Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carbone forestier'
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Nkoue-ndondo, Gustave-Raoul. "Le cycle du carbone en domaine tropical humide : exemple du bassin versant forestier du Nyong au sud Cameroun." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/476/.
Full textSpatial and temporal follow ups of carbon contents and its isotopic signature d13C in the Nyong river basin allow on one hand, at a local scale (small experimental catchment of Mengong), to identify the carbon sources, and on the other hand, at a regional scale (Nyong river basin), to understand the biogeochemical processes which control the carbon transformations and exchanges between the different reservoirs during the transfer from upstream to downstream. In these wet tropical ecosystems, the swampy soils of bottom valley low marshes present in surface a thick organic carbon rich horizon (12 to16 %), with isotopic signatures d13C of -29 ‰ in equilibrium with C3 plants (-32 ‰ to -28 ‰). During the rainy season, the mineralization of organic matter and the leaching of swampy areas are responsible of hight DOC contents (until 38 mg / L) in streamwaters, strong pCO2 and impoverished d13CDIC isotopic signatures (-20 ‰ on average). During the dry season, the shrinkage of the swampy zones facilitates the supply of streams by low DOC content (< 1mg / L) and enriched d13CDIC (d13CDIC until 7 ‰%) grounwaters. The carbon flux into the ocean is estimated to 1. 2*106 t C / year, i. E. 6. 24 t C/km2. Year, of which 80 % of DOC, 8 % of POC and 12 % of DIC. During the transfer from upstream to downstream, a DOC decrease of 33 % is observed in relation with oxidation processes. The resulting strong pCO2 facilitate the CO2 degassing towards the atmosphere, estimated for the Nyong river system at 2. 3* 105 t C / year. This CO2 degassing is accompanied by an isotopic enrichment of about 4 ‰. The weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids leads to a surplus of Ca+Mg (0. 5 < Ca+Mg / HCO3- < 2. 2) with regard to a natural weathering pathway by the carbonic acid (Ca+Mg / HCO3- = 0. 5). .
Fortin, Claude. "Approche de quantification et de récompense des bénéfices climatiques associés à un projet de séquestration de carbone en milieu forestier : implications pour le marché du carbone québécois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35415.
Full textThis study is part of the international movement to develop and implement effective market mechanisms to fight climate change. In Québec, this is mainly reflected in the establishment of a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emission allowances and an offset credit component. Unlike a GHG reduction project, a forest carbon sequestration project is inherently non-permanent. This feature limits the real potential to cancel or offset all the negative effects resulting from a GHG emission into the atmosphere behind the used of an offset credit (OCr). It is mainly for this reason that the forestry sector is currently excluded from the Quebec OCr component. Currently, regardless of the type of market (voluntary, regulatory), the OCr issuance approach adopted for carbon sequestration projects anticipates a climate benefit, forcing project proponents and OCr to put in place binding and long-term follow-up measures to ensure the environmental integrity. The main objective of the research project is to propose a new approach for quantifying and delivering OCr for carbon sequestration projects. Like the current approach, the proposed approach must not only quantify and reward a quantity of carbon sequestered, but also and above all, quantify and reward the temporal dimension implicit in the creation of climate benefits associated with the maintenance of an amount of carbon out of the atmospheric atmosphere for a given period of time. Using radiative forcing as an indicator of an effect on the climate system, the approach demonstrates that it is possible to integrate these two variables into the determination of the number of OCrs to be delivered to a project promoter. As a result, the constraints associated with the permanence test become obsolete.
Paradis, Laurence. "Comparaison du bilan de carbone et du potentiel d'atténuation des changements climatiques de stratégies d'aménagement forestier dans la sapinière boréale du Québec (Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30685.
Full textManagement of the world’s forests can play a role for climate change mitigation by increasing CO2 storage in vegetation biomass and harvested wood products, and by displacing CO2-intensive materials such as steel or concrete. This study aimed to determine how management of boreal forest stands can contribute to climate change mitigation in the context of ecosystem-based management. The study was based on the comparison of different strategies applied to a balsam fir-white birch stand in the Eastern boreal forest of Quebec (Canada). We simulated five scenarios over a 199- year period at the stand level: a reference scenario involving clearcut at 50-year intervals, and four 12 alternative scenarios clearcut with longer rotation length (70 and 80 years), partial cut, and a no harvest scenario. Overall, scenarios with longer clearcut rotations and, to a lesser extent, partial cut resulted in a higher potential to mitigate climate change. The substitution effect of wood products was revealed as a key aspect, suggesting that wood product manufacturing and utilisation on the markets, and not only forest management, need to be carefully considered.
