Journal articles: 'Carbon pool’s'

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Ciais, Philippe. "Restless carbon pools." Nature 398, no. 6723 (March 1999): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18124.

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Abd-Elkader, Elsayed Mettwally. "Trade Liberalization and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Pooled Mean Group Analysis." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 9, no. 1 (February 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2018.9.1.579.

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Cole, C. Vernon, Keith Paustian, Edward T. Elliott, Alister K. Metherell, Dennis S. Ojima, and William J. Parton. "Analysis of agroecosystem carbon pools." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01105007.

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Schroeder, Paul E., and Jack K. Winjum. "Assessing Brazil's carbon budget: I. Biotic carbon pools." Forest Ecology and Management 75, no. 1-3 (July 1995): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03532-f.

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Stewart, Catherine E., Alain F. Plante, Keith Paustian, Richard T. Conant, and Johan Six. "Soil Carbon Saturation: Linking Concept and Measurable Carbon Pools." Soil Science Society of America Journal 72, no. 2 (March 2008): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0104.

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Hábová, Magdalena, Lubica Pospíšilová, Petr Hlavinka, Miroslav Trnka, Gabriela Barančíková, Zuzana Tarasovičová, Jozef Takáč, Štefan Koco, Ladislav Menšík, and Pavel Nerušil. "Carbon pool in soil under organic and conventional farming systems." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 3 (May 27, 2019): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/71/2018-swr.

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Changes in the agricultural management and climatic changes within the past 25 years have had a serious impact on soil organic matter content and contribute to different carbon storage in the soil. Prediction of soil carbon pool, validation, and quantification of different models is important for sustainable agriculture in the future and for this purpose a long-term monitoring data set is required. RothC-26.3 model was applied for carbon stock simulation within two different climatic scenarios (hot-dry with rapid temperature increasing and warm-dry with less rapid temperature increasing). Ten years experimental data set have been received from conventional and organic farming of experimental plots of Mendel University School Enterprise (locality Vatín, Czech-Moravian Highland). Average annual temperature in this area is 6.9°C, average annual precipitation 621 mm, and altitude 530 m above sea level. Soil was classified as Eutric Cambisol, sandy loam textured, with middle organic carbon content. Its cumulative potential was assessed as high. Results showed linear correlation between carbon stock and climatic scenario, and mostly temperature and type of soil management has influenced carbon stock. In spite of lower organic carbon inputs under organic farming this was less depending on climatic changes. Conventional farming showed higher carbon stock during decades 2000–2100 because of higher carbon input. Besides conventional farming was more affected by temperature.

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Ferraz de Almeida, Risely, Joseph Elias Rodrigues Mikhael, Fernando Oliveira Franco, Luna Monique Fonseca Santana, and Beno Wendling. "Measuring the Labile and Recalcitrant Pools of Carbon and Nitrogen in Forested and Agricultural Soils: A Study under Tropical Conditions." Forests 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070544.

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Soil organic carbon and nitrogen can be divided into labile and recalcitrant pools according to the time it takes to be cycled. The way in which carbon and nitrogen pools are cycled and distributed between labile and recalcitrant pools can directly relate to soil quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen vary between agricultural soils with different species and fertilization management systems (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium need) under tropical conditions. This study aimed to examine the impact of land-uses on stocks and losses of carbon and nitrogen under tropical conditions. We explored labile (soil microbial biomass and labile carbon) and recalcitrant carbon pools (humin, humic acid, and fulvic acid) in forested and agricultural soils, defined as latosol (forest, fertilized pasture, and unfertilized pasture) and cambisol (forest, coast pasture, sugarcane, and silage corn). Forested soil was used as an appropriate use to soil conservation in tropical that presents levels adequate of carbon and nitrogen stocks and biological condition in soil. Results showed that pools of labile and recalcitrant carbon are different on soil layers and the use of soil. Forest use in cambisol and latosol promoted higher labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen due to the greater environmental stability without human intervention. On the other hand, human intervention occurred in fertilized pasture and coast pasture; however, both uses presented similar recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools when compared to forested soil on the soil surface due to fertilizer uses and the high volume of the grass root system. Overall, our findings reveal that under tropical conditions, agriculture and forested soil can present similar recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen if agricultural soils are associated with the appropriate fertilizer management. Pasture with adequate fertilization management systems can be used as an alternative to recover degraded areas with low levels of recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools.

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Scharnagl, B., J. A. Vrugt, H. Vereecken, and M. Herbst. "Information content of incubation experiments for inverse estimation of pools in the Rothamsted carbon model: a Bayesian perspective." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 25, 2010): 763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-763-2010.

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Abstract. A major drawback of current soil organic carbon (SOC) models is that their conceptually defined pools do not necessarily correspond to measurable SOC fractions in real practice. This not only impairs our ability to rigorously evaluate SOC models but also makes it difficult to derive accurate initial states of the individual carbon pools. In this study, we tested the feasibility of inverse modelling for estimating pools in the Rothamsted carbon model (ROTHC) using mineralization rates observed during incubation experiments. This inverse approach may provide an alternative to existing SOC fractionation methods. To illustrate our approach, we used a time series of synthetically generated mineralization rates using the ROTHC model. We adopted a Bayesian approach using the recently developed DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm to infer probability density functions of the various carbon pools at the start of incubation. The Kullback-Leibler divergence was used to quantify the information content of the mineralization rate data. Our results indicate that measured mineralization rates generally provided sufficient information to reliably estimate all carbon pools in the ROTHC model. The incubation time necessary to appropriately constrain all pools was about 900 days. The use of prior information on microbial biomass carbon significantly reduced the uncertainty of the initial carbon pools, decreasing the required incubation time to about 600 days. Simultaneous estimation of initial carbon pools and decomposition rate constants significantly increased the uncertainty of the carbon pools. This effect was most pronounced for the intermediate and slow pools. Altogether, our results demonstrate that it is particularly difficult to derive reasonable estimates of the humified organic matter pool and the inert organic matter pool from inverse modelling of mineralization rates observed during incubation experiments.

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Wei, Meng, Aijun Zhang, Zhonghou Tang, Peng Zhao, Hong Pan, Hui Wang, Quangang Yang, Yanhong Lou, and Yuping Zhuge. "Active carbon pool-size is enhanced by long-term manure application." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (November 2, 2020): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/426/2020-pse.

