Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon offsets

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon offsets'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon offsets"

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Wilman, Elizabeth A., and Mahen S. Mahendrarajah. "Carbon Offsets." Land Economics 78, no. 3 (August 2002): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146898.

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Heffernan, Olive. "Carbon offsets." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 1001 (December 10, 2009): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2010.129.

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Ristea, Catalin, and Thomas C. Maness. "Opportunities, challenges and markets for forest carbon offset projects." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85715-5.

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Forest-based activities can mitigate climate change by reducing carbon sources and enhancing carbon sinks. Under various emissions-reductions programs, credits (called carbon offsets) can be issued to forestry projects that can credibly demonstrate additional and lasting reductions in CO2 emissions. The greatest potential for forest carbon offset projects currently exists in voluntary emissions reduction programs and markets, which, however, have a negligible value in the global carbon market. Unless their relevance can be proven, forestry-based carbon offset projects will play a minor role in compliance markets. This is mainly due to concerns about the additionality, permanence, and leakage of carbon offsets generated by forestry projects. Key words: forest carbon offset project, emissions trading program, cap and trade, carbon market
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CONTE, MARC N., and MATTHEW J. KOTCHEN. "EXPLAINING THE PRICE OF VOLUNTARY CARBON OFFSETS." Climate Change Economics 01, no. 02 (August 2010): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000091.

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This paper identifies factors that explain the large variability in the price of voluntary carbon offsets. We estimate hedonic price functions using a variety of provider- and project-level characteristics as explanatory variables. We find that providers located in Europe sell offsets at prices that are approximately 30% higher than providers located in either North America or Australasia. Contrary to what one might expect, offset prices are generally higher, by roughly 20%, when projects are located in developing or least-developed nations. But this result does not hold for forestry-based projects. We find evidence that forestry-based offsets sell at lower prices, and the result is particularly strong when projects are located in developing or least-developed nations. Offsets that are certified under the Clean Development Mechanism or the Gold Standard, and therefore qualify for emission reductions under the Kyoto Protocol, sell at a premium of more than 30%; however, third-party certification from the Voluntary Carbon Standard, one of the popular certifiers, is associated with a price discount. Variables that have no effect on offset prices are the number of projects that a provider manages and a provider's status as for-profit or not-for-profit.
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Anderson, Jay A., Amanda Long, and M. K. (Marty) Luckert. "A financial analysis of establishing poplar plantations for carbon offsets using Alberta and British Columbia’s afforestation protocols." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 2 (February 2015): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0097.

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Both Alberta and British Columbia allow the use of carbon offsets for meeting government greenhouse gas emission targets, but the provinces have different offset protocols. In British Columbia, afforested lands may be harvested yet still receive carbon offsets, whereas in Alberta, according to a yet-to-be-approved draft protocol, offsets could be contingent upon afforested lands being set aside as conservation easements. Our work considers the regulatory differences between the provincial carbon protocols as they impact the financial viability of afforestation projects in Alberta and British Columbia. Our results suggest that carbon prices would have to rise to approximately $150 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) before conservation afforestation projects using balsam poplar would be financially viable in Alberta. However, afforesting and harvesting short-rotation hybrid poplar in British Columbia yields financially viable results under current carbon prices if stumpage prices for standing timber were to rise above $50·m–3. There may be other incentives such as the benefits from public relations associated with planting trees that may lead to the implementation of some afforestation carbon offset projects. However, it appears that financial considerations present a significant barrier, making it unlikely that afforestation of private land will play a significant role in generating carbon offsets for Alberta or British Columbia.
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Lal, Rattan. "Biofuels and carbon offsets." Biofuels 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bfs.13.62.

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McCauley, DJ. "Offsets, Insets, Carbon Markets." CSA News 66, no. 9 (August 20, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csan.20562.

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van Kooten, G. Cornelis. "Biological carbon sinks: Transaction costs and governance." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85372-3.

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Activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in forest and agricultural ecosystems can generate CO2-offset credits that can thus substitute for CO2 emissions reduction. Are biological CO2-uptake activities competitive with CO2 offsets from reduced fossil fuel use? In this paper, it is argued that transaction costs impose a formidable obstacle to direct substitution of carbon uptake offsets for emissions reduction in trading schemes, and that separate caps should be set for emissions reduction and sink-related activities. While a tax/subsidy scheme is preferred to emissions trading for incorporating biologically generated CO2 offsets, contracts that focus on the activity, and not the amount of carbon sequestered, are most likely to lead to the lowest transaction costs. Key words: carbon sequestration, transaction costs, climate change
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Freedman, Bill, Graham Stinson, and Paresh Lacoul. "Carbon credits and the conservation of natural areas." Environmental Reviews 17, NA (December 2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a08-007.

