was investigated spatially, vertically and temporally. The values of stable isotopes of C and N was investigated in both bioretention plants and below ground soil media. In addition, the nutrient removal performance of bioretention basins was investigated through assessment of the potential denitrification of a subset of seven bioretention basins. The TN accumulation in soil strongly correlated with the soil C content. C source tracing showed that the bioretention plants (C3 plants) are the major source of C in the bioretention soil. However, the existence of external sources of C with high 𝜹13C value was noted, which possibly occurred through C amendment of the soil via maintenance work. The sites’ ages were shown to significantly positively influence both the C and the TN accumulation in bioretention soil. The soil TN and 𝜹15N levels were very low in the bioretention basins which were three years of age or younger. In addition, the NOx concentration significantly increased with the TN in the soil. The ages of the sites showed a strong positive correlation with the denitrification potential of bioretention basins. The young bioretention basins showed low TN content, 𝜹15N and denitrification potential. It is argued that biotic uptake through bioretention plants could be the major fate of nitrate in young bioretention basins, as opposed to their low denitrification potential. Chapter Five investigated the fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 in two bioretention basins and their embankment area. The two bioretention basins had contrasting hydraulic conductivities of 28 mm hr-1 and 312 mm hr-1. The static chambers method was used to measure the GHG over 34 days with a total rainfall of 147 mm. The measurements were taken before and after each rainfall event. The influence of the Carex appressa plant on the GHG fluxes was also examined in the fast draining bioretention basin. N2O fluxes positively correlated with precipitation, although the results showed that N2O was a negligible source of GHG emissions in bioretention basins. The fast draining basin and the embankment area were both sinks of CH4 but were large sources of CO2 fluxes. The slow draining basin had large fluxes of CH4, while its CO2 fluxes were much lower than those in the fast draining basin. CO2 was the major source of GHG fluxes from bioretention basins, and it was noted that a balance between the CO2 and CH4 emissions can minimise the total GHG emissions. The presence of the Carex appressa plant increased the magnitude of the sink of CH4 and the source of N2O fluxes. It was concluded that adopting a slow draining design for bioretention basins can minimise the total GHG emissions while potentially achieving treatment objectives for the basins. Chapter Six of this thesis presented the GHG fluxes as part of the overall net carbon footprint of bioretention basins. A conceptual framework was developed for the net carbon footprint of bioretention basins, including the life cycle carbon footprint, C sequestration and GHG fluxes. This thesis makes a contribution to theory, method, design and maintenance of bioretention basins. This study was the first survey on the abundance of soil C and TN and values of stable isotopes of C and N in bioretention basins, and some design recommendations have resulted from this research. The outcomes of the thesis can contribute to the body of knowledge and provide designers and policymakers with further considerations of C implications in the technical design characteristics and future operation strategies of bioretention basins.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Chan, Shu-tim, and 陳樹添. "Feasibility study of introducing product carbon footprint labelling in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207668.

Full text

Abstract:

Conventionally, efforts of combating climate change mainly focus on reducing emissions at production sources, such as factories, offices or other organizational-based entities. While this approach has served its purposes for years, the environmental impacts of consumer goods, which cause cross-border carbon emission are very difficult to be managed. This study investigated the feasibilities of an alternative solution to combat climate change using the concept of product carbon footprint (PCF) labelling in Hong Kong. PCF describes the total set of greenhouse gases caused by a product over its whole life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. The concept of PCF is prevalent in regions such as Europe, Japan and Taiwan, where PCF information is shown as labels on products’ packaging to help consumers distinguish more eco-friendly products. These PCF labels, based on overseas pioneer experience, have shown enormous market potential and environmental benefits. Hong Kong has yet to establish such labelling system despite these benefits. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibilities of introducing PCF labelling in Hong Kong and identify the opportunities and difficulties lie ahead. Five main types of feasibilities, namely technical, economic, legal, operational and scheduling feasibilities were considered in the study and in-depth review was carried out on each one. Literature review, questionnaire for general public and interviews with stakeholders were undertaken to understand existing PCF labelling schemes and obtain first-hand information from stakeholders of different perspectives. By analyzing the questionnaire and interview results, the study revealed that short-term feasibilities of introducing PCF labelling in Hong Kong is medium. Recommendations were made in accordance to each type of feasibilities to promote the wider adoption of PCF labelling in the future.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Trönnberg, Lundin André, and Jonzon Sofie Strömberg. "A method for calculating the carbon footprint at Volvo Logistics Corporation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106754.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis handles the need for Volvo Logistics (VLC) to calculate their total carbon footprint of purchased transportations, i.e. the total carbon dioxide emissions by all vehicles employed by VLC to transport the goods of their customers. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to determine a method with which VLC can calculate the total carbon footprint. To be able to decide upon one method that can fulfil the purpose, the authors searched for various methods, both in the academia and within the transportation sector, with which the emissions can be determined. Simultaneously the available input at VLC was studied to determine what type of method would be best suited to the current state of the company. After gathering several methods and determine what input was available and what was not available at VLC, an analysis of the found methods was done. First matching them with the available input to see which were usable as is, and then a more thorough Analytical Hierarchical Process analysis using three main-criterions; credibility, comparability, and simplicity, each with several sub-criterions. The weighting of these criterions was done in a workshop together with VLC employees, particularly the Environmental Manager and an Environmental Analyst, but also with two employees at the Global Logistics Development department at VLC. Using the weighting and the author’s comparisons of the methods within each of the criterions it was possible to obtain the methods with which further analysis should be done. After further analysis was conducted, considering VLC’s situation and possible development, the final methods was decided upon, one for each mode of transport; air, rail, road, and sea. These had to be adapted to better suit VLC and the input that was available; the distances, the weight, and the transport mode, factors which are incorporated in the methods recommended by the authors. The adaptation was then done using expertise at VLC to be able to determine what input VLC could affect as to be able to work towards lowering the total carbon footprint once it was calculated the first time. This also led to a revaluation of the method for sea transportation, forcing a change from the previously chosen one to a more suited method. This meant that three of the four modes; air, road, and sea, was covered by the NTM method, while rail used the Green Cargo method. While adapting the methods; to make them ready to use for VLC, certain changes required to obtain all the input needed was encountered and forwarded to the environmental department, letting them include it in the annual supplier survey. The thesis was concluded by four sets of instructions to be used to calculate the carbon footprint, one two tiered set for each mode of transportation. The instructions are presented in a step by step fashion of how to perform the calculations. The first part; First time usage, depicts those changes needed before the calculations can be attempted, the second part; Annual usage, cover those steps which has to be gone through every time the total carbon footprint for a period is to be calculated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Miller, Adam J. (Adam James). "Carbon footprint measurement and analysis of a multi-modal logistics network." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90754.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
29
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 72-74).
General Motors (GM) is one of the world's largest automobile manufacturing companies and does business in over 120 countries, requiring a complex operations network. Operating with a focus on environmental impact has become a strategic pillar within the company, both in its products and in its supply chain. Specifically, the GM global logistics organization is driving toward greater emissions visibility and the identification of carbon dioxide reduction opportunities within its network. Key objectives of this thesis work include creating business tools and processes to record global logistics emissions data, which will allow GM to more accurately report logistics emissions and reduction efforts to shareholders, track network emissions over time, pinpoint carbon reduction opportunities that align with cost savings efforts, and understand and mitigate future risks to the business. The approach taken to address the above objectives unfolds into three distinct work streams: (1) implementation of industry-recognized methods and processes, (2) development of a global carbon footprint measurement model, and (3) emissions analysis of network change activities. Industry research and data analysis along with internal cost and network data were used to develop carbon measurement tools. These tools are capable of estimating mass emissions (tons C02) generated by logistics operations globally as well as the increase or decrease in mass emissions generated by individual network change events (e.g., changes in mode, mileage, shipment frequency, etc.). Furthermore, through close collaboration with logistics providers, GM fulfilled the necessary requirements to become an official shipper partner of the USEPA SmartWay program. Immediate benefits of the project work include using the resulting data for global reporting and benchmarking purposes, providing management with a new set of information that can be used to strengthen network change proposals, and tracking improvements in overall network emissions as well as the performance of individual providers. Long term benefits include stronger relationships with providers, reputational and governmental risk mitigation, and cost savings from increased fuel efficiency of operations.
by Adam J. Miller.
M.B.A.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Poudyal, Dikshya. "Carbon footprint and architecture firms: a case study approach for mitigation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18235.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Architecture
R. Todd Gabbard
Almost forty percent of the global energy use and one-third of the global greenhouse gas emission comes from the building industry. Thus, this sector has the largest potential for delivering long term substantial greenhouse gas reduction. (UNEP, 2009)This dissertation starts with the energy auditing of an architectural firm to calculate the amount of energy used. It then expands into addressing the issue on a greater perspective. The whole agenda of the thesis was to develop a strategy to include the building industry in global carbon market. This thesis was performed in collaboration with nationally recognized, medium-sized mid-western architecture firm. A yearlong internship was completed under this firm, and collaborative research was carried out. To reduce the carbon dioxide emission, it is crucial to be able to measure it. This thesis aims at creating basic guidelines for architecture firms to mitigate its carbon footprint. It also examines the possibilities of carbon footprint mitigation on a bigger scale by proposing a system that would encourage architectural and engineering firms to design and produce more energy efficient buildings. The proposed system deals with calculation and incorporation of creative handprint of an architectural firm and uses the system to rebate its carbon footprint and convert the surplus handprint to a credit in the carbon market. The argument made here is that this scheme is driven by incentives and encourages more architecture and engineering firms to design sustainable buildings. The final proposal links the entire building industry to the carbon market. The proposal made is that a positive handprint of architecture and engineering firms can be converted to carbon credits and traded in the carbon markets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Azarkamand, Sahar. "Development of a standardized tool to calculate carbon footprint in ports." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673161.