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We studied the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC)-pool mineralisation in agricultural soil. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using the soil from a long-term experiment involving the following fertilisation regimes: no fertilisation (CK); mineral (NPK); organic (M), and combined organic-inorganic fertilisers (MNPK). SOC mineralisation rate decreased as follows: MNPK > M > NPK > CK. Cumulative SOC mineralisation (Cm) ranged between 730.15 and 3 022.09 mg/kg in CK and MNPK, respectively; 8.81% (CK) to 20.45% (MNPK) of initial SOC was mineralised after a 360-day incubation. Soil Cm values were significantly higher under NPK, M, and MNPK compared to those under the CK treatment. Dynamic variation in Cm with incubation time fitted a double exponential model. Active carbon pools accounted for 2.06–6.51% of total SOC and the average mean resistant time (MRT1) was 28.76 days, whereas slow carbon pools accounted for 93.49–97.94% of SOC, with an average MRT2 of 8.53 years. The active carbon pool in fertilised soils was larger than in CK; furthermore, it was larger in M- and MNPK- than under NPK-treated plots. SOC decomposed more easily in long-term fertilised plots than in non-fertilised plots.

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Omar, Hamdan, Norsheilla Mohd Johan Chuah, Ismail Parlan, and Abdul Khalim Abu Samah. "Assessing Carbon Pools in Dipterocarp Forests of Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.685.

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Modification and loss of forests due to natural and anthropogenic disturbances contribute an estimated 20% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Accounting GHG emissions associated with forestry, specifically, and land use generally is crucial in recent days because forests play major roles in balancing terrestrial carbon and contribute to the mitigation of global warming and climate change. Consequent to the awareness of climate change, reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation, and conservation (REDD+) programmed was introduced at the international level to promote forest conservation and enhance forest governances. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) came out with protocols on how to account the carbonstored and released from the forests. Principally there are five primary carbon pools in a forest, which are above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, deadwood, litter, and soils that accumulate and in some conditions release carbon. However, about 98% of carbon stored in a forest comprises trees components (aboveground and belowground living biomass, deadwood and litters) and the remaining is stored in soils. Many factors interact to affect the flux dynamics of these carbon pools, including the type of forest ecosystem, the age of the forest, and if harvested, the length of stand rotation cycles and the forestry practices used. Logging these forests, in a sense, represents an opportunity cost, as the time necessary for a harvested forest to regain its carbon sink capacity can take many decades, and if left undisturbed, would have gone on to expand its carbon pool or at least remain in constant over time. In this study, the lowland dipterocarp forest, where logging often takes place, is profiled in terms of biomass carbon. Pahang, which has the largest forest cover and biggest timber production in Peninsular Malaysia, was selected as the study area. The dipterocarp forests comprise both protection and production functions were categorized into strata based on year elapsed after logging (i.e. logged 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, and > 30 years). Measurements have been conducted on the ground and all the carbon pools in these strata were assessed. The study found significant differences between each stratum in terms of carbon and the results are presented in this paper. The effects of harvesting practices on carbon pools are also discussed.

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Sanquetta, Carlos Roberto, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Caciane Pinto, and Luiz Antônio Nunes Melo. "BIOMASS AND CARBON IN NON-WOODY VEGETATION, DEAD WOOD AND LITTER IN IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK." FLORESTA 44, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i2.26500.

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This study was carried out in 2004 in Iguacu National Park (INP), Paraná-Brazil. The vegetation is composed of Araucaria Forest (AF) (13.1%) and Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest (FES) (86.9%). Two types of materials were analyzed: litter (L) and woody material (W) (alive (A) and dead (D)), and classified by diameter: W1(0–0.70 cm), W2(0.71–2.5 cm), W3(2.51–7.50 cm), and W4(³7.5 cm). The results for the FES was 21.7 t/ha, with 42.4% in diameter class WD4 (8.98 t/ha) and 38.6% was litter (8.17 t/ha). The FOM was 12.87 t/ha, with 78.9% litter. The carbon stocks of the materials varied between 36.2% and 42.1% (for litter and WD4), both in the FES. There were no significant differences between the carbon stocks of the forest types. Rather differences existed between the pools (5% ANOVA and Tukey test). In the FES the carbon stock was 8.29 t/ha, which is equivalent to 30.41 tCO2e/ha, and in the FOM the stock was 4.94t/ha or 18.12 tCO2e/ha. For the vegetation types the carbon stock in INP was 8.35 tC/ha and 30.62 tCO2e/ha for the FES and FOM, respectively. The carbon pools analyzed in this study contribute significantly to the total carbon stock of a forest ecosystem and should always be taken into consideration when developing estimates for a forest.Keywords: Araucaria; Seasonal Semideciduous Forest; Araucaria Forest; climate change; carbon fraction. ResumoBiomassa e carbono na vegetação não arbórea, madeira morta e serapilheira no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. O trabalho ocorreu em 2004 no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (PNI), Paraná. O PNI tem Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) (13,1%) e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) (86,9%). Foram analisados L – serapilheira e W – materiais lenhosos (vivos – A e mortos – D), classificados pelos diâmetros: W1 (0 a 0,70 cm), W2 (0,71 a 2,5 cm), W3 (2,51 a 7,50 cm) e W4 (³7,51 cm). Os resultados da FES mostram 21,7 t.ha-1, sendo 42,4% do WD4 (8,98 t.ha-1) e 38,6% da serapilheira (8,17 t.ha-1). Na FOM, foram 12,87 t.ha-1 (78,9%) da serapilheira. Os teores de carbono dos materiais variaram de 36,2 a 42,1% (para serapilheira e WD4), ambos na FES. Não houve diferenças significativas nos teores de carbono, havendo diferença nos compartimentos (5% ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Na FES, o estoque de carbono foi 8,29 t.ha-1, correspondendo a 30,41 tCO2e.ha-1, e na FOM de 4,94 tC.ha-1 e 18,12 tCO2e.ha-1. Para as fitofisionomias, o estoque de C no INP foi de 8,35 tC.ha-1 e 30,62 tCO2e.ha-1. Os reservatórios de C analisados no estudo apresentam participação importante no estoque total de C do ecossistema florestal, devendo sempre serem considerados quando do desenvolvimento de estimativas para a floresta.Palavras-chave: Araucária; Floresta Estacional Semidecidual; Floresta Ombrófila Mista; mudanças climáticas; teor de carbono.

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Ķēniņa, Laura, Didzis Elferts, Endijs Bāders, and Āris Jansons. "Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands." Forests 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9070435.

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Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

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Wang, Hong, Andrew J. Stumpf, and Praveen Kumar. "Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotopes of Labile and Inert Organic Carbon in the Critical Zone Observatory in Illinois, USA." Radiocarbon 60, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.31.

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ABSTRACTWe applied the high temperature pyrolysis-combustion technique to partition the total soil organic carbon (SOC) into labile and inert carbon pools for accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable carbon isotope (δ13C), SOC, and carbonate carbon (CC) content analyses to examine SOC variability at a Critical Zone Observatory site in Illinois, USA. The AMS 14C dates of labile and inert carbon in the top 1.55 m overlap except in the Bt horizon. Below 1.55 m the labile carbon is younger by 8000–14,800 years. The SOC content decreases from 3.61% to 0.12% and CC content increases from 0% to 19.16% at this depth. Results indicate that SOC production exceeds its loss in the weathering zone causing a continuous turnover of both SOC pools. A small amount of modern SOC infiltrates into deeper sediment below 1.55 m, making the labile carbon pool much younger. Their difference of AMS 14C contents, ΔF14C, reveals 3−5% more modern carbon in the labile SOC pools except in the Bt horizon, further quantifying that <3−5% modern carbon with potential pollutants is translocated into the unweathered sediments. The δ13C reveals the sources for SOC cycling dynamics in both carbon pools at this site.

