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Chen, Bilin, Weiran Qian, Yiduo Yang, Hong Liu, and Laili Wang. "Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Cashmere Fabrics." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 4(148) (August 31, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8235.
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Given the serious problems of climate change, water shortage and water pollution, researchers have paid increasing attention to the concepts of the carbon footprint and water footprint as useful indices to quantify and evaluate the environmental impacts of the textile industry. In this study, assessment of the carbon footprints and water footprints of ten kinds of cashmere fabrics was conducted based on the PAS 2050 specification, the Water Footprint Network approach and the ISO 14046 standard. The results showed that knitted cashmere fabrics had a greater carbon footprint than woven cashmere fabrics. Contrarily, woven cashmere fabrics had a greater water footprint than knitted cashmere fabrics. The blue water footprint, grey water footprint and water scarcity footprint of combed sliver dyed woven cashmere fabric were the largest among the ten kinds of cashmere fabrics. The main pollutants that caused the grey water footprints of cashmere fabrics were total phosphorus (TP), chlorine dioxide, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and sulfide. The leading contributors to the water eutrophication footprint were total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and TP. These typical pollutants contributed 39% ~ 48%, 23% ~ 28%, 12% ~ 24% and 12% ~ 14% to each cashmere product’s water eutrophication footprint, respectively. The leading contributors to the water ecotoxicity footprint were aniline, Cr (VI) and absorbable organic halogens discharged in the dyeing and finishing process.
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Gustavsson, D. J. I., and S. Tumlin. "Carbon footprints of Scandinavian wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.318.
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This study estimates the carbon footprints of 16 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), all situated in Scandinavian countries, by using a simple model. The carbon footprint calculations were based on operational data, literature emission factors (efs) and measurements of greenhouse gas emissions at some of the studied WWTPs. No carbon neutral WWTPs were found. The carbon footprints ranged between 7 and 108 kg CO2e P.E.−1 year−1. Generally, the major positive contributors to the carbon footprint were direct emissions of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment. Whether heat pumps for effluents have high coefficient of performance or not is extremely important for the carbon footprint. The choice of efs largely influenced the carbon footprint. Increased biogas production, efficient biogas usage, and decreased addition of external fossil carbon source for denitrification are important activities to decrease the carbon footprint of a WWTP.
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Ho, Zih Ping. "Restaurant Facilities Layout - Reducing Carbon Footprint Aspect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.618.
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Reducing carbon footprint is a trend within modern green restaurants. A carbon footprint is the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product. Food and beverage restaurants have to deliver food using a minimal carbon footprint. Of previous researches, only a small fraction is focused on reducing carbon footprints in a culinary room. Besides, a carbon footprint cost model was hard to solve in economic computation time. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is through a distributed information system to accelerate computing ability of a carbon footprint cost model. Through the distributed computing, our experimental results showed that the proposed approach outperformed the literature approach efficiently. The algorithm improved rate was 68.6%, and low down 82.1% carbon footprint than manual. The proposed approach could contribute to accelerate calculations in others problems due to using multiple machines in future researches.
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Qafisheh, Nida, Makhtar Sarr, Umm Amara Hussain, and Shikha Awadh. "Carbon Footprint of ADU Students: Reasons and Solutions." Environment and Pollution 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v6n1p27.
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The objective of the study was to calculate the carbon footprint of ADU students, studying environmental sciences and environmental health & safety and compared it with the average carbon footprint of UAE. Students’ activity, which contributed to the highest emissions of carbon dioxide per year, has been determined. The carbon footprints were calculated using the online carbon footprint calculator, which estimated the CO2 emissions of each student. The method resulted from different activities like consumption of gas and electricity, transportation, flights, food as well as other different activities are associated with individual’s life style. The average carbon footprint of Environmental ADU students after decreasing their emissions was 12.22 tons CO2/year, which was 68%, less than the average carbon footprint of UAE (37.8 tons/year). The public transportation, driving friendly cars, eating locally and living in a simply sustainable life style are great solutions to reduce an individual carbon footprint.
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Weidema, Bo P., Mikkel Thrane, Per Christensen, Jannick Schmidt, and Søren Løkke. "Carbon Footprint." Journal of Industrial Ecology 12, no. 1 (February 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00005.x.
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Krishnan, Dr Mahalaxmi. "Green Initiatives for Reducing Carbon Footprint." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jul2012/24.
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Jóhannesson, Sigurður E., Jukka Heinonen, and Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. "Data accuracy in Ecological Footprint’s carbon footprint." Ecological Indicators 111 (April 2020): 105983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105983.
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OKEKE, G. N. "CARBON FOOTPRINTS & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN RELATIONSHIP TO PUBLIC HEALTH & LOCAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS." Open Journal of Environmental Research (ISSN: 2734-2085) 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojer.v3i2.450.
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Carbon footprints of individuals and organizations around the globe are fueling the current climate change trend leading to enormous negative effects on human health and the economy. The carbon generated by humans and their activities are heating the earth unsustainable and the evidence is well established in the literature. The impacts of human carbon footprints induced climate change on health and the economy are been published widely in the literature. This review succinctly x-rayed the impact of human carbon footprints on public health and the economy within the African context. The relationship between carbon footprint and public health was conceptualized as continuous cyclic interaction, continuously bringing woes to mankind. Carbon footprint impact on public health was presented to be in two ways – directly or indirectly. The direct impact of carbon footprints on public health was explored under five (5) thematic areas, which are: impact on extreme weather events (hurricanes, storms, and floods), impacts on temperature, impacts to air pollution, impacts to water- and foodborne diseases, and impacts to vector and rodent-borne diseases. The impact of a carbon footprint on the economy was seen as an indirect impact on humans and a huge change in human lives. It is recommended that carbon footprints should be calculated at every level individual, organization, process, product, national and continental; to drive accountability to the environment by all and for all
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Johnson, Eric, and Alex Gafford. "USA Carbon Footprints of Grills, by Fuel & Grill Type, 2022–27." Fuels 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030029.
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Grill-specific footprints for common fuel/grill types in the USA have been estimated from public information and data from a major grill manufacturer. In 2022, grill-specific footprints vary by a ratio of 9:1. A typical gas grill has the highest footprint; a wood-pellet grill is lowest; charcoal briquettes, electricity and super-efficient gas grills come in-between those two. Efficiency varies greatly for gas (natural gas or propane) grills: a typical gas grill has twice the footprint of a super-efficient one. In 2027, the footprint rankings could change considerably from 2022. With biofuel substitution, the super-efficient gas grill would move ahead of pellets. Electricity and charcoal could improve but would still place fifth and sixth. The range of grill-specific footprints could fall to 4.5:1, and within a much-lower range. The highest footprint in 2027 is almost 60% lower than 2022′s highest.
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Xu, Chang Chun, Jing Huang, and Fu Chen. "The Application of Carbon Footprint in Agri-Food Supply Chain Management: Case Study on Milk Products." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1988.