Full text

Abstract:

An important goal to tackle environmental problems and foster sustainable development in the near future is to reduce the generation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from different industrial sectors including ports. According to the last environmental review of the European Sea Port Organization (ESPO), Climate Change occupies the second position in the ranking of top 10 environmental priorities in ports. This reflects the importance of this issue in the whole set of port environmental priorities. In addition, it has been predicted by diverse institutions (e.g. The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)) that GHG emissions from shipping activities will increase in the forthcoming years. The first concerns about Climate Change were expressed in 1979 when the first World Climate Conference was held in Geneva. Since then, many initiatives have been taking place (i.e. Paris Agreement 2015) and several international guidelines to calculate the Carbon Footprint have been developed. In particular, in the Maritime sector, several ports, port terminals and ships have started to calculate their emissions. However, after the deep research conducted in this thesis on Climate Change and Carbon Footprint in ports, it has been seen that there does not exist a single and unified method for ports to calculate their GHG emissions. Therefore, nowadays it is not possible to compare the Carbon Footprint results among different ports. As a consequence, there is a need to develop a standard methodology to calculate this indicator in ports. This calculation tool has been demanded by the port sector in several conferences and workshops (e.g. Greenport conference, 2018). Therefore, this thesis focuses on this aspect and develops a practicable, user-friendly and easy to use tool with a standardized method for the calculation of Carbon Footprint in ports. The development of the tool has been done in Excel and Visual Basic software based on the most updated international guidelines (i.e. World Port Climate Initiative, IPCC guidelines and GHG Protocol). In this tool, all the scopes and all the sources that are recommended by these guidelines are taken into account. The tool has been tested by 20 experts through personal visits, telephone calls or via email. Their opinion has been taken into account to improve it. In addition, the tool has been validated with the existing results of the Port of Oslo (Norway) and Ports de la Generalitat (Catalonia, Spain). The results obtained are in line with the ones used by these ports. Finally, a case study model has been created to test all the functionalities of the tool that have been not proved with the previous case studies. The emission values obtained for this case study have been compared with those obtained with the Catalan Office for Climate Change (OCCC) tool and Ecological Transition Ministry (MITECO) tool. The outcomes are very similar with minor changes due to different emission factors. As a consequence, the main objective of the thesis has been achieved and a standard tool for the calculation of GHG in ports is now freely available for the whole port sector. The completion of this tool is expected to be around 20 minutes (if data are available). The tool provides options to select the scopes and boundaries that are more suitable and applicable to each port. In addition, the tool allows normalizing (standardize to a common ground) the total annual emissions in terms of total tonnes of cargo handled or annual TEUs. The tool, the guidelines and the video can be downloaded from http://eports.cat/carboonfootprint
Un objetivo importante para resolver los problemas ambientales y fomentar el desarrollo sostenible es reducir la generación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de diferentes sectores industriales, incluidos los puertos. Según la última revisión medioambiental de la European Sea Port Organisation (ESPO), el Cambio Climático ocupa la segunda posición en el ranking de las 10 principales prioridades medioambientales en los puertos. Esto refleja la importancia de este tema en todo el conjunto de prioridades ambientales portuarias. Además, diversas instituciones (por ejemplo, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)) han predicho que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de las actividades de transporte marítimo aumentarán en los próximos años. Las primeras preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático aparecieron en 1979 cuando se celebró la primera Conferencia Mundial sobre el Clima en Ginebra. Desde entonces, se han llevado a cabo muchas iniciativas (por ejemplo, el Acuerdo de París de 2015) y se han desarrollado varias directrices internacionales para calcular la Huella de Carbono. En particular, en el sector marítimo, varios puertos, terminales portuarias y barcos han comenzado a calcular sus emisiones. Sin embargo, tras la investigación realizada en esta tesis sobre Cambio Climático y Huella de Carbono en los puertos, se ha visto que no existe un método único y unificado para que los puertos calculen sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Por lo tanto, no es posible comparar los resultados de la Huella de Carbono entre diferentes puertos. En consecuencia, es necesario desarrollar una metodología estándar para calcular este indicador en los puertos. Esta herramienta de cálculo ha sido solicitada por el sector portuario en varias conferencias y talleres (por ejemplo, Greenport conference, 2018).Por ello, esta tesis se centra en este aspecto y desarrolla una herramienta práctica y fácil de usar con un método estandarizado para el cálculo de la Huella de Carbono en los puertos. El desarrollo de la herramienta se ha realizado en Excel y Visual Basic, basándose en las guías internacionales más actualizadas (World Port Climate Initiative, IPCC guidelines y GHG Protocol). En esta herramienta se tienen en cuenta todos los alcances y todas las fuentes de emisión que recomiendan estas directrices. La herramienta ha sido probada por 20 expertos a través de visitas personales, llamadas telefónicas o por correo electrónico. Se ha tenido en cuenta su opinión para mejorarla. Además, la herramienta ha sido validada con los resultados existentes del Puerto de Oslo (Noruega) y Ports de la Generalitat (Cataluña, España). Los resultados obtenidos están en línea con los utilizados por estos puertos. Finalmente, se ha creado un caso de estudio modelo para probar todas las funcionalidades de la herramienta que no han sido probadas con los casos de estudio anteriores. Los valores de emisión obtenidos para este caso de estudio se han comparado con los obtenidos con la herramienta de la Oficina Catalana de Cambio Climático (OCCC) y la herramienta del Ministerio de Transición Ecológica (MITECO). Los resultados son muy similares con cambios menores debido a diferentes factores de emisión.Como consecuencia, se ha logrado el objetivo principal de la tesis de crear una herramienta gratuita y estándar para el cálculo de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los puertos para todo el sector portuario. Completar esta herramienta implica un tiempo aproximado de de unos 20 minutos (si hay datos disponibles). La herramienta brinda opciones para seleccionar los alcances y límites que son más adecuados y aplicables a cada puerto. Además, la herramienta permite normalizar (estandarizar los resultados) las emisiones anuales totales en términos de toneladas totales de carga manipulada o TEU anuales. La herramienta, la guía y el vídeo se pueden descargar desde http://eports.cat/ca
Sostenibilitat

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Deckner, Emil, and Carl Mailer. "Participatory Modelling for Carbon Footprint Analysis : A Case Study at DeLava." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279522.