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Suga, Seiji, Yamato Tsutsui, Aiichiro Nagaki, and Jun-ichi Yoshida. "Cycloaddition of “N-Acyliminium Ion Pools” with Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 78, no. 7 (July 2005): 1206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.78.1206.

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Pasternak, Volodymyr, Tetiana Pyvovar, and Volodymyr Yarotsky. "Forest carbon stock in Left-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine according to intensive forest monitoring data." Наукові праці Лісівничої академії наук України, no. 20 (June 4, 2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/412011.

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The issues of carbon stock and dynamic in different carbon pools in forest stands of Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine are considered. The aim of the study was to evaluate carbon stocks and their changes in main pools: trees biomass and mortmass. Data of two repeated observations on 19 permanent intensive forest monitoring plots in Kharkiv and Sumy regions were used. Conversion method was used. Study of increment and mortality dynamics at monitoring plots showed, that two processes impact carbon balance: biotic damage which leads to trees dieback, and partial removal of dead wood from stands. Oak stands have, on average, higher carbon stock in trees biomass and mortmass (102.9 t С ha-1) than the pine stands (98.7 t С ha-1), which is associated with a higher representation of mature and overmature oak stands. While comparison by age classes showed that pine stands, in general, have higher values of C in trees biomass, due to higher productivity. The increase in carbon stocks with age is observed. The annual change of C stock in trees biomass is the highest in younger stands, and it decreases with age; while in mortmass it increases. Mature and overmature oak stands have negative trees biomass and positive dead wood growth. At age 81-100 years oak forest stands have higher carbon storage capacity than pine (total carbon stock in main pools (biomass, mortmass, litter and soils (30-cm layer)) is 191.7 t C ha-1 for oak and 175.4 t C ha-1 for pine stands). Trees biomass carbon prevails among other pools (50.3 % in oak forests, and 57.6% in pine), the next is soil carbon pool (45.9 and 29.0%, respectively). National forest inventory will provide data for assessments of carbon stocks and dynamics in trees biomass and mortmass pools. However, forest soil monitoring is necessary to evaluate carbon pools in soils and litter.

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Bradford, John, Peter Weishampel, Marie-Louise Smith, Randall Kolka, Richard A. Birdsey, Scott V. Ollinger, and Michael G. Ryan. "Detrital carbon pools in temperate forests: magnitude and potential for landscape-scale assessment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 4 (April 2009): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-010.

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Reliably estimating carbon storage and cycling in detrital biomass is an obstacle to carbon accounting. We examined carbon pools and fluxes in three small temperate forest landscapes to assess the magnitude of carbon stored in detrital biomass and determine whether detrital carbon storage is related to stand structural properties (leaf area, aboveground biomass, primary production) that can be estimated by remote sensing. We characterized these relationships with and without forest age as an additional predictive variable. Results depended on forest type. Carbon in dead woody debris was substantial at all sites, accounting for ∼17% of aboveground carbon, whereas carbon in forest floor was substantial in the subalpine Rocky Mountains (36% of aboveground carbon) and less important in northern hardwoods of New England and mixed forests of the upper Midwest (∼7%). Relationships to aboveground characteristics accounted for between 38% and 59% of the variability in carbon stored in forest floor and between 21% and 71% of the variability in carbon stored in dead woody material, indicating substantial differences among sites. Relating dead woody debris or forest floor carbon to other aboveground characteristics and (or) stand age may, in some forest types, provide a partial solution to the challenge of assessing fine-scale variability.

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Chiesi, M., M. Moriondo, F. Maselli, L. Gardin, L. Fibbi, M. Bindi, and S. W. Running. "Simulation of Mediterranean forest carbon pools under expected environmental scenarios." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 5 (May 2010): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-037.

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Simulating the effects of possible environmental changes on the forest carbon budget requires the use of calibrated and tested models of ecosystem processes. A recently proposed simulation approach based on the use of the BIOME-BGC model was applied to yield estimates of present carbon fluxes and pools in Tuscany forests (central Italy). After the validation of these estimates against existing ground data, the simulation approach was used to assess the impact of plausible climate changes (+2 °C and increased CO2 concentration) on forest carbon dynamics (gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and relevant allocations). The results indicate that the temperature change tends to inhibit all production and allocation processes, which are instead enhanced by the CO2 concentration rise. The combination of the two factors leads to a general increase in both GPP and NPP that is higher for deciduous oaks and chestnut (+30% and 24% for GPP and +42% and 31% for NPP, respectively). Additionally, vegetation carbon is slightly increased, while total soil carbon remains almost unchanged with respect to the present conditions. These findings are analyzed with reference to the Tuscany forest situation and previous studies on the subject.

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Paul, K. I., and P. J. Polglase. "Calibration of the RothC model to turnover of soil carbon under eucalypts and pines." Soil Research 42, no. 8 (2004): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04025.

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Abstract The FullCAM model was developed for full carbon accounting in agriculture and forests at project and national scales. For forest systems, FullCAM links the empirical CAMFor model to models of tree growth (3PG), litter decomposition (GENDEC), and soil carbon turnover (RothC). Our objective was to calibrate RothC within the FullCAM framework using 2 long-term forestry experiments where productivity had been manipulated and archived and new soil samples were available for analysis of carbon within the various pools described by RothC. Inputs of carbon to soil at these trials were estimated by calibrating FullCAM to temporal data on above-ground growth, litterfall, and accumulation of litter. Two alternative submodels are available in FullCAM (CAMFor and GENDEC) for predicting decomposition of litter, and thus the input of carbon into the soil. Calibration of RothC was most sensitive to the partitioning of carbon during decomposition of debris between that lost as CO2 and that transferred to soil. Turnover of soil carbon was best simulated when the proportion of carbon lost to CO2 from relatively labile pools of debris was 77% (when simulated by CAMFor) and 95% (when simulated by GENDEC), whereas resistant pools of debris lost about 40% to CO2 during decomposition. Although rates of decomposition of pools of soil carbon were originally developed in RothC for agricultural soils, these constants were found to be also suitable for soils under plantation systems.

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Page, K. L., R. C. Dalal, and Y. P. Dang. "How useful are MIR predictions of total, particulate, humus, and resistant organic carbon for examining changes in soil carbon stocks in response to different crop management? A case study." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13064.

