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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon upgrading'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Partridge, Lester E., and Eoin J. Loughnane. "Committed carbon-upgrading existing buildings." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 17, no. 5 (December 2008): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.478.

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2

Richter, Hannes, Norman Reger-Wagner, Susanne Kämnitz, Ingolf Voigt, Udo Lubenau, and Raymond Mothes. "Carbon membranes for bio gas upgrading." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.222.

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3

Yu, Bing, and Liang-Nian He. "Upgrading Carbon Dioxide by Incorporation into Heterocycles." ChemSusChem 8, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402837.

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4

Fukuyama, Hidetsugu, Satoshi Terai, Masayuki Uchida, José L. Cano, and Jorge Ancheyta. "Active carbon catalyst for heavy oil upgrading." Catalysis Today 98, no. 1-2 (November 2004): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2004.07.054.

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5

Shuai, Li, Masoud Talebi Amiri, and Jeremy S. Luterbacher. "The influence of interunit carbon–carbon linkages during lignin upgrading." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2 (October 2016): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2016.10.001.

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6

Gao, Yiwen. "Research on the Impact of Human capital on the Transformation and Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure from the Perspective of Low Carbon Development." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 02038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502038.

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From the perspective of low-carbon, this paper analyzes the impact of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure. Firstly, it combs the relevant literature, then theoretically analyzes the mechanism of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure, and then selects the energy consumption data of 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2006 to 2016 Human capital data, using panel data analysis for empirical test. The results show that human capital has a positive effect on the low-carbon transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, but there are some differences in the effect on the whole country and different regions in the East, middle and West. Finally, from the perspective of the government, enterprises, schools and individuals, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as responding to the economic transformation and low-carbon economy policies, strengthening human capital investment, and accelerating the cultivation of low-carbon talents.

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Adnan, Ong, Nomanbhay, Chew, and Show. "Technologies for Biogas Upgrading to Biomethane: A Review." Bioengineering 6, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6040092.

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The environmental impacts and high long-term costs of poor waste disposal have pushed the industry to realize the potential of turning this problem into an economic and sustainable initiative. Anaerobic digestion and the production of biogas can provide an efficient means of meeting several objectives concerning energy, environmental, and waste management policy. Biogas contains methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (40%) as its principal constituent. Excluding methane, other gasses contained in biogas are considered as contaminants. Removal of these impurities, especially carbon dioxide, will increase the biogas quality for further use. Integrating biological processes into the bio-refinery that effectively consume carbon dioxide will become increasingly important. Such process integration could significantly improve the sustainability of the overall bio-refinery process. The biogas upgrading by utilization of carbon dioxide rather than removal of it is a suitable strategy in this direction. The present work is a critical review that summarizes state-of-the-art technologies for biogas upgrading with particular attention to the emerging biological methanation processes. It also discusses the future perspectives for overcoming the challenges associated with upgradation. While biogas offers a good substitution for fossil fuels, it still not a perfect solution for global greenhouse gas emissions and further research still needs to be conducted.

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Wang, Qi, and Guangpeng Li. "Research and Development of Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021303031.

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With the agreement of the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the timetable for the reduction of the mandate and the limitation of 18 controlled substances are being phased in. This has brought great challenges to the transformation, upgrading and sustainable development of China’s refrigeration and air conditioning industry. It has brought great challenges to the transformation, upgrading and sustainable development of China’s refrigeration and air conditioning industry. Carbon dioxide (CO2)is considered to be the most suitable and potential natural working medium due to its excellent environmental properties. This paper introduces the properties of CO2 refrigerant, NH3/CO2 laminated refrigeration system, CO2 secondary refrigerant refrigeration system and CO2 trans-critical refrigeration cycle system, and analyzes three representative processes of CO2 refrigeration system.

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Cabrera-Codony, Alba, Miguel A. Montes-Morán, Manuel Sánchez-Polo, Maria J. Martín, and Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos. "Biogas Upgrading: Optimal Activated Carbon Properties for Siloxane Removal." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 12 (June 2, 2014): 7187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501274a.

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10

Yang, Juan, Jian Yu, Wei Zhao, Qiang Li, Yin Wang, and Guangwen Xu. "Upgrading Ash-Rich Activated Carbon from Distilled Spirit Lees." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 17 (April 23, 2012): 6037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie202882r.