Prügel, Bärbel. "Contribution à l'étude des modifications chimiques des cires cuticulaires de picea abies (L. ) Karst et de picea sitchensis (Bong. ) carr. En relation avec le dépérissement forestier et l'augmentation du taux de CO2 dans l'atmosphère." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10141.
Full textBen, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Full textBernoux, Martial. "Stocks de carbone des sols de l’Amazonie occidentale et leur dynamique lors de la conversion de la foret en pâturage." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2004.
Full textMoukoumi, Judicaël. "Effet des essences forestières sur la biodégradation des matières organiques : impact sur la dynamique et le cycle du carbone, de l'azote et des éléments minéraux." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10133.
Full textThe aim of this study was to determine the relevant indicators of the dynamic of organic matter (OM) and some steps of the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrients in relation with the nature of tree species. The experimental site of Breuil-Chenue (Morvan), which allows on similar conditions, to follow the tree species effect, was used as work support. Field and laboratory experimental approaches show that 30 years after the plantation, the expression of the native forest (a coppice with standards dominated by beech, 150 year-old) disappeared, under the effect of young tree species. Marked differences were observed in litter decomposition, carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and dynamics of major elements, even in soil aggregate fractions. Groups of tree species stands were distinguished: the first one having a good potential of decomposition, concerns Douglas fir and beech, whose OM in the A1 horizon, was not abundant but relatively recalcitrant. Nitrate production was higher and implicated on Ca, Mn and Mg mobility. The second group was characterized by a low potential of decomposition. It includes native forest, and spruce plantation whose needles richest in lignin, Fe and Al accumulate on topsoil. Soil OM from these both stands presented a weak nitrate production, but release much more soluble organic compounds with a great potential of carbon mineralization in lab. Fe and Al were more mobilized. The oak plantation, with leaf litter low in lignin and richer in Ca, Mg, Mn and K, occupied an intermediate position. Plant materials were decomposed rapidly. However, strong production of litter and its high proportion of wood result in it accumulation on topsoil
Kaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Full textViard-Crétat, Aurore. "La déforestation évitée : socio-anthropologie d'un nouvel « or vert » : entre lutte contre le changement climatique et aide au développement, du laboratoire guyanais à l'expertise forestière au Cameroun." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0148.
Full textRedd+ scheme is based on the idea to reduce deforestation through financial compensation originating from the carbon markets. It has entailed numerous readiness initiatives, renewing the international forest agenda. This thesis combines social studies of sciences and anthropology of development to address the dynamics that underpin this diplomatic success. A genealogical approach to the structuration of forest as a global problem describes the political and technical roots of the current institutional landscape and of the framing that the Redd+ scheme promotes. A multisite study then analyses present-day stakes in relation with transnational networks of expertise and metrologies, material devices, administrative standards, social technologies and discursive registers they rely on. Forest carbon quantifying practices in French Guiana are investigated to highlight the complex material, social and political links existing between the scientific research and international cooperation issues. Cameroon's intricate process to access World Bank funding emphasizes the discrepancy between the rhetoric of innovation promoting Redd+ and the constraints and incentives that make diverse actors engage with this scheme. Eventually, we show how knowledge practices are embedded in political issues pertaining to development, while also depoliticising those issues. More than an innovative tool to fight deforestation and climate change, Redd+ can be seen as a promise, the success of which relies on its capacity to renew the global development apparatus, while entrenching the green economy as the main political project to reconcile development and environment
LE, DANTEC VALERIE. "Modelisation des echanges carbones et hydriques dans un ecosysteme forestier : un modele couple sol-plante." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112313.
Full textSmith, Joanne Caroline. "Particulate organic carbon mobilisation and export from temperate forested uplands." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648250.
Full textDalva, Moshe. "Pathways, patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in a temperate forested swamp catchment." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59625.
Full textFactors influencing DOC in peat waters are: (1) peat thermal regime, (2) water chemistry, and (3) water table position. Large storms ($>$30 mm precipitation) appear to be the primary factor influencing exports of DOC in streamflow, particularly following dry antecedant soil moisture conditions. Slow rates of water movement through compact deep peats ($>$60 cm depth) and adsorption of DOC in B and C horizons of this catchment obstruct exports of DOC, which over the 5.5 month study period, were minimal in comparison to inputs.
