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Garlińska, Urszula, Marta Iwańska, Robert Śliwiński, and Paweł Florek. "The Role of Smoke Detectors and Carbon Monoxide Detectors in the Fire Safety of Residential Buildings." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.8.
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Purpose: The aim of this publication is to present the most important aspects of using smoke and carbon monoxide detectors intended for households or similar residential facilities as well as to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of the adopted system solutions that affect the number of detectors installed in this kind of buildings. The article aims to present the issues related to the Integrated Qualifications System (ZSK), i.e. newly developed market qualification, dedicated to installers and maintenance technicians of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Introduction: Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors for early detection of existing threats such as fires or escaping carbon monoxide are an important element of fire protection, dedicated primarily to owners of residential buildings. In many countries in the EU it is obligatory to install detectors in homes, whereas at the moment in Poland the only aspect regulated legally is the obligation of the manufacturer of these products to obtain a certificate. Since 2016, the ZSK has been operating in Poland, in which in 2019 the qualifications of installers/maintenance technicians of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors were distinguished. As a result, a person with a market qualification certificate is prepared for independent installation and maintenance of fire safety monitoring devices Methodology: As part of the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, general- ization, inference, comparison and analogy. As part of the research, documents from such countries as Poland, Great Britain (mainly England), Germany and France were analysed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of these systems in a given country and the availability of source documents Conclusions: The presented analysis of the requirements for the installation of the smoke and carbon monoxide detectors shows how different the ap- proach is regarding the use of this type of devices. Depending on experiences and the administrative structure of a given country, a variety of regulations, whether legal or normative, can be discerned in the use of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. ZSK is a well-described system of formal organization and classification of competences and offers the public services at the highest possible quality level. It is also a partial solution to the problem of installing detectors. However, it is necessary to regulate this issue from the legal level, as it was the case in other EU countries, where the installation of detectors in homes is obligatory. Such action will contribute to reducing the victims of fires or inhalation of toxic gases (carbon monoxide) Keywords: Integrated Qualifications System (ZSK), smoke alarm detector, electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, residential buildings Type of article: review article
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Jevtić, Radoje, and Milan Blagojević. "Installation of carbon monoxide detectors." Tehnika 74, no. 1 (2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1901152j.
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Petroianu, Georg, Wolfgang Maleck, Wolfgang Bergler, and Roderich Ruefer. "Carbon Monoxide and Nonquantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043120.
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AbstractIntroduction:The capnometric demonstration of end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) is a reliable method of differentiating between a correct endotracheal tube position and an accidental misplacement of the tube into the esophagus. Recently, several CO2 detectors have been introduced for monitoring end-tidal CO2 in the “out-of-hospital” setting, where quantitative capnometry with capnography is not yet available.Hypothesis:These devices are not influenced by carbon monoxide (CO) present in lethal concentration.Methods:A heated (37°C) 2.3 L reservoir bag filled one-third full with water (representing the stomach in esophageal misintubation) was machine ventilated (tidal volume: 450 ml; frequency: 16/min) with the following mixtures for three minutes each: 1) 95% O2, 5% CO; 2) 45% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O; and 3) 44% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O, 1% halothane. The presence of end-tidal CO2 was monitored with each of the following devices: 1) MiniCAP™ III CO2 Detector; 2) StatCAP™ CO2 Detector; 3) EasyCAP™ CO2 Detector; PediCAP™ CO2 Detector; and 5) Colibri™ CO2 Detector.Results:In none of the cases was the presence of CO2 signaled by the detector.Conclusion:The presence of 5% CO does not interfere with infrared spectrometry detection (MiniCAP™ and StatCAP™) or chemical detection (EasyCAP™, PediCAP™, and Colibri™) of CO2. The devices can be used safely in patients with CO poisoning for monitoring of endotracheal tube position.
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Pollack-Nelson, Carol. "Differentiated Alarms for Carbon Monoxide Detectors." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 16 (October 1996): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001613.
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Carbon monoxide detectors with differentiated (e.g., dual-signal) alarms were recently introduced to the home market. Public hearings held earlier this year by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission debated the value of dual-signal versus single alarm detectors. Several issues relevant to this topic include: (1) vulnerable populations who would benefit from early warning alarms; (2) human capability to distinguish between dual-signal alarm sounds; and (3) burden to first responders. Each of these factors and relevant research is discussed.
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Leikin, Jerrold B. "Carbon monoxide detectors and emergency physicians." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 1 (January 1996): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(96)90025-x.
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rajendra rao shinde, Rajshree, Shruti Sable, Kartik masalkar, Harshad Gaulker, Shailesh nardwar, Tejashri shinde, and J. B. fulzale. "HOSPITAL EMERGENCY SECURITY SYSTEM." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i01.038.
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The fire detection system combines the simultaneous measurements of smoke, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The security of campus against intruders moving in laboratories, class rooms, staffrooms or washrooms. The fire alarm system consists of Fire detectors (with can be smoke detector, heat, or Infra-Red detectors), control unit and alarm system. A fire detection system is developed based on the simultaneous measurements of temperature and smoke. The fire detection system with the alarm algorithm detected fires that were not alarmed by smoke sensors, and alarmed in shorter times than smoke sensors operating alone. Previous fire detection algorithms used data from sensors for temperature, smoke, and combustion products. The smoke sensor alarms when the analog output signal exceeds or equal the threshold value. The node includes analog sensors to measure smoke, carbon monoxide (CO) and temperature. A fire alarm system should reliably and in a timely way notify building occupants about the presence of fire indicators, such as smoke or high temperatures.
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Yoon, Steven S. "Deaths From Unintentional Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Potential for Prevention With Carbon Monoxide Detectors." JAMA 279, no. 9 (March 4, 1998): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.9.685.
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Shin, Young Min, You Ri Lim, Bong Jun Kim, Hwang Jin Kim, Dong Hun Han, and Chang Seop Lee. "Effectiveness Analysis of Unwanted Fire Alarm Using Carbon Monoxide Sensors." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.56c9f690.
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A carbon monoxide sensor was applied with smoke detectors, which trigger unwanted fire alarms, to improve detection reliability. Standardized fire and unwanted fire tests according to UL 268 and scenario-based tests for unwanted fire alarms were performed to analyze the detection effectiveness in fire and unwanted fire situations. Studies on improving unwanted fire alarms using carbon monoxide sensors have been conducted in various fields. However, additional concentration measurements using carbon monoxide sensors in various fire and unwanted fire conditions should be performed for institutional approval of detection effectiveness. Further research is required to determine the carbon monoxide concentration that can clearly distinguish unwanted fires from actual fires.
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Ankura P., Vaishnavi, Suma M.R, Adithya T.G., Pavithra G., Sindhu Sree M., and T.C.Manjunath. "Design & development of a carbon monoxide detector." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.047.