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11

Yu, Bing, and Liang-Nian He. "ChemInform Abstract: Upgrading Carbon Dioxide by Incorporation into Heterocycles." ChemInform 46, no. 12 (March 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201512309.

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12

Reddick, Christopher, Mikhail Sorin, Hristo Sapoundjiev, and Zine Aidoun. "Carbon capture simulation using ejectors for waste heat upgrading." Energy 100 (April 2016): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.099.

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13

Ferella, Francesco, Alessandro Puca, Giuliana Taglieri, Leucio Rossi, and Katia Gallucci. "Separation of carbon dioxide for biogas upgrading to biomethane." Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (October 2017): 1205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.037.

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14

Wang, Pen-Cheng, Yu-Chun Liao, Li-Hung Liu, Yu-Ling Lai, Ying-Chang Lin, and Yao-Jane Hsu. "Upgrading non-oxidized carbon nanotubes by thermally decomposed hydrazine." Applied Surface Science 305 (June 2014): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.02.156.

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15

PAN, Jiahua, Benfan LIANG, Na XIONG, and Guozhan QI. "The Macro Path of China's Low-Carbon Urbanization." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500098.

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The continuing and the massive urbanization and citizenization have been the persistent and immense impetus for China's economic growth and industrial upgrading. This paper analyzes the low-carbon challenges of China's urbanization and the macro connotation of low-carbon urbanization, and explores the macro path of China's low-carbon urbanization.

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16

Zhao, Bingwei, Zhichao Wang, Ziyu Liu, and Xiaoyi Yang. "Two-stage upgrading of hydrothermal algae biocrude to kerosene-range biofuel." Green Chemistry 18, no. 19 (2016): 5254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc01413e.

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17

Zimmerer, Julia, Dennis Pingen, Sandra K. Hess, Tobias Koengeter, and Stefan Mecking. "Integrated extraction and catalytic upgrading of microalgae lipids in supercritical carbon dioxide." Green Chemistry 21, no. 9 (2019): 2428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc00312f.

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18

Ma, Zhong Yi, Lin Wei, Wang Da Qu, James Juson, Qing Wei Zhu, and Xun Zhang Wang. "The Effect of Support on the Catalytic Performance for Bio-Oil Upgrading." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.350.

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Catalysts play critical roles in hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes of upgrading biomass-derived bio-oil to drop-in fuels. The selectivity and deactivate of catalysts, however, still remain biggest challenge. By using ZSM-5, alumina, and activated carbon as supports, different catalysts made up with Ru were prepared and tested in a bio-oil upgrading process. The effect of supports were investigated and compared in term of surface properties. The results showed that the ZSM-5 based catalysts got more water phase because of its highest surface acidity. The alumina changed to aluminum hydroxide in the presence of water at the reaction conditions. Activated carbon based catalysts showed good catalytic performance with more hydrocarbons and less water phase content in the upgraded bio-oil. All of upgraded bio-oils were verified by chemical analysis using a GC-MS. Nevertheless, further study for the kinetics of catalytically upgrading bio-oil is recommended.

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19

Zhang, Xue, Hengxiang Li, Qing Cao, Li’e Jin, and Fumeng Wang. "Upgrading pyrolytic residue from waste tires to commercial carbon black." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 5 (March 28, 2018): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18764292.

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The managing and recycling of waste tires has become a worldwide environmental challenge. Among the different disposal methods for waste tires, pyrolysis is regarded as a promising route. How to effectively enhance the added value of pyrolytic residue (PR) from waste tires is a matter of great concern. In this study, the PRs were treated with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in turn under ultrasonic waves. The removal efficiency for the ash and sulfur was investigated. The pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) obtained after treating PR with acids was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, laser Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and physisorption apparatus. The properties of PCB were compared with those of commercial carbon black (CCB) N326 and N339. Results showed PRs from waste tires were mainly composed of carbon, sulfur, and ash. The carbon in PCB was mainly from the CCB added during tire manufacture rather than from the pyrolysis of pure rubbers. The removal percentages for the ash and sulfur of PR are 98.33% (from 13.98 wt % down to 0.24 wt %) and 70.16% (from 1.81 wt % down to 0.54 wt %), respectively, in the entire process. The ash was mainly composed of metal oxides, sulfides, and silica. The surface properties, porosity, and morphology of the PCB were all close to those of N326. Therefore, PCB will be a potential alternative of N326 and reused in tire manufacture. This route successfully upgrades PR from waste tires to the high value-added CCB and greatly increases the overall efficiency of the waste tire pyrolysis industry.