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Measures of particulate organic carbon (POC), humus organic carbon (HOC), and resistant organic carbon (ROC) (primarily char) are often used to represent the active, slow, and inert carbon pools used in soil carbon models. However, these fractions are difficult to measure directly, and mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopic techniques are increasingly being investigated to quantify these fractions and total organic carbon (TOC). This study examined the change in MIR-predicted pools of TOC, POC, HOC, and ROC in response to different crop management between two time periods (1981 and 2008) in a long-term wheat cropping trial in Queensland, Australia. The aims were (i) to assess the ability of MIR to detect changes in carbon stocks compared with direct measurements of TOC (LECO-TOC); and (ii) to assess how well the behaviour of POC, HOC, and ROC corresponded with the active, slow, and inert conceptual carbon pools. Significant declines in carbon stocks were observed over time using both LECO-TOC and MIR-predicted stocks of TOC, POC, HOC, and ROC, although MIR-TOC under-estimated loss by 27–30% compared with LECO-TOC. The decline in MIR-POC and MIR-HOC was consistent with the expected behaviour of the active and slow conceptual pools; however, the decline in ROC was not consistent with that of the inert pool. In addition, MIR measurements did not accurately detect differences in the rate of carbon loss under different crop management practices.

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Corpuz, Onofre S., Esmael L. Abas, and For Crissante Salibio. "Potential Carbon Storage of Rubber Plantations." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 2, no. 02 (June 30, 2014): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.2.2.13.

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The study was conducted at the three Municipalities of Cotabato province Southern Philippines between January to May 2011. The study aimed at determining the Carbon budget of the different age rubber plantation through field sampling and modeling. Actual field measurement of dbh, were done for the estimation of above-below ground biomass. The major carbon pools, such as above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter and understory vegetation were added and multiplied with 45% default value by IPCC to obtained the carbon density in Mt/ha. The total estimated biomass of the rubber plantation in Antipas were 103.91Mt/ha (10 years) and 573.21Mt/ha (20 years) with carbon density of 46.79Mt/ha and 257.95mt/ha respectively. For the Arakan plantation, the following were revealed in the estimation: (a). the 40 year plantation has total biomass of 1041.54Mt/ha biomass (468.69Mt/ha C), (b). the 11 year plantation has 158.79Mt/ha biomass (71.46Mt/ha C), (c). the 35 year plantation has total biomass of 246.23Mt/ha (110.8Mt/ha Carbon density), and (d). the 12 year plantation has 355.60Mt/ha biomass (160.02Mt/ha C). In Matalam Cotabato, the two different age rubber plantations has an estimated biomass density of 149.47Mt/ha in 8 years with 67.26 Mt/ha C and 70.82Mt/ha biomass density for the 6 year old plantation with 31.87 Mt/ha C.The soil organic carbons found in each plantation were: Antipas; 100.25t/ha (10 years) and 203.54t/ha (20 years), Arakan; 202.55t/ha (40 years), 142.67t/ha (11 years), 86.1t/ha (35 years) and 129.53t/ha (12 years), Matalam; 53.32t/ha (8 years) and 62.04t/ha in the 6 year plantation. T-test reveals significant differences of the biomass and carbon density of the rubber plantation with respect to age range (6-12 years and 20-40 years). This implies that biomass production and carbon storage potentials of rubber plantation is very much dependent on plantation age. Pearson regressioncorrelation analysis of the carbon density of each plantation with carbon pools found to be highly significant.

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Torn, M. S., M. Kleber, E. S. Zavaleta, B. Zhu, C. B. Field, and S. E. Trumbore. "A dual isotope approach to isolate carbon pools of different turnover times." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2013): 10189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-10189-2013.

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Abstract. Soils are globally significant sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. Increasing the resolution of soil carbon turnover estimates is important for predicting the response of soil carbon cycling to environmental change. We show that soil carbon turnover times can be more finely resolved using a dual isotope label like the one provided by elevated CO2 experiments that use fossil CO2. We modeled each physical soil fraction as two pools with different turnover times, using the atmospheric 14C bomb spike in combination with the label in 14C and 13C provided by an elevated CO2 experiment in a California annual grassland. In sandstone and serpentine soils, the light-fraction carbon was 20–40% fast cycling with 2–10 yr turnover and 60–80% slow cycling with turnover slower than 100 yr. This validates model treatment of the light fraction as active and intermediate cycling carbon. The dense, mineral–associated fraction also had a very dynamic component, consisting of 5–10% fast cycling carbon and 90–95% very slow cycling carbon. Similarly, half the microbial biomass carbon in the sandstone soil was more than five years old, and 40% of the carbon respired by microbes had been fixed more than five years ago. Resolving each density fraction into two pools revealed that only a small component of total soil carbon is responsible for most CO2 efflux from these soils. In the sandstone soil, 8–11% of soil carbon contributes more than 85% of the annual CO2 efflux. The fact that soil physical fractions, designed to isolate organic material of roughly homogeneous physico-chemical state, contain material of dramatically different turnover times is consistent with recent observations of rapid isotope incorporation into seemingly stable fractions, and with emerging evidence for hot spots of decomposition within the soil matrix. Predictions of soil response using a turnover time estimated with the assumption of a single pool per fraction would greatly overestimate near-term response to changes in productivity or decomposition rates. Therefore, these results suggest more rapid, but more limited, potential for change in soil carbon storage due to environmental change than has been assumed by more simple mass-balance calculations.

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Ali, Anwar, Muhammad Irfan Ashraf, Saeed Gulzar, Muhammad Akmal, and Bilal Ahmad. "Estimation of soil carbon pools in the forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6 (October 19, 2019): 2313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01059-9.

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Abstract Forest soils have high carbon densities compared to other land-uses. Soil carbon sequestration is important to reduce CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. An effective climate change mitigation strategy involves limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases from soils. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the most forested province of Pakistan, hosting about one-third of the country’s 4.5 × 106 ha forest area. Soil organic carbon in the province’s forests was estimated through a field-based study carried out during 2014–17 covering the whole province. Data was collected from 373 sample plots laid out in different forest types using a stratified cluster sampling technique. The total quantity of soil organic carbon was estimated at 59.4 × 106 t with an average of 52.4 ± 5.3 t/ha. About 69% of the total soil carbon is present in temperate forests. Subtropical broad-leaved and subtropical pine forests constitute 11.4% and 8.8% of the soil carbon stock respectively. Similarly, subalpine and oak forests have respective shares of 5.1% and 5.7% in the soil carbon pool. The lowest carbon stock (0.1%) was found in dry-tropical thorn forests. The highest soil carbon density was found in subalpine forests (69.5 ± 7.2 t/ha) followed by moist temperate forests (68.5 ± 6.7 t/ha) and dry temperate forests (60.7 ± 6.5 t/ha). Oak forests have carbon density of 43.4 ± 7.1 t/ha. Subtropical pine, subtropical broad-leaved and dry tropical thorn forests have soil carbon densities of 36.3 ± 3.7, 32.8 ± 6.2 and 31.5 ± 3.5 t/ha, respectively. The forests of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province have substantial amounts of soil carbon which must be conserved for climate change mitigation and maintenance of sound forest health.