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This paper gives the design & development of a carbon monoxide detector. Living in cities is convenient in many ways such as high-quality public services such as healthcare and education. However, for all the advantages offered by city living, it has not come without its own costs. Pollutant levels such as Carbon Monoxide in urban environments are sometimes unacceptably high. In many heavily urbanized areas, particularly in the developing world such as China, India and Brazil, carbon monoxide detectors often register levels many times higher than accepted ‘safe’ levels. Unfortunately, this is by no means a problem exclusive to the developing world, with many major cities as far afield as Singapore, Seoul, London, New York and Los Angeles also regularly experiencing unsafe Carbon Monoxide levels. (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas which at high levels can cause serious illness and death. CO alarms are widely available and should be considered a backup to BUT NOT A REPLACEMENT for proper installation, use, and maintenance of fuel-burning appliances. CO alarms are designed to warn you of any unusual build-up of CO in your home. These higher levels of CO may occur from improperly maintained, installed or used fuel-burning appliances, back drafting appliances or fireplaces, or idling cars in garages. If a CO alarm is to be installed.
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Asmazori, Mutiara. "Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi NOx dan CO Berbasis Mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan Notifikasi Via Telegram dan Suara." JITCE (Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering) 5, no. 02 (September 30, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jitce.5.02.57-62.2021.
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The design of NOx and CO detectors based on notifications via telegram and voice has been carried out. This detector consists of a gas sensor MQ-135 as a nitrogen oxide detector and an MQ-7 sensor as a carbon monoxide detector. Data processing is carried out using an ESP32 microcontroller which can send results to a telegram bot and play sound using speakers connected to the ISD 1820 sound module. The tool made can send notifications if the concentration of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide exceeds 50 ppm. The test is carried out by burning waste to produce smoke. Burning smoke contains various gases and particles that are harmful to the body. The characterization of the MQ-135 sensor was carried out by comparing the data obtained from the ISPU to measure nitrogen oxide gas and producing an error value of 9.09%. Meanwhile, the characterization of the MQ-7 sensor was carried out using a biogas analyzer and resulted in an error ratio of 3.26%. These results prove that the tools that have been designed can work well.
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Rifano, Rifano, Refandi Singarimbun, Herman Mariadi Kaharmen, and Riza Pahlevi. "Case Study Carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbon Leakage Detectors Cabin Automotive Vehicle." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.589.
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The function of construction study case carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon leakage detector cabin automotive vehicles is for human safety. The purpose of this study was to provide a leakage detector based on the study on Indonesian drivers in the cabin using Arduino through telegram. The passanger or driver could die if they consume Carbon monoxide gases above 2 percent circulation in their blood. Hydrocarbons (HC) gases can also occur when the exhaust system is not functioning correctly. This research uses a development approach or Research and Development (R&D). There are two stages for the tool's design and construction: first, to create the software, and second, to create the hardware. CO and HC gas detector work when CO and HC gas leakage can be sensorized from the MQ7 sensor and MQ2 sensor. It will be sent to the telegram. When CO and HC gas is too high on the cabin of an automotive vehicle, so the buzzer will produce a sound beep. DC motors are represented as power window systems that can be rotated. This tool is located on the dashboard of the automotive vehicle.
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Masat, Mehmet, Mehmet Ertuğrul, and Hakan Korul. "A carbon dioxide detector fabrication with screen printing technique for use in airplanes." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2020-0289.
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Purpose From the beginning of aviation history, fire has been a serious problem for aircrafts. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference document on current risks and proposed reductions for smoke and fire incidents in commercial transport aircrafts. For this purpose, metal oxide carbon dioxide (CO2) detector was produced with the screen printing technique to detect CO2 and carbon monoxide gases from the sensors required to observe the occurrence of fire that may occur in the aircraft and to take the necessary steps to control it. Design/methodology/approach The screen printing technique was used as the gas sensor production technique for the produced sensor and tin oxide was used as the metal oxide in the produced samples. The samples produced were examined under the gases with specified gas detecting properties, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase the detection reliability and decrease the alarm time with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts. Findings When the electrical characteristics of the sensor made were examined, it was observed that it meets the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and European Aviation Safety Agency standards (the fire should be detected within 1 min), and the false alarm situation experienced in the smoke sensors used today can be eliminated. Originality/value There is no other sensor than the smoke detectors that are used for fire detection in cargo section, lavatories and avionic compartment on aircrafts. With this study, the gas detecting feature of the produced samples was examined under the specified gases, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase detection reliability and decrease alarm time as compared to with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts.
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Ruslan, Muhammad, M. Saleh Al-Amin, and Emidiana Emidiana. "Perancangan Sistem Fire Alarm Kebakaran Pada Gedung Laboratorium XXX." Jurnal Tekno 18, no. 2 (November 11, 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/jtekno.v18i2.1412.
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Abstract
Fire is a phenomenon that occurs when a material reaches a critical temperature and reacts chemically with oxygen (for example) producing heat, flame, light, smoke, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or other products and effects. Fires can occur anywhere, be it in office buildings, residences or public facilities. As for other than in public areas, fires often occur, both in rooms and laboratories, the triggers are almost the same due to negligence and not being careful in using flammable tools. For this reason, the need for a fire detector with a detector system using an alarm so that once a fire occurs, all those in the building can find out through the detector with an alarm sound as a fire marker. In order to reduce casualties, the need for a sprinkler system to extinguish the fire, and can assist the officers or authorities in the building as soon as possible. From the above problems, this research will determine how many detectors and sprinklers are needed, as well as how much water volume, pump power, and ground water tank are needed. This type of research is quantitative research by direct observation of the object under study, then researchers measure the room one by one using a building meter. From the calculation results by taking a sample on the 1st floor, the number of detectors needed is 10 smoke detectors and 3 heat detectors, the number of sprinklers is 47, the volume of water needed is 846 m3, the pump power and ground water tank needed are hydraulic power. pump (HHP) 3,28621 kW, pump shaft power (BHP) 4.38 kW, pump electric power (P) 6 kW, diesel pump (PpD) 4 HP, jocky pump (PJk) 0.6 kW, capacity GWT ( QGWT) 44 m3.
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Antoshyn, A. A., and V. I. Nikitin. "Technique for Studying of the Dynamics of Changes of a Smoky Environment Parameters during the Transition of Pyrolysis to Flame Combustion." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-4-382-390.
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The existing methods for monitoring the performance of multi-criteria fire detectors do not provide for verification of their characteristics in the conditions of transition from smoldering to flame burning. The aim of the work is the development of the research methods of the environmental parameters during the transition from smoldering (pyrolysis) to flame combustion for simulation a test fire while checking the quality of multi-criteria fire detectors.A technique to conduct research of environmental parameters under conditions of heating wood samples of different sizes to a temperature of selfignition and burning crumpled and smooth paper has been developed.Changes in the concentration of carbon monoxide, specific optical density, and scattering ability during the transition from smoldering (pyrolysis) to flame burning of prepared wood and crumpled paper were studied for the first time.It is shown that the controlled environmental parameters during the transition from smoldering pyrolysis to flame burning change together. Conclusion: the speed of growth of the scattering ability of smoke decreases by 2.4 times, the speed of increase in the specific optical density and concentration of carbon monoxide increases by 2 and 5.3 times (respec-tively), during the transition from pyrolysis to flame burning of wood.