Full text

Abstract:

Because of global warming, companies have started to tackle sustainability issues within their operations, but major uncertainties exist on how to establish a quantitative baseline of the current environmental performance of companies. Numerous investigations have been made to assess the carbon footprint of companies with a variety of methods, tools and strategies. However, the lack of transparency in the methods used and the assumptions made could prevent companies to replicate methods and to analyse the results. Because of this, we will investigate how participatory modelling could be used to create a model of the carbon emissions of a company, but also how this method enables the company to understand the methods used and the results from the investigation. By doing this, we also aim to clarify how the process could be set up, which stakeholders that need to be involved and what data sources that could be used. The thesis was conducted as a single case study at a manufacturing company named DeLaval. A participatory modelling process with three major phases was carried out according to proposed methodologies in previous research. In the first phase, a conceptual model of the system accounting for the emissions was created. In the second phase, a quantitative model of the system was developed by gathering data and validating the calculation methodologies with operational stakeholders within the company. In the third phase, the results were verified, and the company could set up sustainability targets based on the findings. The outcomes of the case study showed that there are major benefits with applying participatory modelling because different perspectives throughout the organisation could be gathered efficiently to create a representable model of the company. The modelling strategy had more benefits in organisational areas characterised by high complexity with numerous of different stakeholders with different roles or by geographical distribution. To create the model, primary data consisting of master product data and transactional data was used, together with secondary data, consisting of carbon emission coefficients and gap filling data created by the modellers. By basing the calculations on the methodology set up by the GHG protocol and anchoring the root definition of the system with strategic stakeholders, the results were trusted by the organisation.
På grund av den globala uppvärmningen har företag börjat att hantera hållbarhetsutmaningar inom sin verksamhet, men stora frågetecken kvarstår gällande hur en kvantifierad bild av företagets nuvarande utsläpp ska beräknas. Flertalet studier har genomförts för att undersöka koldioxidavtrycket på företag, med flertalet olika metoder och verktyg. Metoderna och antaganden som gjorts har dock bristande transparens, vilket hindrar andra företag från att replikera beräkningarna och att göra analyser av resultatet. Baserat på detta kommer denna studie att undersöka hur participativ modellering kan användas för att skapa en modell av koldioxidutsläppen från ett företag, men också hur denna metod underlättar för företaget att förstå metoderna som använts och resultaten från undersökningen. Genom detta ämnar vi att bringa klarhet gällande hur processen kan se ut, vilka intressenter som ska vara delaktiga och vilka datakällor som kan vara användbara. Studien genomfördes som en enkel fallstudie på det producerande företaget DeLaval. En participativ modelleringsprocess med tre faser genomfördes i enlighet med etablerade modelleringsprinciper från tidigare studier. I den första fasen utvecklades en konceptuell modell av systemet för estimering av koldioxidutsläppen. I den andra fasen utvecklades en kvantitativ modell as systemet genom att samla in data och validera beräkningsmetoderna tillsammans med operative intressenter på företaget. I den tredje fasen verifierades resultaten och företaget hade möjlighet att sätta upp hållbarhetsmål baserat på resultatet. Utfallet av fallstudien visar att det finns stora fördelar med att använda participativ modellering eftersom olika perspektiv i organisationen kunde inhämtas på ett effektivt sätt för att skapa en representativ modell av företaget. Modelleringsstrategin hade större fördelar i delar av företaget som karakteriserades av hög komplexitet, med många olika intressenter med olika roller eller av geografisk utspriddhet. För att skapa modellen krävdes primärdata innehållande produktinformation och transaktionsdata samt sekundärdata, innehållande utsläppsfaktorer och överbryggande data skapad av modellerarna. Genom att basera beräkningarna på metodiken skapad av GHG protocol och förankra syftet med systemet tillsammans med strategiska intressenter, skapades en tillit till resultaten inom organisationen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Sharma, Neha. "Carbon Footprint Accounting Using Various Tools and Techniques, Comparison and Uncertainties." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291144713.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Salmon, Gareth Richard. "Reducing the carbon footprint of Senegalese cattle systems through improved productivity." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29003.

Full text

Abstract:

Meat and milk from sub Saharan African cattle systems tend to have high greenhouse gas emissions intensities; this is largely due to low levels of productivity. There is a need to increase production to meet an increasing demand for livestock commodities; driven by growing populations, and growing diet variation, as incomes and urbanisation increase. Without measures to reduce the emissions intensity of production, there will be significant increases in total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, cost-effective ways of reducing emissions intensity, whilst increasing productivity should be identified. This thesis looks to support this by providing an assessment of low-input to semi-intensified cattle production systems in Senegal, West Africa; where cattle populations are growing and efforts are being made to increase domestic milk production. The emissions intensity of protein from current production systems is calculated using a version of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM). Variation in emissions intensity is observed between current systems, which can be largely linked to feed ration quality and levels of protein productivity. Productivity improving interventions suitable for the study systems are identified, and their application to current systems modelled by altering input parameters within GLEAM. It is suggested that production systems could reduce emissions intensities by applying nutritional and health related intervention packages; through which the varying production systems could abate between 10% and 20% of their total greenhouse gas emissions whilst also making financial savings. A comparison between the current systems of production also suggests that changing the lower productivity systems to match higher producing systems would also offer substantial cost-saving emissions abatement. The thesis considers the key limitation to the use of GLEAM for modelling the application of nutritional mitigation measures, in that when nutritional improvements are made animal performance does not currently increase. Predicting how animals will respond to improved nutrition is challenging. However, a methodology is discussed, and is shown to have an important effect on the emissions abatement results. Subsequently, the thesis advocates further research to experimentally substantiate animal performance responses when nutritionally limited cattle are given improved feed regimes. Despite the study livestock keepers showing aspiration to improve the productivity of their herds, with subsequent potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the thesis recognises that the abatement potentials suggested by modelling would be restricted by the reality of production system context and constraints. Key barriers to a realisation of the productivity improvements include: a lack of financial means, limitations to resource access and affordability, and requirement for information and training concerning productivity improving options. For realisation of productivity improvements the current barriers would require further investigation, the thesis helps identify what form interventions should take.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Tuck-Riggs, Carol Anne. "Financial Statement Disclosure of Carbon Footprint Costs in the Airline Industry." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/245.

Full text

Abstract:

Unaccountable corporate polluters profit short term at the expense of global economic sustainability. The purpose of the study was to determine if carbon dioxide (CO2) penalties on the airline emissions would result in financial statement disclosure and emission mitigation. Contributing to environmental accounting, the study was based in corporate social responsibility with a conceptual framework based on economically-centered CO2 studies. A random sample of 69 global airlines, taken from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) memberships, was stratified between EU bound and non-EU bound airlines. The research questions explored (a) the frequency mean differences in disclosed CO2 costs between the strata based upon the European Union's environmental trading scheme (EU-ETS) and (b) whether international financial reporting standards (IFRS) influenced the financial statement reporting of CO2 emissions costs. Financial statement data were analyzed in a 3-year longitudinal, ex-post, quasi-experimental, repeated measures factorial ANOVA and ANCOVA, pretest-posttest control group design. The results showed significant CO2 disclosure differences between the experimental (EU bound) airlines and control group (non-EU) airlines and for those airlines with IFRS prepared statements. These results should convince accounting practitioners that the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas pollution can become the catalyst for improved operations and commercial sustainability. Positive social change to mitigate anthropogenic pollution should result and should promote normative accounting practice to hold those responsible to a higher global accountability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Gale, Danielle. "Carbon Footprint Analysis of Broadacre Livestock Grazing Systems in Southern Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/83685.