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Increasing the amount of organic-carbon stored in the biomass of terrestrial ecosystems is an effective way to reduce the net anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. This can be done by conserving existing ecological reservoirs of fixed organic-carbon, maintaining or enhancing the rate of sequestration, and restoring stocks that have been depleted by past land-use practices. Most trading systems for greenhouse-gas offsets recognize the validity of projects that gain ecological offsets, and permit them to sell carbon credits in an emerging marketplace for these novel commodities. Although ecological carbon-offset projects have been criticized from a variety of perspectives, most of the supposed problems can be satisfactorily mitigated. In addition to offsetting emissions of greenhouse gases, ecological projects that accumulate carbon credits may have a strong cross-linkage to the conservation of natural values, which in itself is an important action for society to undertake. This is, however, less of a consideration for projects that are based on anthropogenic ecosystems, such as no-till agricultural systems and plantation forests, which provide relatively few benefits to native biodiversity and might even detract from that objective if developed on newly converted natural habitat. Moreover, the existing rules for carbon-offset systems exclude some kinds of ecological projects from the trading markets, even though they would result in avoided emissions or enhanced sequestration of organic-carbon. As the emerging marketplace for carbon offsets grows, it will be important to understand the co-benefits and side effects of offset projects on non-carbon values, including native biodiversity.
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Hope, Emily S., Ben Filewod, Daniel W. McKenney, and Tony C. Lemprière. "A financial analysis of four carbon offset accounting protocols for a representative afforestation project (southern Ontario, Canada)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 7 (July 2021): 1015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0183.

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Forestry projects participate in carbon markets by sequestering carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) and producing carbon offsets. The creation of forest-based offsets is guided by protocols that dictate how sequestered CO2e is converted into marketable offsets. Existing protocol designs aim to produce offsets that meet sustainability requirements, while providing financial incentives for landowner participation. However, limited Canadian uptake implies that current financial incentives are insufficient to encourage the production of carbon offsets via private landowners. Here we consider various design features of four protocols and their financial implications for an illustrative afforestation project in southern Ontario, Canada. We explore the protocols (two tonne–tonne protocols and two tonne–year protocols) under two afforestation project management systems (“no-harvest” and “harvest” management scenarios). Results indicate that a project that terminates in a harvest is not economically attractive at current CO2e prices under any protocol design at a scale likely to be undertaken in southern Ontario, Canada. Projects that do not conclude in harvest are generally more attractive. Tonne–tonne protocols that pay upfront for sequestered CO2e improve the economic attractiveness of afforestation projects, but the delayed realization of the value of offset credits under tonne–year protocols reduces the economic attractiveness of these projects. We discuss these results in light of the choices facing afforestation project proponents and offset protocol designers (including governments) in general, and provide detailed insights into the financial dynamics of the Canadian case.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon offsets"

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Bergman, Herman, Anna Persson, Evelina Silfverskiöld, and Babos Theodora Todea. "Carbon Offsets - Klimatkompensering : En analys av olika projekttyper utifrån FN:s hållbarhetsmål." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157706.

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Greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide and methane absorb and emit heat radiation, which contribute to global warming. Human activities such as increased emissions through burning of fossil fuels and deforestation drive this climate threat. International treaties such as the Paris agreement, enables stakeholders to mitigate effects of climate impact and create new sustainable markets. Various carbon offset projects on the voluntary market are an attempt to neutralize climate impact. In this report we identify five main project types for carbon offsets: i) forestry and land use, ii) renewable energy and energy effectivization, iii) transport, iv) waste handling and v) household devices. These project types are evaluated against UNs 17 sustainable development goals. The results show a net positive impact on goal 13, Climate action, for all project types, which is congruent with the focus on carbon offsetting. The results also show that impact varies depending on how the project is deigned. Climate offsetting has enabled multiple stakeholders to contribute to climate change mitigation. Despite many global benefits, carbon offsets have been subject to criticism in cases where the concept is not used as intended. There are currently no clear guidelines as to when focus for companies should shift from internal reduction to external reduction through offsetting. Validation of carbon offsets is another problematic aspect, as there is no one standard for the market to secure the quality of projects.
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Bumpus, Adam G. "The geographies of carbon offsets : governance, materialites and development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509899.

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Boushel, Corra Nuala Donnelly. "Assembling the taken-for-granted : carbon offsets and voluntary standards." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16880.