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Bista, Bidesh, Dhiraj Manandhar, Rupesh Mishra, Pradeep Shrestha, and Alok Dhungel. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning due to Gas Water Heater." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v5i2.19019.
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Background and Objectives: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of injury and death due to poisoning in many parts of the world. Among numerous sources of CO, the gas water heater can be a potential under looked source causing an accidental Carbon monoxide poisoning. In the perspective of Kathmandu valley, where there are houses with small bathrooms, inadequate ventilation and absent CO detectors, gas water heaters can be extremely dangerous even if it liberates small amount of CO gas. Herein, we present a case of CO poisoning to increase awareness about the gas water heater use and the possible risk of CO poisoning in our community.Presentation of Case: A 34 years old healthy female from Patan, presented with the history of loss of consciousness for 15 minute while taking bath on a gas water heater. There was no spontaneous respiration, no cardiac activity and her body temperature was below normal.Discussion: CO is toxic to all aerobic forms to life. CO binds to hemoglobin 230 times faster than oxygen causing cellular hypoxic damage and death. CO poisoning is not uncommon in our society and many such cases are misdiagnosed for some other illness.Conclusion: Use of the gas water heaters and likelihood of CO poisoning should be notified as a public concern. People need to be aware of these hazards to prevent fatal events and likely death due to exploitation of gas water heaters. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5(2): 56-59
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Kennedy, Hudson R., Vanya C. Jones, and Andrea Gielen. "Reported fire safety and first-aid amenities in Airbnb venues in 16 American cities." Injury Prevention 25, no. 4 (May 7, 2018): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042740.
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Airbnb helps hosts rent all or part of their home to guests as an alternative to traditional hospitality settings. Airbnb venues are not uniformly regulated across the USA. This study quantified the reported prevalence of fire safety and first-aid amenities in Airbnb venues in the USA. The sample includes 120 691 venues in 16 US cities. Proportions of host-reported smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) detectors, fire extinguishers and first-aid kits were calculated. The proportion of venues that reportedly contained amenities are as follows: smoke detectors 80% (n=96 087), CO detectors 57.5% (n=69 346), fire extinguishers 42% (n=50 884) and first-aid kits 36% (n=43 497). Among this sample of Airbnb venues, safety deficiencies were noted. While most venues had smoke alarms, approximately 1/2 had CO alarms and less than 1/2 reported having a fire extinguishers or first-aid kits. Local and state governments or Airbnb must implement regulations compliant with current National Fire Protection Association fire safety standards.
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Hampson, Neil B., Todd G. Courtney, and James R. Holm. "Should the Placement of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors be Influenced by CO’s Weight Relative to Air?" Journal of Emergency Medicine 42, no. 4 (April 2012): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.015.
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Stevens, Bailey R., and Walker S. Ashley. "Fatal Weather-Related Carbon Monoxide Poisonings in the United States." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 2 (April 2022): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-21-0130.1.
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Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can cause injury or death if inhaled. CO is a frequent secondary hazard induced by the aftereffects of natural hazards as individuals, families, and communities often seek alternative power sources for heating, cooking, lighting, and cleanup during the emergency and recovery phases of a disaster. These alternative power sources—such as portable generators, petroleum-based heaters, and vehicles—exhaust CO that can ultimately build to toxic levels in enclosed areas. Ever-increasing environmental and societal changes combined with an aging infrastructure are growing the odds of power failures during hazardous weather events, which, in turn, are increasing the likelihood of CO exposure, illness, and death. This study analyzed weather-related CO fatalities from 2000 to 2019 in the United States using death-certificate data, providing one of the longest assessments of this mortality. Results reveal that over 8300 CO fatalities occurred in the United States during the 20-yr study period, with 17% of those deaths affiliated with weather perils. Cool-season perils such as ice storms, snowstorms, and extreme cold were the leading hazards that led to situations causing CO fatalities. States in the Southeast and Northeast had the highest CO fatality rates, with winter having the greatest seasonal mortality. In general, these preventable CO poisoning influxes are related to a deficiency of knowledge on generator safety and the absence of working detectors and alarms in the enclosed locations where poisonings occur. Education and prevention programs that target the most vulnerable populations will help prevent future weather-related CO fatalities. Significance Statement Carbon monoxide exposure is common after weather disasters when individuals, families, and communities seek alternative power sources—such as portable generators, petroleum-based heaters, and vehicles—that exhaust this deadly, colorless, and odorless gas. Initially, we catalog carbon monoxide fatalities associated with weather events in the United States over two decades; thereafter, we illustrate the characteristics and patterns affiliated with these deaths. Results will assist public officials, first responders, and individuals in their decision-making and response before, during, and after weather events so that these deaths may be prevented in the future.
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Kitikov, V. O., E. V. Ternov, A. V. Danilenko, N. I. Mukhurov, and S. V. Denisyuk. "New Functional Possibilities of Fire Detectors for Residential and Industrial Rooms." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-4-341-352.
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The relevance of early detection of fire signs is quite obvious because due to the necessary measures for evacuating of people and material values, disconnecting the electrical equipment and extinguishing the fire at the time of the onset of fire or passive smoldering, human casualties can be completely avoided and economic losses can be minimized.A graphical representation of fire detectors' the classification in the form of a generalized scheme using all the main classification features, their advantages and disadvantages is given. The optimal areas for the use of detectors depending on the fire load are determined. The effectiveness of combined fire detectors' use, equipped in addition to traditional smoke and heat sensors with gas sensors, as an integrated approach to the organization of control over protected objects is shown.The results of development of highly sensitive two-zone sensor with sensitive elements based on iron oxide films for detecting the release of explosive and poisonous gases in the initial stage of decay before the formation of ignition conditions are presented. The use of gas sensors that respond to hazardous gases in the environment significantly reduces the risk of death due to carbon monoxide poisoning.
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Al-Matrouk, Abdullah, Ali Al-Hemoud, Mohammed Al-Hasan, Yaqoub Alabouh, Amal Dashti, and Haider Bojbarah. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Kuwait: A Five-Year, Retrospective, Epidemiological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 8854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168854.