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20

Kim, Ji-Hyun, Gibbum Lee, Jung-Eun Park, and Seok-Hwi Kim. "Limitation of K2CO3 as a Chemical Agent for Upgrading Activated Carbon." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061000.

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The chemical activation of a carbon precursor with KOH generally results in an activated carbon (AC) with a high specific surface area. However, this process generates a large volume of wastewater that includes dissolved alkali metals, existing mainly as K2CO3. Thus, wastewaters with a high concentration of dissolved K2CO3 can potentially be used in place of KOH as a chemical agent. In the present study, to reduce the thermal stability of K2CO3, which decomposes at temperatures greater than 891 °C, K2CO3 was chemically impregnated into carbon precursors prior to activation of the precursors. The thermochemical properties and activation efficiency of the carbon precursors treated with K2CO3 were compared with those of carbon precursors treated with KOH. Analysis by XPS indicated that C–O–K complexes formed on the surface of the carbon precursors; in addition, their peak intensities were approximately the same irrespective of the chemical agent used. However, the specific surface area of the K2CO3-impregnated AC was 2162 m2/g, which was ~70% of that of the KOH-impregnated AC (3047 m2/g) prepared using the same K/C molar ratio of 0.5. XRD results confirmed that both K2CO3 and KOH transformed into KHCO3 and K4H2(CO3)3·1.5H2O during the impregnation. The peak intensities of these compounds in the XRD pattern of the K2CO3-impregnated carbon precursors were two times greater than those in the pattern of the KOH-impregnated carbon precursors. These compounds eventually transformed into K2CO3, which hardly participated as a chemical agent at the temperature used in the present study (850 °C). Therefore, recrystallisation of K2CO3, even during the impregnation, appeared to adversely affect the degree of activation. Nevertheless, the specific surface area of the K2CO3-activated AC was still ~1.6 times greater than that of the untreated carbon precursor (1378 m2/g), suggesting that the use of wastewater as a chemical agent is feasible for resource recycling.

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21

Mbugua, James K., Joseph M. Mwaniki, Damaris M. Nduta, and Francis B. Mwaura. "Upgrading biogas using Eburru zeolitic rocks and other adsorbent materials to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.2.

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The trace amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in raw biogas lower its calorific value,cause corrosion and make it hard to compress biogas into the cylinder. Raw biogas was obtainedfrom anaerobic digestion of cow dung and market wastes. The gas was stored in tubes or urine bagbefore upgrading. Natural zeolite rocks, maize cobs, steel wire, desulphurizer, and worn-out tyreswere used as the upgrade materials. The composition of biogas was recorded before and afterupgrading using a GP180 portable biogas analyzer from Henan, China. The measured level of rawbiogas was 0.0227% H2S, >20% CO2 and 52-56% CH4. The most efficient upgrade materials werezeolite rocks with upgrade levels of 89–93% methane. The total removal using zeolite wasobserved to be 75% CO2 and 95.34% H2S. The morphological structures of zeolitic rocks accountfor its higher upgrading properties compared to other materials. In addition, the porosity in theserocks mean that CO2 and H2S were adsorbed resulting in high CH4 levels in the upgraded biogas.Other adsorbents showed upgrading properties with removal rates above 70% for both H2S andCO2. Keywords: Biogas, Upgrading, Natural zeolite, Bio-methane

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22

Zhang, Xiaojin, Julia Witte, Tilman Schildhauer, and Christian Bauer. "Life cycle assessment of power-to-gas with biogas as the carbon source." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 3 (2020): 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00986h.

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23

Amornraksa, Suksun, and Thanida Sritangthong. "Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Fuel Oil for Hydrocarbons Upgrading." E3S Web of Conferences 141 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014101013.