Full text

Abstract:

This research examined the carbon footprint of sheep and beef cattle production in south-western Australia, with focus on the impact of different pasture systems. Carbon footprint frameworks were developed to enable the inter- and intra-farm scale examination of livestock production systems and identification of strategies with mitigation potential. Perennial pasture, along with improved reproductive and grazing management practices, were identified as promising options to reduce the carbon footprint of livestock production in southern Australia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Sweetwood, Ryan V. "The Maya Footprint: Soil Resources of Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2323.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Nunes, Mariana Graça Paquete. "Gamifying sustainability : raising carbon footprint awareness through gamification : the carbon footprint movement." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31250.

Full text

Abstract:

Extreme human-induced environmental pressures are being felt across the globe. Scientific evidence increasingly alerts for the urgent need to induce societal engagement in climate change mitigation to achieve carbon-reduction targets. This thesis’ overreaching purpose aimed at appraising the extent to which a gamification-based system may increase carbon literacy and empower individuals to adopt lower-carbon lifestyles. Simultaneously, this study explores the hotspots where policy action should be taken to reduce the contextual barriers to more pro-environmental lifestyles. Given the multitude of factors influencing behaviors, the research herein described disaggregated national data to local levels. To attain the set objectives, a gamified-survey tool was developed, as the primary learning and data collection instrument: The Carbon Footprint Movement. Results showed carbon footprint was not a primary deliberation preceding everyday behavior and that respondents’ misconceptions regarding the environmental effects of their actions prevailed. Additional findings also reinforced contextual factors further detached intentions from behaviors, intensifying the so-called value-action gap. Notwithstanding, participants reported carbon literacy increases (23%) and pledged imminent behavioral changes, over the course of the intervention. This dissertation reinforces high-magnitude carbon emissions to be locked-in at the household level, and the potentiality of gamified interventions to unlock substantial reductions. However, it simultaneously unveils large potential savings to remain unfulfilled, suggesting active civic engagement also calls for wider structural adjustments The methodology devised might be used to guide the development of future gamified interventions.
Pressões ambientais extremas estão a ser sentidas em todo o mundo. Evidências científicas alertam para a necessidade urgente do envolvimento da sociedade na mitigação das alterações climáticas. Esta dissertação visa avaliar em que medida um sistema baseado na gamificação pode aumentar a literacia de carbono e capacitar os indivíduos para adotarem comportamentos mais sustentáveis. Paralelamente, este estudo explora os pontos críticos em que devem ser tomadas medidas para a redução de obstáculos a estilos de vida mais pró-ambientais. Para atingir os objetivos estabelecidos, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de aprendizagem e de recolha de dados: The Carbon Footprint Movement. Os resultados indicam que a tomada diária de decisões raramente é precedida de uma deliberação sobre a respetiva pegada de carbono, que as pessoas mantêm ideias erradas sobre a eficácia ambiental das suas ações, e que os fatores contextuais desassociam ainda mais as intenções dos comportamentos. Não obstante, os participantes reportaram aumentos em literacia de carbono (23%) e afirmaram mudanças comportamentais ao longo da intervenção. Esta dissertação destaca a potencialidade de intervenções gamificadas na redução substancial de emissões de carbono, bloqueadas ao nível doméstico. No entanto, este estudo revela que um envolvimento cívico mais ativo no combate às alterações climáticas exige, simultaneamente, ajustes estruturais fundamentais. A metodologia descrita poderá ser utilizada para orientar o desenvolvimento de futuras intervenções gamificadas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Huang, Guo-cheng, and 黃國誠. "Activity Based Carbon Footprint – a method for product carbon footprint calculation using Activity-Based Costing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20595215059723127899.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
101
The situation of climate change caused by global warming becomes more and more serious. In recent years, the unprecedented of abnormal weather phenomena emerge all around the world, just like the counterattack of nature. A lot of the countries in Europe and the Americas had noticed that the importance of carbon reduction more than ten years ago. In the contrast, the concept of the environmental protection was realized by Asia countries in recent years. With the “Kyoto protocol” was signed in December 1997, there were a lot of countries beginning to set their own carbon reduction target. Although, Taiwan didn’t restrict by “Kyoto protocol”, and do not need for commitment to carbon reduction targets. But, as a member of the Global Village, Taiwan should take the responsibility to against global warming with others. The consultancies in Taiwan begin to provide the services of Organization Carbon Inventory and Product Carbon Footprint for business organization in Taiwan, according to the International regulations and the guideline “Greenhouse gas inventory and login” developed by Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C. (Taiwan). But, the assisted computing greenhouse gas emission method that consultants use is too rough during the inventory. Therefore, our study is going to use Activity-Based Costing approach that can separate costing well and using it to assisted computing greenhouse gas emission. Currently, there were no literature shows that they apply the ABC approach in greenhouse gas calculation because the ABC approach is purpose to separate the costs. In this study, we are going to use the calculate logic of ABC approach to develop an assisted computing greenhouse gas emission method – Activity Based Carbon Footprint. Use the sample pump in ERP of SAP to simulate the ABCF operation. At last, making a conclusion and suggesting the future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Lee, Chi-Yu, and 李啟裕. "Assessment of Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint for Synthetic Rubber Products." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jrnpwu.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立交通大學
工學院永續環境科技學程
103
In the recent years, the global warming issue is an increasingly serious problem. Warming phenomenon not only caused the climate change but also impacted on water resources and circulatory system. In order to manage the problems of greenhouse gas emission and water resources consumption, carbon footprint (CFP) and water footprint (WFP) assessment indicator is the method provides industry to quantify these problems. In Taiwan, CFP/WFP inventory system is currently evaluated by single product and single-index indicator. However, due to different system boundaries, the data brings meaningless by evaluating single product. This study mainly focused on single industry--rubber industry, including polybutadiene rubber (PBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) as inventory targets. Standard quantification adopts “ISO/TS 14067 Greenhouse gases -- Carbon footprint of products -- Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication” and “Water footprint assessment manual”, and completes the inventory procedure by the method of life cycle assessment. Under the structure of same type inventory category and system boundary, we can get a relatively abundant data when evaluating these three targets simultaneously by CFP/ WFP assessment which could analyze the possibility to reduce CFP/WFP assessment indicator on rubber products. This study found that (a) The CFP/WFP assessment indicator shows that SEBS is the highest, PBR is intermediate, and SBR is the lowest; (B) The hotspot of CFP/WFP centralized in the energy resource consumption during manufacturing phase, and compared with CFP/WFP derived from other the energy resources, those derived from the fuel oil occupies the highest proportion. In this study, we found that if fuel oil is replaced with the natural gas as boiler fuel, 13.49% of CFP and 38.78% of WFP will be reduced on average. (C) Capacity utilization is the key factor on CFP/WFP. Our regression analysis shows negative linear correlations between capacity utilization and CFP/WFP. When capacity utilization climbed up, the CFP/WFP decreases. (D) If some plant’s wastewater effluent is all treated by wastewater treatment plant in industrial park, the calculation of its grey water should be based on pollution loading of the wastewater treatment plant in the industrial park, and water quantity should be used as allocation principles to allocate pollution loading to the production plant of the target product in order to match the localized scenario.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Tien-HaoYang and 楊天豪. "Landscape Construction Carbon Footprint Evaluation System." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ve5749.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
104