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Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health concern and a common cause of death worldwide. However, to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on CO poisoning exposure and mortality in Kuwait. Objectives: Using epidemiological and forensic data analysis, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of CO poisoning-associated deaths in Kuwait over five years (2014–2018), using official police data. Methods: The Forensic Toxicology Laboratory analyzed 203 blood specimens of deceased individuals for potential CO poisoning during the study period. We obtained demographic information of the deceased and other information regarding the source of the CO, the type of death and the seasonal and geographical distribution of fatalities. The percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb%) was assessed using a CO-oximeter. Results: CO poisoning was confirmed in ~29% (59 cases) of the analyzed specimens, of which CO poisoning was accidental in the majority of cases (~95%) and homicidal in the remaining of cases (~5%), with no reported suicides. The five-year cumulative mean of COHb% in the blood specimens of the 59 confirmed cases was ~63%. Most of the deceased were males (~68%). The mean age of male and female victims per year were similar (~23–38 years). Fatalities were more common (~44%) during the winter (December–February). Uncontrolled home fires and coal stoves contributed to the primary sources of CO poisoning at 61% and 22%, respectively. Recommendations: Based on our findings, we propose that the local government should mandate the installation of smoke alarms and CO detectors in residential settings and endorse health education, informing the local population about the causes of fire and potential for CO poisoning, with an emphasis on prevention. Practical measures that can be applied include proper installation and regular maintenance of home-heating appliances and appropriate ventilation. The present study could greatly benefit the government in directing efforts toward decreasing CO poisoning incidents in Kuwait in the future.
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Jung, Su-Bin, Euy-Hong Hwang, Han-Bit Choi, and Don-Mook Choi. "Improvement of Smoke Detector Sensitivity Test Standards." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.587b521c.
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This study was conducted to determine methods for improving sensitivity standards for smoke detectors. The smoke detection theory was theoretically reviewed, and local and international indoor air quality and sensitivity test standards were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the uniformity of the specimen, nonreflection of spatial characteristics, differences in experimental methods, and simple test conditions were limitations for local sensitivity test standards. Small-scale sensitivity tests performed according to Korean standards and Go/No-go tests (actual-scale sensitivity test) according to UL268 were conducted to improve the limitations of the Korean sensitivity test standards. The analysis results showed that carbon monoxide and particulate matter 10.0 could be used as factors when configuring test conditions. The equation between obscuration and selected factors was derived. The enactment of standards related to actual-scale sensitivity tests in Korea and the revision of test conditions by applying the equation of selected factors were proposed to improve sensitivity tests.
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Ran, Tao, Tursynbek Nurmagambetov, and Kanta Sircar. "Economic implications of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States and the cost and benefit of CO detectors." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36, no. 3 (March 2018): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.08.048.
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Nuryadi, Ratno, Lia Aprilia, Makoto Hosoda, Mohamad Abdul Barique, Arief Udhiarto, Djoko Hartanto, Muhammad Budi Setiawan, Yoichiro Neo, and Hidenori Mimura. "Observation of CO Detection Using Aluminum-Doped ZnO Nanorods on Microcantilever." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072013.
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An oscillating piezoresistive microcantilever (MC) coated with an aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods was used to detect carbon monoxide (CO) in air at room temperature. Al-doped ZnO nanorods were grown on the MC surface using the hydrothermal method, and a response to CO gas was observed by measuring a resonant frequency shift of vibrated MC. CO gas response showed a significant increase in resonant frequency, where sensitivity in the order of picogram amounts was obtained. An increase in resonant frequency was also observed with increasing gas flow rate, which was simultaneously followed by a decrease in relative humidity, indicating that the molecular interface between ZnO and H2O plays a key role in CO absorption. The detection of other gases of carbon compounds such as CO2 and CH4 was also performed; the sensitivity of CO was found to be higher than those gases. The results demonstrate the reversibility and reproducibility of the proposed technique, opening up future developments of highly sensitive CO-gas detectors with a fast response and room temperature operation.
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Guillen Bonilla, José Trinidad, Héctor Guillén Bonilla, Verónica María Rodríguez Betancourtt, Antonio Casillas Zamora, Jorge Alberto Ramírez Ortega, Lorenzo Gildo Ortiz, María Eugenia Sánchez Morales, Oscar Blanco Alonso, and Alex Guillén Bonilla. "Carbone Monoxide (CO) Detection Device Based on the Nickel Antimonate Oxide and a DC Electronic Circuit." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183799.
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is very toxic to health. CO gas can cause intoxication and even death when the concentration is high or there are long exposure times. To detect atmospheres with CO gas concentration detectors are placed. In this work, a novel CO detection device was proposed and applied for CO detection. For its implementation, four stages were developed: Synthesis of nickel antimonite (NiSb2O6) oxide powders, physical characterization of NiSb2O6 powders, Pellet fabrication and sensitivity test in CO atmospheres and electronic circuit implementation where signal adaptation and signal amplification were considered. Experimentally, a chemical sensor was built and characterized, its signal adaptation circuit was implemented and also it was proved using CO concentrations from 1 to 300 ppm with the operating temperatures of 100, 200, and 300 °C. Its optimal operation was at 300 °C. From the experimental results, the CO detection device had excellent functionality because the chemical sensor based on the nickel antimonite oxide had high sensitivity and good electrical response, whereas the DC electronic circuit had good performance.
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Gloudemans, A. M. S., H. Schrijver, Q. Kleipool, M. M. P. van den Broek, A. G. Straume, G. Lichtenberg, R. M. van Hees, I. Aben, and J. F. Meirink. "The impact of SCIAMACHY near-infrared instrument calibration on CH<sub>4</sub> and CO total columns." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 2 (March 18, 2005): 1733–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-1733-2005.
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Abstract. The effects of three important SCIAMACHY near-infrared instrument calibration issues on the retrieved methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) total columns have been investigated: the effects of the growing ice layer on the near-infrared detectors, the effects of the orbital variation of the instrument dark signal, and the effects of the dead/bad detector pixels. Corrections for each of these instrument calibration issues have been defined. The retrieved CH4 and CO total columns including these corrections show good agreement with CO measurements from the MOPITT satellite instrument and with CH4 model calculations by the chemistry transport model TM3. Using a systematic approach, it is shown that all three instrument calibration issues have a significant effect on the retrieved CH4 and CO total columns, although the impact on the CH4 total columns is more pronounced than for CO. Results for three different wavelength ranges are compared and show good agreement. The growing ice layer and the orbital variation of the dark signal show a systematic, but time-dependent effect on the retrieved CH4 and CO total columns, whereas the dead/bad pixels show a more random effect. The importance of accurate corrections for each of these instrument calibration issues is illustrated using examples where inaccurate corrections lead to a wrong interpretation of the results.
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Jarman, Heather, Richard W. Atkinson, Ashik Babu, and Phil Moss. "Cross-sectional study of carbon monoxide alarm use in patients attending the emergency department: a multicentre survey protocol." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e061202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061202.