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By-product upgrading is crucial in hydrocarbon processing industries as it can increase the competitiveness of the business. This research investigated opportunity to upgrade fuel oil by-product obtained from olefins production by using microwave pyrolysis. A lab-scale quartz reactor filled with placed inside a 1,200 watts household microwave oven was used for the experiments. Coconut-based activated carbon was used as a microwave receptor. Microwave powers were varied at 600 W, 840 W and 1,200 W to adjust cracking temperature between 800°C and 900°C. The effect of residence time was investigated by adjusting flow rate of N2 carrier gas. The chemical compositions and product yields were analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was revealed that hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gaseous product (alkanes, naphthenics and alkenes) were produced as the main products. For liquid products, the main compositions were cycloalkenes and polycyclic aromatic groups.

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24

Lam, Chun Ho, Sabyasachi Das, Nichole C. Erickson, Cale D. Hyzer, Mahlet Garedew, James E. Anderson, Timothy J. Wallington, Michael A. Tamor, James E. Jackson, and Christopher M. Saffron. "Towards sustainable hydrocarbon fuels with biomass fast pyrolysis oil and electrocatalytic upgrading." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 2 (2017): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6se00080k.

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25

Li, Wenxiu, Weijie Geng, Lin Liu, Qianqian Shang, Liying Liu, and Xiangjin Kong. "In situ-generated Co embedded in N-doped carbon hybrids as robust catalysts for the upgrading of levulinic acid in aqueous phase." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 4 (2020): 2043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se01196j.

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26

Verma, Sanny, R. B. Nasir Baig, Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda, and Rajender S. Varma. "Visible light mediated upgrading of biomass to biofuel." Green Chemistry 18, no. 5 (2016): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02951a.

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Heterogenized bimetallic Ag–Pd nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride (AgPd@g-C₃N₄) promote upgrading of biofuel via hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin under visible light irradiation using formic acid as a hydrogen source.

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27

Maile, Ireen O., and Edison Muzenda. "Carbon dioxide removal using ammonia in biogas upgrading and purification." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Chemia 62, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbchem.2017.4.40.

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28

Canevesi, Rafael L. S., Kari A. Andreassen, Edson A. da Silva, Carlos E. Borba, and Carlos A. Grande. "Pressure Swing Adsorption for Biogas Upgrading with Carbon Molecular Sieve." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 23 (May 16, 2018): 8057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00996.

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29

Photiou, Nikolaos K., Len C. Hollaway, and Marios K. Chryssanthopoulos. "Selection of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Systems for Steelwork Upgrading." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 2006): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2006)18:5(641).

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30

Yang, Tingting, Linghong Lu, Shanshan Wang, Wei Cao, and Xiaohua Lu. "Biogas upgrading using single-walled carbon nanotubes by molecular simulation." Molecular Simulation 43, no. 13-16 (June 21, 2017): 1034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2017.1342120.

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31

Noumi, Eric S., Patrick Rousset, Angelica de Cassia Oliveira Carneiro, and Joel Blin. "Upgrading of carbon-based reductants from biomass pyrolysis under pressure." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 118 (March 2016): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.02.011.

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32

Liu, Jun, Qiang Chen, and Peng Qi. "Upgrading of Biogas to Methane Based on Adsorption." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080941.

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Upgrading raw biogas to methane (CH4) is a vital prerequisite for the utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel or the similar field as well. In this work, biogas yield from the anaerobic fermentation of food waste containing methane (CH4, 60.4%), carbon dioxide (CO2, 29.1%), hydrogen sulfide (H2S, 1.5%), nitrogen (N2, 7.35%) and oxygen (O2, 1.6%) was upgraded by dynamic adsorption. The hydrogen sulfide was removed from the biogas in advance by iron oxide (Fe2O3) because of its corrosion of the equipment. Commercial 13X zeolite and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) were used to remove the other impurity gases from wet or dry biogas. It was found that neither 13X zeolite nor CMS could effectively remove each of the impurities in the wet biogas for the effect of water vapor. However, 13X zeolite could effectively remove CO2 after the biogas was dried with silica and showed a CO2 adsorption capacity of 78 mg/g at the condition of 0.2 MPa and 25 °C. Additionally, 13X zeolite almost did not adsorb nitrogen (N2), so the CH4 was merely boosted to ac. 91% after the desulfurated dry biogas passed through 13X zeolite, nitrogen remaining in the biogas. CMS would exhibit superior N2 adsorption capacity and low CO2 adsorption capacity if some N2 was present in biogas, so CMS was able to remove all the nitrogen and fractional carbon dioxide from the desulfurated dry biogas in a period of time. Finally, when the desulfurated dry biogas passed through CMS and 13X zeolite in turn, the N2 and CO2 were sequentially removed, and then followed the high purity CH4 (≥96%).