This research uses five steps required to establish the landscape construction carbon footprint evaluation system (urban landscape space). First, separating landscape spaces into five life-cycle stages, comprising 60 years: new materials, construction, daily use, renewal, destruction and abandonment. Second, building up a carbon inventory database for landscape materials. Third, combing EEWH (Taiwan) and IPCC (UN) specifications to settle planting carbon sequestration value. Fourth, calculating and analyzing real landscape projects. Fifth, accomplishing the formula. As a result, even though landscape space has the capability of planting carbon sequestration, but it is completely unable to offset the carbon footprint from materials and daily use (lighting, irrigation, fertilization). According to the life cycle-perspective, when the green-coverage rate drops from 100% to 0%, and only when the green-coverage rate is 100%, there has 0.05 (kgCO2e/㎡˙year) carbon sequestration, when the green-coverage tate varies from 90% to 0%, there is still a carbon footprint value of between 0.93and 10.73(kgCO2e/㎡˙year). Overall, if we want to further reduce the carbon footprint of urban landscape spaces, there are three main steps to take: (1) maximize the green-coverage rate, (2) choose low carbon footprint materials and construction methods, (3) implement high efficient lighting design. Therefore, this research use five steps to build up a carbon footprint evaluation system of urban landscape space. First, separating urban landscape in five stages which are new materials, construction, daily use, renew and abandon in sixty years life cycle. Second, building up landscape materials carbon inventory database. Third, combing EEWH (Taiwan) and IPCC (UN) specifications to settle planting carbon sequestration value. Fourth, calculating and analyzing real urban landscape projects. Fifth, accomplishing the formula. As a result, even though urban landscape has the capability of planting carbon sequestration, but it completely unable to offset the carbon footprint from materials and daily use (lighting, irrigation, fertilizing ). According to life cycle perspective, when green cover rate from 100% to 0%, there is still have carbon footprint value between 0.79 to 8.18 (kgCO2e/㎡˙year). Overall, If whom want to reduce further carbon footprint of urban landscape space, there are three main steps：(1) Maximizing green cover rate. (2) Choosing low carbon footprint materials and construction methods. (3) High efficient lighting design.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Shan-ChunHuang and 黃善群. "Interior Renovation Carbon Footprint Evaluation System." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74t2f4.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
104
SUMMARY According to statistics, the ratio of new buildings was approximately 3% compared to the existing buildings of 97% in Taiwan. Hence, an effective evaluation system supplementary to EEWH policy is necessary to evaluate all interior renovations performed in Taiwan in order to assess and provide solutions to reduce CO₂emissions produced through renovations. Interior Renovation is divided into 4 stages of life cycle: New materials, Construction operations, Upgrading and Demolition. In the ‘New materials’ stage, there are 7 categories which are Flooring, Partition, Wall Enhancement, Ceiling and Fixed Furniture. With all 4 stages of life cycle accounted for, the total CO₂emission value will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels. In conclusion, the evaluation system not only provides an indication of the interior renovation’s carbon emission impact on the environment but also provides opportunities for designers and users to mitigate the amount of CO₂released into the atmosphere. INTRODUCTION In the past three decades, the Taiwan architecture industry has been booming exponentially, leading to the removal of old houses and since been replaced by many new building constructions. This has led to over-supply of housing units where demand fall short. The need for interior renovation has begun to increase since the 2000s especially for buildings that have surpassed their first 10 years of life cycle. According to statistics, the ratio of new buildings was approximately 3% compared to the existing buildings of 97% in Taiwan. Hence, an effective evaluation system supplementary to EEWH policy is necessary to evaluate all interior renovations performed in Taiwan in order to assess and provide solutions to reduce CO₂emissions produced through renovations. Interior Renovation is divided into 4 stages of life cycle: New materials, Construction operations, Upgrading and Demolition. Of all 4 stages, ‘New materials’ stage comprise most of the CO₂emissions which include 7 categories namely: Flooring, Partition, Wall Enhancement, Ceiling, Fixed Furniture, Bathroom and Kitchen. With all 4 stages of life cycle accounted for, the total CO₂emission value will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels. In conclusion, the evaluation system not only provides an indication of the interior renovation’s carbon emission impact on the environment but also provides opportunities for designers and users to mitigate the amount of CO₂released into the atmosphere. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methods used in this research are as follows: 1. Literature Review To understand various existing carbon footprint assessment tools and international standards that have been defined, the researcher conducted a thorough literature review to identify and consolidate the various frameworks, definitions and contents of these studies. The researcher also reviewed “Building Carbon Footprint Evaluation Method” to understand the basic theorem and structure behind it to find the most suitable process for establishing an interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation system. 2. Establishing a Carbon Footprint Evaluation Framework In the process of constructing the interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation method, a few priorities were undertaken to ensure the effectiveness and competency of the framework. Firstly, a specialized carbon footprint database for interior renovation materials was established. Secondly, 4 categories of buildings arranged from ‘least usage’ to ‘highest usage’ were identified to aid in the carbon emissions calculation of ‘Upgrading’ stage when renewal renovations are performed. Thirdly, a self-comparison system of ‘baseline project’ and ‘design project’ benchmarks is established to facilitate the calculations of carbon reduction effects of any interior renovation project. Lastly, the main framework of interior renovation life cycle stages including various requirements and specifications are combined into a formula to quantized carbon emission. 3. Case Analysis Based on an actual case, calculations can be performed to see the breakdown of carbon emissions in every life cycle stage. In the respective stages namely: New materials, Construcion operations, Upgrading and Demolition, carbon emission can be further dissected into various sectors and categories allowing one to clearly understand which area is responsible for the most carbon emission. Researchers can also use these data to further refine and build more accurate evaluation methods and formulas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this research are as follows: 1. The interior renovation carbon footprint evaluation system is an efficient tool to help users, designers and researchers to understand the trends and breakdown of life cycle carbon emissions. 2. ‘New materials’ commands the highest amount of carbon emissions as compared to others, comprising up to 40% of the total interior renovation life cycle carbon footprint. The second highest level of carbon emission comes from ‘Demolition’ where a lot of energy is used to demolish the renovations and transporting them to recycling and waste yards. The third source comes from ‘Upgrading’ which in this case, a lot of materials used have yet to surpass their life expectancy hence most of them did not require replacement at the time of upgrading. Last but not least, ‘Construction’ produces the least amount of carbon emission due to limited equipment and tools used in the renovation process. 3. In essence, it is evident that the type of material used in renovating a interior space plays an important role in reduction of carbon footprint. Therefore, the best method to reduce carbon emissions is to choose low carbon and high life expectancy materials. When paving the floor or building a wall partition, it is advisable to fixate the objects and materials firmly to the structure of the building but not in excess as it would require more energy and machineries in the ‘Demolition’ stage to remove these interior renovations. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this research have developed a carbon footprint evaluation system for interior renovations, which could aid users, designers and researchers to understand the trends and breakdown of life cycle carbon emissions. With the establishment of a specialized carbon footprint database for interior renovation materials and the categorisation of buildings with respect to level of usage, this quantitative system allows one to identify carbon emission hotspots in various areas of an interior renovation project. With the ability to analyse carbon emission distribution, the system provides alternative materials and methods for carbon-reduction strategies so that various carbon reduction targets can be achieved. Finally, the total amount of carbon emission calculated will allow us to assess and grade renovation cases according to Pass, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Hung, Hui-Chuan, and 洪慧娟. "Assessment of Carbon footprint and Water footprint of pig farms: A case study." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57034616690526319415.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學學系
102
This study investigated the influences of the three-stage wastewater treatment and clean-pig model on the carbon footprint and water footprint of pig farming. By identifying the inventory of carbon footprint and water footprint, the carbon emission and water consumption of the pig farming in the different growth stages of pig was comprehended. The results of this study indicated that the carbon footprint for one kilogram of pork were 4.64 and 3.88 kgCO2eq for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two carbon footprints was 0.76 kgCO2eq. When the manure solid was picked up before washing as in the clean-pig model, the carbon footprint per kilogram of pork was 3.61 kgCO2eq, which was 1.03 kgCO2eq less than the three-stage wastewater treatment. Results of this study showed that the water footprint per kilogram of pork were 3,424 and 3,317 kg for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two water footprints was 107 kg. If the treated wastewater was not reused, the water footprints were 3,459 and 3,336 kg per kilogram of pork for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two water footprint was 123 kg. Base on the carbon footprint produced at different growth stages of pig, the order for the carbon footprint was piggery wastewater treatment > pig feed generation > slaughtering process > transportation > energy resource. The order for the water foot print was pig feed generation > piggery wastewater treatment > slaughtering process > transportation. The component analysis showed that the order for the water footprint of pig farming was green water footprint > blue water footprint > grey water footprint. The generation of pig contributed most the green water footprint. To conclude, the types of the piggery wastewater treatments greatly influenced the carbon footprint and water footprint of pig farming. The clean pig model effectively reduced the carbon footprint and water footprint. The Council of Agriculture should promote the clean pig model and grant funds to reduce the carbon footprint and water footprint of the pig farming.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Chung, Yun-Yi, and 鍾允怡. "Logistics Network Design and Carbon Footprint Analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93871133512466218091.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