Moreaux, Virginie. "Observation et modélisation des échanges d’énergie et de masse de jeunes peuplements forestiers du Sud-Ouest de la France." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14506/document.
Full textIn this thesis, the juvenile phase of forest stands of southwestern France was studied in order to characterise soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchanges. The study focused on contrasted structures of young pines and Eucalyptus stands. The first part of this research was to study experimentally the mass and energy exchanges of young plantations of pines and Eucalyptus growing in southwestern France. Continuous measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes, energy balance, sapflow and tree growth and production were carried out for two years, a period marked by repeated episodes of drought. The behavior of these species was compared, as well as the effects of the environment and cultural practices on these ecosystems. The annual water and carbon balances, growth and production of the three stands were established and compared. These measurements were enriched by data already available and were based on the 1D-mechanistic model of forest production and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer GRAECO (INRA-EPHYSE). The second part of the thesis focused on developing a new version of the model to be applied to crop systems for fast-growing forest biomass. By coupling this evolution of the model with the 3D-model MAESTRA (Medlyn 2004), the assumptions of vertical and horizontal homogeneities in the canopy can be exceeded thus accounting for the effect of the three-dimensional structure on the radiative, CO2 and water vapor transfers in young stands, where crowns are separate and the understorey is well-developed. In addition, the model was supplemented by three new modules describing the dynamics of soil carbon (Roth-C) and the growth and functioning of the understory and coppice. It was evaluated on existing data covering different sites and time series and including a series of forest practices, such as plowing, stump removal, superficial disking, seeding, early thinning, thinnings and cutting down close to the ground. Finally, as an exploratory work, this model has been implemented on a data set describing the local climate forced by the A2 climate scenario which was regionalized on a SAFRAN grid point (‘Météo-France’) for three forest itineraries of maritime pine and Eucalyptus, in order to assess the potential productivity of these systems
Journé, Valentin. "Influence du climat lors de l'investissement des ressources dans la reproduction chez les arbres forestiers : une approche par modélisation mécaniste." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200217_JOURNE_229kn950dq423kitgvy940umn_TH.pdf.
Full textGlobal changes affect species distribution and ecosystems functioning due to long term climatic trends and extreme climatic events. Forests are notably subject to massive growth decline and even mortality. One of the major processes of forest dynamics is sexual reproduction, but there are still many uncertainties about the effect of climate on trees reproduction, especially on when and how resources are allocated to pollen and seeds. Reproduction also allows species to persist over generations, through adaptation and migration. The main objective of this thesis is to develop an approach based on resource and phenology modelling, in order to understand and predict climate effects on forest trees reproduction. First, I used statistical model to investigate temporal and spatial variation of fruit production. Second, I quantified the allocation of resources between vegetative versus reproductive functions, with a hierarchical Bayesian model and observation of growth, male and female reproduction over several years. Results allowed us to identify trade-off during floral initiation, and highlighted the importance of resources levels to ensure reproduction. Lastly, I developped a process-based model of reproduction and included it in an existing model of forest functioning (CASTANEA). The reproduction model, which runs from flower initiation to seed maturation, simulates spatial and temporal patterns of seed production. The model was calibrated and validated on silver fir on Mont-Ventoux and used to investigate how climate change will impact fruit production
Delaporte, Alice. "Vers une compréhension fonctionnelle des dépérissements forestiers : étude du cas du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) en forêt de Fontainebleau." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112179/document.