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33

Zhou, Shenghui, Guixian Chen, Xiao Feng, Ming Wang, Tao Song, Detao Liu, Fachuang Lu, and Haisong Qi. "In situ MnOx/N-doped carbon aerogels from cellulose as monolithic and highly efficient catalysts for the upgrading of bioderived aldehydes." Green Chemistry 20, no. 15 (2018): 3593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01413b.

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34

Prats, Hector, Hannah McAloone, Francesc Viñes, and Francesc Illas. "Ultra-high selectivity biogas upgrading through porous MXenes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 25 (2020): 12296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04522e.

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Two-dimensional porous MXenes with the formula M₂C (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W) are proposed as very promising sorbent materials for carbon dioxide (CO₂) separation from methane (CH₄) in the critical step of biogas upgrading.

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Liu, Ting, and Wenqing Pan. "The Regional Inequity of CO2 Emissions per Capita in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n7p228.

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This paper combines Theil index method with factor decomposition technique to analyze China eight regions’ inequality of CO2 emissions per capita, and discuss energy structure, energy intensity, industrial structure, and per capita output’s impacts on inequality. This research shows that: (1) The trend of China regional carbon inequality is in the opposite direction to the per capita CO2 emission level. Namely, as the per capita CO2 emission levels rise, regional carbon inequality decreases, and vice versa. (2) Per capita output factor reduces regional carbon inequality, whereas energy structure factor and energy intensity factor increase the inequality. (3) More developed areas can reduce the carbon inequality by improving the energy structure, whereas the divergence of energy intensity in less developed areas has increased to expand the carbon inequity. Thus, when designing CO2 emission reduction targets, policy makers should consider regional differences in economic development level and energy efficiency, and refer to the main influencing factors. At the same time, upgrading industrial structure and upgrading energy technologies should be combined to meet the targets of economic growth and CO2 emission reduction.

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36

Ye, Hai, Jun Cheng, and Zhi Zhuang. "Reducing Building Waste by Reconstruction and Reutilization." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1843.

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Ghost towns of empty houses, short-lived buildings and plants functional change etc. are big building waste problems in China. To create a low-carbon society, reasonable reconstruction work is necessary. Also as the rapid development of high and new technology, building services is improved continuously. More energy efficient and reliable products are required. In this paper, the analysis on different type of building and services upgrading was carried out. For these upgrading schemes, their merits and disadvantages are discussed.

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37

Li, Zhengyi, Zhaozhuo Yu, Xiaoxiang Luo, Chuanhui Li, Hongguo Wu, Wenfeng Zhao, Hu Li, and Song Yang. "Recent advances in liquid hydrosilane-mediated catalytic N-formylation of amines with CO2." RSC Advances 10, no. 56 (2020): 33972–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05858k.

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This review depicts different types of catalyst systems developed for upgrading of amines and carbon dioxide into N-formylated products in the presence of hydrosilane, with attention on reaction mechanism and process optimization.

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38

Wang, Wenhe, Changsen Zhang, Guanghui Chen, and Ruiqin Zhang. "Influence of CeO2 Addition to Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 Catalysts on Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061257.

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Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil is a method of bio-oil upgrading. In this paper, x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) was synthesized as an HDO catalyst by the co-impregnation method. The HDO performances of x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) in the reaction process was evaluated and compared with Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 by the property and the yield of upgrading oil. The difference of the chemical composition between bio-oil and upgrading oil was evaluated by GC-MS. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 decreased the water and oxygen contents of upgrading oil, increased the high heating value, reduced acid content, and increased hydrocarbon content. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the yield of upgrading reached the maximum, from 33.9 wt% (Ni–Cu/HZSM-5) to 47.6 wt% (15%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5). The catalytic activities of x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) and Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, NH3-Temperature-Programmed Desorption, H2-Temperature-Programmed Reaction, TEM, and XPS. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 increased the dispersion of active metal Ni, reduced the bond between the active metal and the catalyst support, increased the ratio of Bronsted acid to total acids, and decreased the reduction temperature of NiO. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the activity of catalyst reached the best. Finally, the carbon deposition resistance of deactivated catalysts was investigated by a Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and the results showed that the addition of CeO2 could improve the carbon deposition resistance of catalysts. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the coke deposition decreased from 41 wt% (Ni–Cu/HZSM-5) to 14 wt% (15%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5).