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IntroductionThe most common place for unintentional, non-fire-related carbon monoxide (CO) exposure to occur is in the home, but this is preventable if CO producing sources are properly maintained and CO alarms/detectors are in use. It is estimated that less than half of all homes have a CO alarm, but there is variation across countries, housing types and different demographic and socioeconomic groups. The purpose of this study is to provide up-to-date data on the use of CO alarms by surveying attendees to emergency departments using an online anonymous questionnaire.Methods and analysisA multicentre prospective, cross-sectional survey of 4000 patients or carers in three emergency departments will be used. A questionnaire comprising of a maximum of 14 items will be administered following completion of an informed consent process. Data collected include participant demographics, household information and CO alarm use. Statistical analyses will comprise descriptive techniques to present respondents’ use of CO alarms and examine associations between alarm use and participant characteristics. The proportion of homes with CO alarms installed will be calculated for all subjects and for selected subgroups.Ethics and disseminationThe study obtained ethical approval from the Westminster Research Ethics Committee (REC number 1/PR/1657). Informed consent will be obtained prior to the participant undergoing any activities that are specifically for the purposes of the study. Findings will be published in scientific journals, presented to national and international conferences and disseminated to CO safety groups.Trial registration numberISRCTN registry 12562718.
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Khrapskii, S. F., and E. A. Bedrina. "Fire detection system call points types selection based on the gas and smoke environment physical parameters dynamic study in different premises." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012053.
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Abstract Fire detection system call points types selection is determined by the gas-smoke environment prevailing physical parameter in fire case and by this parameter change dynamic as combustion develops. Obtaining of practically important information about the gas-smoke environment prevailing parameters during a fire, their changes dynamic and the time when they reach the threshold values for call points for real objects is possible on the numerical studies results basis using the FDS program complex modeling heat and mass transfer and gas dynamic processes occurring during a fire. The performed calculations made it possible to obtain the temperature dependences, smoke optical density and carbon monoxide concentration in the near-ceiling area on time since the ignition start for a number of characteristic rooms for various purposes. The call points type choosing ambiguity for rooms with different fire load indicators is shown. The calculated data can serve as a basis for choosing the fire detection system call points types, as well as for setting up and effective functioning of multi-sensor and multi-criteria fire detectors.
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Gloudemans, A. M. S., H. Schrijver, Q. Kleipool, M. M. P. van den Broek, A. G. Straume, G. Lichtenberg, R. M. van Hees, I. Aben, and J. F. Meirink. "The impact of SCIAMACHY near-infrared instrument calibration on CH<sub>4</sub> and CO total columns." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 9 (September 14, 2005): 2369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2369-2005.
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Abstract. The near-infrared spectra measured with the SCIAMACHY instrument on board the ENVISAT satellite suffer from several instrument calibration problems. The effects of three important instrument calibration issues on the retrieved methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) total columns have been investigated: the effects of the growing ice layer on the near-infrared detectors, the effects of the orbital variation of the instrument dark signal, and the effects of the dead/bad detector pixels. Corrections for each of these instrument calibration issues have been defined. The retrieved CH4 and CO total columns including these corrections show good agreement with CO measurements from the MOPITT satellite instrument and with CH4 model calculations by the chemistry transport model TM3. Using a systematic approach, it is shown that all three instrument calibration issues have a significant effect on the retrieved CH4 and CO total columns. However, the impact on the CH4 total columns is more pronounced than for CO, because of its smaller variability. Results for three different wavelength ranges are compared and show good agreement. The growing ice layer and the orbital variation of the dark signal show a systematic, but time-dependent effect on the retrieved CH4 and CO total columns, whereas the effect of the dead/bad pixels is rather unpredictable: some dead pixels show a random effect, some more systematic, and others no effect at all. The importance of accurate corrections for each of these instrument calibration issues is illustrated using examples where inaccurate corrections lead to a wrong interpretation of the results.
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Majder-Łopatka, Małgorzata. "Effects of interfering gases in electrochemical sensors NH3 and NO2." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700023.
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Electrochemical sensors used for toxic gas measurement. In this paper construction EC sensor and principle of operation has been described. The results of research on the influence of interfering gases on the readings of detectors containing ammonia and nitric oxide (IV) electrochemical sensors are presented. Span gases were used in the tests: 100 ppm CO, 25 ppm H2S, 25 ppm NH3, 10 ppm NO, 25 ppm NO2, 10 ppm Cl2, 10 ppm HCN, 10 ppm HCl, 2% vol. H2, 2.5% by volume CH4, 0.35% by volume of C5H12. The conducted research indicates that the presence of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and saturated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere does not affect the work of the ammonia electrochemical sensor. In the case of this sensor, there was a significant cross effect in relation to hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen. The administration of these substances indicated the presence of ammonia outside the measuring range (200 ppm). In the measurements using the NO2 sensor, in most cases negative interference was found. The test results indicate that the measurements made with electrochemical sensors may be subject to error in the presence of interfering gases. The results obtained may be both understated and overstated.
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Круглеевский, В. Н., В. В. Вислогузов, A. A. Таранцев, and С. Н. Турусов. "New functions of multicriteria ship fire alarm systems." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 2(52) (June 5, 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2021.52.2.017.
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В настоящей статье рассматриваются вопросы развития пожарных извещателей, контролирующих появление дыма, превышение заданного значения температуры и скорости ее роста, наличие угарного газа и использующих мультикритериальные алгоритмы для оценки обоснованности сигналов тревоги. Анализируются результаты проведенных отечественными организациями сравнительных испытаний мультикритериальных и традиционных «пороговых» пожарных извещателей и возможности их применения на судах в составе систем пожарной сигнализации. Определено, что при повторении одних и тех же модельных очагов пожаров зафиксированные значения контролируемых параметров отличались незначительно. При этом для каждого модельного очага можно было обнаружить свои характерные черты. Сделан вывод о том, что внедрение мультикритериальных алгоритмов обработки информации в судовые системы обнаружения пожаров не только сокращает время обнаружения пожара, но и позволяет расширить функциональные возможности системы. Используя мультикритериальные пожарные извещатели в системах пожарной сигнализации можно будет распознавать, что именно горит: дизельное топливо, ветошь, изоляция электрического кабеля или что-либо другое. Отмечается, что требования к судовым мультикритериальным системам сигнализации обнаружения пожара нашли свое отражение в Правилах классификации и постройки морских судов Российского морского регистра судоходства. This article discusses the development of fire detectors that control the appearance of smoke, the excess of a given temperature and the rate of its growth, the presence of carbon monoxide and use multicriteria algorithms to assess the validity of alarm signals. The results of comparative tests of multicriteria and traditional fire detectors conducted by domestic organizations and the possibility of their use on ships as part of fire alarm systems are analyzed. It was determined that when the same model fires were repeated, the recorded values of the controlled parameters differed slightly. At the same time, for each model focus, it was possible to detect its own characteristic features. It is concluded that the introduction of multicriteria algorithms for information processing in ship fire detection systems not only reduces the time of fire detection, but also allows you to expand the functionality of the system. Using multi-criteria fire detectors in fire alarm systems,it will be possible to recognize what exactly is burning: diesel fuel, rags, electrical cable insulation, or anything else. It is noted that the requirements for ship multicriteria fire detection alarm systems are reflected in the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Marine Vessels of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping.