Full textThe cases of forest decline reported in the literature have strongly increased during the last decade. This increase seems at least in part attributable to global change. However, the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying tree declines remain poorly understood. Two main hypotheses initially emerged from the recent literature: a deficit of carbon reserve compounds, or a failure of the hydraulic system of the tree. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, nor exhaustive: multiple couplings exist between the carbon and hydraulic functionings, and the internal nitrogen cycle of the trees could also be involved in tree decline. The main objective of this work was to document the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying a case of mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) drought-related decline in the Fontainebleau state forest. The decline was studied under non extreme climatic conditions. Therefore, we documented maily after-effects of past stresses. In this thesis, we developed an approach integrating the hydraulic, carbon and nitrogen aspects of functioning of the tree-soil system. The transfer of carbon compounds from tree roots to soil via the rhizodeposition process was also taken into account. Under non-stressful conditions, the functioning of healthy and declining trees is similar at the organ level, apart from a decreased stem radial growth in declining trees. In the trunk, radial growth thus appears to be the “adjustment variable” of declining trees in response to a lower whole-tree carbon assimilation due to their severely thinned crowns. Our results show that after a moderate hydric constraint, declining trees show a carbon reserve deficit in some organs compared to healthy trees. This deficit is compensated after a favourable year. A high resilience of carbon reserve concentrations could explain the ability of declining trees to survive for several years with a strongly reduced whole-tree leaf area. Healthy and declining trees presented different parenchyma ray proportions and structures in the stem xylem. Therefore, it could be interesting to study functional anatomical features in the future. Besides, tree rings characteristics could offer an insightful retrospective view of the history of this decline. Furthermore, an ongoing study on the structure of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere of healthy and declining trees will improve our knowledge about the impact of tree decline on the tree-soil interactions
Ploton, Pierre. "Amélioration des estimations de biomasse en forêt tropicale : apport de la structure et de l’organisation spatiale des arbres de canopée." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0005.
Full textTropical forests store more than half of the world’s forest carbon and are particularly threatened by deforestation and degradation processes, which together represent the second largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Consequently, tropical forests are the focus of international climate policies (i.e. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, REDD) aiming at reducing forestrelated CO2 emissions. The REDD initiative lies on our ability to map forest carbon stocks (i.e. spatial dynamics) and to detect deforestation and degradations (i.e. temporal dynamics) at large spatial scales (e.g. national, forested basin), with accuracy and precision. Remote-sensing is as a key tool for this purpose, but numerous sources of error along the carbon mapping chain makes meeting REDD criteria an outstanding challenge. In the present thesis, we assessed carbon (quantified through aboveground biomass, AGB) estimation error at the tree- and plot-level using a widely used pantropical AGB model, and at the landscape-level using a remote sensing method based on canopy texture features from very high resolution (VHR) optical data. Our objective was to better understand and reduce AGB estimation error at each level using information on large canopy tree structure, distribution and spatial organization.Although large trees disproportionally contributed to forest carbon stock, they are under-represented in destructive datasets and subject to an under-estimation bias with the pantropical AGB model. We destructively sampled 77 very large tropical trees and assembled a large (pantropical) dataset to study how variation in tree form (through crown sizes and crown mass ratio) contributed to this error pattern. We showed that the source of bias in the pantropical model was a systematic increase in the proportion of tree mass allocated to the crown in canopy trees. An alternative AGB model accounting for this phenomenon was proposed. We also propagated the AGB model bias at the plot-level and showed that the interaction between forest structure and model bias, although often overlooked, might in fact be substantial. We further analyzed the structural properties of crown branching networks in light of the assumptions and predictions of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, which supports the power-form of the pantropical AGB model. Important deviations were observed, notably from Leonardo’s rule (i.e. the principle of area conservation), which, all else being equal, could support the higher proportion of mass in large tree crowns.A second part of the thesis dealt with the extrapolation of field-plot AGB via canopy texture features of VHR optical data. A major barrier for the development of a broad-scale forest carbon monitoring method based on canopy texture is that relationships between canopy texture and stand structure parameters (including AGB) vary among forest types and regions of the world. We investigated this discrepancy using a simulation approach: virtual canopy scenes were generated for 279 1-ha plots distributed on contrasted forest types across the tropics. We showed that complementing FOTO texture with additional descriptors of forest structure, notably on canopy openness (from a lacunarity analysis) and tree slenderness (from a bioclimatic proxy) allows developing a stable inversion frame for forest AGB at large scale. Although the approach we proposed requires further empirical validation, a first case study on a forests mosaic in the Congo basin gave promising results.Overall, this work increased our understanding of mechanisms behind AGB estimation errors at the tree-, plot- and landscape-level. It stresses the need to better account for variation patterns in tree structure (e.g. ontogenetic pattern of carbon allocation) and forest structural organization (across forest types, under different environmental conditions) to improve general AGB models, and in fine our ability to accurately map forest AGB at large scale
Guillot, Marie. "Analyse rétrospective des relations nappe-végétation de sous-bassins versants forestiers de la rivière Leyre." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14427/document.