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In the process of supply chain management, the environmental impact is one important concern. Carbon footprint is a popular metric to quantify a products greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and assist supply chain management. In this paper, carbon footprints were calculated for three common milk products, 180 g Yogurt, 250 mL Fluid milk and 400g Skim milk powder (SMP) at the product brand level (YiYi®). The results demonstrated the well comprehensiveness and practicality of carbon footprint as streamlined indicator in supply chain management for agri-food products. The carbon footprints were compared among different life cycle stages as well as different products, and possible mitigation strategies were put forward for GHGs reductions. The relative contributions that different phases over the supply chain make were highlighted. On-farm emissions from cropping and livestock subsystems made up the majority of the carbon footprint, which deserved special attention in agri-food sector.
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van Noordwijk, Meine, Thuy T. Pham, Beria Leimona, Lalisa A. Duguma, Himlal Baral, Nikhmatul Khasanah, Sonya Dewi, and Peter A. Minang. "Carbon footprints, informed consumer decisions and shifts towards responsible agriculture, forestry, and other land uses?" Carbon Footprints 1, no. 1 (2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2022.02.
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The urgent global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions depends on political commitments to common but differentiated responsibility. Carbon footprints as a metric of attributable emissions reflect individually determined contributions within, and aggregated national contributions between, countries. Footprints per unit product (e.g., of food, feed, fuel, or fiber) require a lifecycle analysis and support individual decisions on consumption and lifestyles. This perspective presents a framework for analysis that connects the various operationalizations and their use in informing consumer and policy decisions. Footprints show geographical variation and are changing as part of political-economic and social-ecological systems. Articulation of footprints may trigger further change. Carbon footprints partially correlate with water and biodiversity footprints as related ecological footprint concepts. The multifunctionality of land use, as a solution pathway, can be reflected in aggregated footprint metrics. Credible footprint metrics can contribute to change but only if political commitments and social-cultural values and responsibilities align.
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Jursova, Simona, Dorota Burchart-Korol, and Pavlina Pustejovska. "Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Electric Vehicles and Batteries Charging in View of Various Sources of Power Supply in the Czech Republic." Environments 6, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6030038.
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In the light of recent developments regarding electric vehicle market share, we assess the carbon footprint and water footprint of electric vehicles and provide a comparative analysis of energy use from the grid to charge electric vehicle batteries in the Czech Republic. The analysis builds on the electricity generation forecast for the Czech Republic for 2015–2050. The impact of different sources of electricity supply on carbon and water footprints were analyzed based on electricity generation by source for the period. Within the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the carbon footprint was calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the water footprint was determined by the Water Scarcity method. The computational LCA model was provided by the SimaPro v. 8.5 package with the Ecoinvent v. 3 database. The functional unit of study was running an electric vehicle over 100 km. The system boundary covered an electric vehicle life cycle from cradle to grave. For the analysis, we chose a vehicle powered by a lithium-ion battery with assumed consumption 19.9 kWh/100 km. The results show that electricity generated to charge electric vehicle batteries is the main determinant of carbon and water footprints related to electric vehicles in the Czech Republic. Another important factor is passenger car production. Nuclear power is the main determinant of the water footprint for the current and future electric vehicle charging, while, currently, lignite and hard coal are the main determinants of carbon footprint.
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Turner, James Morton. "Counting Carbon: The Politics of Carbon Footprints and Climate Governance from the Individual to the Global." Global Environmental Politics 14, no. 1 (February 2014): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00214.
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This article considers carbon footprints as a form of climate governance. Drawing on science studies to consider the contingent nature of calculative devices and governmentality studies to examine the intrinsic relationship between how problems are framed and remedied, this article advances two arguments. First, it argues that efforts to define and deploy carbon footprints contributed to a conceptual shift in emissions accounting, from a narrower metric focused on emissions from fossil fuel and electricity use—Carbon Footprint 1.0—to a more expansive metric that includes emissions embodied in consumption and trade—Carbon Footprint 2.0. Second, this article argues that these approaches to carbon footprints at the individual level have intersected with broader discussions about allocating emissions responsibilities and examining mitigation strategies at the national and international levels, offering alternative grounds for assigning responsibility for climate-change mitigation and expanding the range of policy options available for addressing emissions.
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Khandelwal, Manvi, Vinamra Jain, Ashok Sharma, and Sanjeev Bansal. "Students’ Attitude toward Carbon Footprints of a Leading Private University in India." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.735006.
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Asia-Pacific is currently in charge of almost half of the worldwide carbon outflows and thus causing harm to the environment. So, in order to reduce t he carbon outflow, it is important to calculate or know the carbon dioxide emissions of Indian students perusing higher education in India and analyze the attitudes of students to reduce carbon footprint levels in the university campus. For this purpose, data were collected by conducting an online survey from 200 students pursuing higher education in a leading private university to assess individual carbon footprint per student by using the calculator developed. Findings revealed that higher awareness level of individual footprints positively impacted their behavior toward carbon footprint reduction as students are willing to avail shared services available in campus.
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Carlsen, Lars. "Sustainability: An Ethical Challenge: The Overexplaitation of the Planet as an Exemplary Case." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (April 18, 2024): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083390.
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Earth Overshoot Day is used as an exemplary case to suggest actions to obtain better compliance between the ecological footprints and biocapacities of the world’s regions. This study was based on the Global Footprint Network’s free public data on Earth Overshoot Day. The analyses of the data applied a partial ordering methodology in combination with the so-called Philosophy Model, leading to a joint ranking of the regions based on the simultaneous inclusion of ecological footprint data and data on biocapacities. The ranking was topped by South America, whereas North America and the Middle East/Central Asia were at the bottom of the list. Biocapacity was found to be the most important ranking indicator. Thus, doubling the biocapacity for each region would, on a global scale, lead to a population reserve of approx. 1.5 billion, whereas a halving of the individual ecological footprint would still lead to a population deficit of approximately 1 billion. The footprints and the biocapacities are composed of six and five sub-indicators, respectively, and the carbon footprint together with the built-up land footprint is the most important sub-indicator. To comply with the corresponding available biocapacity, significant reductions in the carbon footprint are needed, close to 50% for high-income countries. The ethical issues, as well as their interconnection with the Sustainable Development Goals, were discussed, with a focus on carbon footprints and well-being, as well as educating women, as illustrative cases.
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Ilyas, Hafiz Muhammad Abrar, Majeed Safa, Alison Bailey, Sara Rauf, and Marvin Pangborn. "The Carbon Footprint of Energy Consumption in Pastoral and Barn Dairy Farming Systems: A Case Study from Canterbury, New Zealand." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 4809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174809.
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Dairy farming is constantly evolving to more intensive systems of management, which involve more consumption of energy inputs. The consumption of these energy inputs in dairy farming contributes to climate change both with on-farm emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, and by off-farm emissions due to production of farm inputs (such as fertilizer, feed supplements). The main purpose of this research study was to evaluate energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, the carbon footprint, of pastoral and barn dairy systems located in Canterbury, New Zealand. The carbon footprints were estimated based on direct and indirect energy sources. The study results showed that, on average, the carbon footprints of pastoral and barn dairy systems were 2857 kgCO2 ha−1 and 3379 kgCO2 ha−1, respectively. For the production of one tonne of milk solids, the carbon footprint was 1920 kgCO2 tMS−1 and 2129 kgCO2 tMS−1, respectively. The carbon emission difference between the two systems indicates that the barn system has 18% and 11% higher carbon footprint than the pastoral system, both per hectare of farm area and per tonne of milk solids, respectively. The greater carbon footprint of the barn system was due to more use of imported feed supplements, machinery usage and fossil fuel (diesel and petrol) consumption for on-farm activities.