104
With the changes of the consumption patterns and the more convenient transportation network, the logistics and freight transport industry rapidly developed. In the 1970s, for the land-used plan of public transshipment centers in Taiwan, the government has delineated specific areas near freeway interchange like New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Chiayi, Tainan, and defined them as "Freight Transshipment Center". However, until today, it is still undeveloped. The other hand, Japan, Germany or another advanced countries begin to plan the Logistics Parks while the logistics industry has developed to certain stage in order to attract the logistics companies to gather in the distribution center. In logistics and freight transport industry, freight vehicles are the main production tools. However, a lot of freight must rely on road transport for distribution, so the intercity and urban traffic is getting worse and become a problem. In order to prevent the deterioration of this situation, the route-control and the management of on-street parking for large trucks in the urban area is stricter. The other hand, from the social viewpoint, the pollution of transportation veicles is one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas, and it had strong effects on the life of people. This study expects to evaluate the alternatives of public transshipment centers and to find out the best network model for logistics and freight transport industry. In addition, by calculating the performance of carbon footprint, the network design of transportation external benefits is explored. This study used literature review and interviews to obtain the industrial experts’ opinions on the network design and criteria of logistics and freight transport industry, and to construct the three alternatives and seven criteria. In addition, this study applied Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to get determined criteria weights and finally the weight values are substituted into ELECTRE III to calculate the permutation and the priority. According to the calculated weight values of AHP, it is found that in logistics and freight transport industry, finance and quality are the most important dimensions which the criterias are operation cost and distribution time. Moreover, based on the ELECTRE III calculated alternatives results, it is found that with different network designs, the differences of the freight vehicle size and the number cause relatively different consumption and costs, the performance of carbon footprint with the total fuel consumption are different. Although there are no clear regulations on the domestic logistics and freight transport industry in Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Management Act, the government should think about how to bring the logistics and freight transport industry into the scope of greenhouse gas emission reduction with the changes of consumer market and pattern to achieve the carbon emission reduction commitments which our country advocated in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 2015 Conference of Parties (COP21).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Bu, Ching-Shiang, and 卜慶翔. "Carbon Footprint Study of Organic Rice Product." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74844244151832894191.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
東南科技大學
工業管理研究所
100
Abstract The study focus on the calculation of carbon footprint (CFP) of organic rice product, produced in the first crop season in Taoyuan County in northern Taiwan. Function unit of CFP is per kilogram of rice. The organic rice product was verified by FSI Taiwan-Asia Pacific Office and was certified with a CAS organic agriculture product level. Life cycle of the organic rice product is divided into five stages: respectively as raw materials, manufacture, distribution and retail, consumer use, disposal and recycling. The agriculture activities and carbon emission factors were collected in the case study. Result of the case study shows that CFP of organic rice product is 1.86 kg CO2eq per kilogram of rice, and carbon emission respectively in five-stage of life cycle are: raw materials 1.38 kg CO2eq/kg (74.37%), manufacture 0.05 kg CO2eq/kg (2.95%), distribution and retail 0.01 kg CO2eq/kg (0.69%), consumer use 0.37 kg CO2eq/kg (19.96%), recycling and disposal 0.04 kg CO2eq/kg (2.03%). In comparison to CFP, 1.914 kg CO2eq/kg, of Japanese ordinary rice product produced in Chiba Area. Those are 0.08% in difference. Major portions of carbon emissions of organic rice product are from fertilizer products (25.43% of total carbon emissions), CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy field (19.97%), cooking power (19.96%), usage of metal and wood materials (4.09%), and packing material (3.14%). In addition to CFP calculation of organic rice product, an ordinary rice product produced in Hualien county, in estern Taiwan, shows that CFP of ordinary rice product is 2.32 kgCO2eq/kg. These are only used for comparison between organic farming and conventional farming of rice production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Jiang, Li-Yi, and 江麗怡. "The framework for Product Carbon Footprint Resume." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92709773459133053403.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
大同大學
資訊經營學系(所)
101
British Standards Institution released PAS 2050 in 2008, which is a carbon footprint specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services. In addition, there are many businesses in Taiwan who are making great efforts in carbon labeling of products. In 2010, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), Taiwan established a set of guidelines to assess the carbon footprint of products and services, and the enterprises can follow the specified rules to evaluate the carbon footprint of products. On the other hand, more and more businesses pay much attention to greening their products and improve the process of production to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Also, carbon footprint disclosure helps consumers get abundant information on carbon dioxide emissions of each stage during production. From the past studies, it was found that the information systems for the resume of carbon footprint of products are still very few. Based on the aforementioned reasons, this study proposes two models to the resume of carbon footprint of products and then to develop their information systems. The first approach is to develop a carbon footprint resume application and administration system based on Product Category Rules (PCR) with well understanding the process and characteristics of carbon footprint of products. The data of the resume are recorded manually into the system, and all statistics are made automatically according to the predefined formulas. In addition, this system provides an interface to administer the maintenance personnel information on product resume. The second mechanism adopts Web Servicecombined with SOAP technology. This approach not only provides businesses with a carbon footprint resume exchange platform but also helps record and track the complete carbon footprint of each stage of the product life cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Tibrewal, Kushal. "Application of Carbon Footprint in Mining Industry." Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/8255/1/2016_MT_711MN1094_Application_of_carbon.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Reportedly, India is the world’s third biggest greenhouse emitter and thus it needs to bat for some serious mitigation actions to curb its contribution to global warming. It is quite evident that the trending global warming menace is a consequence of the reckless anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to control it we need to keep a track of these emissions. Such an estimation of approximate values of CO2 emissions along with few major greenhouse gases pertaining to the corresponding activity is referred to as Carbon Footprint of that activity. Mining is an indispensable activity that caters the supply of raw materials for other industries to produce the final product. Mining itself utilises enormous amount of energy in form of electricity and fuels for machineries. Thus emissions from mining cannot be neglected, since it contributes significantly to the bludgeoning global warming. This project presents a case study of application of Carbon footprint in two Indian Mines to estimate the approximate emissions of CO2, NO2 and CH4 as ‘CO2 – equivalent’ in those mines to emphasise on the use of carbon footprint in mining industries. It also illuminates the various problems encountered while carrying out the estimations and suggests measures to improve the estimation and control of these emissions such as use of solar energy in lieu of conventional fuel based energy and regular maintenance of the mining machineries so that fuel is burnt efficiently releasing lesser emissions. It also proposes methodology to carry out carbon footprint in mines in a uniform manner so that comparison of different mines is easy. It also proposes a methodology to estimate the emission factor for HEMM used in mines in Indian working conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Li, Kuan-Hsien, and 李冠賢. "Wooden-building Life Cycle Carbon Footprint and Forestry Carbon Sink Assessment." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6rbagb.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
氣候變遷與永續發展國際學位學程
107