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39

He, Xuezhong, Yunhan Chu, Arne Lindbråthen, Magne Hillestad, and May-Britt Hägg. "Carbon molecular sieve membranes for biogas upgrading: Techno-economic feasibility analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 194 (September 2018): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.172.

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40

Pritchard, Tyler Lynn, Neal P. Sullivan, and Robert J. Braun. "Techno-Economic Perspectives on Upgrading Carbon Dioxide into Higher-Value Chemicals." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 36 (May 1, 2020): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01361504mtgabs.

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Trasobares, Susana, María A. Callejas, Ana M. Benito, María T. Martínez, Dieter Severin, and Ludwig Brouwer. "Upgrading of a Petroleum Residue. Kinetics of Conradson Carbon Residue Conversion." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, no. 3 (March 1999): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie980285c.

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Ucar, S., S. Karagoz, J. Yanik, M. Yuksel, and M. Saglam. "Upgrading Scrap Tire Derived Oils Using Activated Carbon Supported Metal Catalysts." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 29, no. 5 (April 2007): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009083190965857.

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Starr, Katherine, Laura Talens Peiro, Lidia Lombardi, Xavier Gabarrell, and Gara Villalba. "Optimization of environmental benefits of carbon mineralization technologies for biogas upgrading." Journal of Cleaner Production 76 (August 2014): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.039.

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Abdeen, Fouad R. H., Maizirwan Mel, Mohammed Saedi Jami, Sany Izan Ihsan, and Ahmad Faris Ismail. "A review of chemical absorption of carbon dioxide for biogas upgrading." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 24, no. 6 (June 2016): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2016.05.006.

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Alawad, Ishag, and Isam Al Zubaidi. "Advances in Upgrading Process of Petroleum Residue: A Review." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.6.1123.

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Due to the depletion of light crude oil reserves, heavy crude oil and residues are the alternatives to meet ‎the ‎increasing global demand for light oil products. Heavy crude oil and residues are characterized by the presence of heavy ‎hydrocarbon ‎compounds which contain high levels of impurities such as metals, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing compounds. ‎Methods of ‎upgrading are required to increase refining efficiencies and to obtain high-quality products.‎ Upgrading processes can be categorized into three categories; ‎carbon rejection processes, hydrogen addition processes, and a combination of the two. The catalyst can be used with any of these processes for better improvement. Many types of research have been carried out to develop a high-performance process which is stable, high commercial products yield, and low solids formation. In this work, recent advances on petroleum residues upgrading with catalyst, solvents, and thermal cracking were reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of each process were discussed along with conditions and main features. Nanoparticles catalysts and supercritical fluids based-processes are the trends of upgrading due to the excellent performance of these processes.

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Li, Wen, Qiang Mei, and Meng Yun Wu. "Study on Low-Carbon Emission Economic Pattern Based on Transformation and Upgrading of Zhenjiang's Industrial Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1395.

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This paper analyzes the industrial structure of Zhenjiang city with multiple perspectives in Jiangsu province in China, such as: input structure, output structure and their contributions to GDP. The study focuses on the industrial structures themselves and the relations among them with the drawing of industrial economics theory, regional economics and priority economic growth theory. The shifting mode about Zhenjiang's industrial structures during the 10th Five-Year and the 11th Five-Year plans are presented in detail and in depth in this paper. The contribution to economic growth caused by upgrading of industrial structures in low-carbon emission economic model is analyzed. Finally, it is proposed an economic model system based on the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures.

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Shi, Quan, Suoqi Zhao, Yasong Zhou, Jinsen Gao, and Chunming Xu. "Development of heavy oil upgrading technologies in China." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0077.