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23

Yan, Shen, Zhengyang Niu, Aigai Zhang, Haitao Yan, He Zhang, Kuanxin He, Xianyi Xiao, Nianlei Wang, Chengwei Guan, and Guoshun Liu. "Biochar application on paddy and purple soils in southern China: soil carbon and biotic activity." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 181499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181499.

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Soil carbon reserves are the largest terrestrial carbon pools. Common agricultural practices, such as high fertilization rates and intensive crop rotation, have led to global-scale environmental changes, including decreased soil organic matter, lower carbon/nitrogen ratios and disruption of soil carbon pools. These changes have resulted in a decrease in soil microbial activity, severe reduction in soil fertility and transformation of soil nutrients, thereby causing soil nutrient imbalance, which seriously affects crop production. In this study, 16S rDNA-based analysis and static chamber-gas chromatography were used to elucidate the effects of continuous application of straw biochar on soil carbon pools and the soil microbial environments of two typical soil types (purple and paddy soils) in southern China. Application of biochar (1) improved the soil carbon pool and its activity, (2) significantly promoted the release of soil CO 2 and (3) improved the soil carbon environment. Soil carbon content was closely correlated with the abundance of organisms belonging to two orders, Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales, and, more specifically, to the genus Lactococcus . These results suggest that biochar affects the soil carbon environment and soil microorganism abundance, which in turn may improve the soil carbon pool.

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Saljnikov, Elmira, Sara Lukic, Predrag Miljkovic, Nikola Kokovic, Veljko Perovic, Dragan Cakmak, and Snezana Belanovic-Simic. "Soil carbon pools in two natural grasslands of Serbian highlands." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 119 (2019): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1919233s.

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Grasslands are a major player in the global carbon cycle, although carbon stocks in grasslands are influenced by human activities and natural disturbances. The aim of this study is to determine differences in carbon stock on two test areas of grassland ecosystem in the highlands of Stara Planina and Zlatar Mountains (Serbia). The investigated sites are natural mountain grasslands of the same vegetation community (Agrostietum capillarisPavl. 1955) and soil type (Umbric Leptosol (Dystric) and Haplic Cambisol (Dystric)), but with different grazing intensity. Aboveground and belowground biomasses were measured in each sample plot, and soil was sampled at fixed depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. The estimation of C stock and the rate of soil C accumulation were determined by the Tier 2 method IPCC (2003). Carbon mineralization potentials were determined via sequential incubation procedure in the laboratory conditions. According to the obtained results, the greater amount of precipitation on Mt. Stara Planina resulted in a greater accumulation of aboveground biomass, which was subjected to a greater decomposition in situ, thus showing a lower amount of PMC in vitro. In addition, potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC) among the sample plots from both sites indicates that the mineralization of soil organic matter was more influenced by the factors related to the soil characteristics, climatic conditions and grazing.

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25

Silver, Whendee L., Rebecca Ryals, and Valerie Eviner. "Soil Carbon Pools in California’s Annual Grassland Ecosystems." Rangeland Ecology & Management 63, no. 1 (January 2010): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-09-00106.1.

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26

Hett, Cornelia, Andreas Heinimann, Michael Epprecht, Peter Messerli, and Kaspar Hurni. "Carbon Pools and Poverty Peaks in Lao PDR." Mountain Research and Development 32, no. 4 (November 2012): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-12-00065.1.

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27

Elofsson, Katarina, and Ing-Marie Gren. "Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent carbon pools." Environmental Modelling & Software 101 (March 2018): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.12.006.

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28

Giese, Laura A. B., W. M. Aust, Randall K. Kolka, and Carl C. Trettin. "Biomass and carbon pools of disturbed riparian forests." Forest Ecology and Management 180, no. 1-3 (July 2003): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00644-8.

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29

Pouyat, R., P. Groffman, I. Yesilonis, and L. Hernandez. "Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems." Environmental Pollution 116 (March 2002): S107—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00263-9.

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30

Dixon, R. K., A. M. Solomon, S. Brown, R. A. Houghton, M. C. Trexier, and J. Wisniewski. "Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems." Science 263, no. 5144 (January 14, 1994): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5144.185.

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31

Bowling, David R., Diane E. Pataki, and James T. Randerson. "Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2fluxes." New Phytologist 178, no. 1 (April 2008): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02342.x.

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32

Lal, R. "Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in global carbon pools." Energy & Environmental Science 1, no. 1 (2008): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b809492f.

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33

Koven, C. D., J. Q. Chambers, K. Georgiou, R. Knox, R. Negron-Juarez, W. J. Riley, V. K. Arora, V. Brovkin, P. Friedlingstein, and C. D. Jones. "Controls on terrestrial carbon feedbacks by productivity versus turnover in the CMIP5 Earth System Models." Biogeosciences 12, no. 17 (September 7, 2015): 5211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5211-2015.

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Abstract. To better understand sources of uncertainty in projections of terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks, we present an approach to separate the controls on modeled carbon changes. We separate carbon changes into four categories using a linearized, equilibrium approach: those arising from changed inputs (productivity-driven changes), and outputs (turnover-driven changes), of both the live and dead carbon pools. Using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations for five models, we find that changes to the live pools are primarily explained by productivity-driven changes, with only one model showing large compensating changes to live carbon turnover times. For dead carbon pools, the situation is more complex as all models predict a large reduction in turnover times in response to increases in productivity. This response arises from the common representation of a broad spectrum of decomposition turnover times via a multi-pool approach, in which flux-weighted turnover times are faster than mass-weighted turnover times. This leads to a shift in the distribution of carbon among dead pools in response to changes in inputs, and therefore a transient but long-lived reduction in turnover times. Since this behavior, a reduction in inferred turnover times resulting from an increase in inputs, is superficially similar to priming processes, but occurring without the mechanisms responsible for priming, we call the phenomenon "false priming", and show that it masks much of the intrinsic changes to dead carbon turnover times as a result of changing climate. These patterns hold across the fully coupled, biogeochemically coupled, and radiatively coupled 1 % yr−1 increasing CO2 experiments. We disaggregate inter-model uncertainty in the globally integrated equilibrium carbon responses to initial turnover times, initial productivity, fractional changes in turnover, and fractional changes in productivity. For both the live and dead carbon pools, inter-model spread in carbon changes arising from initial conditions is dominated by model disagreement on turnover times, whereas inter-model spread in carbon changes from fractional changes to these terms is dominated by model disagreement on changes to productivity in response to both warming and CO2 fertilization. However, the lack of changing turnover time control on carbon responses, for both live and dead carbon pools, in response to the imposed forcings may arise from a common lack of process representation behind changing turnover times (e.g., allocation and mortality for live carbon; permafrost, microbial dynamics, and mineral stabilization for dead carbon), rather than a true estimate of the importance of these processes.