Buildings contribute significantly to Greenhouse gas emissions, because of the high-energy consumption and the material used. By finding out a way to reduce the Greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions of building, we can slow down climate change. In addition, the carbon substitution of wooden products can store GHGs in the wood, and free land for planting new saplings to absorb more carbon. According to the ISO 14025 specification and the CFP-PCR the life cycle assessment of buildings in Taiwan is divided into five phases: Materials Manufacturing, Construction, Use phase, Maintenance and End-of-life. There is many research about reducing carbon emission in civil engineering, but most of this research did not consider carbon storage project to import the concept of carbon substitution. Thus, to sum up the carbon substitution totally, this research calculated the carbon substitutions of wooden building by life-cycle assessment (LCA) and also model the forestry in Taiwan. We established a model to take into account the storage benefits of carbon substitution. The model can estimate the carbon reduction from replacing reinforced concrete buildings (RC-building) with Cross-Laminated-Timber buildings (CLT-building). This study is based on the LCA of RC-building and CLT-building. The two parameters,「GHGs emission of non-wooden product」and「GHGs emission of wooden product」, were put into this model. Because of the multiple effects of forestry management, we let the 「GHGs storage in wooden product」become a part of Materials Manufacturing Phase in CLT-building. It reduces 232,137 KgCO2e emission in life cycle, and needs 85 m3 wood by using CLT-building instead of RC-building in a four-floor building.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Jiang, Wen-Hua, and 蔣文樺. "Investigation of Factors Influencing the Development of Low-Carbon Tourism for Ecological Footprint and Carbon Footprint of Taijiang National Park." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85549766201406064813.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺南大學
生態科學與技術學系生態旅遊碩士班
102
The carbon emissions by travel behavior will seriously influence the change of the world’s climate. In response to sustainable development of the future environment, it is indeed and urgent important to develop low-carbon tourism. The main purposes of this study were to find out factors influencing the development of low-carbon tourism of Taijiang National Park. We try to figure out the environmental unfriendly factors through reviewing the routes of low-carbon tourism in the Tai Jiang National Park. Meanwhile, ecological footprint, including ecological footprint transport (EFT), ecological footprint accommodation (EFA), ecological footprint activities (EFAC) and ecological footprint food and fiber consumption (EFFFC), are applied to analysis the consumption of resources, carbon footprint transport (CFT), carbon footprint food (CFF), carbon footprint accommodation (CFA) and carbon footprint activities (CFAC) for the years 2010 to 2012. We expect to approach the appropriate development of low-carbon tourism methods in Taijiang National Park. The outcomes of reviewing the routes of low-carbon tourism in the Taijiang National Park are as follows: 1.The percentage of lodging at the Qigu District is less than 15%, it reveals that most of visitors stay at far away from the Qigu District 2. The catering business is not satisfied by visitors for there are only 19 restaurants nearby the Taijiang National Park. 3. The transportation is not good enough both at the number of runs and stops. The outcomes show that the routes of low-carbon tourism in the Taijiang National Park is not keeping with low-carbon tourism and resulting in increased CO2 of transport and Accommodation. The results of this research show that the annual ecological footprint of tourism, from 2010 to 2012, is between 10.29 and 14.25 (hectare/person) in Taijiang National Park. Moreover, the annual carbon footprint of tourism is between 14.72 and 15.63 (kg CO2e/person). Analyzing data from both the ecological footprint and the carbon footprint, we observe that transportation seems the most influential factor with the average value 52.40% and55.88% respectively. These results indicate that it consumes petrochemical energy mainly for the tourism in Taijiang National Park. However, the petrochemical energy footprint in ecology is one of the most important factor concerning global warming and ecological threat. With the analysis and discussion of this research, we can conclude and provide some practical suggestions for developing low-carbon tourism of the Taijiang National Park in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Tseng, Hua Yu, and 曾華煜. "Carbon Footprint Assessment and Verification of Wafer Probing." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47631991586241415288.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
明新科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
102
Over the last decades, anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have come to be accepted as the main cause of climate change. To find and implement GHG mitigation strategies, international efforts during this period have been devoted to quantifying the main GHG and identifying their sources. Semiconductor industry possesses the characteristics of complex supply chain, long cycle time, and high level of energy consumption. Facing the issues of climate change, energy conservation and carbon reduction, to promote the competitiveness of companies and fulfill the duty of members of global village, companies proactively undertaking GHG inventory should be treated as an important index of business strategy. This study proposes a two-stage research structure. In the first stage, the standards of ISO/TS 14067 and carbon footprint (CFP) guide of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) are used to investigate the required principles and methods to assess CFP of wafer probing. Based on the relevant standards, the CFP of wafer probing is gained. In the second stage, the CFP results are internally verified based on the standards of ISO 14040/14044 and CFP verification guide of EPA. The flaws of CFP assessment identified in the process of verification can be used as the reference for future’s assessment operations. A real wafer probing factory is used as case study and the wafer type with the majority of probing demand is chosen to assess the CFP of wafer probing. The functional unit of target product is 25 wafers per lot. Based on the results of the case study, the CFP of wafer probing is 759.83Kg CO2e per lot. Among them, the GHG emission of energy is 758.79Kg CO2e (99.86% of total GHG emission). By reviewing the GHG emissions of energy, it can be found that the GHG emission of purchased electricity is 758.23Kg CO2e (99.79% of total GHG emission). Therefore, purchased electricity is the major GHG emitter of the CFP of wafer probing. The second stage of this study is CFP verification. A group from members of environment and security department of the case company is formed to internally verify the key points of verification. Verification results show that all the key points meet the relevant standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Lee, Kuan-Hsing, and 李冠興. "Carbon Footprint Research of Exhaust Vent of Buildings." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65043707819353474712.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
正修科技大學
電機工程研究所
102
Due to fast-paced global climate changes in recent years, energy conservation and carbon reduction are imperative. If we are able to select the most appropriate design for building plans within the building mechanical and electrical equipment, we will be able to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and the cost. The research focused at the particular case by analyzing the carbon dioxide emissions database of different proposed exhaust vent. Based on the data collected, we will be able to analyze and understand the influence of how each proposal will affect the carbon dioxide emissions and the costs. As the result of the research, the dual function system of exhaust vent provides the lower carbon dioxide emission and cost than the non-dual one; the average carbon dioxide emission and cost have reduced to 21.62% and 24.48%. In addition, applying natural exhaust vent to the building has better result than applying mechanical exhaust vent; the average carbon dioxide emission and cost has reduced to 27.97% and 29.64%. In the optimum condition, the foresaid data results have been improved. The average emission and cost have reduced to 43.03% and 43.32% when applying the duel function system of exhaust vent, and 55.37% and 53.92% when applying natural exhaust vent to the building. Therefore, when applying both duel function system of exhaust vent and natural exhaust vent to the building, the lowest result of carbon dioxide emissions and costs can be acquired. However, the foresaid exhaust vent combination may not be suitable for some building plans. Designers have to consider some factors and constraints to see whether the combination can be an optimal solution of carbon reduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ya-ChunLi and 李雅君. "Carbon footprint analysis for ecological engineering of roadways." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48453938850772840229.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
工程管理碩士在職專班
103
There is less quantitative research on carbon emission of ecological engineering of roadways. To comprehend ecological engineering’s impact on the environment, it needs to calculate the carbon footprint in its life cycle. This study adopted a case of a roadway in Taiwan to analyze the carbon emissions of its three life cycle stages, including material production, construction, and maintenance. This research collected the case project’s quantities of ecological engineering’s items including materials and consutrction equipment, the owner’s maintenance cost information, equipment productivity figures, and estimated unit fuel consumption of equipment. It also searched their carbon emission coefficients to calculating carbon emissions for three stages of life cycle. For the drainage, ecology and vegetation work, the cost of construction and maintenance analyzed in this study is 61% and 40%, respectively. The three categories of work included in the analysis are 51%, 86% and 46%, respectively. Material production is 54% of the cost amount. Regarding carbon emission, drainage is the highest (93%) in material production, ecology 2nd, and vegataion the lowest (3%). Regarding carbon emission in maintenance, ecology is the highest (51%), vegetation 2nd, and drainage the lowest (15%). Hence, lowering drainage material quantity is most crucial for carbon emission in material production, and lowering ecology work is most crucial for carbon emission in construction and matainenance. In carbon emission in ecological engineering for roadways, material production is the largest (65%), construction phase 2nd (29%) (material transportation 14%; equipment 15%), maintenance phase the smallest (6%) (transportation 0%; equipment 6%). Carbon emission from ecological engineering construction is 94%, and maintenance phase is 6%. For the case project in approximately the 4th year, its carbon emission volume would equal the carbon sequestration volume. Its initial carbon emission comes from mainly the material production and construction. If the carbon emission volume can be lowered , carbon balance can be achieved earlier.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Hum, Yu-Kai, and 洪鈺凱. "Carbon footprint process inventory and analysis of styrene." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90358342208518317857.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