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Çalışkan, Cüneyt, Aysun Algan, Hüseyin Koçak, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Meltem Şengelen, and Banu Çakir. "Preparations for Severe Winter Conditions by Emergency Health Personnel in Turkey." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8, no. 2 (April 2014): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.28.
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AbstractObjectiveEmergency and core ambulance personnel work under all environmental conditions, including severe weather condtions. We evaluated emergency medical personnel in Çanakkale, Turkey, for their degree of preparedness.MethodsA descriptive study was conducted in Çanakkale, Turkey, within 112 emergency service units and their 17 district stations. Surveys were developed to measure the level of preparedness for serious winter conditions that individual workers made for themselves, their homes, and their cars.ResultsOf the 167 survey participants, the mean age was 29.8 ± 7.9 years; 52.7% were women; more than half (54.75%) were emergency medical technicians; and 53.3% were married. Only 10.4% of those who heated their homes with natural gas had carbon monoxide detectors. Scores relating to household and individual preparation for severe winter conditions increased by participants’ age (P < .003), being married (P < .000) and working in the city center (P < .021); and for men whose cars were equipped with tow ropes, extra clothing, and snow tires (P < .05). Absenteeism was higher for central-city personnel than district workers because they were less prepared for harsh winter conditions (P = .016).ConclusionMany of the surveyed emergency health personel demonstrated insufficient preparations for serious winter conditions. To increase the safety and efficiency of emergency medical personnel, educational training programs should be rountinely conducted. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
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Nurfauzi, Alfian. "PROTOTYPE SISTEM CO DETECTOR PADA CABIN MOBIL." Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi Otomotif 2, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jpvo.v2i2.32347.
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Carbon monoxide gas is a gas from combustion and this gas can enter vehicles, especially cars, so that it can endanger the safety of passengers. Carbon monoxide is a gas that is odorless, colorless and tasteless so that it cannot be felt by the human senses but is dangerous because it can inhibit the distribution of oxygen in the body. Based on this, this research was conducted to develop a carbon monoxide detector prototype in the vehicle cabin to detect carbon monoxide. The development process consists of needs analysis, making tool designs, simulating tool performance using software and making prototypes. The prototype not only detects carbon monoxide in the car but also circulates the air inside the car so that toxic gases can come out when the detected carbon monoxide exceeds the threshold.
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Nyerges, Gyula, Dénes Szieberth, Judit Mátyási, and József Balla. "Cave Air Analysis with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.17854.
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Gas chromatography (GC) is a frequently used analytical method for the determination of permanent and organic air components. The analysis usually needs two different columns in practice. The molecular sieve stationary phase can separate oxygen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide, but irreversibly adsorbs carbon dioxide and water. Porapak type columns are applicable for the measurement of carbon dioxide, however oxygen, argon, nitrogen and carbon monoxide are co-eluted. Usually these two types of columns are used in parallel for the determination. Carboxen stationary phase can separate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, but argon, oxygen and nitrogen are co-eluted. Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and flame ionization detector (FID) are used commonly together for the determination of the separated components. TCD is applied for permanent gas analysis whereas FID – combined with a methanizer – is used for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and light hydrocarbons. Mass spectrometer (MS) is also a potential detector, because the properly chosen fragment ions can increase the selectivity.We developed a method for the determination of air components, using only one column and one detector. This method is suitable for the measurements by combining the advantages of the carboxen column with mass spectrometry. The validation parameters of the method were in the acceptable interval, so this method is able to determine the air components. The application of this technique to the analysis of cave air provided valuable information to the exploration of the Molnár János cave system.
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Amrullah, M. Kukuh, Rukman Tea, M. Iman Nur Hakim, Langgeng Asmoro, and Faris Humami. "Design and Development of Carbon Monoxide Gas Leak Detector in Vehicle Cabin." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.565.
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Vehicles are very important in transportation that humans widely use in carrying out their activities, including one of them is a passenger car. Safety and security factors in traveling are the most important aspects of traveling. The condition that often occurs in passenger cars is the frequent leakage of carbon monoxide gas in the vehicle cabin. Usually, CO gas leaks occur in the AC hose. So, this research aims to design an Arduino-based carbon monoxide gas leak detector. This research is a research with research and development approach method or Research and Development (R&D). This research aims to produce a carbon monoxide detector design to automatically detect carbon monoxide gas leaks in the vehicle cabin based on Arduino Uno. The design performance of this CO gas leak detector can be obtained from the CO gas content of the MQ7 sensor, then the buzzer will make a sound, while the LCD will display the status "Safe/Alert/Very Dangerous" as a warning to passenger car drivers. DC motor will move the power window if the CO gas content exceeds the threshold of more than 25 ppm.
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Tyovenda, AA, T. Sombo, and UE Gbagba. "Determination of Air Pollutants Concentration from Ground Level Sources in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 3, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.165.
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This work focuses on measurements of concentration of gaseous emissions such as CO, S2O H2S and particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5 ) released from ground level sources at specified receptor points downwind. These sources were monitored using Altair Multi-gas and HAT 200 PM10 and PM2.5 detectors. From the selected sources monitored, Carbon Monoxide had the highest dispersion strength of 45%. An analysis of the concentrations show that refuse burning source has maximum concentrations of 111.2 mgm-3 for CO, 7.312 mgm-3 for SO2 , 5.342 mgm-3 for H2S, 0.542 mgm-3 for PM10 and 0.272 mgm-3 for PM2.5 respectively while minimum concentrations of 77.42 mgm-3 for CO, 0.52 mgm-3 for SO2 , 1.44 mgm-3 for H2S, 0.48 mgm-3 for PM10 and 0.14 mgm-3 for PM2.5 respectively were obtained from wood burning source. This shows that CO has the highest concentrations of the pollutants monitored. Correlation between modeled and measured concentrations showed that wood burning source has higher validity of the model with coefficients of regression R2 for CO, SO2 , H2S, PM10 and PM2.5 as 0.885, 0.848, 0.574, 0.861 and 0.715 respectively while refuse burning has the least measure of validity with coefficients of regression R2 for CO, SO2 , H2S, PM10 and PM2.5 as 0.363, 0.416, 0.416, 0.431, 0.572 and 0.284 respectively. Based on Ambient Air Quality Standards, refuse burning sources are most harmful of the sources investigated. A comparative environmental impact assessment of the sources reveals that they are unsafe for selected pollutants. For CO (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 40mg/m3), SO2 (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 0.35040mg/m3) and H2S (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 0.04240mg/m3).
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Al Hasani, Ibtehal Mahfoodh Mohammed, Syed Imran Ali Kazmi, Reehan Ali Shah, RAZA HASAN, and Saqib Hussain. "IoT based Fire Alerting Smart System." Sir Syed University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology 12, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33317/ssurj.410.
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By combining IoT devices, such as fire alarm systems (smoke and high-temperature sensors), sensors, and other supplementary equipment, the research paper offers the "IOT based Fire Alerting Smart System" in smart buildings. The research article proposes the "IOT based Fire Alerting Smart System" in smart buildings by merging IOT devices such as fire alarm systems (smoke burn with high-temperature sensors), sensors, and other auxiliary equipment. That notification includes the time and location of fire occurs. Comparing two existing smart IoT-based fire warning systems from around the world. The Internet of Things is designed to provide organisations and individuals more visibility, and it now has the ability to govern 99 percent of available surroundings and objects that aren't connected to the Internet. Thus, IOT will be able to accomplish more meaningful work at a higher level by creating opportunities for individuals and businesses so that they can engage more with the outside world more than ever. Old fire alarm systems include many different types of devices that play a particular role in the workings of the system, detecting a person and detecting and wearing out a person through visual and auditory devices in the event of fire, smoke, monoxide carbon or others emergency. These types of alarms can be actuated by manual focus or manual fire alarms, such as suction stations, and can be activated automatically on smoke and heat detectors. The alarm can come with an electric chime. A horn or wall speaker can be a bright tone for a speaker that sounds an alarm; for example, you can add an audio evacuation message to warn you about using the elevator and other warning messages to users.
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Liu, Sophie F., Sibo Lin, and Timothy M. Swager. "An Organocobalt–Carbon Nanotube Chemiresistive Carbon Monoxide Detector." ACS Sensors 1, no. 4 (March 2016): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6b00005.
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Hedelius, Jacob K., Tai-Long He, Dylan B. A. Jones, Bianca C. Baier, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Martine De Mazière, Nicholas M. Deutscher, et al. "Evaluation of MOPITT Version 7 joint TIR–NIR X<sub>CO</sub> retrievals with TCCON." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 5547–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5547-2019.
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Abstract. Observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument aboard the Terra spacecraft were expected to have an accuracy of 10 % prior to the launch in 1999. Here we evaluate MOPITT Version 7 joint (V7J) thermal-infrared and near-infrared (TIR–NIR) retrieval accuracy and precision and suggest ways to further improve the accuracy of the observations. We take five steps involving filtering or bias corrections to reduce scatter and bias in the data relative to other MOPITT soundings and ground-based measurements. (1) We apply a preliminary filtering scheme in which measurements over snow and ice are removed. (2) We find a systematic pairwise bias among the four MOPITT along-track detectors (pixels) on the order of 3–4 ppb with a small temporal trend, which we remove on a global scale using a temporally trended bias correction. (3) Using a small-region approximation (SRA), a new filtering scheme is developed and applied based on additional quality indicators such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). After applying these new filters, the root-mean-squared error computed using the local median from the SRA over 16 years of global observations decreases from 3.84 to 2.55 ppb. (4) We also use the SRA to find variability in MOPITT retrieval anomalies that relates to retrieval parameters. We apply a bias correction to one parameter from this analysis. (5) After applying the previous bias corrections and filtering, we compare the MOPITT results with the GGG2014 ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) observations to obtain an overall global bias correction. These comparisons show that MOPITT V7J is biased high by about 6 %–8 %, which is similar to past studies using independent validation datasets on V6J. When using TCCON spectrometric column retrievals without the standard airmass correction or scaling to aircraft (WMO scale), the ground- and satellite-based observations overall agree to better than 0.5 %. GEOS-Chem data assimilations are used to estimate the influence of filtering and scaling to TCCON on global CO and tend to pull concentrations away from the prior fluxes and closer to the truth. We conclude with suggestions for further improving the MOPITT data products.
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Lestari, Mugi, Upik Nurbaiti, and Fianti Fianti. "EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN SENSOR MQ-7 TERINTEGRASI APLIKASI BLYNK UNTUK MENDETEKSI KEBERADAAN GAS CO DI UDARA." EnviroScienteae 17, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v17i1.11358.
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The development of industry and human living system recently bring effect toward the air quality. Carbon monoxide (CO) which is one of the air pollutant produced by the imperfect ignation which contain carbon of industry, vehicles, and other activities. The existance of carbon monoxide (CO) which is difficult to recognize because of it’s characters which are colourless, cannot be felt or tasteless, cannot be smelt or have no smell, cannot be seen by bare eyes, it means that it needs a tool to help human detect the existance of carbon monoxide. This importance of detector tool of carbon monoxide is because carbon monoxide is quite dangerous for human health if it’s degree is over the limit. There are quite cases of poisoned people who finally died. In this research, the effectiveness test of the use of MQ-7 censor which is integrated with the Blynk application compared with the CO-meter is done. The result shows that MQ-7 is effective to be used in detection and measurement the degree of CO in the air. The integration with Blynk application on the smartphone helps researcher to do the monitoring from everywhere, as long as it is connected to the internet. The price which is more economical also becomes one of the considerations, so CO detector by using MQ-7 censor inegrated with the Blynk application can be done by many groups of society, either industries or individuals.
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Bakhoum, Ezzat G., and Marvin H. M. Cheng. "Miniature Carbon Monoxide Detector Based on Nanotechnology." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2012.2212507.
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Asok, Anju, Fathima Risvana P R, Neemavas A, Punnya Appukuttan, and Sruthi R. Menon. "Fish Spoilage Detector." International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijsem/09.01.a005.
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This project work involves using Arduino Uno software integrated with MQ 137- Ammonia Gas Sensor, MQ 135- Gas Sensor Module and Humidity Sensor Module DHT11 to set up a Fish Spoilage Detector model for the determination of spoilage in fish. The study takes into consideration spoilage seen in fishes and how to detect it. To study the threshold values of Ammonia, and other gases like Carbon Monoxide, model trial runs are carried out to arrive at appropriate hard measures of the threshold values, to improve the stability of a conceptual fish spoilage detector. The ammonia sensor is initially tested with a pure ammonia sample before being used to quantify total volatile basic nitrogen in various fish samples of various freshness levels. When compared to standard procedures like microbe count and chromatography, which take hours to get a result, the sensor can determine the freshness of a sample in a matter of seconds. The sensor response was shown to be highly linked with fish deterioration, demonstrating that using sensors is an effective technique to swiftly test for spoiling in a sample. After calibrating the sensor(which involved watching the fish degrade for almost two days), it was put to the test using random samples, demonstrating that it can accurately distinguish the degree of freshness of the preserved fish at varied temperatures(for measuring which a temperature sensor is also fixed). The model is run until visible indications of fish spoilage are seen. The sensors detect critical levels of ammonia, carbon monoxide and also measure humidity and temperature thereby, emitting warning signals in the form of flashes of light and a sound warning. The model setup also consists of a 1602 (16x2) LCD Display with a 12C/11C Interface that will display the temperature, humidity levels as well as that of ammonia and other gases like carbon monoxide and thus, helps in spoilage detection when the levels of these reach a particular threshold value. Calibration could be improved with detailed studies containing data regarding the rate of spoilage in fishes, temperature and humidity parameters.