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Carbon is a metric at the centre of contemporary debates. It is invoked to explain responses to climate change and justify political decisions over the economy and environment. Its ubiquity might suggest that the definition of carbon is broadly agreed upon, but along with greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements, articulating carbon as a commodity has incorporated debates over sustainable development (SD). The use of market-based mechanisms to manage carbon quantities results in articulations of the concept that reinforce consumption as a means to achieve public policy aims, but these are also contested. This research examines the concept of carbon to explore what might be taken-for-granted or overlooked when carbon is invoked. The research takes an ethnographic approach to carbon by examining offsetting – paying for reductions in GHG emissions at one location to make up for a continuation or increase of emissions at another. The novelty, complexity and lack of trust in carbon offsetting have resulted in numerous voluntary standards to improve consumer confidence in this commodity. The standard organisations’ position in codifying, measuring and accrediting carbon makes them valuable sites at which to describe the materialities of the concept. I use data collected from the administrative offices of two voluntary carbon offset standards in 2010-11 to explore what is included and excluded within carbon as it was enacted at these sites. Carbon is described in this research as an assemblage and a multiplicity – it is articulated in varying ways by actors within offset markets. Through the work of standards organisations, the “orthodoxies” of offsetting are identified as taken-for-granted features of carbon. In contrast, the position of SD is identified as variable across different articulations of carbon. Using a post-Actor Network Theory approach innovatively combined with Suchman’s typology of legitimacy, this diversity in carbon is not normatively evaluated; instead the focus is on how assemblages of carbon differentiate the legitimacy of SD as a feature of offsetting. Some take SD for granted as an inherent aspect of offsetting, for others it is a desirable feature, but not necessary. Alternatively it could be offered as an add-on possibility without suggesting SD implied better offsetting, and for others offsetting was best enacted without assembling SD concerns. Exploring carbon as an assemblage demonstrates the continuous and flexible constructions of carbon as a commodity and concept. When examined in detail, the marketing strategies and technical rules of different standards produce varying articulations of carbon. Furthermore, this research explores how the work of voluntary carbon offset standards excludes the scrutiny of sites of consumption of offsets. This exclusion, as with the integration of SD, is notable for the differences in how it is articulated by standard staff – challenged by some, taken-for-granted by others but with diverse rationales for each position. These features are informative in relation to the roles ascribed to voluntary standards across other commodities as well as in relation to carbon. Attending to the multiplicity that exists in the daily practices of offset markets suggests possibilities for those looking to stabilise or reform the concept of carbon as well as understanding the activities of voluntary standards.
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Ideskär, Sandra. "Carbon Storylines : The discursive struggle over carbon offsets as a decarbonization pathway in the Swedish Climate Policy Framework." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177167.

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This study addresses discourses and how they affect climate policy, through the example of carbon offsets as a tool to reach domestic emissions reductions in the Swedish Climate Policy Framework. An interpretation of Maarten Hajer’s argumentative discourse analysis is applied to understand the ideas and arguments that inform the policy debate on carbon offsets as a supplementary measure in this policy process. By mapping, comparing and finding dominating storylines, it presents how Swedish government actors, businesses- and non-governmental organizations legitimize, justify and contest carbon offsets. The findings suggest that the dominating storylines largely remain in the status quo on carbon offsets, connecting to the larger policy discourses of ecological modernization and green governmentality. They also show a potential attempt to divorce of international development from carbon offset mechanisms, as a way to increase efficiency. However, in a Paris Agreement and Article 6 landscape, room to reimage and critically evaluate the use of carbon offsets has also emerged. Established actors join civil society in raising uncertainty and doubt of the future of carbon offsets. These discursive shifts may impact how Sweden intends to exercise leadership in deep decarbonization going forward.
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Lansing, David M. "The Spaces of Carbon: Calculation,Technology, and Discourse in the Production of Carbon Forestry Offsets in Costa Rica." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250637819.

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Chandrasena, Rajapakshage Inoka Ilmi. "The cost of agriculturally based greenhouse gas offsets in the Texas High Plains." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85.

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The broad objective of this thesis involves investigation of the role agriculture might play in a society wide greenhouse gas emissions reduction effort. Specifically, the breakeven price for carbon emission offsets is calculated for agriculturally based emission reducing practices. The practices investigated in the Texas High Plains involve reduced tillage use, reduced fallow use, reduced crop fertilization, cropland conversion to grassland, feedlot enteric fermentation management and digester based dairy manure handling. Costs of emission reductions were calculated at the producer level. The calculated offset prices are classified into four cost categories. They are: negative cost, low cost (less than $20 per ton of carbon saved), moderate cost ($20 through $100 per ton of carbon saved), and high cost (over $100 for tons of carbon saved). Negative cost implies that farmers could make money and reduce emissions by moving to alternative practices even without any carbon payments. Alternatives in the positive cost categories need compensation to induce farmers to switch to practices that sequester more carbon. All fallow dryland crop practices, dryland and irrigated cotton zero tillage, dryland and irrigated wheat zero tillage, irrigated corn zero tillage, cotton irrigated nitrogen use reduction under minimum tillage and dryland pasture for all systems, and anaerobic lagoon complete mix and plug flow systems fall in the negative cost category. Dryland and irrigated wheat under minimum tillage are found to be in the low cost category. Cotton dryland under minimum tillage and cotton irrigated with nitrogen use reduction under zero tillage fell into the moderate cost class. Both corn and cotton irrigated minimum tillage are found to be in the high cost category. This study only considers the producer foregone net income less fixed costs as the only cost incurred in switching to an alternative sequestering practice. More costs such as learning and risk should probably be included. This limitation along with other constraints such as use of short run budget data, lack of availability and reliability of local budgets, overlooking any market effects, and lack of treatment of costs incurred in selling carbon offsets to buyers are limitations and portend future work.
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Kim, Man-Keun. "Economic investigation of discount factors for agricultural greenhouse gas emission offsets." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2187.

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This dissertation analyzes the basis for and magnitudes of discount factors based on the characteristics of greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) offsets that are applied to the GHGE reduction projects, concentrating on agricultural projects. Theoretical approaches to discount factors, estimation and incorporation of discount factors procedures are developed. Discount factors would be imposed by credit purchasers due to noncompliance with regulatory program of the credits with GHG program including consideration of shortfall penalties and limited durations. Discount factors are proposed for (i) additionality, (ii) leakage, (iii) permanence, and (iv) uncertainty. Additionality arise when the region where an AO project is being proposed would have substantial adoption of the AO practice in the absence of GHG programs (business as usual GHGE offset). Leakage arises when the effect of a program is offset by an induced increase in economic activity and accompanying emissions elsewhere. The leakage effect depends on demand and supply elasticities. Permanence reflects the saturation and volatility characteristics of carbon sequestration. Carbon is stored in a volatile form and can be released quickly to the atmosphere when an AO practice is discontinued. The permanence discount depends on the project design including practice continuation after the program and the dynamic rate of offset. Also, consideration of multiple offsets is important. Uncertainty arises due to the stochastic nature of project quantity. The uncertainty discount tends to be smaller the larger the size of the offset contract due to aggregation over space and time. The magnitude of these discounts is investigated in Southeast Texas rice discontinuation study. The additionality and the leakage discounts are found to play an important role in case of rice lands conversion to other crops but less so for pasture conversions and yet less for forest conversions. The permanence discount is important when converting to other crops and short rotation forestry. When all discounts are considered, rice lands conversion to forest yields claimable credits amounting to 52.8% ~ 77.5% of the total offset. When converting rice lands to pasture, the claimable credits 45.1% ~ 64.2%, while a conversion of rice lands to other crops yields claimable credits 38.9% ~ 40.4%.
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Banki, Ahmad. "Insurance purchasing under ambiguity, and its applications for forest carbon offsets: an experimental study." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97116.

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The limitations of the expected utility theory in predicting risk preference under low probabilities have been discussed by various experimental studies. However, the ex-isting studies have not arrived at a consensus in this area. There are signs of both over-insurance and under-insurance for low-probability loss events. The topic has particularly not been addressed when ambiguity is coupled with low probability estimates. This paper theoretically analyzes the implications of ambiguity aversion for insurance purchasing in loss events involving low probabilities. The topic has been looked into under the light of forest carbon offsets and the need for insurance for unavoidable losses of the sequestrated carbon. The paper offers an experimental design involving three phases, including a replica of a previous study on insurance behaviour, addition of the ambiguity factor, and two methods of measuring ambiguity preference. Wildfire losses are associated with small probabilities and ambiguity, and ambiguity increases the individual's willingness to pay for insurance. Therefore, the government can set a higher price for its mandatory insurance program provided on forestry offset credits.
Les limites sur la théorie de l'utilité anticipée utilisée pour prédire les préférences de risque sous de faibles probabilités ont été discutées dans plusieurs études expérimenta-les. Toutefois, les études existantes n'en sont pas arrivées à un consensus. Il y a des si-gnaux tant pour une confiance élevée que basse dans des situations de faibles probabilités de pertes. Le sujet n'a pas été particulièrement questionné lorsque l'ambigüité est combi-née avec des estimations de faibles probabilités. Cette étude analyse théoriquement les implications de l'aversion de l'ambigüité lors de l'achat d'assurance dans un contexte de situations comprenant de faibles probabilités de perte. Cette étude examine les crédits de carbone au niveau forestier ainsi qu'aux besoins d'assurances afin d'éliminer d'inévitables pertes reliées aux séquestrations de carbone. Cette étude offre un design expérimental comprenant trois phases, incluant une réplique des études existantes sur les comportements des consommateurs d'assurances, ajoutant le facteur d'ambigüité ainsi que deux méthodes de mesures pour les préférences d'ambigüité.
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Abbruzzini, Thalita Fernanda. "The role of biochar on greenhouse gas offsets, improvement of soil attributes and nutrient use efficiency in tropical soils." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-30092015-115437/.

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The solid product of pyrolysis, called \"biochar\" (BC) in the context of improving soil properties as part of agronomic or environmental management, also got into focus as a climate mitigation strategy. The researcher investigated the effects of BC on soil attributes, nitrogen (N) use and GHG emissions. In Chapter 1 the origin of BC was commented. In Chapter 2, BC from sugarcane straw was characterized, and its priming on native SC was evaluated with the treatments: (T1) Soil; (T2) BC; (T3) Soil + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T4) Soil + BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T5) Soil + BC 50 Mg ha-1. In Chapter 3, it was evaluated the combination of BC, filter cake (F) and vinasse (V), in relation to soil attributes and carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The treatments were: (T1) Soil + FC + V; (T2) Soil + FC + V + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Soil + FC + V + BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T4) Soil + FC + V + BC 50 Mg ha-1. In Chapter 4, the nitrogen (N) use efficiency was investigated in a pot trial under wheat using NH4[15N]O3 and rates of BC, with the treatments: (T1) Soil, with N, no BC; (T2) Soil, with N, BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Soil, with N, BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T4) Soil, with N, BC 50 Mg ha-1. BC had C and N contents higher compared to the feedstock. Total K, Mg and P also increased. The lowest CO2 fluxes were for BC, and CO2 from soil and soil + BC did not differ. The highest CO2 - C4 was in the first day, and there were no differences in the CO2 - C3. The BC presents characteristics to improve soil attributes. BC stability is an opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. In Chapter 3, soil pH, P and base contents increased and Al3+ decreased with BC to sandy soil. Impacts of BC on the CEC were higher in sandy soil. Mineral N decreased with BC. Cumulative CO2 in T1 were higher in sandy and clayey soils than the control. T2 and T3 in sandy soil increased CO2 emissions, but T4 did not differ from T1. BC reduced N2O emissions from sandy and clayey soils relative to T1. BC with FC and V affected pH, CEC, P and base contents. However, those effects were higher in sandy soil. The BC supressed N2O from V and FC. In Chapter 4, BC decreased N2O from N fertilization compared to only N fertilizer. T4 had higher tillering and grain yield. Also, T2 to T4 had higher 100-grain weight and shoot. T3 and T4 had the highest N in grains. The application of BC to soil improves N availability and use efficiency, enhances grain yields and reduces N2O from N fertilization. This study opened encouraging perspectives to the evaluation of sugarcane straw BC to improve soil quality and mitigate GHG emissions.
O produto sólido da pirólise, denominado \"biochar\" (BC) no contexto da melhoria nos atributos do solo como parte do manejo agrícola e ambiental, também tem se destacado na mitigação das mudanças climáticas. O pesquisador investigou os efeitos do BC nos atributos do solo, uso do nitrogênio (N) e emissões de GEE. No Cap. 1 comentou-se a origem do BC. No Cap. 2, caracterizou-se o BC de palha de cana-de-açúcar e avaliou-se o potencial de decomposição do C do solo, com os tratamentos: (T1) Solo; (T2) BC; (T3) Solo + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T4) Solo + BC 20 Mg ha-1 (T4); e (T5) Solo + BC 50 Mg ha-1. No Cap. 3, avaliou-se a combinação BC, torta de filtro (TF) e vinhaça (V) em atributos do solo e fluxos de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) nos tratamentos: (T1) Solo + TF + V; (T2) Solo + TF + V + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Solo + TF + V + BC 20 Mg ha-1; e (T4) Solo + TF + V + BC 50 Mg ha-1. No Cap. 4 investigou-se a eficiência de uso do N num experimento em vasos com trigo usando NH4 [15N]O3 e doses de BC, com os tratamentos: (T1) Solo, com N, sem BC; (T2) Solo, com N, BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Solo, com N, BC 20 Mg ha-1; e (T4) Solo, com N, BC 50 Mg ha-1. Os teores de C e N do BC foram maiores comparado à biomassa. K, Mg e P totais também aumentaram. Os menores fluxos de CO2 foram do BC. O CO2 do solo e solo + BC não diferiram. Observou-se maior CO2 - C4 no primeiro dia de incubação, porém sem diferenças no CO2 - C3. O BC apresenta características para melhorar atributos do solo e reduzir as emissões de CO2. No Cap. 3, pH, P e bases aumentaram e o Al3+ diminuíu com o BC. Os impactos do BC na CTC foram maiores em solo arenoso. O N mineral diminuíu com o BC. O CO2 acumulado no T1 foi maior nos solos arenoso e argiloso comparado ao controle. O T2 e T3 aumentaram o CO2 acumulado do arenoso relativo ao T1, enquanto T4 e T1 não diferiram. O BC reduziu as emissões de N2O pelos solos arenoso e argiloso comparado ao T1. O BC combinado à TF e V afetaram pH, CTC, P e bases do solo arenoso. O BC suprimiu o N2O de solos com V e TF. No Cap. 4, o BC diminuíu as emissões de N2O comparado ao fertilizante N apenas. T4 teve rendimento de grãos superior ao T1. T2 a T4 apresentaram maior peso de 100 grãos e biomassa aérea. T3 e T4 tiveram maior N em grãos. O BC melhora o uso do N, a produção de grãos e reduz o N2O de fertilizante N, abrindo perspectivas para a avaliação do BC de palha de cana-de-açúcar na melhoria da qualidade do solo e mitigar das emissões de GEE.
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Kim, Jieun S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Carbon offsets as a cost containment instrument : a case study of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59584.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-60).
Carbon offset is one type of flexibility mechanism in greenhouse gas emission trading schemes that helps nations meet their emission commitments at lower costs. Carbon offsets take advantage of lower abatement cost opportunities from unregulated sectors and regions, which can be used to offset the emissions from regulated nations and sectors. Carbon offsets can also meet multiple objectives; for example, the Clean Development Mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol encourages Annex I countries to promote low carbon sustainable projects in developing countries in exchange for carbon offsets. Alternatively, the costs under cap-and-trade policies are subjected to uncertainties due to uncertainties about technology, energy markets, and emissions. There are several cost-containment instruments to address cost uncertainties, such as banking, borrowing, safety valve, and allowance reserves. Although carbon offsets are verified to reduce expected compliance costs by providing a surplus of cheap allowances that can be used by Annex I countries to help meet their commitments, they have yet to be studied as a cost-containment instrument. Carbon offsets could potentially be a cost-containment instrument as purchasing carbon offsets during instances of high carbon price volatility could potentially provide some relief from high prices. This paper analyzes the effect of carbon offsets on carbon prices, specifically under carbon price uncertainty. I use carbon offsets from abatement activities that reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) as a case study example. My results show that carbon offsets reduce upside costs and thus can be an alternative cost-containment instrument, but cost-effectiveness can be limited by supply uncertainties, offset purchasing restrictions, emission target stringency and competition over demand. Carbon offsets, such as REDD, can serve as a flexibility instrument for developed nations, encourage global participation in reducing GHG emissions, and provide sustainable development support to developing nations.
by Jieun Kim.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Books on the topic "Carbon offsets"

1

Bushnell, James B. The economics of carbon offsets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Carbon offsets: Examining their role in greenhouse gas reduction. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Mason, Charles. Contracting for impure public goods: Carbon offsets and additionality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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Morningstar, Karen T. Carbon offsets: Examining their role in greenhouse gas reduction. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Mason, Charles. Contracting for impure public goods: Carbon offsets and additionality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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Tosi, Joseph A. An ecological model for the prediction of carbon offsets by terrestrial biota. San José, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center, 1997.

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Kennett, Steven Alexander. Oil sands, carbon sinks, and emissions offsets: Towards a legal and policy framework. Calgary, Alta., Canada: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 2003.

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Voluntary carbon offsets: Getting what you pay for : hearing before the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, July 18, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Hearing to review the costs and benefits of agriculture offsets: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy, and Research of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, December 3, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Brown, Tristan. Market impact of domestic offset programs. Ames, Iowa: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon offsets"

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García-Sánchez, Isabel-María, and Jennifer Martínez-Ferrero. "Carbon Offsets." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_745-1.

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Arendt, Rosalie, Vanessa Bach, and Matthias Finkbeiner. "Carbon Offsets: An LCA Perspective." In Progress in Life Cycle Assessment 2019, 189–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50519-6_14.

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Polonsky, Michael Jay, Stacy Landreth Grau, and Romana Garma. "Exploring US Consumers Understanding of Carbon Offsets." In Proceedings of the 2009 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 14–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10864-3_10.

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Ervine, Kate. "Trading Carbon: Offsets, Human Rights, and Environmental Regulation." In Beyond Free Trade, 247–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137412737_14.

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Bumpus, Adam G. "The Matter of Carbon: Understanding the Materiality of tCO2e in Carbon Offsets." In The New Carbon Economy, 13–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118315835.ch2.

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Brinkel, Stefanie, and Ralf Antes. "Voluntary Carbon Offsets – Empirical Findings of an International Survey." In Emissions Trading, 243–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20592-7_15.

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Haya, Barbara, Aaron Strong, Emily Grubert, and Danny Cullenward. "Carbon Offsets in California: Science in the Policy Development Process." In Communicating Climate-Change and Natural Hazard Risk and Cultivating Resilience, 241–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20161-0_15.

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Lansing, David M. "Realizing Carbon's Value: Discourse and Calculation in the Production of Carbon Forestry Offsets in Costa Rica." In The New Carbon Economy, 135–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118315835.ch7.

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Kuch, Declan. "‘Economists in the Wild’: Clean Development and the Global Politics of Carbon Offsets." In The Rise and Fall of Carbon Emissions Trading, 120–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137490384_6.

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Hein, Jonas, and Heiko Garrelts. "Verstrickung und Korrektiv. Zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure und marktbasierte Klimaschutzinstrumente – das Beispiel der Forest Carbon Offsets." In Die internationale Klimabewegung, 429–48. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01970-9_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon offsets"

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Van Brunt, Michael, Brigitte Kantor, and Nate Johnson. "Generating and Selling Carbon Offset Credits." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7048.

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New energy from waste capacity is eligible to generate carbon offsets based on a Clean Development Mechanism offset methodology through the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). To date, two facilities in North America have progressed through the carbon offset generation process, successfully validating and verifying their projects in accordance with the standard. The Lee County facility began generating carbon offsets with the 2007 emissions year, and the Hillsborough County facility has verified carbon offsets beginning with the 2009 emissions year. The credits are associated with the avoidance of landfill methane and displaced grid-connected fossil fuel electricity generation. Due to extensive conservatism on the part of the CDM methodology, approximately 0.15–0.3 tons of credits are generated per ton of waste processed, depending on the specific operation generating the offsets. This is in contrast to an overall net lifecycle greenhouse gas reduction of approximately 1 ton of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per ton of waste processed relative to the business as usual practice of landfilling. More realistic methodologies could generate offset credits at a rate approaching the life cycle benefits. However, even with the current methodology, the energy from waste carbon market could exceed 800 thousand metric tonnes per year, with a value of $1.6–$3 million a year, based on current voluntary carbon offset pricing.
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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.

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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
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McManus, Natalie, Kelsey Austin, and Carmen Bachofen. "Possible Carbon Offsets for Rural Peru." In The 3rd Global Virtual Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/april2021/all-events/8.

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Alchin, Mark, Matthew Braimbridge, David Jasper, Brooke Hay, and Harley Lacy. "Commercialisation of rangeland carbon offsets by resource companies." In Fourth International Seminar on Strategic versus Tactical Approaches in Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1108_16_alchin.

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Mustajärvi, Linda, Janne Kotiaho, and Atte Moilanen. "Biodiversity and carbon offsets of the ECCB2018 congress." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108658.

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Kim, Yong-Hyun. "First-Principles Band Offsets of Carbon Nanotubes with III-V Semiconductors." In PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 27th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors - ICPS-27. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1994463.

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Scano, Lorenzo. "Stress Intensification Factors for Non-Concentric Elbow Branches in Old Carbon-Steel Pipelines." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45541.

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Unreinforced branch connections manufactured using elbow ducts can be occasionally encountered during the Fitness-For-Service evaluation of very old, low-service, carbon-steel pipelines. For these peculiar components, no Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) are usually available in the international codes and standards used by practicioners for stress analysis purposes. In a previous work from the author [1], the SIFs for various elbow branch connections were determined via FEA and a formula was derived through a parametric analysis in order to calculate the SIF for the elbow tees using the codified SIF of the equivalent standard joints. The investigation was restricted to concentric elbow branches, i.e., tees where the elbow duct had the same principal axis of the run pipe. In this paper the case of non-concentric elbow branches was taken into account, considering the offset between elbow and run pipes and the rotation of the curved duct in the two main meridional planes, thus bringing into focus lateral and non-planar elbow tees. The SIFs were calculated using FEA for different configurations of reducing elbow branches with diameters ranging from 2” to 10” and thicknesses from Piping Schedule 10, 40 and 80. Lateral and non-planar joints were analyzed for one reference geometry and at various offsets and rotation angles. A parametric analysis was then carried out to evaluate the offset effect on the stress intensification both on run and branch side, for in-plane and out-of-plane bending. The results showed a significant impact only on the branch side where an increase in piping offset resulted in a reduction of the dominant out-of-plane bending SIF. The original formula devised for the concentric elbow branch connections was hence modified to include this offset effect. Finally, the combined role of offset and rotation angle was parametrically analyzed for the special geometry investigated. The results demonstrated a significative increment of the SIFs for non-planar tees, both on run and branch pipes, whilst in lateral joints the major SIF increased to a maximum only on the branch side.
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Escobar, Sergio, Jorge E. Gonza´lez, Adam Wong, and Mark Aschheim. "A Method to Estimate Real-Time Energy Performance and Carbon Offsets in Residential Buildings." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90152.

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A method is presented to determine energy performance of residential buildings. The method is based on an extended application of the degree-days basis to determine building thermal performance. The overall heat transfer coefficient and radiation shading factors are extracted from nightime and daytime readings of indoor and outdoor temperatures, solar radiation, and total energy usage of the building. It is shown that the overall heat transfer coefficient (thermal response) UA of the building is linear. Radiation shading factors can be represented as nonlinear functions of time. Application of the method to estimate real-time energy performance and carbon offsets of high performance buildings is discussed. The performance of the building is compared with an equivalent building with standard physical and thermal characteristics.
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Vargas, Sergio Escobar, Jorge E. Gonzalez, and Mark Aschheim. "Benefits of Monitoring Energy Use and Production Using Enhanced Smart Meters for California Houses." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91345.

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Methodologies have been developed to allow real-time determination of energy production and use as well as sizing of HVAC equipment based on thermal loads at the residential level. The data obtained reflect actual properties of the thermal envelope and appliance efficiencies, as well as actual renewable power production. The use of properly sized HVAC equipment introduces further energy savings. Recovery of energy savings expressed in terms of carbon offsets provides an incentive to improve the occupant’s energy footprint. When monetized, the energy cost savings and carbon offsets have financial benefits. These benefits are evaluated for model homes in various climatic zones within the state of California.
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Traeger, David, John Nelson, and Robert Zorbaugh. "Carbon and Green House Gas Evaluation of the Lancaster County Waste Management System." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5452.

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HDR partnered with the Lancaster County Solid Waste Management Authority (Authority) to use the Carbon Assessment Planning Tool (CAPT) to evaluate GHG emissions in their solid waste system. The Authority owns three primary facilities, which comprise the Authority’s solid waste processing and disposal system (the System). The primary facilities in the System are the Transfer Station (TS), the Frey Farm Landfill (FFLF) and the Lancaster County Resource Recovery Facility (RRF). The Authority has recently added wind turbines to its energy portfolio and is considering other changes within its system. The model will be used to evaluate the net effect of the changing system characteristics on the Green House Gas emissions from the system. Reduction in the waste landfilled, changes in Landfill Gas production and increases in energy production will all be evaluated. The paper will review the model assumptions and parameters and will discuss system characteristics. The paper will also discuss a methodology for monetization of additional “green benefits” associated with the GHG emissions reductions through the sale of emission offsets.
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Reports on the topic "Carbon offsets"

1

Bushnell, James. The Economics of Carbon Offsets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16305.

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Conte, Marc, and Matthew Kotchen. Explaining the Price of Voluntary Carbon Offsets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15294.

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Mason, Charles, and Andrew Plantinga. Contracting for Impure Public Goods: Carbon Offsets and Additionality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16963.

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Shultz, Miles, Jenna Anderson, and Tiffany Wilson. Carbon Offset Fund : A Feasibility Study. University of Iowa, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/s0r2-aq81.

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Report: Status of Legal Recognition of Indigenous Peoples’, Local Communities’ and Afro-descendant Peoples’ Rights to Carbon Stored in Tropical Lands and Forests. Rights and Resources Initiative, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/mlqq5744.

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This study reviews the status of the legal recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-descendant Peoples to the carbon in their lands and territories across 31 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Together, these countries hold almost 70 percent of the world’s tropical forests and represent at least 62 percent of the total feasible natural climate solution potential, and thus the bulk of nature-based emissions reductions and carbon offset opportunities in tropical and subtropical forest countries.
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