化工與材料工程系
103
In this study, three-stage catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene industrial processes, according to the material balance of the process of alkylation tower, ethylbenzene separation column, ethylbenzene distillation column, ethylbenzene / styrene tower, styrene were fine distillation tower, ethylbenzene recovery tower feed in the bottom of the tower and the quantity of raw materials were deduced proportion of benzene, ethylene and catalyst used in the production of 365,000 tons of styrene required to use when. Then use the results to calculate the carbon footprint calculation software SimaPro 7.3 for questioning the carbon footprint. The manufacturing process can be divided into a raw material (the main raw material and auxiliary raw material), manufacturing stage (including ethylbenzene synthesis and ethylbenzene dehydrogenation), the stage of transport of raw materials, waste classification stage, the calculation of the production process of styrene emissions from the various stages of carbon footprint. Specification and use of life cycle inventory results based on actual plant styrene calculate the total carbon emissions CO2 is 9.52 × 108 kg CO2 eq (equivalent kilograms of. CO2, per kilogram of CO2 equivalent). In addition, this study of a mainland factory actual process data, thereby analyzing the way the carbon footprint of the entire process of inventory, emissions of carbon from inventory results calculated and reduce traffic data comparison found to be reduced 8.0 × 106 kg CO2 eq emissions, but also to explore the different standards in GWP, GWP 20 (20 year global-warming potential index, during the 20-year global warming potential) the maximum amount of carbon emissions standards, so that the impact on the environment can be the biggest impact.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Tjoeng, Leonardo, and 鍾亮聲. "Shipment containerization strategies for various carbon footprint schemes." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72839061142180899783.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
104
The motivation of this study comes from a real case example of freight consolidation and containerization problem (FCCP) in Indonesia. This study tries to model an actual problem faced by a third-party logistics provider in consolidating goods into various sizes of container while keeping the total transportation costs as low as possible. The most significant contributions of this study are to incorporate environmental factors into FCCP model and to illustrate the impacts of various carbon footprints schemes on both cost and carbon emissions. Therefore, shipment containerization strategies under various carbon footprints schemes are formulated to minimize the transportation costs, as well as lowering the amount of carbon emission from maritime and land transportation modes. The methodology used is a case based approach; it depicts product delivery activities from one origin hub in Kaohsiung, Taiwan to the biggest retailer stores in Jakarta, Indonesia. Four different scenarios are presented: business as usual (BAU) scenario, carbon tax scenario, carbon cap scenario and hybrid (cap and tax) scenario. The performance of each model is evaluated and compared using Lingo 9 software. Finally, by consolidating shipments into appropriate container and truck sizes for each scenario, a trade-off between cost and emissions is derived. Managerial insights and future research are also addressed in the concluding remarks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Su, Wei-Na, and 蘇微納. "A Strategic Game on Low carbon footprint building." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80059143380129547709.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
104
With the emergce of environment problems, such as global warming, greenhouse effect and extreme climate, the problems of carbon emissions have become an important international issue. Obviously, the carbon emissions of buildings sector is the most in global greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions of buildings become more critical for carbon reduction. This study create an educational board game to spread the sustainable environment protection. The design concept of the game is based on Building Carbon Footprint Evaluation Method, which proposed by Low Carbon Building Alliance (LCBA). The game create a model to simulate a house construction processed by purchasing equipment and choosing the building materials, and reducing carbon footprint by energy-efficient technologies design afterwards to achieve the purpose of low carbon building. In order to exam the result of this instructional game, there are two experiments. These results show that participants’ awareness of low carbon building has been improved. Secondly, the participants purchase more energy-saving devices or more green building materials are helpful for cutting carbon footprint of building.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Lin, Yu-Zih, and 林郁孜. "Framework of A Carbon Footprint Calculator for Realizing the Low-Carbon Society." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aujm83.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
99
With the rising concern on the deterioration of climate change, how to educate general public to reduce their carbon footprints become more and more important. Currently, governments of every country focus not just on controlling the main emissions sources, but also try to enhance the efficiency of carbon reduction through the development of low carbon communities. Hence, a suitable carbon footprint calculator play a crucial role in educating general public to understand their own carbon emissions and to further change their living behaviors. In Taiwan, although several carbon footprint calculators have been developed, none of them is adequate in terms of functions and completeness of the database. Therefore, to develop a carbon footprint calculator framework conforming Taiwanese living style and with completeness becomes the goal of this study. After analyzing various carbon footprint calculators, an evaluating hierarchy for Taiwan’s carbon footprint calculator was proposed. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the hierarchy, this study applied the Fuzzy Delphi Method to collected experts’ opinions on the framework. After two rounds of FDM questionnaires, the framework of carbon footprint calculator to be used in Taiwan was finalized. The proposed carbon footprint calculator framework consists of 5 dimensions (including household, transportation, food, commercial goods/services and green behaviors) and 21 indicators. In addition, through collecting and analyzing the carbon emission coefficients, this study discovered that most of carbon emission coefficients for calculating carbon footprints are missing in Taiwan. It is suggested that in order to strive to the low carbon society, a database which consists of accurate and complete carbon emission coefficients should be established in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Shih-ChiehHuang and 黃世傑. "The Study of Assessment Method for Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Mechanical Equipment and Products." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68245931236423000991.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
103
The establishment of European Directive EuP and ErP has driven manufacturers to produce green products. Yet Carbon footprint and Water footprint are two important indicators to assess whether the product is environmentally friendly or not. But for Taiwan's machinery industry, carbon footprint and water footprint calculation is not common. Therefore, this study presents a carbon footprint and water footprint assessment method for mechanical engineers can be used when designing their new machine products. This method is based on life cycle assessment. First to classify every machine components, then analyze their raw material and manufacturing process. And according to the different transport, using and recycling situations have differnt calculate methods. Finally, use the life cycle assessment database and the literature data to accomplish the Carbon footprint and Water footprint assessment method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Wang, Wei-Hsun, and 王偉勛. "Carbon Footprint Assessment of Functional Textile with Wasted Serpentine." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x2k5m8.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
102
Due to the crisis brought by the climate change and limited resources, the living conditions of mankind are deteriorating. It is believed that climate change and limited resources are the greatest threats facing the planet nowadays. In order to have a sustainable use of natural resources, recycling is one of the most important practices. Serpentine is one of the rock and mineral resources unique to Taiwan. Lots of amount of waste Serpentine will be created after mining, and most of time they are discarded without further utilization. The purpose of this study is to apply LCA technique to assess carbon footprints of heat-tech clothing, which utilized small amount of waste Serpentine as ingredient in the production processes. Inventory of energy and resources has been conducted; data which cannot be obtained from the inventory was adopted from the literature. Commercial LCA software- SimaPro8.0.2 was applied for carbon emission analysis. The results showed that a 300g weight of heat-tech clothing, its life cycle carbon footprints is 5.34kg CO2-e. Among all stages, manufacturing stage has the highest carbon footprints with 3.69 kgCO2-e, followed by raw material stage, disposal stage, transport stage, and use phase, with carbon footprints of 1.23 kgCO2-e, 0.409 kgCO2-e, 0.005 kgCO2-e, and 0.003 kgCO2-e, respectively. In summary, due to incomplete inventory results and using surrogate data, this study has different carbon footprints results from other similar studies. This can be improved in the future for finding suitable companies who are willing to help the inventory process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carbon footprint'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles