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1
Maraseni, Tek Narayan, Jerry Maroulis, and Geoff Cockfield. "An analysis of Australia’s carbon pollution reduction scheme." International Journal of Environmental Studies 66, no. 5 (October 2009): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230902916190.
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Betz, Regina, and Anthony D. Owen. "The implications of Australia’s carbon pollution reduction scheme for its National Electricity Market." Energy Policy 38, no. 9 (September 2010): 4966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.084.
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Bailey, Ian, Iain MacGill, Rob Passey, and Hugh Compston. "The fall (and rise) of carbon pricing in Australia: a political strategy analysis of the carbon pollution reduction scheme." Environmental Politics 21, no. 5 (September 2012): 691–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2012.705066.
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Li, Hui, Xianchun Tan, Jianxin Guo, Kaiwei Zhu, and Chen Huang. "Study on an Implementation Scheme of Synergistic Emission Reduction of CO2 and Air Pollutants in China’s Steel Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020352.
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China’s steel industry is an energy-intensive sector. Synergistic reduction of emissions of CO2 and air pollutants (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) in the steel industry has an important practical significance for climate change and air pollution control. According to the CO2 emission reduction intensity targets (CERO) and air pollutant emission targets (PERO) for 2020 and 2030, 28 types of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies (20 types of carbon reduction technology and eight types of air pollution end-of-pipe technology) were selected for examination, and a two-stage dynamic optimization model with collaborative implementation of PERO and CERO was built to assess the near future (2015–2020) and long-term (2020–2030) implementation plans for synergistic emissions reduction of CO2 and air pollutants. The results show that in the near future, the implementation of PERO will have a greater synergistic effect on CO2 emission reduction. CO2 emission reduction under PERO in 2020 will be 97 million tons (Mt) higher than that of CERO, an increase of nearly 26%. However, the effects of implementing CERO are better in the long run. Under CERO, the emission reductions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in 2030 are 2.44 Mt, 1.47 Mt, and 0.86 Mt, respectively, and 7%, 4%, and 5% higher than the implementation of PERO. As far as marginal abatement cost is concerned, in the near future, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and air pollutant equivalents are 1.06 yuan/kgCO2 and 133 yuan/kg pollution equivalent (pe) under PERO, which are 23% and 11% lower than that of CERO, while in the long run, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and pollutant equivalents under CERO are 0.025 yuan/kgCO2 and 2.73 yuan/kgpe, about 96% and 95% lower than that of PERO.
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Ross Lambie, Neil. "Understanding the effect of an emissions trading scheme on electricity generator investment and retirement behaviour: the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 54, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2010.00486.x.
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Henry, Nick, and Adam Cunningham. "Accounting and financial reporting considerations for oil and gas companies operating under Australia's proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08058.
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The introduction of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) is one of Australia’s most significant economic reforms since the deregulation of the Australian financial markets in the 1980s and will have a significant impact on companies across a number of sectors—in particular those in the oil and gas industry. Given the significant greenhouse gas emission footprint of the oil and gas industry in Australia, for many oil and gas companies the cost of buying carbon pollution permits and/or reducing emissions through targetted abatement programs is likely to be significant. From a strategic perspective, understanding how the proposed CPRS could affect future cash flows will be critically important. Financial markets have already begun to factor the potential cash flow impacts into valuations of companies likely to be directly impacted by the legislation. Public disclosure of the potential impacts of the CPRS is considered both an opportunity and threat for those companies exposed to it. The proposed CPRS will also pose significant governance, compliance and reporting challenges for those companies directly impacted by it. Measurement and reporting of emissions information will need to be subjected to the same level of control and rigour as other financial information. This paper will examine both the immediate and longer term accounting and financial reporting considerations for oil and gas companies as a result of the CPRS, focussing on what companies need to be doing now to be prepared for the introduction of this legislation.
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Bista, Saurav Raj, Bivek Baral, Utsav Raj Aryal, and Nischal Chaulagain. "Analysis of Flow Dynamics of Carbon Monoxide Emitted from Cook Stoves in Closed Room Using CFD." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32011.
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Wood being one of the major sources for cooking in developing countries has also been key for indoor air pollutions. Many studies and improvements on the stove have been conducted to enhance combustion efficiency and minimize emission. Although many Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) programs has been widespread, due to design limitation together with operational and fuel factors have hindered the targeted emission reduction. Several studies in developing countries have shown that the even ICS have not been able to reduce the adverse impact on human health due to the use of solid biomass fuel. Despites the limitation in stove performance, alternatives have to be used to reduce the indoor air pollution till better cooking and heating system is in place in the developing countries. Proper ventilation and stove placement might be one of the few solutions. To provide an effective passive ventilation scheme, flow dynamics of the pollutants from stove to indoor space and outdoor needs to be predicted. This paper discusses about the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to predict the pollution flow pattern and dispersion dynamics with different ventilation placement and stove location. The study also considers potential thermal energy conservation in the living space with optimum ventilation.
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Firsova, A., V. Strezov, and R. Taplin. "After 20 years of creating Australian climate policy: was the proposed carbon pollution reduction scheme a change in direction?" Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2011.646751.
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Pielecha, Jacek, and Monika Andrych-Zalewska. "The influence of internal catalyst on exhaust emission in dynamic conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400141.
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The article discusses the use of an internal catalyst, which allows to reduce the emission of harmful compounds during internal combustion engine operation. This is a type of exhaust aftertreatment system; however, its placement inside the combustion chamber, and thus closest to the combustion process, allows reducing the pollution at the source (the catalyst was sprayed on the glow plugs). This is necessary because vehicle pollution reduction is a key aspect of reducing the negative environmental impact of transport. The presented research results are a part of a wider research scheme, on the evaluation of the internal catalyst impact in various engine operating conditions – starting from static tests (on an engine dynamometer), through dynamic dynamometer tests, and ending with vehicle road tests in real driving conditions. The use of an internal catalyst during dynamic tests results in a few percent reduction in the mass of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and the number of particulates in the considered measurement test. It is technically possible to introduce this kind of a technical solution in most vehicles with Diesel engines, thus resulting in improved ecological properties of internal combustion engines.
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Akter, Sonia, and Jeff Bennett. "Household perceptions of climate change and preferences for mitigation action: the case of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme in Australia." Climatic Change 109, no. 3-4 (February 26, 2011): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0034-8.
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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Carbon Offsetting as a Trade Related Market Based Measure for Aircraft Engine Emissions." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 3 (June 1, 2017): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017017.
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The 39th Assembly of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), held from 27 September to 7 October 2016 adopted by consensus a Resolution on a Global Market Based Measure (GMBM) to address and mitigate the effects of aircraft engine emissions on the environment. According to the Resolution (which replaces Assembly Resolution A38-18 and which had some reservations of States attached to it), a GMBM scheme would be implemented in the form of a Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) to address any annual increase in total CO2 emissions from international civil aviation (i.e. civil aviation flights that depart in one country and arrive in a different country) above 2020 levels, taking into account Special Circumstances and Respective Capabilities (SCRC) of States. CORSIA would be implemented in three phases while accommodating SCRC, in particular of developing States, while at the same time minimizing market distortion. The Resolution was in response to a specification in Resolution A38-18 adopted at the Assembly three years earlier which required the Assembly in 2016 to develop a GMBM scheme. It took six years, from the 37th Assembly in 2010 (which required the Council to explore the feasibility and modalities of a GMBM scheme) to the 39th Session in 2016 for ICAO to come up with a scheme, which, until 2024 would be a voluntary pilot scheme that would not be an active GMBM. Thereafter, through 2027 the scheme would still be semi experimental. In the meanwhile, pollution caused by engine emissions would exponentially grow over the next ten years. This article examines the latest ICAO effort against its historical background and evolution, together with a discussion on its effectiveness from a legal perspective.
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Tsui, Jackson Tsz Chun, and Dennis Y. C. Leung. "Viability of renewable energy technologies under the Feed-in Tariff scheme in Hong Kong." HKIE Transactions 29, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v29n3thie-2021-0003.
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Many countries and regions around the world have incorporated renewable energy use for the purpose of achieving resource sustainability, pollution reduction, as well as reducing the carbon footprint. Many cities around the world including Hong Kong have created Feed-in Tariff (FIT) schemes to encourage and provide incentives for renewable energy development. There is thus a need to study the feasibility of using renewable energy under the scheme. Energy generated from two prominent renewable energy technologies ‒ solar PV and wind turbines ‒ are studied for a hypothetical housing development in Hong Kong. To allow for increased knowledge of different types of solar panels and wind turbines that are available in the market, two different types of solar panels – the monocrystalline and amorphous silicon PV ‒ and two different types of wind turbines – the horizontal and vertical wind turbine ‒ are studied. The revenue that can be generated is then calculated based on a power company’s FIT scheme. The payback period required for each type of renewable energy technology development is also determined. The results show that solar panels are feasible for installation within the city, and both solar panels and wind turbines are feasible for installation on outlying islands outside the city such as Cheung Chau.
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Yin, Yan, and Fengcai Liu. "Carbon Emission Reduction and Coordination Strategies for New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain under the Carbon Trading Policy." Complexity 2021 (July 19, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3720373.
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Due to the increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental pollution, new energy vehicle (NEV) as a environmentally-friendly travel tool has been vigorously developed by various countries. However, in 2020, China officially enters the “postsubsidy era” in which the carbon trading scheme will replace the current fiscal and taxation system, affecting the implementation of NEV. Under the carbon trading policy, it has gradually become a major issue how NEV companies achieve production revenue coordination and carbon emission optimization decisions. This study focuses on building a multilevel supply chain for NEV production, sales, and component recycling. In addition, this study establishes a Stackelberg game model dominated by NEV manufacturers and uses contracts to coordinate the model. Results are as follows: (1) With the increasing maturity and perfection of enterprises’ carbon emission reduction technology, consumers’ demand for new energy vehicles will increase, and the effect will be more obvious when the system centralized decision-making. (2) Since the centralized decision is aimed at the total profit of the system and has the advantage of optimal order quantity, the total benefit of the supply chain is higher than that of the decentralized decision. Moreover, if the cost coefficient of carbon emission reduction is small, the total benefit of the supply chain under the centralized decision will be more obvious. (3) From the perspective of each member of the supply chain, the profit change of the manufacturer is more sensitive to the change of order quantity compared with the cost coefficient of carbon emission reduction. When the cost of carbon emission reduction technology is too high, manufacturers may not have much incentive to carry out technological research and development and innovation, resulting in failure to achieve system optimization. (4) This study designed a revenue-cost-sharing contract coordination mechanism; that is, the retailer will provide part of the revenue to the manufacturer, and the manufacturer will provide recovery compensation to the recycler.
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Wu, Kecheng, Quan Chen, Jiajia Huan, Xin Huang, Mintong Zhao, and Yijun Wang. "Research on optimal allocation strategy of multi-energy storage in regional integrated energy system considering the quantification of low-carbon economic benefits." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125602008.
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The dual pressure of energy crisis and environmental pollution has prompted the world’s energy sector to change in the direction of clean, efficient, sustainable and pollution-free, and RIES (Regional Integrated Energy System) has emerged. The deployment of energy storage devices in the RIES can deepen the connection of each energy system, release the spatial and temporal constraints of multiple energy sources, and thus improve the energy utilization and economy of the integrated energy system. Based on the infrastructure and model of the RIES, this paper studied the synergistic optimal configuration of electricity storage, power-to-gas (P2G) technology, cooling storage and heating storage in the case of multi-energy complementation operation of combined cooling, heating and power supply (CCHP) unit and other equipment. Firstly, an optimal configuration model of multiple energy storage in the RIES based on the optimal operational economy was proposed. Then, the economics and feasibility of configuring different energy storage combinations in the system were analyzed. Finally, the benefits of energy storage devices in the regional integrated energy system were quantified and analyzed by the economic indicators and low carbon emissions reduction indicators. By employing an industrial district RIES in northern China as the study case, the operation scheduling scheme and energy storage allocation scheme were solved by the optimization model proposed in this paper. The results show that the RIES containing multiple types of energy storage can consume more distributed new energy, improve economic efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. And this model has a good application prospect.
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Stanford, Jon. "Electricity generation in a carbon constrained world: the role for gas." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08049.
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In March 2009, the Australian government published draft legislation for its proposed emissions trading scheme—the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). The CPRS is the main instrument that will be employed to achieve Australia’s stated objective of greenhouse gas mitigation, together with the new renewable energy target (RET) mandating that 20% of Australia’s electricity will be provided by renewable energy by 2020. The stated objective is to achieve a 5% reduction in emissions from the year 2000–2020. The objective of a 5% reduction in emissions (identified as CPRS-5 in the Treasury modelling undertaken for Garnaut and the Australian Government) is a more modest target than scientific opinion tells us is required to achieve temperature stabilisation at a level around two degrees higher than the average level now. Yet this target has been selected on the assumption that the rest of the world does not take more substantial action. If Australia seeks to achieve more than the rest of the world there will be a negligible impact on global emissions while we will export investments and jobs to less ambitious countries. In any case, a 5% reduction in emissions from 2000 levels will be difficult to achieve in the absence of major technological change being realised before 2020. It represents a reduction from the year 2000’s levels of 25% in per capita terms, and around 25% from projections of emissions under business-as-usual assumptions. Stationary energy, mainly power generation, is responsible for about half of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. Because this is also a sector where low emissions technologies are already available, it is expected that much of the heavy-lifting in regard to greenhouse gas mitigation will have to come from this sector. Much of the new investment in the power generation sector to 2020 will come from renewables so as to meet the RET, which equates to around 45,000 GWh of renewable generation by 2020. But what of base load generation? Apart from geothermal, that has yet to be technically and commercially proven in Australia, renewables are generally ill-suited to base load generation. Base load power in Australia has traditionally been provided by black and brown coal and with its high emissions it is unlikely to be seen as a future option in a carbon-constrained world. Lower emissions options for base load generation include: coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS); geothermal energy; nuclear energy; and, combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). The first three options are all problematic in Australia, and would not be able to provide significant generation capacity before 2020.
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Söderholm, Patrik, Ann-Kristin Bergquist, and Kristina Söderholm. "Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges." Current Forestry Reports 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-019-00097-0.
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Abstract Purpose of Review In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments. Recent Findings Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed—and implemented—in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry. Summary Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.
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Villa, Michele. "A strategic approach to reduce climate change risks for the LNG industry." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09058.
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The Senate rejection of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (CPRS) for the second time in December 2009 caused key sections of Australia’s big business to express concern. The stalled legislation and the challenges associated with the Copenhagen Accord to deliver a clear post-2012 global climate change agreement have only fuelled uncertainty surrounding the future of climate change policy. This uncertainty will come at a cost for the Australian LNG industry where a raft of new projects are fast approaching final investment decisions and the real impact of a carbon impost is difficult to quantify. Despite this uncertainty, subsequent negotiations between the Government and the Opposition regarding the LNG industry, led to an amended version of the CPRS Bill. One of the amendments accepted by the Government was related to the allocation rate and states that LNG is expected to be a moderately emissions intensive trade exposed (EITE) activity and therefore eligible to receive free permits at a fixed rate per tonne of LNG produced. Should this version of the CPRS become legislation in 2010, LNG producers will at least be able to calculate their liability under the scheme and confirm their compliance strategy. Given the significant value at stake with existing and new investments, oil and gas businesses should act with urgency to develop strategies to respond to a carbon constrained future, irrespective of the final legislative design. Scenario planning is an important step in considering the range of regulatory outcomes—both domestic and international—that will impact on the supply and demand of carbon assets.
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Yu, Wanlin, and Jinlong Luo. "Impact on Carbon Intensity of Carbon Emission Trading—Evidence from a Pilot Program in 281 Cities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912483.
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China’s carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS) is an institutional arrangement that China intends to explore as a means of energy conservation and emission reduction. It is the core of China’s goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This paper regards the introduction of pilot carbon emission trading policies as a quasi-natural experiment. Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Differences-in-Differences (DID), and spatial Durbin methods were used to evaluate the policy effects of pilot carbon emission trading policies on the carbon intensity of Chinese cities. We empirically tested the impact mechanism using the panel data of 281 cities at the prefecture level and above in China from 2006 to 2019. The results show that (1) the pilot policy of carbon emission trading has significantly reduced the carbon intensity of Chinese cities and shows characteristics of heterogeneity; (2) the dynamic effect test shows that the mitigation effect of the pilot carbon emission trading policy has increased gradually with time; (3) the mediation effect shows that the pilot carbon emission trading policy alleviates urban pollution in the region by improving the level of environmental governance and jointly reduces urban carbon intensity by increasing the level of green technology innovation; (4) the Durbin test suggests that pilot carbon emissions trading policy enforcement can significantly improve the carbon intensity of the area surrounding the city. In summary, the national carbon emissions trading market appears to be a successful experiment that also can contribute to China’s sustainable development. Its promise in achieving the “double carbon” target provides important policy implications.
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Hollaway, Michael, Oliver Wild, Ting Yang, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Conghui Xie, Lisa Whalley, Eloise Slater, Dwayne Heard, and Dantong Liu. "Photochemical impacts of haze pollution in an urban environment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 9699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9699-2019.
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Abstract. Rapid economic growth in China over the past 30 years has resulted in significant increases in the concentrations of small particulates (PM2.5) over the city of Beijing. In addition to health problems, high aerosol loading can impact visibility and thus reduce photolysis rates over the city, leading to potential implications for photochemistry. Photolysis rates are highly sensitive not only to the vertical distribution of aerosols but also to their composition, as this can impact how the incoming solar radiation is scattered or absorbed. This study, for the first time, uses aerosol composition measurements and lidar optical depth to drive the Fast-JX photolysis scheme and quantify the photochemical impacts of different aerosol species during the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH) measurement campaigns in Beijing in November–December 2016 and May–June 2017. This work demonstrates that severe haze pollution events (PM2.5 > 75 µg m−3) occur during both winter and summer, leading to reductions in O3 photolysis rates of 27 %–34 % (greatest in winter) and reductions in NO2 photolysis of 40 %–66 % (greatest in summer) at the surface. It also shows that in spite of much lower PM2.5 concentrations in the summer months, the absolute changes in photolysis rates are larger for both O3 and NO2. In the winter, absorbing species such as black carbon dominate the photolysis response to aerosols, leading to mean reductions in J[O1D] and J[NO2] in the lowest 1 km of 24 % and 23 %, respectively. In contrast, in the summer, scattering aerosol such as organic matter dominate the response, leading to mean decreases of 2 %–3 % at the surface and increases of 8 %–10 % at higher altitudes (3–4 km). During these haze events in both campaigns, the influence of aerosol on photolysis rates dominates over that from clouds. These large impacts on photochemistry can have significant implications for concentrations of important atmospheric oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical. Idealized photochemical box model studies show that such large impacts on photochemistry could lead to a 12 % reduction in surface O3 (3 % for OH) due to haze pollution. This highlights that PM2.5 mitigation strategies could have important implications for the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere both at the surface and in the free troposphere.
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Torbitt, Alison, and Richard Hildreth. "International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, no. 3 (2010): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x516999.
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AbstractRegulations on marine greenhouse gas emissions are possible, and some are in progress, using international treaty law and federal regulations. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), port and coastal States have jurisdiction over ships entering their waters and have the ability to implement mitigation strategies, ranging from mandatory speed reduction to installing shore-side electricity or sequestration equipment. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is determining the feasibility of design, fuel, and operation reforms. Alternatively, the implementation may be usurped by a global cap-and-trade scheme from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tightening the Clean Air Act § 213 regulations governing marine vessels and U.S. waters were recently designated a SOx Emission Control Area. However, carbon dioxide emissions from marine vessels remain unregulated.
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Galitskaya, E. A., and O. V. Zhdaneev. "Development of Electrolysis Technologies for Hydrogen Production in the Russian Federation." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-12-57-63.
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The list of solutions contributing to the reduction of carbon intensity of the Russian fuel and energy complex was considered. The optimum for the Russian Federation technological scheme of hydrogen production by electrolysis method was identified. It was shown that, by 2040, in case of technological progress, the net present value of plants for the production of hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis will be about 35 K US dollars/kW, plants with a solid polymer electrolyzer – 30 K US dollars/kW, and with a solid oxide electrolyzer – 26 K USD/kW. As a feasibility study for the production of hydrogen by electrolysis with the generation of electricity from wind farms with further use in industrial processes of direct reduction of iron ore for the production of fossil-free steel, as well as a region in the Russian Federation was selected for a pilot project. It was found that, in order to achieve commercial attractiveness of hydrogen production by electrolysis, the minimum amount of state subsidies should be at least 10% of capital costs starting from 2022 with a gradual increase to 20% by 2040 to support the emerging market.
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Edwards, Lindy. "Are the Greens ‘Neither Left nor Right but Out in Front’? What the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Debate Reveals About Ideological Divisions Between Labor and the Greens." Australian Journal of Public Administration 77, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12304.
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Aliyarov, B. K., and M. Zh Zhurinov. "FEATURES AND WAYS OF DECARBONIZATION ECONOMY OF KAZAKHSTAN." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 444 (December 15, 2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.127.
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The article emphasizes the inevitability of the formation of CO2 in the production of thermal and electric energy with the combustion of fossil fuel and analyzes the sources of carbon dioxide generation at power facilities in Kazakhstan. Technologies for the production of electrical and thermal energy with reduced generation of carbon dioxide, which are being implemented in a short time, are discussed. A possible method for quantifying the level of CO2 emissions for the conditions of Kazakhstan is shown, through the use of the specific consumption of conventional (carbon) fuels for production as a unit of thermal energy and / or electricity. A number of available and relatively cheap technological solutions are presented, which, when implemented, can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is noted that these technologies can be implemented administratively and economically, and the formulations of the required decisions of the Government are given. For each of the proposed technologies, an assessment of possible volumes of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is given and difficulties that may be encountered during implementation are indicated. A scheme for determining the degree of participation of a particular country in global carbonation is considered and it is shown that, depending on the method of "spreading" the total volume of emissions of a particular country, one and the same country can be both among prosperous countries and among a number of countries to which it is necessary to apply strict "carbon" taxes. It is noted that the determination of the share of a particular country in the form of emissions per unit area of the country's territory seems to be more "fair" taking into account the global nature of pollution.
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RAY, ASHOK KUMAR, SUJOY ROY, and SUSAPTA GHOSH. "Establishment of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant on Rooftop of CSIR- Staff Quarter Building - Scientific and Industrial Research Scientist Apartment (SIRSA)." Material Science Research India 16, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/160104.
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This paper highlights the recenttrends followed by CSIR- Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) in establishing Solar Photo-Voltaic Power Plants. This work is aimed at meeting up the conventional energy scarcity at CSIR-CGCRI, SIRSA Campus and developing clean/green energy in order to compensate the global challenges of energy scarcity, climate change and renewable energy development.Abiding by the scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) under the aegis ofMinistry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), CSIR-CGCRI has implemented Solar Roof-top Grid connected Power Plant at SIRSA Residential staff quarter since February 2014 with the capacity of 37.5KWp (as per agreement). From September 2017, CSIR-CGCRI hasfurther enhanced the capacity to 100.5KWp (as per agreement). Results revealed that there is a stable growth of solar power energy generation. Keeping this in mind, the work pertains to the basic objectives of achieving reduction in carbon food printin line with clean energy generation which leads to reduction in air-pollution and global warmingand at the same time conservation of conventional resources, which is getting reduced day-by-day.Nevertheless, the solar energy generated would eventually lessen the amount of energy purchased from the local Distribution Company (DISCOM) which would benefit our organisation economically.
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MARASENI, T. N., G. COCKFIELD, and J. MAROULIS. "An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions: implications for the Australian cotton industry." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 5 (January 11, 2010): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960999058x.
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SUMMARYThe majority of cotton produced in Australia is exported. The Australian cotton industry must maintain product quality in order to remain globally competitive. In addition, carbon-conscious consumers need reassurance that the system used to grow the product is environmentally sustainable. The aim of the present study was to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to various farm inputs in three common types of cotton farming systems on the Darling Downs region, southern Queensland. Analysis revealed that GHG emissions for dryland solid-plant and dryland double-skip cotton farming systems are similar, but emissions are much higher for irrigated solid-plant cotton farming (1367, 1274 and 4841 kg CO2e/ha, respectively). However, if comparisons of GHG emissions are based on yield (per tonne), the positions of dryland double-skip farming and dryland solid-plant farming are reversed, but the position of irrigated cotton farming still remains as the highest GHG emitter. If the cotton industry comes under the Australian Government Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) without any subsidies and preconditions, and with a carbon price of A$25/t CO2e, the costs borne by each system would be A$66.8/t for the irrigated cotton industry, A$39.7/t for the dryland solid-plant cotton industry and A$43.6/t for the dryland double-skip cotton industry. This suggests that irrigated cotton would be more profitable in financial terms but with heavy environmental sustainability costs.
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Lewis, David. "Taxation aspects of climate change management measures." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09015.
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Climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest economic, social, and environmental challenges now facing the world. The present Australian Government is committed to acting on climate change and Australia’s progress towards its emissions reduction targets is being closely watched internationally. To contribute effectively to global climate change action, Australia must demonstrate its ability to implement robust and sustainable domestic emissions management legislation. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS), modelled after the cap-and-trade system, continues to be debated by our policymakers, as the Government moves to re-introduce its preferred CPRS legislative package for the third time. The advent of climate change legislation is inevitable and its impact will be far-reaching. This paper reviews the fiscal aspects of the proposed CPRS legislation in the context of the oil and gas industry, and whether it is conducive to creating incentives for appropriate climate change response by the industry. In particular, this paper will consider: the direct and indirect tax features specifically covered in the proposed CPRS legislation and their implications; the areas of taxation that remain uncanvassed in the proposed CPRS legislation and aspects requiring clarification from the tax administration; the interaction between Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) and the CPRS measures; the flow-on impacts to taxation outcomes resulting from proposed accounting and financial reporting responses to the CPRS legislation; the income tax and PRRT treatment of selected abatement measures; and, elements of a good CPRS tax strategy and compliance action plan.
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Cadez, Simon, and Chris Guilding. "Examining distinct carbon cost structures and climate change abatement strategies in CO2 polluting firms." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 5 (June 19, 2017): 1041–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2015-2009.
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Purpose A management accounting perspective that underscores a quest for reducing conventionally appraised costs, negative output costs as well as heightened eco-efficiency has been used in pursuit of the study’s two main study objectives. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the study seeks to further understanding of the relationship between product output volume, carbon costs, and CO2 emission volume in carbon-intensive firms. Second, it identifies factors affecting climate change abatement strategies pursued by these firms. Heightening appreciation of the climate change challenge, combined with minimal CO2 emission research undertaken from a cost management perspective, underscores the significance of the study. Design/methodology/approach A triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data collected from Slovenian firms that operate in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme has been deployed. Findings CO2 polluting firms exhibit differing carbon cost structures that result from distinctive drivers of carbon consumption (product output vs capacity level). Climate change abatement strategies also differ across carbon-intensive sectors (energy, manufacturing firms transforming non-fossil carbon-based materials, and other manufacturing firms) but are relatively homogeneous within them. Practical implications From a managerial perspective, the study demonstrates that carbon efficiency improvements are generally not effective in triggering corporate CO2 emission reduction when firms pursue a growth strategy. Social implications Global warming signifies that CO2 emissions constitute a social problem. The study has the potential to raise societal awareness that the causality of the manufacturing sector’s CO2 emissions is complex. Further, the study highlights that while more efficient use of environmental resources is a prerequisite of enhanced ecological sustainability, in isolation it fails to signify improved ecological sustainability in manufacturing operations. Originality/value The paper has high originality as it reports one of the first management accounting studies to explore the distinction between combustion- and process-related CO2 emissions. In addition, it provides distinctive support for the view that eco-efficiency is more consistent with the economic than the environmental pillar of sustainability.
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Boyd-Wells, Victoria, Donald Feaver, and Will McGoldrick. "Is Australia’s EAP a Prohibited Export Subsidy?" Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 2 (April 1, 2010): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010011.
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The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) is the centrepiece of Australia’s climate change policy. It requires that all major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) hold a permit for every tonne of GHG that they emit each year. Although the CPRS is designed to have a broad economy-wide coverage, a particular class of emitter is given special treatment. Emitters that qualify as being ‘emissions-intensive trade-exposed’ (EITE) entities are eligible to receive free emissions permits under a component of the CPRS known as the EITE Assistance Program (EAP). The objective of this article is to examine whether the allocation of free emissions permits under the EAP is policy measure that constitutes a breach of Australia’s international obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (hereinafter ‘SCM Agreement’) and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter ‘Kyoto Protocol’). The EAP is explained and subsequently examined in relation to Australia’s commitments under the WTO SCM Agreement to determine whether the EAP constitutes either a prohibited export or an actionable subsidy. A further question considered is whether an affirmative subsidization finding under the SCM Agreement is evidence of a breach of Article 2.1(a)(v) of the Kyoto Protocol. There is a strong likelihood that the EAP constitutes a violation of both obligations.
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Liu, Yuanyuan, Xiaodong Zhu, Xiaoxia Wang, Yuanqing Wang, Qian Yu, and Shuang Han. "The Influence of Work Zone Management on User Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Life Cycle Assessment on Highway Pavement Maintenance." Advances in Meteorology 2022 (March 11, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1993564.
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The higher contribution of traffic delay to environmental impacts is urging the highway agencies to take work zone management into the maintenance schemes decision-making. Aiming to understand the role of work zone management in user CO2 emissions reduction, this paper firstly developed a practical methodological framework of traffic delay-related CO2 emissions caused by highway maintenance based on a popular life cycle user cost analysis approach in regard of the microscopic vehicle operation analysis. The method was applied in an actual freeway flexible pavement with 15-year design life in Shaanxi Province, China, covering three types of preventive maintenance, correction maintenance, and rehabilitation. In addition, the impacts of key inputs of proposed method on work zone user CO2 emissions results were checked. The results show that traffic delay attributes to 29.4% of total CO2 emissions of the life cycle of highway pavement maintenance, and 51.8% of work zone user CO2 emissions result from preventive maintenance, especially from micro vehicle operations including speed change and queue near work zone (62% of total work zone user CO2 emissions). The work zone management alternative strategies related to less traffic volume or higher highway capacity including vehicle type limitation and the limited work zone speed have an advantage in reducing the work zone CO2 emissions over changing work zone length or work zone timing. The findings in this paper may present a useful tool and reference for robustly supporting the decision-making on highway maintenance carbon mitigation in work zone traffic.
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Han, X., M. Zhang, J. Gao, S. Wang, and F. Chai. "Modeling analysis of the seasonal characteristics of haze formation in Beijing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (September 25, 2014): 10231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10231-2014.
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Abstract. The air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System–Community Multiscale Air Quality), coupled with an aerosol optical property scheme, was applied to simulate the meteorological field, major aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt), and surface visibility over the North China Plain (NCP) in 2011. The modeled results in February and July 2011 were selected and analyzed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the haze formation mechanism in Beijing for different seasons. The simulation results showed that the visibility was below 10 km for most regions of the NCP, and dropped to less than 5 km over the megacities of Beijing and Tianjin, the whole of Hebei Province, and the northwest part of Shandong Province during pollution episodes in February and July. The heavy mass concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 120 to 300 μg m−3 and was concentrated in the areas with low visibility. The haze formation mechanism in Beijing in winter was different from that in summer. The mass concentration of PM2.5 was higher, and the components more complicated, in winter. While the mass concentration of PM2.5 in summer was lower than that in winter, the mass concentrations of hygroscopic inorganic salts were comparable with those in winter, and the relative humidity was, as expected, higher. Therefore, the water uptake of hygroscopic aerosols played a key role in summer. Moreover, the analysis showed that the influence of the PM2.5 mass burden on visibility was very weak when its value was larger than 100 μg m−3. Only when the mass burden of PM2.5 decreased to a certain threshold interval did the visibility increase rapidly. This indicates that, when emission reduction measures are taken to control haze occurrence, the mass burden of PM2.5 must be cut to below this threshold interval. The relationship between the threshold of haze occurrence and the relative humidity in Beijing was fitted by an exponential function, and the resulting fitting curves could provide a new theoretical basis to understand and control haze formation in Beijing.
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Yusoff, Sumiani. "Toward integrated and sustainable waste management system in University of Malaya: UM zero waste campaign." E3S Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184804007.
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With the escalated increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Malaysia reaching a shocking 38,000 ton/day in 2017, a sustainable waste management system is much desired. Nationwide, there are 176 landfills but only 8 are sanitary landfill with the rest are open dumpsites. In the campus of University of Malaya, UM Zero Waste Campaign (UM ZWC) was introduced in 2011 to start a long-term campaign to achieve an integrated and sustainable waste management model and ultimately a zero-waste campus. Since year 2015, UM ZWC is fully funded by Sustainability Science Research Cluster of UM (Susci) as one of the living labs of UM as well as by JPPHB under the RMK-11 budget. UM ZWC operating projects including in house composting center, food waste segregation scheme, research composting emission and waste characterization, anaerobic digestion (AD), used clothes collection program, wood waste separate collection, e-waste collection and drop-off recycling collection were initiated under the campaign. Since the inception of the project in 2011 until December 2017, almost over 620 tons of solid waste has been diverted from disposal in landfill with composting, AD, recycling, re-use and energy recovery. A roadmap of UM ZWC was drawn up in 2013, with a goal to achieve 60% landfill diversion by year 2040. In the next 5-10 years, UM ZWC plays a vital role to formalize the recycling collection in UM and further increase the organic waste recycling with green waste shredding and composting. Besides environmental benefits (pollution prevention and carbon emission reduction), UM ZWC brings various benefits such as academic research opportunities for UM, contribute in UM LCCF (Low carbon city framework) target and serve as platform to improve students soft skills and entrepreneur skill. Multi stakeholders participation, support form top management and industrial collaboration are the key factors that are able to drive the development of a sustainable waste management model in UM campus.
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Rosanka, Simon, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Andrea Pozzer, Andreas Wahner, and Domenico Taraborrelli. "The impact of organic pollutants from Indonesian peatland fires on the tropospheric and lower stratospheric composition." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (July 27, 2021): 11257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11257-2021.
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Abstract. The particularly strong dry season in Indonesia in 2015, caused by an exceptionally strong El Niño, led to severe peatland fires resulting in high volatile organic compound (VOC) biomass burning emissions. At the same time, the developing Asian monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) and the general upward transport in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) efficiently transported the resulting primary and secondary pollutants to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). In this study, we assess the importance of these VOC emissions for the composition of the lower troposphere and the UTLS and investigate the effect of in-cloud oxygenated VOC (OVOC) oxidation during such a strong pollution event. This is achieved by performing multiple chemistry simulations using the global atmospheric model ECHAM/MESSy (EMAC). By comparing modelled columns of the biomass burning marker hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO) to spaceborne measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we find that EMAC properly captures the exceptional strength of the Indonesian fires. In the lower troposphere, the increase in VOC levels is higher in Indonesia compared to other biomass burning regions. This has a direct impact on the oxidation capacity, resulting in the largest regional reduction in the hydroxyl radical (OH) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). While an increase in ozone (O3) is predicted close to the peatland fires, simulated O3 decreases in eastern Indonesia due to particularly high phenol concentrations. In the ASMA and the ITCZ, the upward transport leads to elevated VOC concentrations in the lower stratosphere, which results in the reduction of OH and NOx and the increase in the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). In addition, the degradation of VOC emissions from the Indonesian fires becomes a major source of lower stratospheric nitrate radicals (NO3), which increase by up to 20 %. Enhanced phenol levels in the upper troposphere result in a 20 % increase in the contribution of phenoxy radicals to the chemical destruction of O3, which is predicted to be as large as 40 % of the total chemical O3 loss in the UTLS. In the months following the fires, this loss propagates into the lower stratosphere and potentially contributes to the variability of lower stratospheric O3 observed by satellite retrievals. The Indonesian peatland fires regularly occur during El Niño years, and the largest perturbations of radical concentrations in the lower stratosphere are predicted for particularly strong El Niño years. By activating the detailed in-cloud OVOC oxidation scheme Jülich Aqueous-phase Mechanism of Organic Chemistry (JAMOC), we find that the predicted changes are dampened. Global models that neglect in-cloud OVOC oxidation tend to overestimate the impact of such extreme pollution events on the atmospheric composition.
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Lettieri, Stefano, Michele Pavone, Ambra Fioravanti, Luigi Santamaria Amato, and Pasqualino Maddalena. "Charge Carrier Processes and Optical Properties in TiO2 and TiO2-Based Heterojunction Photocatalysts: A Review." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071645.
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Photocatalysis based technologies have a key role in addressing important challenges of the ecological transition, such as environment remediation and conversion of renewable energies. Photocatalysts can in fact be used in hydrogen (H2) production (e.g., via water splitting or photo-reforming of organic substrates), CO2 reduction, pollution mitigation and water or air remediation via oxidation (photodegradation) of pollutants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a “benchmark” photocatalyst, thanks to many favorable characteristics. We here review the basic knowledge on the charge carrier processes that define the optical and photophysical properties of intrinsic TiO2. We describe the main characteristics and advantages of TiO2 as photocatalyst, followed by a summary of historical facts about its application. Next, the dynamics of photogenerated electrons and holes is reviewed, including energy levels and trapping states, charge separation and charge recombination. A section on optical absorption and optical properties follows, including a discussion on TiO2 photoluminescence and on the effect of molecular oxygen (O2) on radiative recombination. We next summarize the elementary photocatalytic processes in aqueous solution, including the photogeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the hydrogen evolution reaction. We pinpoint the TiO2 limitations and possible ways to overcome them by discussing some of the “hottest” research trends toward solar hydrogen production, which are classified in two categories: (1) approaches based on the use of engineered TiO2 without any cocatalysts. Discussed topics are highly-reduced “black TiO2”, grey and colored TiO2, surface-engineered anatase nanocrystals; (2) strategies based on heterojunction photocatalysts, where TiO2 is electronically coupled with a different material acting as cocatalyst or as sensitizer. Examples discussed include TiO2 composites or heterostructures with metals (e.g., Pt-TiO2, Au-TiO2), with other metal oxides (e.g., Cu2O, NiO, etc.), direct Z-scheme heterojunctions with g-C3N4 (graphitic carbon nitride) and dye-sensitized TiO2.
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Maimone, Liza, Susie Smith, and Rob Campbell-Watt. "What is best practice greenhouse and energy reporting in the oil and gas industry?" APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09059.
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The upstream oil and gas industry is diverse and many of the assets are geographically dispersed in offshore and onshore locations. The first year of National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) in the 2009 financial year (FY09) challenged the industry to come to terms with complex issues such as the reporting structure, defining facilities, determining appropriate reporting methodologies, determining incidental emissions, obtaining contractor emissions and considering uncertainty estimates. This paper will explore the range of industry responses during FY09 and will be accompanied by a case study from Santos Limited to illustrate the journey. In responding to NGER requirements in FY09, the oil and gas industry was required to absorb many new legislative compliance obligations. At a company level, difficult decisions had to be made about the allocation of resourcing for NGER preparation and response. Companies were also faced with financial implications of the reported data, because that data would underpin permit liability under the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). Going forward, a key optimisation challenge for FY10 and beyond is the management and use of the NGER data. This paper will cover the processes and systems used to collect and report data and how the use of that data for organisational decision making will all be an important optimisation consideration in a CPRS environment. The paper will also explore other NGER reporting issues for the oil and gas industry, such as: arrangements with stakeholders, such as joint venture parties, partners and contractors; selection of measurement methods, including complexities with venting, flaring and other fugitive emissions; availability of appropriate measurement equipment; issues with reporting of own-use emissions and intermediate energy use and production; and, measurement of exploration activities. These issues are likely to present an optimisation challenge to many in the industry during FY10 and beyond. The paper will then conclude with a case study by Santos Limited.
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Tong, Dan, Jing Cheng, Yang Liu, Sha Yu, Liu Yan, Chaopeng Hong, Yu Qin, et al. "Dynamic projection of anthropogenic emissions in China: methodology and 2015–2050 emission pathways under a range of socio-economic, climate policy, and pollution control scenarios." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 9 (May 14, 2020): 5729–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5729-2020.
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Abstract. Future trends in air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for China are of great concern to the community. A set of global scenarios regarding future socio-economic and climate developments, combining shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) with climate forcing outcomes as described by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), was created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Chinese researchers have also developed various emission scenarios by considering detailed local environmental and climate policies. However, a comprehensive scenario set connecting SSP–RCP scenarios with local policies and representing dynamic emission changes under local policies is still missing. In this work, to fill this gap, we developed a dynamic projection model, the Dynamic Projection model for Emissions in China (DPEC), to explore China's future anthropogenic emission pathways. The DPEC is designed to integrate the energy system model, emission inventory model, dynamic projection model, and parameterized scheme of Chinese policies. The model contains two main modules, an energy-model-driven activity rate projection module and a sector-based emission projection module. The activity rate projection module provides the standardized and unified future energy scenarios after reorganizing and refining the outputs from the energy system model. Here we use a new China-focused version of the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM-China) to project future energy demand and supply in China under different SSP–RCP scenarios at the provincial level. The emission projection module links a bottom-up emission inventory model, the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), to GCAM-China and accurately tracks the evolution of future combustion and production technologies and control measures under different environmental policies. We developed technology-based turnover models for several key emitting sectors (e.g. coal-fired power plants, key industries, and on-road transportation sectors), which can simulate the dynamic changes in the unit/vehicle fleet turnover process by tracking the lifespan of each unit/vehicle on an annual basis. With the integrated modelling framework, we connected five SSP scenarios (SSP1–5), five RCP scenarios (RCP8.5, 7.0, 6.0, 4.5, and 2.6), and three pollution control scenarios (business as usual, BAU; enhanced control policy, ECP; and best health effect, BHE) to produce six combined emission scenarios. With those scenarios, we presented a wide range of China's future emissions to 2050 under different development and policy pathways. We found that, with a combination of strong low-carbon policy and air pollution control policy (i.e. SSP1-26-BHE scenario), emissions of major air pollutants (i.e. SO2, NOx, PM2.5, and non-methane volatile organic compounds – NMVOCs) in China will be reduced by 34 %–66 % in 2030 and 58 %–87 % in 2050 compared to 2015. End-of-pipe control measures are more effective for reducing air pollutant emissions before 2030, while low-carbon policy will play a more important role in continuous emission reduction until 2050. In contrast, China's emissions will remain at a high level until 2050 under a reference scenario without active actions (i.e. SSP3-70-BAU). Compared to similar scenarios set from the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), our estimates of emission ranges are much lower than the estimates from the harmonized CMIP6 emissions dataset in 2020–2030, but their emission ranges become similar in the year 2050.
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Zhang, Qiao Liang, Jing Wen Cao, and Sheng Zhong. "Economic Consequences of Carbon Tax and Carbon Emission Trading Scheme in Intensive Carbon Emission Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1717.
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Abstract. The paper constructed cost function, carbon emission function, calculated cost-reduction sensitivity coefficient, set four policy scenarios as different combination of carbon tax, carbon emission trading scheme and subsidy with six policy levels, and selected 30 listed companies from intensive carbon emission industry as research samples. The results show that carbon emission trading scheme has better economic consequences, and the combination of carbon emission trading scheme with subsidy is the best carbon emission reduction policy.
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Li, Zhiguo, Jie Wang, and Shuai Che. "Synergistic Effect of Carbon Trading Scheme on Carbon Dioxide and Atmospheric Pollutants." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105403.
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To estimate the synergistic emission reduction effect resulting from carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS) pilots launched in 2013, this study estimated the synergistic emission reduction relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and atmospheric pollutants, consisting of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), dust pollutants (Dust) and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). Using the extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method and the IPAT equation, the synergistic emission reduction effect was decomposed into direct and indirect categories driven by energy efficiency, economic development and industrial structure. Moreover, the synergistic emission reduction effect of ETS pilots was quantified with the difference-in-differences method (DID) and propensity score matching difference-in-differences method (PSM-DID). The results show that, from 2013 to 2016, CO2 and atmospheric pollutants achieved emission reduction synergistically through ETS, among which the synergistic emission reduction effect between CO2 and SO2 was most significant. Compared with the direct category, the indirect category accounted for smaller proportion of the synergistic emission reduction effect. The combined action of energy efficiency and industrial structure has a potential positive influence on synergistic emission reduction effect of ETS. Consequently, this suggests that the government needs to develop the domestic carbon market further, improve energy efficiency and optimize industrial structure to promote synergistic emission reduction.
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Strouhal, Miloš. "CORSIA - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 8, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2020.01.03.
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The article discusses the CORSIA - a newly introduced an emission mitigation approach for the global airline industry, developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It also describes all phases of the project, their analysis and the practical impact of CORSA on aircraft operators. The examples show the operator’s costs associated with this project. The mutual coexistence of CORSIA and the EU ETS is also analysed.
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GARMASH, S. N., V. O. GERASIMENKO, O. V. SMIRNOVA, and M. Yu SUBOTINA. "ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 4 (October 22, 2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.250822.31.875.
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Problem statement. These days reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the main problem. An effective way to solve this issue is to replace a certain proportion of gasoline with bioethanol, which is obtained on the basis of sugar fermentation - and starch-containing raw materials. Due to the raw material base, all prerequisites for obtaining bioethanol in Ukraine are met. The issue of environmental safety is especially relevant for bioethanol production enterprises. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for assessing the environmental safety of bioethanol production in Ukraine based on an analytical review of existing methods for researching the environmental safety of bioethanol production processes in the world. Conclusions. In the process of bioethanol production, by-products are formed that can cause damage to the environment (carbon dioxide, safflower oil, methanol, furfural, lignin, and others). In order to prevent pollution of the enterprise's territory and the environment at the design (construction) stage, disposal (neutralization) of by-products and waste from bioethanol production should be provided in treatment facilities (installations). For the analysis of environmental safety, simplified technological schemes of bioethanol production processes are drawn up, taking into account the main equipment and technological flows. To assess the danger of bioethanol production, it is advisable to apply the methods of the internal safety index (ISI) and the method of environment, health and safety (EHS), which take into account the main parameters at each stage of production: mass flow of substance, temperature, pressure, type (diagram) equipment, type of technological process; danger reaction (enthalpy of release); chemical interaction with environmental components; toxicity, decomposition reaction; corrosive ability; fire and explosion hazard conditions, etc. In the technological regulations of the enterprise, (the «Environmental protection» section), it is recommended to present a simplified model for the influence of the bioethanol release temperature and its vapor pressure on the evaporation rate, which helps to ensure reliable forecasts of the emergency situations consequences (based on the equation of Mackay and Matsugu). The presented methods will increase the assessment reliability of the environmental safety for bioethanol production.
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Gunst, Andrew. "Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09042.
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Carbon reporting and emissions trading in Australia—both of which, in 2007, seemed unlikely—came into effect with the implementation of mandatory data reporting from July 2008 (Australia) and January 2010 (USA); the onus lies with emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. At the time of writing it is also likely that Australia and the USA will join Europe in placing a price on carbon by 2013. The background to the Australian regulations will be explored in this paper, along with comparisons made to regulations in other jurisdictions, including the new reporting scheme in the USA. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme; however, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions that the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Case studies from the Australian oil and gas and related industries will be used to explain counter-intuitive aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation, and to illustrate challenges in emissions measurement and reporting.
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Bowers, Wayne E., and Wayne E. Bowers. "8702023 Reduction of nitrogen- and carbon-based pollutants." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 21, no. 11 (January 1987): iv—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90404-5.
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Lin, Jingkai, Wenjie Tian, Huayang Zhang, Xiaoguang Duan, Hongqi Sun, and Shaobin Wang. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Z-Scheme Structure for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03048.
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Cui, Lian-Biao, and Ma-Lin Song. "Designing and Forecasting the Differentiated Carbon Tax Scheme Based on the Principle of Ability to Pay." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 34, no. 01 (February 2017): 1740004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595917400048.
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In the “Post-Kyoto” Era, climate change has become a serious worldwide concern, though the international community has not yet identified a cooperative solution that satisfies all parties. The carbon tariffs, which proposed by some developed countries to address competitiveness concerns and carbon leakage from unilateral reduction measures, may impose significant hardships on developing countries. This paper tries to design a global cooperation scheme against the carbon tariffs. A differentiated carbon taxation scheme is introduced based on the principle of ability to pay (CTAP). An advanced forecasting system named the energy version of the global trade analysis model (GTAP-E) was used to compare the different impacts of carbon tariffs and the CTAP scheme. The results show that CTAP is better than carbon tariffs in terms of global GDP, welfare, and emissions reduction. The CTAP scheme could yield less welfare deterioration for developing regions than the carbon tariffs, and also lessens the competitive concerns of developed countries. The proposed CTAP scheme provides new ideas for international cooperative strategies to address climate change.
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Houldsworth, Alexandra. "Do we need a replacement for the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme?" Environmental Law Review 20, no. 4 (December 2018): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452918816184.
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This opinion discusses whether the proposed Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (‘SECR’) framework produced by government for businesses should replace the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (‘CRC’) which closes at the end of the 2018 to 2019 compliance year, especially in light of the fact that other reporting schemes such as the Energy Savings Opportunities Scheme (‘ESOS’) already exist.
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Tan, Qinliang, Jin Zheng, Yihong Ding, and Yimei Zhang. "Provincial Carbon Emission Quota Allocation Study in China from the Perspective of Abatement Cost and Regional Cooperation." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 8457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208457.
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To achieve the carbon reduction target, the Chinese government not only requires a quota allocation scheme in line with the current development situation, but also needs to minimize the economic expenditure in the emission reduction work. Therefore, this study integrates the multi-index method and zero-sum gains–data envelopment analysis model to obtain a fair and efficient multi-criteria quota allocation scheme. To ensure the effectiveness of the scheme, the fairness and cost effect of the scheme are quantitatively tested. In addition, regional cooperation factors are introduced into the research framework to providing feasible practical measures. The results show that: (1) After optimization, the eastern region has the largest quota increment, accounting for 45% of the country’s quota. (2) The multi-criteria quota allocation scheme after secondary allocation is a more ideal scheme. The quota scheme not only meets the requirements of fairness and efficiency, but also has lower abatement costs. (3) Regional cooperation should be encouraged by China, especially the eastern region, which can alleviate the reducing emission pressure through cooperation. Although the western region needs to undertake additional emission reduction tasks, it can improve the utilization rate of local renewable resources and be conducive to long-term economic development. These results will provide a reference for China to achieve its carbon reduction targets.
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Xinyu, Liu, and Liu Na. "Wind power under the carbon emissions trading scheme." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127101006.
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As a market trading mechanism, carbon emission trading plays an important role in effectively reducing the overall cost of carbon emission and achieving the "3060" carbon target.At present, the carbon emission trading mechanism has played a role in the world and become an effective means to promote climate governance.China's energy system has always been a high-carbon, high-coal system. The burning of fossil fuels releases a large amount of CO2, which is the main source of carbon emissions.With the improvement of people's living standards, electricity consumption continues to increase. If we want to achieve a substantial reduction in China's carbon emissions, we need to change the structure of the power generation system, which is dominated by coal.
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Li, Xing Chun, Jing Ya Wen, Jiang Long, Xian Yuan Du, and Yu Li. "A Selection Optimization Model of Water Pollution Emission Reduction Measures in Refining and Chemical Enterprises." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.840.
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On account of severe water pollution condition, this paper combines refinery and chemical enterprises pollution reduction and linear programming method, builds a selection optimization model of water pollution emission reduction measures in refining and chemical enterprises, and puts the above model into practice to validate its validity and reliability. According to the case study, the maximum emission reductions of COD and NH3-N for refining and chemical enterprises was 6481.50 and 549.51tons, which has improved 29.63% and 9.90% compared with the target reductions, respectively. The optimal emission reduction scheme is choosing MycelxTMtechnology, and COD has installed on the Delay catalytic unit, while NH3-N has installed on the Sulfur recovery unit. This model could provide not only the maximum emission reduction and optimal scheme, but also the decision support of emission reduction for refinery and chemical enterprises during "the 12thFive-Year Plan".
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de Lira Quaresma, Ana Carolina, Flávio S. Francisco, Fernando L. P. Pessoa, and Eduardo M. Queiroz. "Carbon emission reduction in the Brazilian electricity sector using Carbon Sources Diagram." Energy 159 (September 2018): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.134.
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Hopkins, Joanne. "The Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme: Overview, Rationale and Future Challenges." Environmental Law Review 12, no. 3 (August 2010): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2010.12.3.093.
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Zhang, Wenhao, Abdul Rahman Mohamed, and Wee‐Jun Ong. "Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Systems for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Where Are We Now?" Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 51 (October 27, 2020): 22894–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914925.
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