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ODAGIU, Antonia, Ioan OROIAN, Ilie COVRIG, and Laura PAULETTE. "Carbon Footprint and Shale Gaze Emissions." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9746.
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Conventional and unconventional energy production has an important contribution to carbon footprint enhancing. Because of large controversy of shale gaze exploitation perspective in Romania, we consider of high interest to emphasize, a methodology for quantifying the carbon footprint of the methane resulted from shale gaze exploitation. In context of analyzing the relatively new unconventional energy resource as shale gaze exploitations, we are mentioning the American literature, who shows that 3.6% - 7.9% of the methane from shale-gas production escapes to the atmosphere in venting and leaks over the lifetime of a well. The methodology, we analyze, takes into account direct emissions of CO2 from end uses consumption, indirect emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels used to extract, develop, and transport the gas, methane fugitive emissions, venting and equipment leaks, in accordance with steps recommended by the Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guide. The source of examples is EPA emissions report 2010. An important step for responsible management, of this new approached perspective of energy producing in Romania, is to take into consideration all issues that could contribute to environmental safety, and among these the calculation of the carbon footprint is of interest, due to the important details it supplies.
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Demir, Fatıma Betül, Emirhan Kaya, and Nedim Derman. "Determining the Size of the Carbon Footprints of Secondary School Students." Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2023-0022.
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Abstract A large part of the environmental problem, which is defined as the ecological footprint, is the carbon footprint. As a matter of fact, the consumption activities of the individual have many destructive and permanent effects on nature. In this research, it is aimed to determine the size of the carbon footprint, which is an important component of the ecological footprint of secondary school students, and to evaluate their views on the carbon footprint. The research is carried out with mixed method in accordance with its purpose and content. The quantitative sample group of the research consists of 750 students in total, studying at secondary schools in the Western Black Sea Region in the 2022-2023 academic year, with the maximum diversity sampling. The qualitative study group consists of 20 secondary school students randomly selected from the students participating in the quantitative part. In the research, “Carbon footprint calculation questionnaire” developed by Ertekin (2012) and “Semi-structured interview form” developed by researchers were used as data collection tools. As a result of the research, it is seen that the carbon footprints of the students are moderate. In addition, it was determined that the class level and family income status were effective on the carbon footprint size of the students. It is seen that the results obtained from the qualitative data support the quantitative results.
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Mostert, Clemens, Jannik Bock, Husam Sameer, and Stefan Bringezu. "Environmental Assessment of Carbon Concrete Based on Life-Cycle Wide Climate, Material, Energy and Water Footprints." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 4855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144855.
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The construction industry contributes a major share to global warming and resource consumption. Steel-reinforced concrete (SC) is the world’s most important building material, with over 100 million cubic meters used per year in Germany. In order to achieve a resource-efficient and climate-friendly construction sector, innovative technologies and the substitution of materials are required. Carbon concrete (CC) is a composite material made of concrete and a reinforcement of carbon fibers. Due to the non-rusting and high-strength carbon reinforcement, a much longer life-time can be expected than with today’s designs. In addition, the tensile strength of carbon fibers is about six times higher than that of steel, so CC can be designed with a relatively lower concrete content, thus saving cement and aggregates. This research analyzes and compares SC with CC over its entire life-cycle with regard to its climate, material, energy, and water footprints. The assessment is done on material and building level. The results show that the production phase contributes majorly to the environmental impacts. The reinforcements made from rebar steel or carbon fibers make a significant contribution, in particular to the climate, energy, and water footprint. The material footprint is mainly determined by cement and aggregates production. The comparison on the building level, using a pedestrian bridge as an example, shows that the footprints of the CC bridge are lower compared to the SC bridge. The highest saving of 64% is in the material footprint. The water footprint is reduced by 46% and the energy and climate footprint by 26 to 27%. The production of carbon fibers makes a significant contribution of 37% to the climate footprint.
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Yousaf, Hazrat, Azka Amin, Waqar Ameer, and Muhammad Akbar. "Investigating the determinants of ecological and carbon footprints. Evidence from high-income countries." AIMS Energy 10, no. 4 (2022): 831–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022037.
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<abstract> <p>High-income countries have experienced rapid economic growth, urbanization, consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy, increased trade dependency, and the attainment and maintenance of higher living standards over the last four decades, while also experiencing an increasing trend in environmental degradation. These experiences have fueled our desire to learn more about the factors that influence the ecological footprint and carbon footprint of high-income countries. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of natural resources, urbanization, GDP per capita, population, and fossil fuels on ecological and carbon footprint for 34 high-income countries over the period 2003–2015. Using the STIRPAT model, the results confirm the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the case of total ecological footprint while the link between economic growth and carbon footprint is in U-shape. In terms of total ecological footprint determinants, population reduction as well as efficient urban design, are viable solutions. The findings support the positive and statistically significant influence of population, urbanization, and fossil fuels on total ecological footprint, as well as the negative impact of ecological efficiency. The findings of the carbon footprint suggest that reduction in coal and oil consumption, as well as increasing the use of gas as a source of energy, are all viable choices to mitigate carbon footprint. Furthermore, increasing ecological efficiency could be a viable policy option for reducing high-income countries' footprints.</p> </abstract>
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Lee, Yung-Jaan. "Ecological Footprint and Water Footprint of Taipei." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205714.
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Taiwan suffers from many natural disasters and is vulnerable to climate change. A continuous increase in its ecological footprint (EF) would pose numerous threats to the city. Taipei is Taiwan’s most densely populated city. Whether its citizens are consuming more resources because of their high income and high degree of urbanization, thereby burdening the environment, warrants study. In contrast to most top-down EF analyses, in this study, 445 residents were surveyed to calculate their carbon, built-up land and water footprints. Gender, occupation, age, education level, personal annual income and socio-economic background do not influence water footprint or EF. Moreover, an individual’s water footprint is not correlated with his or her EF. The built-up land footprint that is obtained in this bottom-up study is similar to that in Taiwan’s top-down national footprint account. However, the personal carbon footprint found herein is smaller than that in the national footprint account, because this study asked respondents’ only about consumption related to everyday activities. Since Taipei residents have a high income and high daily consumption, the water footprint herein is larger than the top-down water footprint. This bottom-up EF analysis reflects residents’ daily consumption patterns and can be used in future urban decision-making.
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Bagchi, Deepak, Shantanu Biswas, Y. Narahari, P. Suresh, L. Udaya Lakshmi, N. Viswanadham, and S. V. Subrahmanya. "Carbon footprint optimization." ACM SIGecom Exchanges 11, no. 1 (June 2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2325713.2325720.
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De Ambrogi, Marco. "The carbon footprint." Lancet 394, no. 10209 (November 2019): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32639-x.
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McAusland, Carol, and Nouri Najjar. "Carbon Footprint Taxes." Environmental and Resource Economics 61, no. 1 (February 22, 2014): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9749-5.
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Fontefrancesco, Michele F. "Our carbon footprint." Anthropology Today 35, no. 6 (December 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12543.
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Wood, Richard, and Christopher J. Dey. "AUSTRALIA'S CARBON FOOTPRINT." Economic Systems Research 21, no. 3 (September 2009): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535310903541397.
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ZHANG, Ruiying. "Analysis and Calculation of Tourist Carbon Footprints — A Case Study of Hebei Yesanpo Scenic Area." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, no. 01 (June 2014): 1450009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500092.
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The National Tourism Conference in 2010 strongly promoted the concept of energy conservation and emission reduction in the tourism industry. Since then, low carbon travel has been the new direction in tourism industry. Great concern has been put on energy conservation and emission reduction of tourism related elements, such as hotels, transportations, tourist attractions, and most importantly, the tourists themselves. The quantitative assessment of tourist carbon footprint is the key topic. This research uses Yesanpo scenic area as the example and conducts the comparison and calculation of tourist carbon footprint from different places, attempts to organize different ideas on ways to analyze tourist carbon footprints, constructs a calculation and assessment model, analyzes and measures the levels of tourist carbon footprints from diverse modes of travel, origins, and purchasing power. This research has developed a system for quantitative assessment of tourist carbon footprints, with the hope of strengthening the theories and methods on low-carbon travel.
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Leurent, Fabien. "From Food to Foot: The Energy and Carbon Flows of the Human Body at Walking and Cycling." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2203025.
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The carbon footprint of motorized transport modes per unit length traveled encompasses the unit share of the vehicle lifetime emissions, that of the transport infrastructure, and those of the motor energy, considered both from “well to tank” and from “tank to wheel”. In the active modes of transport, i.e., walking and cycling, the counterpart of motor energy is human energy, which is associated with two kinds of carbon flows: the carbon footprint of food intake, – which we call the Food to Body component – and the carbon dioxide emissions of respiration – say the Body to Foot component. In this article, we provide a model in simple mathematical form to assess those carbon flows per unit length. It involves the modal speed in (i) the Metabolic Equivalent of the Task (MET) which gives rise to the energy and carbon flows, and (ii) the ratio of time spent to length travelled. The two influences of speed onto a modal carbon footprint combine in the net MET per unit length, with some compensation. The carbon footprint of food intake varies widely depending on the food diet of individuals. In a numerical study, the Food to Foot carbon emission of walking, cycling, e-scooter riding, and driving a car are estimated and compared to the rest of modal carbon footprint. Under conditions typical of France in the 2010s based on the average food diet and low carbon intensity of electricity, the inclusion of F2F in modal footprints changes the ranking of the modes according to the carbon footprint per unit length.
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Blaustein-Rejto, Daniel, Nicole Soltis, and Linus Blomqvist. "Carbon opportunity cost increases carbon footprint advantage of grain-finished beef." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): e0295035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295035.
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Beef production accounts for the largest share of global livestock greenhouse gas emissions and is an important target for climate mitigation efforts. Most life-cycle assessments comparing the carbon footprint of beef production systems have been limited to production emissions. None also consider potential carbon sequestration due to grazing and alternate uses of land used for production. We assess the carbon footprint of 100 beef production systems in 16 countries, including production emissions, soil carbon sequestration from grazing, and carbon opportunity cost—the potential carbon sequestration that could occur on land if it were not used for production. We conduct a pairwise comparison of pasture-finished operations in which cattle almost exclusively consume grasses and forage, and grain-finished operations in which cattle are first grazed and then fed a grain-based diet. We find that pasture-finished operations have 20% higher production emissions and 42% higher carbon footprint than grain-finished systems. We also find that more land-intensive operations generally have higher carbon footprints. Regression analysis indicates that a 10% increase in land-use intensity is associated with a 4.8% increase in production emissions, but a 9.0% increase in carbon footprint, including production emissions, soil carbon sequestration and carbon opportunity cost. The carbon opportunity cost of operations was, on average, 130% larger than production emissions. These results point to the importance of accounting for carbon opportunity cost in assessing the sustainability of beef production systems and developing climate mitigation strategies.
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Nandy, S. N. "Differential Carbon Footprint in India – An Economic Perspective." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2023): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v2i1.53119.
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It is a matter of apprehension that wealthy countries are contributing huge to global emission and more responsible for producing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. There is direct intervention of economic activities like industrialization, urbanization and infrastructure development over carbon footprint across the world and economically developed nations tend to have higher footprints as compared to less developed countries. India, the second largest populous nation is facing dual challenges, one hand, the need to fulfill the energy requirement for development and on the other hand, the global climate challenge. The country is third largest emitter of CO2 and fifth largest economy by nominal GDP in the world. But its per capita emission is much lower than that of developed countries and even it is below the average per capita emission of many developing countries. The present paper is an attempt to map the carbon footprints across the country in respect to the economic status. The paper reveals that there exist huge disparities of economic resources and developmental activities, and based on these the carbon footprint is also varied widely. The footprint is significantly high in developed and urbanized states across the country. Economically developed western and southern part emits more than the underdeveloped region of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha. A correlation has been drawn to map the carbon footprint per capita in respect to poverty ratio and a negative relationship exists among most of the districts, as higher carbon footprint has been reported in the lower poverty stricken districts. The overall low per-capita carbon footprint of the country is due to its huge population is living with nominal amount of energy. The fossil fuel is the major source of energy in the country and for equitable economic development, the huge energy is needed. Hence, to meet the global climate challenge, the country can accomplish the energy requirement by reducing emission of conventional sources and look forward for renewable energy resources, so that the development should not be hindered.
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Jadhav, Prof Balasaheb. "Mobile based-Carbon Footprint Calculator and Analyzer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 2211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54012.
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Abstract: In 21st century, the percentage of anthropogenic activities is increasing. Leading to various adverse effects on environment causing problems like Climate change, global warming and many more. One of the major pollutants for these problems is CO2. Variety of factors are responsible for CO2 emissions. Several carbon footprint calculators have emerged but users are inactive. The use of such technology has to be increased for environment conscious behaviour by providing proper analysis and suggestions to users. Our application ‘C- Impressions’ track daily emissions and provide suggestions for improvement, its interface is very simple and easy to use making it more interestingand interactive for the user. The app not only computes carbon footprints but also offers users tailored suggestions for lowering their carbon footprint. These suggestions can be to cut back on energy use, choose for environmentally friendly modes of transportation, or cut back on food waste. The software will also enable users to monitor their development over time and assess how their carbon footprint compares to others. A crucial worldwide concern that calls for immediate and ongoing action is climate change. Promoting sustainable behaviour among people through technologies like carbon footprint apps is one way to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study intends to evaluate how well a carbon footprint app encourages consumers to adopt sustainable behaviour.
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LORENZO QUIJADA, RAUL, SEBASTIAN OVIDIO PEREZ BAEZ, ALEJANDRO RAMOS MARTIN, BEATRIZ DEL RIO GAMERO, and JENIFER VASWANI. "EVALUATION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT IN THE TREATMENT OF URBAN WASTEWATER IN THE CANARY ISLANDS (SPAIN)." DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD 13, no. 1 (May 3, 2024): [20P.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es11146.
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ABSTRACT: Wastewater treatment plants play an important role within the urban water cycle to prevent the natural water environment and human health from being negatively affected by human activities. However, wastewater treatment processes, such as effluent discharge and indirect emissions resulting from energy or chemical production, also negatively affect the environment. Footprints have been used to track human influence on the environment in different areas of interest and have been applied to assess the sustainability of wastewater treatment plants. In this article, a comprehensive review of footprint assessment was investigated to evaluate the wastewater treatment process in wastewater treatment plants. The review showed that carbon footprinting was used to assess the sustainability of WWTPs, and that other footprint assessment applications (such as nitrogen and phosphorus footprinting) were also introduced to assess eutrophication of water bodies. To promote the application of footprint assessment, this article regulates the study objectives, frameworks, system boundaries, data processing methods, and the resulting interpretation process. The pros and cons of the footprint assessments were discussed and investigated in detail, examining the CO2 production on each island of the Canary archipelago, and several suggestions were proposed to improve the footprint assessments. Analysis of footprint assessments at different wastewater treatment plants revealed that wastewater treatment technologies and scales had a significant impact on footprints. Furthermore, research hotspots identified using a keyword network diagram showed that the water-carbon-energy nexus was a promising direction for future studies. The purpose of the study is to improve the reduction of the carbon footprint both at the level of direct and indirect emissions factors using new tools and methodologies. Key Words: Footprint; Waste water; Canary Islands
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Mancini, Maria Serena, Alessandro Galli, Valentina Niccolucci, David Lin, Simone Bastianoni, Mathis Wackernagel, and Nadia Marchettini. "Ecological Footprint: Refining the carbon Footprint calculation." Ecological Indicators 61 (February 2016): 390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.040.
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Chorazy, Tomáš, Petr Hlavínek, Jakub Raček, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Šárka Keprdová, and Zdeněk Dufek. "Comparison of Trenchless and Excavation Technologies in the Restoration of a Sewage Network and Their Carbon Footprints." Resources 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources13010012.
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The restoration of aging sewer networks is a fundamental remediation approach with the aim of renewing or improving existing systems. Remediation methods include repair, renovation, and replacement (renewal). The restoration of a sewer network itself can be performed using either excavation or trenchless technologies. While these technologies offer various advantages, they also present disadvantages. The choice of a restoration technology depends on numerous parameters, including economic factors and local conditions (such as the construction of the existing sewage network, available working space, traffic load, and environmental safety restrictions). In addition to the parameters influencing the choice of restoration technology, recent considerations have been given to constraints related to greenhouse gas emissions and the corresponding carbon footprint. Carbon footprint serves as an indicator of the restoration activity’s dependence on fossil fuels, both during implementation and operation. In the 21st century, concerns regarding carbon footprints have rapidly escalated. The reduction in carbon footprints is a crucial objective from both an economic and an ecological point of view. This article specifically addresses the prospects of monitoring the carbon footprint concerning the partial restoration of a sewer network within the historical core of the city of Brno, located in the Czech Republic. This aspect constitutes the unique and innovative contribution of the paper. The intensity of the energy demand of excavation and trenchless technologies is utilized as a direct measure of the carbon footprint of each technology. The comparative assessment demonstrates that the trenchless technology used achieves a reduction of 59.2% in CO2 emissions compared to the excavation technology. The carbon footprint of Variant 1 (trenchless technology) is 9.91 t CO2 eq., while the carbon footprint of Variant 2 (excavation technology) is 24.29 t CO2 eq. The restoration of open pipelines produces more emissions due to the higher energy consumption, making it more expensive in terms of fuel costs, waste disposal costs, and the corresponding environmental hazards.
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Kim, Junbeum, and Sungwoong Hong. "Carbon, Particulate Matter, and Heavy Metal Human Toxicity Footprint of IoT-based Micro Electric Vehicle (EV) Sharing for Urban Mobility." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.4.131.
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Purpose : The purpose of this study is to calculate and compare carbon footprint, particulate matter footprint, and heavy metal human toxicity footprint with operation data of IoT-based Micro Electric Vehicle (EV) Sharing for Urban Mobility, which was conducted in Chungbuk Innovation City (Jinchen Ducksaneup, Eumsung Mangdongmyun), Ochangeup (Cheongju), Osongeup(Cheongju) as a MOLIT Smart City Challenge Project, with petrol and diesel vehicles.Methods : In the assessment area, ten new Micro Electric Vehicles were used within the ‘TAYOU’ platform, which is an IoT-based micro electric vehicle sharing platform for smart mobility. These vehicles were operated for two months (1,021 times and 1,996 km). Data including vehicle numbers, charging start and end times, operating durations, return times, distances traveled (km), user information (name, driver's license, telephone number), and more were collected. Using this data, the carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metal human toxicity footprint were calculated and compared with those of petrol and diesel vehicles.Results and Discussion : The carbon footprints were 188.74 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eqv., 409.67 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eqv., 389.55 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eqv., in IoT-based Micro Electric Vehicle (EV), and petrol and diesel vehicle, respectively. The particulate matter footprint was 263.36 gPM<sub>2.5</sub> eqv., 21.37 gPM<sub>2.5</sub> eqv., and 439.47 gPM<sub>2.5</sub> eqv., respectively. The heavy metal human toxicity footprint was calculated at 0.029 g1.4 DCB eqv., 8.26 g1.4 DCB eqv., and 7.42 g1.4 DCB eqv., respectively; even though the pilot project was completed in just two months, the results showed a meaningful reduction in carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metals. If the service system can be extended, we can expect a more significant decrease in all environmental footprints. In the transition period from petrol and diesel vehicles to electric vehicles for carbon neutrality in road transportation systems, these results showed that electric vehicles can contribute significantly to reducing carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metals.Result : Carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metals reduction efforts are continuously needed in transportation. This study calculated and compared carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metal human toxicity footprints with electric, petrol, and diesel vehicles. As a result, in the future, this new small electric mobility (“TAYOU” Smart mobility vehicle) sharing service system can support and contribute to reducing carbon, particulate matter, and heavy metals emissions and footprints.
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Gu, Lei, Yufeng Zhou, Tingting Mei, Guomo Zhou, and Lin Xu. "Carbon Footprint Analysis of Bamboo Scrimber Flooring—Implications for Carbon Sequestration of Bamboo Forests and Its Products." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010051.
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Bamboo forest is characterized by large carbon sequestration capability and it plays an important role in mitigating climate change and global carbon cycling. Previous studies have mostly focused on carbon cycling and carbon stocks in bamboo forest ecosystems, whereas the carbon footprints of bamboo products have not received attention. China is the largest exporting country of bamboo flooring in the world. Estimating the carbon footprint of bamboo flooring is of essential importance for the involved enterprises and consumers to evaluate their own carbon footprints. In this study, we investigated the production processes of bamboo scrimber flooring for outdoor use, a typical bamboo flooring in China. Based on business-to-business (B2B) evaluation method, we assessed CO2 emission and carbon transfer ratio in each step of the production process, including transporting bamboo culms and producing and packing the products. We found that to produce 1 m3 of bamboo scrimber flooring, direct carbon emissions from fossil fuels during transporting raw materials/semi-finished products, from power consumptions during production, and indirect emissions from applying additives were 30.94 kg CO2 eq, 143.37 kg CO2 eq, and 78.34 kg CO2 eq, respectively. After subtracting the 267.54 kg CO2 eq carbon stocks in the product from the 252.65 kg CO2 eq carbon emissions derived within the defined boundary, we found that the carbon footprint of 1 m3 bamboo scrimber flooring was −14.89 kg CO2 eq. Our results indicated that the bamboo scrimber flooring is a negative carbon-emission product. Finally, we discussed factors that influence the carbon footprint of the bamboo flooring and gave suggestions on carbon emission reduction during production processes. This study provided a scientific basis for estimating carbon stocks and carbon footprints of bamboo products and further expanded knowledge on carbon cycling and lifespan of carbon in the bamboo forest ecosystem.
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Gormaz, Teresita, Sandra Cortés, Ornella Tiboni-Oschilewski, and Gerardo Weisstaub. "The Chilean Diet: Is It Sustainable?" Nutrients 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153103.
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Food systems are one of the main contributors to climate change. Sustainable diets are one strategy to mitigate climate change. Assessments and estimations at a national level are lacking, especially in the Global South, probably due to a lack of national surveys of food consumption and a limited interest in sustainable diets information. The objective of this study is to estimate and describe the carbon and water footprint of the Chilean population’s diet in an overall estimation desegregated by region, age, sex, socioeconomic level and their main characterizations. This study is based on a secondary data analysis from the National Survey of Food Consumption made in 2010. The carbon and water footprint of the food subgroups/person/day were estimated. The results are compared by sex, age group, socioeconomic level, and macro zone. A carbon footprint of 4.67 kg CO2eq and a water footprint of 4177 L, both per person/day, were obtained. Animal-sourced foods, such as dairy and red meat, were responsible for 60.5% of the total carbon footprint and 52.6% of the water footprint. The highest values for both footprints were found in the following groups: men, adolescents, young adults, people with a higher socioeconomic level, and residents in the southern area of the country. The carbon footprint and water footprint values in Chile generated by food consumption would be above the world averages. Transforming the Chilean food system into a more sustainable one with changes in eating patterns is urgently required to attain this transformation.
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Krasnoyarova, Bella A., Anton E. Nazarenko, Tatyana G. Plutalova, and Sofya N. Sharabarina. "Features of Assessment the Carbon Footprint in Agriculture: Comparative Analysis of Methodological Approaches." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2024-1-76-88.
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The study of the components of the carbon balance and the possibilities of its regulation for different types of land use is an urgent scientific task within the framework of the global problem of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the development of the concept of carbon neutrality. In this article, an assessment of the carbon footprint of the farm was carried out based on an analysis of the capabilities of carbon calculators Cool Farm Tool, AgRe-Calc, Farm Carbon and Ex-Act V9.4, as well as the Methodology for quantitative determination of greenhouse gas absorption volumes, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 371 dated 05/27/2022. Calculations were carried out using the example of the farm located in the Burlinsky region of the Altai region. The results of the study showed that the largest carbon footprint of the considered farm is formed by the cultivation of flax, somewhat smaller by sun-flower and wheat crops, and the lowest by fodder crops. Differences in estimates based on different methods are recorded not only in the resulting total carbon footprints, but also in the structure of the carbon footprint for each crop. In general, in Russia and abroad there are different approaches to determining the carbon footprint. The approach used in carbon calculators assumes that all carbon generated in one way or another during economic activity forms a carbon footprint, while the 2022 methodology of the Ministry of Natural Resources also takes agriculture into account as an important sink and carbon reservoir.
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Purwanto, Agus, Syafrudin Syafrudin, and Sunarsih Sunarsih. "Carbon Footprint from Settlement Activities: A Literature Review." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912502001.
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One of the causes of increasing greenhouse gases is the increase in CO2 emissions produced from both the industrial sector, transportation sector, and settlement sector. The settlement sector also contributes to CO2 emissions based on household activities. Research on carbon footprint from settlement activities is currently focusing on carbon footprints from household energy use both electricity and heat energy for cooking and have not taken into account the activities of vehicle fuel use, domestic waste, and water consumption. This paper aims to conduct a literature study on matters relating to the method of estimating the carbon footprint of settlement activities and influencing variables. The results of this study are a framework for estimating the more comprehensive carbon footprint of housing activities by adding private vehicle fuel consumption, waste generation, and water consumption in addition to the use of fuel for cooking and electricity use.
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Mohammad, Mohammad, Mota Harshavardhan Reddy, and Mohamed Tharik. "Survey Paper About Carbon Footprint." Journal of Cognitive Human-Computer Interaction 6, no. 1 (2023): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jchci.060104.
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The aim of this proof of concept is to develop a framework to trace the carbon footprints emitted by fossil fuels during power generation. The framework will utilize a life cycle assessment approach to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with each stage of the power generation process, from raw material (fuel) extraction to power delivery. The proof of concept will focus on the use of coal and natural gas, which are the most widely used fossil fuels in power generation.The data collected from sources is used to create model which can help us to estimate the amount of carbon footprint generated from different types of power plants like coal-fired power plants and natural gas-fired power plants.The results of this proof of concept are analyzed to identify areas where we can reduce the greenhouse gas emission and also to develop and deploy strategies to transition to cleaner sustainable energy sources.Overall, this concept will provide a valuable tool for energy policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions about reducing carbon footprints from fossil fuel power generation
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Liu, Wei, and Qingcheng Huang. "Research on Carbon Footprint Accounting in the Materialization Stage of Prefabricated Housing Based on DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC." Applied Sciences 13, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 13148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132413148.
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This work employs the carbon emission factor method to offer real-world instances for carbon footprint accounting, allowing for a thorough analysis of the carbon footprint and important influencing elements throughout the materialization stage of prefabricated housing. To identify the 18 important influencing factors that need to be examined from the five stages of building material production, conveyance of building materials, component manufacturing, component transportation, and building, this paper applies the DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory–Interpretive Structure Modeling–Cross-Influence Matrix Multiplication) model based on data quantification. Following the findings, the case project’s physical phase generated a carbon footprint of approximately 4.68 × 106 kg CO2. The building materials’ production and processing phase contributed the highest carbon footprint of the entire physical phase, totaling 4,005,935.99 kg CO2, or 88.24% of the total carbon footprint. To determine the centrality and causality of the influencing factors, four major influencing factors—energy consumption of raw materials (S4), construction planning and organization (S15), transportation energy type (S6), and waste disposal (S2)—were identified using the DEMATEL approach. The influencing factor system hierarchy was divided into six levels using the ISM technique. Level L6, which comprises one influencing factor for organizing and planning, is construction planning and organization (S15). Utilizing the MICMAC technique, it was possible to identify the energy consumption of raw materials (S4) as the primary cause of the materialization phase of built dwellings’ carbon footprint. The building material production phases have the largest influence on carbon footprints, according to both case accounting and modeling research. The study’s findings can offer some conceptual guidance for the creation of low-carbon emission reduction schemes.
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Rao, Guang Ming, and Yong Wang. "Analysis on Chongqing’s Carbon Balance Based on Carbon Footprints." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1813.
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Chongqing’s carbon balance based on carbon footprints is analyzed, which is defined CO2 emitted by human activities equal to CO2 absorbed by carbon sinks and carbon footprints elimination. On the basis of carbon balance calculation with indicators of measurement of CO2 emissions, conversion from CO2 to carbon footprint and rate of carbon neutral by CO2 sinks of forestation and greening, it is found that Chongqing’s carbon footprints grew from 5.0141 Mghas in 1997 to 10.2973 Mghas in 2009 with rate of about 6 per cent yearly, in which carbon footprints from fossil-fuels-combustion overwhelmingly increased from 50.3 per cent in 1997 to 79.48 per cent in 2009; and the gap exists in Chongqing’s carbon balance with being widen from 3.3271 Mghas in 1997 to 7.4133 Mghas in 2009, with enlargement rate of 1.809 per cent yearly.
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CAIRD, SALLY, and ROBIN ROY. "HOUSEHOLD ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS — DEMOGRAPHICS AND SUSTAINABILITY." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 08, no. 04 (December 2006): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333206002591.
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How do demographic factors influence the environmental impacts of households? A major two year study used the ecological footprint technique to measure the environmental impacts of over 1000 UK households. Energy and transport were the biggest contributors to the 'footprint' of households. Rural, and adult households and households with few members had significantly larger per capita ecological footprints than urban/suburban households, households with children and households with several members. Although 11% of these UK households could be regarded as environmentally sustainable, the majority would require a reduction of 60% in ecological footprint to achieve a globally sustainable footprint per person. Consideration is given to the policy implications of demographic influences on household ecological footprints, including personal carbon allowances and house planning and design.
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JOUR, PIA, KARIN HALLDÉN, and EVA WACKERBERG. "Life cycle assessment of ECF bleaching sequences with ocus on carbon footprint." January 2015 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.1.17.
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This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp production in Brazil. The entire production system was investigated, starting with forestry and ending with bleached pulp at the gate of the pulp mill. Alternative bleaching sequences were compared for three different scenarios using somewhat different elemental chlorine-free (ECF) sequences: Dhot(EPO)DD, Dhot(EPO)DP, and aZeDP. The main difference between the scenarios investigated was the magnitude of the carbon footprint contribution from bleaching. For the base case and chemical island scenarios (both reflecting Brazilian conditions), the contribution was 15%-18% of the total carbon footprint. For the ecoinvent scenario, the corresponding share was 34%-41%. The ecoinvent scenario represents generic LCA data for bleaching chemicals. Ecoinvent is a public database commonly included in commercial LCA software. For each scenario, the alternative bleaching sequences studied resulted in similar carbon footprints of the bleached pulp. A comparison of the data from the different scenarios showed a large range of carbon footprints for the chemicals used for pulp bleaching. It is crucial to select data sets that are relevant in terms of geography and technology. The most dominant contributors to the carbon footprint of the unbleached pulp were forestry and pulp production. Although the focus has been on carbon footprints, the contributions to other environmental effects commonly included in LCAs were also assessed and only minor differences between the alternative bleaching sequences were found.
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Tellnes, Lars G. F., Gry Alfredsen, Per Otto Flæte, and Lone Ross Gobakken. "Effect of service life aspects on carbon footprint: a comparison of wood decking products." Holzforschung 74, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0055.
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AbstractCarbon footprint over the life cycle is one of the most common environmental performance indicators. In recent years, several wood material producers have published environmental product declarations (EPDs) according to the EN 15804, which makes it possible to compare the carbon footprint of product alternatives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of service life aspects by comparing the carbon footprint of treated wood decking products with similar performance expectations. The results showed that the modified wood products had substantially larger carbon footprints during manufacturing than preservative-treated decking materials. Replacement of modified wood during service life creates a huge impact on life cycle carbon footprint, while maintenance with oil provided a large contribution for preservative-treated decking. Hence, service life and maintenance intervals are crucial for the performance ranking between products. The methodological issues to be aware of are: how the functional unit specifies the key performance requirements for the installed product, and whether full replacement is the best modeling option in cases where the decking installation is close to the end of the required service life.
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Rizan, Chantelle, Rob Lillywhite, Malcolm Reed, and Mahmood F. Bhutta. "Minimising carbon and financial costs of steam sterilisation and packaging of reusable surgical instruments." British Journal of Surgery 109, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znab406.
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Abstract Background The aim of this study was to estimate the carbon footprint and financial cost of decontaminating (steam sterilization) and packaging reusable surgical instruments, indicating how that burden might be reduced, enabling surgeons to drive action towards net-zero-carbon surgery. Methods Carbon footprints were estimated using activity data and prospective machine-loading audit data at a typical UK in-hospital sterilization unit, with instruments wrapped individually in flexible pouches, or prepared as sets housed in single-use tray wraps or reusable rigid containers. Modelling was used to determine the impact of alternative machine loading, opening instruments during the operation, streamlining sets, use of alternative energy sources for decontamination, and alternative waste streams. Results The carbon footprint of decontaminating and packaging instruments was lowest when instruments were part of sets (66–77 g CO2e per instrument), with a two- to three-fold increase when instruments were wrapped individually (189 g CO2e per instrument). Where 10 or fewer instruments were required for the operation, obtaining individually wrapped items was preferable to opening another set. The carbon footprint was determined significantly by machine loading and the number of instruments per machine slot. Carbon and financial costs increased with streamlining sets. High-temperature incineration of waste increased the carbon footprint of single-use packaging by 33–55 per cent, whereas recycling reduced this by 6–10 per cent. The absolute carbon footprint was dependent on the energy source used, but this did not alter the optimal processes to minimize that footprint. Conclusion Carbon and financial savings can be made by preparing instruments as part of sets, integrating individually wrapped instruments into sets rather than streamlining them, efficient machine loading, and using low-carbon energy sources alongside recycling.
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Piffoux, Max, Aurélie Cabannes-Hamy, Hajer Ben Souda, Olivier Hermine, and Caroline Besson. "Should the Carbon Footprint of Care be Taken into Account When Choosing a Treatment for Lymphoma? a Case Application on Mantle Cell Lymphoma." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-188890.