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Koven, C. D., J. Q. Chambers, K. Georgiou, R. Knox, R. Negron-Juarez, W. J. Riley, V. K. Arora, V. Brovkin, P. Friedlingstein, and C. D. Jones. "Controls on terrestrial carbon feedbacks by productivity vs. turnover in the CMIP5 Earth System Models." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2015): 5757–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-5757-2015.

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Abstract. To better understand sources of uncertainty in projections of terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks, we present an approach to separate the controls on modeled carbon changes. We separate carbon changes into 4 categories using a linearized, equilibrium approach: those arising from changed inputs (productivity-driven changes), and outputs (turnover-driven changes), and apply the analysis separately to the live and dead carbon pools. Using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations for 5 models, we find that changes to the live pools are primarily explained by productivity-driven changes, with only one model showing large compensating changes to live carbon turnover times. For dead carbon pools, the situation is more complex as all models predict a large reduction in turnover times in response to increases in productivity. This responses arises from the common representation of a broad spectrum of decomposition turnover times via a multi-pool approach, in which flux-weighted turnover times are faster than mass-weighted turnover times. This leads to a shift in the distribution of carbon among dead pools in response to changes in inputs, and therefore a transient but long-lived reduction in turnover times in response to increases in productivity. Since this behavior, a reduction in inferred turnover times resulting from an increase in inputs, is superficially similar to priming processes, but occurring without the mechanisms responsible for priming, we call the phenomenon "false priming", and show that it masks much of the intrinsic changes to dead carbon turnover times as a result of changing climate. These patterns hold across the fully-coupled, biogeochemically-coupled, and radiatively-coupled 1% yr−1 increasing CO2 experiments. We disaggregate inter-model uncertainty in the globally-integrated equilibrium carbon responses to initial turnover times, inital productivity, fractional changes in turnover, and fractional changes in productivity. For both the live and dead carbon pools, inter-model spread in carbon changes arising from initial conditions is dominated by model disagreement on turnover times, whereas inter-model spread in carbon changes from fractional changes to these terms is dominated by model disagreement on changes to productivity in response to both warming and CO2 fertilization. However, the lack of changing turnover time control on carbon responses, for both live and dead carbon pools, in response to the imposed forcings may indicate a common lack of process representation behind changing turnover times (e.g., allocation and mortality for live carbon; permafrost, microbial dynamics, and mineral stabilization for dead carbon), rather than a true estimate of the uncertainty in these processes.

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35

Hsieh, Yuch-Ping. "Soil Organic Carbon Pools of Two Tropical Soils Inferred by Carbon Signatures." Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, no. 4 (July 1996): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000040022x.

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36

Søndergaard, Morten. "Organic carbon pools in two Danish lakes: Flow of carbon to bacterioplankton." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 25, no. 1 (September 1993): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1992.11900196.

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37

Torn, M. S., M. Kleber, E. S. Zavaleta, B. Zhu, C. B. Field, and S. E. Trumbore. "A dual isotope approach to isolate soil carbon pools of different turnover times." Biogeosciences 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2013): 8067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8067-2013.

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Abstract. Soils are globally significant sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. Increasing the resolution of soil carbon turnover estimates is important for predicting the response of soil carbon cycling to environmental change. We show that soil carbon turnover times can be more finely resolved using a dual isotope label like the one provided by elevated CO2 experiments that use fossil CO2. We modeled each soil physical fraction as two pools with different turnover times using the atmospheric 14C bomb spike in combination with the label in 14C and 13C provided by an elevated CO2 experiment in a California annual grassland. In sandstone and serpentine soils, the light fraction carbon was 21–54% fast cycling with 2–9 yr turnover, and 36–79% slow cycling with turnover slower than 100 yr. This validates model treatment of the light fraction as active and intermediate cycling carbon. The dense, mineral-associated fraction also had a very dynamic component, consisting of ∼7% fast-cycling carbon and ∼93% very slow cycling carbon. Similarly, half the microbial biomass carbon in the sandstone soil was more than 5 yr old, and 40% of the carbon respired by microbes had been fixed more than 5 yr ago. Resolving each density fraction into two pools revealed that only a small component of total soil carbon is responsible for most CO2 efflux from these soils. In the sandstone soil, 11% of soil carbon contributes more than 90% of the annual CO2 efflux. The fact that soil physical fractions, designed to isolate organic material of roughly homogeneous physico-chemical state, contain material of dramatically different turnover times is consistent with recent observations of rapid isotope incorporation into seemingly stable fractions and with emerging evidence for hot spots or micro-site variation of decomposition within the soil matrix. Predictions of soil carbon storage using a turnover time estimated with the assumption of a single pool per density fraction would greatly overestimate the near-term response to changes in productivity or decomposition rates. Therefore, these results suggest a slower initial change in soil carbon storage due to environmental change than has been assumed by simpler (one-pool) mass balance calculations.

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Ķēniņa, Laura, Ieva Jaunslaviete, Līga Liepa, Daiga Zute, and Āris Jansons. "Carbon Pools in Old-Growth Scots Pine Stands in Hemiboreal Latvia." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100911.

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Old-growth forests are widely recognised for the benefits they provide for biodiversity; however, a more comprehensive understanding of their role in climate change mitigation must still be established to find the optimal balance between different forest ecosystem services at a national or regional scale. Very few studies have assessed carbon pools in old-growth Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)-dominated boreal forests, and none have been conducted in hemiboreal forests. Therefore, we assessed the carbon storage of the living tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor (soil organic horizon, including all litter and decomposed wood), and mineral soil in 25 hemiboreal old-growth (163–218 years) unmanaged Scots pine stands in Latvia. The studied stands were without known records of any major natural or human-made disturbance in the visible past. Our results show, that the total ecosystem carbon pool (excluding ground vegetation) was 291.2 ± 54.2 Mg C ha−1, which was primarily composed of living tree biomass (59%), followed by mineral soil (31%), deadwood (5%), and the forest floor (5%). Within the studied stand age group, the total carbon pool remained stable; however, interchanges among the carbon pools, i.e., living biomass and laying deadwood, did occur.

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39

Qirom, Muhammad Abdul, Tri Wira Yuwati, Purwanto Budi Santosa, Wawan Halwany, and Dony Rachmanadi. "Potensi Simpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Tipologi Hutan Rawa Gambut di Kalimantan Tengah." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.40150.