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Abstract Heavy oils have high viscosity, density, and Conradson carbon residue and high contents of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, nickel, and vanadium, as well as asphaltenes, which can cause problems for producers, leading to catalyst deactivation and fouling and plugging of tubing, pipes, valves, and reactor flow lines. Heavy oil upgrading can be classified into carbon rejection and hydrogen addition processes, mainly including four technologies: (1) the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, which catalytically converts heavy oil into light fractions, like liquid petroleum gas, naphtha, and light cycle oil; (2) the hydro-processing process, which catalytically converts heavy oil to high-quality feedstock for FCC and hydrocracking processes under the hydrogen atmosphere without coke formation; (3) the coking process, which thermally converts heavy oil into light liquid fractions and large amounts of coke; and (4) the solvent deasphalting process, which fractionates distillation resid to provide feedstock for residue FCC, such as the residue oil solvent extraction. This paper reviews the progress on basic research of heavy oil chemistry and processing technology developments in China. Heavy oils were comprehensively characterized by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation technology and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The FCC process for maximizing iso-paraffin, new residue hydroprocessing technologies, progress in coking process, and a new process – the Supercritical Fluid Selective Extraction Asphaltene Technology – were discussed. As an emerging and promising research area, molecular management techniques were prospected, as well as a new concept of coupling the SELEX-Asp with the conventional heavy oil upgrading processes.

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Hanner, N., H. Aspegren, U. Nyberg, and B. Andersson. "Upgrading the Sjölunda WWTP according to a novel process concept." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0621.

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The Sjölunda wastewater treatment plant in Malmö, Sweden, was upgraded for extended nutrient removal in 1998-1999. The design was based on future effluent standards of 10 mg BOD7/l, 0.3 mg total-P/l and 8 mg total-N/l. The upgrading concept took into consideration existing processes and structures, resulting in a cost-effective and compact upgrading. To introduce nitrification, the existing trickling filters for BOD-removal were converted to a nitrifying mode. A sequencing batch reactor for nitrification of supernatant was necessary to control the ammonia load. Denitrification was accomplished in a moving bed biofilm reactor with addition of external carbon source. The future effluent standards could be met by the upgraded plant. The trickling filters were stable despite varying loading conditions. High rates and low effluent ammonia concentrations were achieved. Essential features for stable post denitrification were control strategies for carbon source dosage and avoiding phosphorus limitation.

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Kalhor, Payam, and Khashayar Ghandi. "Deep Eutectic Solvents as Catalysts for Upgrading Biomass." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020178.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising green solvents, due to their versatility and properties such as high biodegradability, inexpensiveness, ease of preparation and negligible vapor pressure. Thus, DESs have been used as sustainable media and green catalysts in many chemical processes. On the other hand, lignocellulosic biomass as an abundant source of renewable carbon has received ample interest for the production of biobased chemicals. In this review, the state of the art of the catalytic use of DESs in upgrading the biomass-related substances towards biofuels and value-added chemicals is presented, and the gap in the knowledge is indicated to direct the future research.

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Soares and Castellã Pergher. "Influence of the Brønsted Acidity on the Ring Opening of Decalin for Pt-USY Catalysts." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100786.

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A challenging hot topic faced by the oil refinery industry is the upgrading of low-quality distillate fractions, such as light cycle oil (LCO), in order to meet current quality standards for diesel fuels. An auspicious technological alternative entails the complete saturation of the aromatic structures followed by the selective cleavage of endocyclic carbon-carbon bonds in the formed naphthenic rings (selective ring opening—SRO). This work reports the influence of Brønsted acid sites of platinum-ultra stable Y zeolite (Pt-USY) catalysts in the SRO of decalin as a model naphthenic feed. A maximum combined yield to selective ring opening products (ROP: C10-alkylcycloalkanes + OCD: C10-alkanes) as high as 28.6 wt% was achieved for 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalyst. The molar carbon distribution curve of the hydrocracked (C9-) products varied from M-shaped for 1.4Pt-USY-im catalyst, indicating mainly C–C bond cleavage of the ring opening products with one remaining naphthenic ring via carbocations and the paring reaction, to not M-shaped for the 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalyst, where carbon-carbon bond cleavage occurs preferentially through a hydrogenolysis mechanism on metal sites. High (hydro)thermal stability and secondary mesoporosity of the 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalysts make this system highly prospective for upgrading low-quality real distillate feeds.

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