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Prakoso, Moch Andreyan Adi, and Lusia Rakhmawati. "REAL-TIME FACTORY SMOKES MONITORING SYSTEM USING ANDROID SMARTPHONE." INAJEEE Indonesian Journal of Electrical and Eletronics Engineering 4, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/inajeee.v4n1.p16-21.
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Owing to widespread deforestation and the rapid growth of modern plants, we can see and experience a lot of air that is no longer what it once was. Carbon Monoxide (CO), which is generated by residual combustion in industrial plants and emitted through factory chimneys, is one of the factors that contribute to air pollution. This study was designed to help the government monitor Carbon Monoxide (CO) levels more efficiently because it can be done at any time in real time using an Android smartphone's media. Furthermore, this research is being conducted to develop simple technology that can be used by parties who need or have an interest in monitoring Carbon Monoxide (CO) levels as well as reducing the number of emissions in the local area. The results showed that the MQ-7 sensor on the monitoring tool could detect carbon monoxide levels accurately and had a 0.72 percent error rate when retrieving data several times. The CO meter's sensitivity is equivalent to that of an NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared Detector) Analyzer, which is commonly used for measuring and detecting carbon monoxide levels in the air. These findings suggest that this instrument can be used to better monitor carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the air.
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B B, Kumbhar, Panhalkar S R, Korgaonkar G S, and Prof T. H. Mohite. "Laboratory Automated Operating System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41279.
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Abstract: Laboratory Automation is a unique system that can control and establish communication between nearly all aspects of your lab. Laboratory Automation is a term used to describe the working together of all household amenities and appliances. For example, a centrally microcontroller panel can have the capability to control everything from security system, lighting and overall electrical appliances. Laboratory automation can include controlling aspects of our lab remotely through a computer or any mobile equipment, programming electronics devices to respond automatically to some conditions or scenarios or centralizing the control of a variety of appliances in our lab into a single control center. For example, Control of lights in and around our laboratory from one central location so there is no need to get out of to that place or go to downstairs if we forgot to turn OFF or ON any appliances, just we can control remotely. It is essential that the different controllable appliances be interconnected and communicates with each other. The main purpose of Laboratory automation is to control or monitor signals from different appliances, or basic services. A smart phone or web browser can be used to control or monitor the home automation system. we build a fire alarm using multiple sensors. This project will send an alert whenever it detects fire and smoke. It has also connected with a buzzer and an LED which will act as a audio and visual indication for alert. A fire alarm system to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators with the increase in consumption of energy and population, there is a grave need to conserve energy in every way possible. The inability to access and control the appliances from remote locations is one of the major reasons for energy loss. A web or an android application is used by the users to give instructions to these systems. This system can make use of a host of communication methods such as Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, ZigBee. Different controlling devices and configurations can be found in existing systems. Such systems have been found already in many places for a wide variety of applications. This paper presents a survey of all such systems. Keywords: Laboratory Automation, Android, Wifi module, Energy conservation, Electrical and electronics devices
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Pullen, Anthony R., Tzu-Ching Chang, Olivier Doré, and Adam Lidz. "CROSS-CORRELATIONS AS A COSMOLOGICAL CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR." Astrophysical Journal 768, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/768/1/15.
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Oyabu, Takashi, Yoshinobu Matuura, and Ryohei Murai. "Carbon monoxide gas detector with shortened detecting cycle." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 1, no. 1-6 (January 1990): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(90)80204-d.
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Martyanov, P. S. "Carbon Monoxide Detector with a Multi-Channel Alarm Mode." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 67, no. 8 (August 2022): 1039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226922080113.
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Hadi, Auday Shaker, Mohamed Alsaker, Ahmed Eshoom, Monaem Elmnifi, Mohammed A. Alhmode, and Laith Jaafer Habeeb. "Development of Low-Cost and Multi-Material Sensing Approach for MQ 135 Sensor." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17309ecst.
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Gas tracking systems in factories and companies have become very critical. The most effective and most important element in these systems is the gas sensor. In this study, MQ 135 (butane and smoke) modified to sense common and harmful gases using a low-cost approach. The processor modified the sensor response unit to respond to hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases. Due to variation in physical properties between these gases mainly density, the gas rise on the air to the detector is different. Consequently, the response time for detection was different. It takes 9, 15, 33, and 36 sec. for butane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases, respectively. The cost reduction of the MQ 135 sensor reduced by 80%.
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Zellweger, C., C. Hüglin, J. Klausen, M. Steinbacher, M. K. Vollmer, and B. Buchmann. "Inter-comparison of four different carbon monoxide measurements techniques and evaluation of the long-term carbon monoxide time series of Jungfraujoch." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2009): 2381–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-2381-2009.
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Abstract. The 12-year record (1996–2007) of continuous carbon monoxide (CO) measurements of the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (JFJ), Switzerland, was investigated with a focus on trend analysis. To date this is one of the longest time series of continuous CO measurements in the free troposphere over Central Europe. A significant negative trend was observed at JFJ with a decrease of 21.4±0.3% in the investigated period, or an average annual decrease of 2.65±0.04 ppb/yr (1.78%/yr). These results were compared with emission inventory data reported to the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention. It could be shown that long range transport significantly influences the CO levels observed at JFJ, with air masses of non-European origin contributing to at least a third to observed mixing ratios. Such trend analysis and inter-comparison with emission inventories are only possible with data of known quality. To this end, the Non-dispersive Infrared Absorption (NDIR) technique used for CO measurements at JFJ was inter-compared over two months using three additional analytical techniques, namely Vacuum UV Resonance Fluorescence (VURF), gas chromatographic separation with a mercuric oxide reduction detector (GC/HgO), and gas chromatographic separation followed by reduction on a nickel catalyst and analysis by a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The agreement among all techniques was better than 2% for one-hourly averages which confirmed the suitability of the NDIR method for CO measurements even at remote sites.
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Ryan, Timothy J., and Katherine J. Arnold. "Residential Carbon Monoxide Detector Failure Rates in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 10 (October 2011): e15-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300274.
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Christensen, Grace M., Paul D. Creswell, Jillian Theobald, and Jon G. Meiman. "Carbon monoxide detector effectiveness in reducing poisoning, Wisconsin 2014–2016." Clinical Toxicology 58, no. 12 (March 12, 2020): 1335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1733592.
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