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Akurasi pendugaan simpanan karbon hutan rawa gambut dapat ditingkatkan melalui pengukuran masing-masing gudang/sumber karbon dan berbagai macam tipologi hutannya. Pengukuran tersebut berkaitan dengan besarnya kandungan dan fraksi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kandungan dan potensi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon di tipologi gambut. Pengukuran simpanan karbon dilakukan pada lima gudang karbon yakni vegetasi (tingkat permudaan pohon), serasah, tumbuhan bawah, nekromasa dan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan karbon adalah 50% dari berat kering biomassa. Kandungan karbon tidak dipengaruhi oleh gudang karbon dan tipologi gambut. Pada tanah gambut, kedalaman gambut mempengaruhi besarnya kandungan karbon sehingga besarnya faktor konversi harus memperhatikan kedalaman masing-masing tipologi gambut. Potensi simpanan karbon terbesar pada tipologi hutan sekunder dengan kedalaman gambut antara 3-3,5 m sebesar 3.722,08 Mg/ha sedangkan potensi simpanan karbon terendah pada tipologi semak belukar dengan kedalaman gambut 3-3,5 m sebesar 2243,49 Mg/ha. Pada hutan gambut, gudang karbon tanah menyumbang >95% dari simpanan karbon total. Gudang karbon nekromasa memberikan sumbangan simpanan karbon terkecil. Fraksi simpanan karbon pada masing-masing gudang karbon berturut-turut adalah tanah> vegetasi> serasah> tumbuhan bawah> nekromasa.Carbon Stocks Potential of Peatland Forests Typologies in Central KalimantanAbstractAccuracy of carbon stocks estimation can be enhanced by measuring each carbon pools in various forest peatland typologies. The carbon stocks measurement is associated with the amount of contents and fractions of carbon stocks. The research objectives were to obtain the information of carbon contents and carbon stocks potentials in each carbon pool in the peat typologies. Carbon stocks measurement was conducted in five carbon pools which were: vegetation (tree stages), litter, understory, necromass, and soil. The results showed that the carbon contents reached more than 50% of its dry weight. The carbon contents were not affected by the carbon pools and peat typologies. In the soil carbon pools, peat depth affected the amount of carbon content so that the magnitude of the conversion factor should concentrate to the depth of each peat typology. The greatest potential of carbon stocks was found in the secondary forest (3,733.08 Mg/ha) with the peat depths between 3-3.5 m, while the lowest potential of carbon stocks found in the bush typology (2243.49 Mg/ha) with the peat depths between 3-3.5 m. In the peat typology, soil carbon stocks contributed more than 95% of total carbon stocks whereas necromass carbon stocks contributed the smallest amount of carbon. The fractions of carbon stocks in each carbon pools were soil> vegetation> litter> understorey> necromass, respectively.

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Kolchugina, Tatyana P., and Ted S. Vinson. "Equilibrium analysis of carbon pools and fluxes of forest biomes in the former Soviet Union." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-013.

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Natural processes in ocean and terrestrial ecosystems together with human activities have caused a measurable increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2. It is predicted that an increase in the concentration of CO2 will cause the Earth's temperatures to rise and will accelerate rates of plant respiration and the decay of organic matter, disrupting the equilibrium of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Forests are an important component of the biosphere, and sequestration of carbon in boreal forests may represent one of the few realistic alternatives to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry. The former Soviet Union has the greatest expanse of boreal forests in the world; however, the role of Soviet forests in the terrestrial carbon cycle is not fully understood because the carbon budget of the Soviet forest sector has not been established. In recognition of the need to determine the role of Soviet forests in the global carbon cycle, the carbon budget of forest biomes in the former Soviet Union was assessed based on an equilibrium analysis of carbon cycle pools and fluxes. Net primary productivity was used to identify the rate of carbon turnover in the forest biomes. Net primary productivity was estimated at 4360 Mt of carbon, the vegetation carbon pool was estimated at 110 255 Mt, the litter carbon pool was estimated at 17 525 Mt, and the soil carbon pool was estimated at 319 100 Mt. Net primary productivity of Soviet forest biomes exceeded industrial CO2 emissions in the former Soviet Union by a factor of four and represented approximately 7% of the global terrestrial carbon turnover. Carbon stores in the phytomass and soils of forest biomes of the former Soviet Union represented 16% of the carbon concentrated in the biomass and soils of the world's terrestrial ecosystems. All carbon pools of Soviet forest biomes represented approximately one-seventh of the world's terrestrial carbon pool.

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Zhou, Hua, Wan Tai Yu, and Qiang Ma. "Seasonal Changes in Various Soil Organic Carbon Pools with Different Soil Amendments." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.870.

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In a sustainable agriculture farming systems experiment, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (OC), carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and labile organic carbon pool in soil amended with maize stalk (MS), rice straw (RS) and alfalfa (AF) were studied from August 2005 to August 2006. The results showed that organic material with low N content decomposed slowly, while that with absolutely high N content depressed decomposition rate. After one year’s decomposition, the humification process of organic materials was basically complete. Soil labile carbon content was dramatically improved compared with the control after the addition of organic materials to the soil. The leached DOC was highly correlated with micro-organisms activity and MBC was highly dependent on N incorporation.

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42

Kim, Dong-Gill, Habitamu Taddese, Abrham Belay, and Randy Kolka. "The impact of traditional fire management on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in a montane forest, southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 10 (2016): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16022.

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We conducted studies to assess the impact of traditional fire management on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pools. We compared organic carbon and total nitrogen pools in forest floor and mineral soil (0–100-cm depth) in three areas burned by local communities (B) with adjacent unburned areas (UB) (three paired sites; 1, 5 and 9 years since fire; hereafter B1-UB, B5-UB and B9-UB) in a montane forest in southern Ethiopia. Despite differences in time since fire and dominant post-fire vegetation, forest floor and mineral soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations and pools were not significantly different between burned and unburned pairs or across sites. However, mineral soil carbon : nitrogen ratio was significantly higher in the burned area of B9-UB (0–10 cm) and B5-UB (10–20 cm), indicating small losses of nitrogen relative to carbon, likely from plant uptake or possibly leaching of nitrogen post fire. Combined, the data suggest that traditional fire management did not dramatically affect forest floor and mineral soil organic carbon and total nitrogen dynamics at these sites.

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Tang, Xuli, Xia Zhao, Yongfei Bai, Zhiyao Tang, Wantong Wang, Yongcun Zhao, Hongwei Wan, et al. "Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems: New estimates based on an intensive field survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 16, 2018): 4021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700291115.