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OBJECTIVE While climate change represents the greatest threat of the current century on human health, the carbon footprint of the healthcare sector represents 7-10% of occidental countries green house gas (GHG) emissions. Purchases, mostly of drugs and medical devices, represent about 50% of emissions. Oncology and hematology are suspected to be particularly carbon intensive, as they require long term and frequent consumption of healthcare resources. Here, we estimate the carbon footprint associated with different therapeutic strategies (including chemo-free or high dose chemotherapy) in patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) and discuss their future health impacts. METHODS Standard immunochemotherapy based versus chemo-free strategies were compared both in 1) the ≤65 years old/fit and 2) in the >65 years old/unfit populations. Namely, we compared 1) immunochemotherapy induction (rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and a platinum derivative) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation and 3-year rituximab maintenance (LyMa) to obinituzumab, ibrutinib, venetoclax combination (OIV), and 2) rituximab, bendamustine combination (RB) to rituximab, ibrutinib combination (RI). These treatment schemes were considered to have similar clinical efficacy in each sub-group of patients. Carbon footprints were estimated by considering drugs, medical devices, hospital stays, car journeys, medical biology and imaging consumption in the French context. Drug specific method (including production, packaging and transport with or without R&D, sales, general and administrative costs), and non-drug specific methods using mean emission factors based on their costs (kgCO2eq/€ from the French Environment Agency (ADEME) and the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) models) were applied to estimate drug carbon footprints and were compared in a sensitivity analysis. Carbon footprints were translated into future disability adjusted life years (DALY, a metric similar to quality adjusted life years QALY) expected to be lost in the future using the ReCiPe 2016 model. RESULTS The carbon footprint of each therapeutic strategy varied from 6.6 to 69.1 tCO2eq. In each, >70% of the total carbon footprint was related to drug purchase. A larger fraction (10-70%) of the carbon footprint of biotherapies (rituximab, obinituzumab) and low-cost small molecules (cotrimoxazole, valaciclovir) is related to their production while it is smaller (<10%) for high-cost small molecules (ibrutinib, venetoclax) that require higher R&D, sales, general and administrative costs. In the ≤65 years old/fit population, treating a patient with LyMa leads to the emission of 16.8 tCO2eq corresponding to an estimated 0.21 [95%CI 0.08-0.51] induced DALY. Treating a patient with OIV for 5 years leads to the emission of 69.1 t CO2eq (0.86 [0.35-2.09] DALY) whereas stopping the treatment at 2 years leads to the emission of 36.6 tCO2eq (0.46 [0.19-1.11] DALY). In the >65 years old/unfit population, treating a patient with RB leads to the emission of 6.6 tCO2eq (0.08 [0.03-0.2] DALY) while treating a patient with RI for 5 years leads to the emission of 41.1 tCO2eq (0.51 [0.21-1.25] DALY) whereas stopping the treatment at 2 years leads to the emission of 22.7 tCO2eq (0.28 [0.12-0.69] DALY). These estimates have to be taken with caution, as they are highly dependent on the method chosen. Using non-drug specific ADEME or USEEIO mean emission factors increase the carbon footprint of 2 year OIV from 36.6 tCO2eq to 164 tCO2eq and 313 tCO2eq, respectively. On the contrary, only accounting for drug production, packaging and transport diminishes its carbon footprint to 10.8 tCO2eq. Detailed discussion on the models, on the impact of R&D and on the use of generic/biosimilar drugs will be provided at the congress. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of patients with MCL is associated with a significant carbon footprint. Integrating their carbon footprint in the therapeutic decisions (such as length of treatment) could lead to significant decreases in carbon emissions that could translate into less health damages to future generations. Drug specific carbon accounting methods seem more adapted than nonspecific ones to estimate the carbon footprint of high cost drugs . Future research is required to determine more precisely the carbon footprint of drugs and therapeutic strategies in patients with hematological malignancies.
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Masud, Rony, and Jihan Binte Enam. "Consideration of the impact of the transition from a cash crop economy on the carbon footprint." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 4(72) (August 23, 2023): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.286236.
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The object of the study is the carbon footprint (CO2), which is skyrocketing despite augmented awareness of this issue and a growing willingness to act. The effects of climate change have recently become more severe and have garnered international attention. Recent discussion has focused on carbon footprint as one of the most urgent global issues facing all nations. The tradeoff between carbon footprint and economic growth for credible climate change measures is still understudied in terms of rigorous economic causal analysis. To comprehend the magnitude and speed of the transition away from an agricultural-based economy, it is necessary to quantify and compare the levels of carbon footprint associated with the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors of the country. In order to understand each economic sector's individual contributions to the overall carbon footprint and to assess the relationship between level of economic diversification and the levels of emissions, first identify the main factors and forces that have an impact on each sector's carbon footprint and then consider how the country's transition away from an agricultural-based economy has affected emissions in other economic sectors. This study investigates the impact of the economy's transition away from cash crops on carbon footprint, analyzes the conversion-affecting variables, and quantifies the significance applying the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), and then regress the model. It is found that there is an inverted U-shaped pattern in the association between carbon footprint and each of industry, service, and manufacturing value added; agriculture, however, shows insignificant inverted U-shaped pattern. In addition, we discovered that every dependent variable – aside from the GDP contribution of agriculture – has a positive correlation with carbon footprint. Analysis revealed that improving agriculture results in lower carbon dioxide emissions. While the economic contributions of agriculture are more environmentally friendly, those of industry, services, and manufacturing leave carbon footprints behind to achieve sustainability, agricultural policy subsidies and deregulation may function as driving factors for the expansion of the cash crop economy. On the one hand, tax policy may be an effective instrument for boosting low-carbon energy consumption in the sector. It is presumptive that environmental phenomena, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and flues, have not had a significant impact on the economy. This article is pertinent to the nations now dealing with significant environmental problems.
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Garzillo, Josefa Maria Fellegger, Vanessa Fadanelli Schoenardie Poli, Fernanda Helena Marrocos Leite, Euridice Martinez Steele, Priscila Pereira Machado, Maria Laura da Costa Louzada, Renata Bertazzi Levy, and Carlos Augusto Monteiro. "Ultra-processed food intake and diet carbon and water footprints: a national study in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 56 (February 18, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004551.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To study the association between ultra-processed food consumption and carbon and water footprints of the Brazilian diet. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis on data collected in 2008-9 on a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population aged ≥ 10 years (n = 32,886). Individual food intake was assessed using two food records. The environmental impact of individual diets was calculated by multiplying the amount of each food by coefficients that quantify the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (carbon footprint) and freshwater use in liters (water footprint), both per gram or milliliter of food. The two coefficients consider the food life cycle ‘from farm to fork.’ Crude and adjusted linear regression models and tests for linear trends assessed the association between the ultra-processed food contribution to total energy intake (quintiles) and the diet carbon and water footprints. Potential confounders included age, sex, education, income, and region. Total energy intake was assessed as a potential mediation variable. RESULTS: In the crude models, the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was linearly associated with the carbon and water footprints of the Brazilian diet. After adjustment for potential confounders, the association remained significant only regarding the diet water footprint, which increased by 10.1% between the lowest and highest quintile of the contribution of ultra-processed foods. Additional adjustment for total energy intake eliminated this association indicating that the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods increases the diet water footprint by increasing energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: The negative impact of ultra-processed foods on the diet water footprint, shown for the first time in this study, adds to the negative impacts of these foods, already demonstrated regarding dietary nutrient profiles and the risk for several chronic non-communicable diseases. This reinforces the recommendation to avoid ultra-processed foods made in the official Brazilian Dietary Guidelines and increasingly in dietary guidelines of other countries.
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Liobikienė, Genovaitė, and Jānis Brizga. "Sustainable Consumption in the Baltic States: The Carbon Footprint in the Household Sector." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031567.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable consumption is one of the main aspects while implementing sustainable development goals. The main feature of sustainable consumption is the reduction of environmental impact. Thus, it is vital to understand and evaluate the environmental impact caused by consumption. In this paper, carbon footprint analyses of the Baltic States for the period of 2000–2019 were used to study sustainable consumption and pro-environmental behavior development. The results show not only how carbon footprint changes in different consumption categories (e.g., mobility, housing, food, and services), but whether it is related to changes in pro-environmental behavior as the promotion of sustainable consumption is crucial to reduce the consumption-based carbon footprint. The results from multi-regional input-output analyses show that in the Baltic States 62–71% of all the household carbon footprint is attributed to the three main consumption categories—transport, food, and housing. These categories are also responsible for 53–56% of the household expenditure. Consequently, changes in our mobility, food consumption, and housing management practices can significantly reduce the household environmental impacts. However, to minimize carbon footprints, behavioral changes are not enough; structural changes in the agro-food, housing, energy, and transport systems are also needed.