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China’s terrestrial ecosystems have functioned as important carbon sinks. However, previous estimates of carbon budgets have included large uncertainties owing to the limitations of sample size, multiple data sources, and inconsistent methodologies. In this study, we conducted an intensive field campaign involving 14,371 field plots to investigate all sectors of carbon stocks in China’s forests, shrublands, grasslands, and croplands to better estimate the regional and national carbon pools and to explore the biogeographical patterns and potential drivers of these pools. The total carbon pool in these four ecosystems was 79.24 ± 2.42 Pg C, of which 82.9% was stored in soil (to a depth of 1 m), 16.5% in biomass, and 0.60% in litter. Forests, shrublands, grasslands, and croplands contained 30.83 ± 1.57 Pg C, 6.69 ± 0.32 Pg C, 25.40 ± 1.49 Pg C, and 16.32 ± 0.41 Pg C, respectively. When all terrestrial ecosystems are taken into account, the country’s total carbon pool is 89.27 ± 1.05 Pg C. The carbon density of the forests, shrublands, and grasslands exhibited a strong correlation with climate: it decreased with increasing temperature but increased with increasing precipitation. Our analysis also suggests a significant sequestration potential of 1.9–3.4 Pg C in forest biomass in the next 10–20 years assuming no removals, mainly because of forest growth. Our results update the estimates of carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems based on direct field measurements, and these estimates are essential to the validation and parameterization of carbon models in China and globally.

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Leavitt, S. W., R. F. Follett, and E. A. Paul. "Estimation of Slow- and Fast-Cycling Soil Organic Carbon Pools from 6N HCl Hydrolysis." Radiocarbon 38, no. 2 (1996): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200017604.

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Acid hydrolysis is used to fractionate the soil organic carbon pool into relatively slow- and fast-cycling compartments on soils from Arizona, the Great Plains states and Michigan collected for carbon isotope tracer studies related to soil carbon sequestration, for studies of shifts in C3/C4 vegetation, and for “pre-bomb” soil-carbon inventories. Prior to hydrolysis, soil samples are first treated with cold 0.5–1N HCl to remove soil carbonates if necessary. Samples are then dispersed in a concentrated NaCl solution (ρ≍1.2 g cm-3) and floated plant fragments are skimmed off the surface. After rinsing and drying, all remaining recognizable plant fragments are picked from the soil under 20x magnification. Plant-free soils, and hot, 6N HCl acid-hydrolysis residue and hydrolyzate fractions are analyzed for carbon content, δ13C and 14C age, and the carbon distribution is verified within 1–2% by stable-carbon isotope mass balance. On average, the recalcitrant residue fraction is 1800 yr older and 2.6% more 13C-depleted than total soil organic carbon. A test of hydrolysis with fresh plant fragments produced as much as 71–76% in the acid-hydrolysis residue pool. Thus, if plant fragments are not largely removed prior to hydrolysis, the residue fraction may date much younger than it actually is.

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Zubrzycki, S., L. Kutzbach, and E. M. Pfeiffer. "Permafrost-Affected Soils of the Russian Arctic and their Carbon Pools." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 619–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-619-2014.

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Abstract. Permafrost-affected soils have accumulated enormous pools of organic matter during the Quaternary Period. The area occupied by these soils amounts to more than 8.6 million km2, which is about 27% of all land areas north of 50° N. Therefore, permafrost-affected soils are considered to be one of the most important cryosphere elements within the climate system. Due to the cryopedogenic processes that form these particular soils and the overlying vegetation that is adapted to the arctic climate, organic matter has accumulated to the present extent of up to 1024 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g = 1 Gt) of soil organic carbon stored within the uppermost three meters of ground. Considering the observed progressive climate change and the projected polar amplification, permafrost-affected soils will undergo fundamental property changes. Higher turnover and mineralization rates of the organic matter are consequences of these changes, which are expected to result in an increased release of climate-relevant trace gases into the atmosphere. As a result, permafrost regions with their distinctive soils are likely to trigger an important tipping point within the global climate system, with additional political and social implications. The controversy of whether permafrost regions continue accumulating carbon or already function as a carbon source remains open until today. An increased focus on this subject matter, especially in underrepresented Siberian regions, could contribute to a more robust estimation of the soil organic carbon pool of permafrost regions and at the same time improve the understanding of the carbon sink and source functions of permafrost-affected soils.

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Williams, M. A., C. W. Rice, A. Omay, and C. Owensby. "Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in a Tallgrass Prairie Soil under Elevated Carbon Dioxide." Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, no. 1 (January 2004): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1480.

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Richter, Scarlet, Dagmar Haase, Kolja Thestorf, and Mohsen Makki. "Carbon Pools of Berlin, Germany: Organic Carbon in Soils and Aboveground in Trees." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 54 (October 2020): 126777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126777.

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Poeplau, C., A. Don, M. Dondini, J. Leifeld, R. Nemo, J. Schumacher, N. Senapati, and M. Wiesmeier. "Reproducibility of a soil organic carbon fractionation method to derive RothC carbon pools." European Journal of Soil Science 64, no. 6 (September 13, 2013): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12088.

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Quintero-Gradilla, Shatya Devi, Angelina Martínez-Yrizar, Felipe Gracía-Oliva, Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán, and José Enrique Jardel-Peláez. "Post-fire recovery of ecosystem carbon pools in a tropical mixed pine-hardwood forest." Forest Systems 29, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): e001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2020291-14984.

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Aim of the study: To analyze the recovery pattern of carbon pools in terms of size and the relative contribution of each pool to total ecosystem C along a fire chronosequence of tropical mixed pine-hardwood forest.Area of the study: Las Joyas Research Station (LJRS), core zone of Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR) in the state of Jalisco, central western Mexico.Materials and methods: Carbon stored in aboveground plant biomass, standing dead trees, downed woody debris, forest floor, fine roots and mineral soil, was compared with a nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) in post-fire stands of eight-year-old, 28- and 60-year-old stands of mixed Pinus douglasiana-hardwood forest.Main results: The total ecosystem carbon in eight-year-old stands was 50% lower than that of 60-year-old stands. Carbon content in the biomass and mineral soil increased with stand age. The carbon in the biomass recovered to the undisturbed forest in the 28 years of succession. The main C storage in the eight-year-old stands were the mineral soil (64%) and downed woody debris (18%), while in the 28- and 60-year-old stands, live tree biomass and mineral soil were the two largest components of the total C pool (43% and 46%, respectively).Research highlights: We found a significant effect of high-severity fire events on ecosystem C storage and a shift in carbon distribution. The relatively fast recovery of C in ecosystem biomass suggests that mixed Pinus douglasiana hardwood forest possess functional traits that confer resilience to severe ﬁre events.Key words: chronosequence; carbon dynamics; mineral soil; Pinus douglasiana; fire effects.Abbreviations used: LJRS, Las Joyas Research Station; DBH, diameter at breast height; DL, duff layer; LL, litter layer; DWD, downed woody debris; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CO2, carbon dioxide; SMBR, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve; C, carbon. AGV, above ground vegetation.

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Novák, Tibor, József Incze, Almuth McLeod, and Luise Giani. "Development of soil organic carbon pools after vineyard abandonment." Soil Science Annual 71, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/127759.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon pool’s'

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