Full textIn the Landes de Gascogne area, the functioning of the shallow plio-quaternary water-table is tightly linked with the functioning of the top vegetation. In order to understand the variability of forest productivity at the landscape scale, there is a need to move forward the stand scale to the watershed scale. Part of this study was to setup hydrological equipment of paired-watershed, representative of the forested plain in the Leyre watershed, considering water-table level and hydrologic measurement. The selected sites were the Bouron watershed (Belin-Beliet) and the Tagon watershed (Biganos), which were contrastingly impacted by two storms within the last 10 years. The land-cover cartography was obtained with satellite, in-situ and statistical data, on a retrospective basis, accross the 1984-2010 period. Those maps give the evolution of the land use and the Pinus pinaster stand age. The reconstitution of the age structure thought time, converted to carbon and biomass stock, are showing the impact of a storm, comparing the control watershed to the damaged one. The link between forests and water-table was explored on : (1) the growth of trees developing in sites with contrasted water-table levels, by way of dendrological measurement and (2) the analysis of diurnal oscillation on the water-table level signal, attributed to vegetation removal. The understanding of the link between hydroclimatic data and wood production, i.e., ring width, shows that limitating factors should not be the same across different sites. In particular, water-table deeper than 3 meter is not a determinant resource for growth, but nutriment may be more limitating at those sites. On the other side, discharge of the water-table cannot be dissociated to evapotranspiration reprise. Oscillations in the diurnal signal of water-table level shows that this removal can be determinant, and deeper than expected according to the vegetation cover. The last part of this work build the basis of a future model, representing the coupling between vegetation and water-table at the watershed scale. The dynamic of the aquifer was simulated in permanent and transient state with the NEWSAM hydrogeological model (Ecole des Mines, Paris). Different processes were identified as key factor to explain water-table functioning, such as recharge effect, zone vadose impact and surface drainage. The recharge effect, coming from GRAECO, was particularly tested, thought a sensitivity analysis, in relation with growing proportion of young forest stand (less than 5 years old). Points to improve and refine are identified in order to perfect the two models used here
Vallet, Patrick. "Impact de différentes stratégies sylvicoles sur la fonction « puits de carbone » des peuplements forestiers. Modélisation et simulation à l’échelle de la parcelle." Paris, ENGR, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENGR0012.
Full textStanding biomass capitalization and species substitution are two silvicultural strategies analyzed in this study. Both should lead to an additional increase of carbon stocks, a main issue of the XXIst century for mitigating the climate change. The first one corresponds to a slowing down of harvests that should generate an additional carbon sink by increasing the mean growing stocks. The second, substitution of slow-growing broadleaved high forests of sessile oak or beech by fast-growing coniferous plantations like Corsican Pine or Douglas Fir, should also lead to a faster absorption of CO2. The impact of both strategies on carbon is even worthier to study considering that foresters already use this way of managing their forests. The building up of a model chain taking into account all parts where carbon is implied (standing biomass, carbon soil, but also wood products generated by harvests) allowed us to simulate quantitative results following these practices. We point out that the standing biomass capitalization would lead to an increase of carbon stock depending on the initial state of the stands, the site index and the new forest management practiced. It could rise up to 142 tC/ha in the most favourable case. The substitution of slow-growing broadleaved species by coniferous plantations would also be an important carbon sink (up to 2 tC/ha/year) for several decades, but would have a smaller mean carbon stock at steady state
Mazzei, de Freitas Lucas. "Durabilité écologique et économique de l'exploitation forestière pour la production de bois d'œuvre et pour le stockage du carbone en Amazonie." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/11/75/PDF/Memoire_Lucas_MAZZEI_LAST.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this study was to assess the ecological and economical sustainability of selective logging in the Amazonian context. Two sites were selected: 1) the site of Paracou in French Guiana where forest dynamics has been monitored since 1984; 2) a forest managed in the state of Pará, offering data on the impact of logging, its costs and revenues. At first, this work consisted of improving the Selva model elaborating 11 specific models to mortality and recruitment. The processes of standing dead trees and falling trees were identified by the models. The former mainly used biological variables characteristic of the tree whereas the latter preferentially included descriptive variables of the surrounding stand. Specific variables of stand structure and stand floristic composition allowed to model the recruitment of 30 species which were mainly pioneer/light demanding species. The inclusion of these models allowed to integrate 92 life strategies in the Selva model. The virtual forest so created shows a stand structure and specific diversity close to a primary forest. In the framework of the Brazilian forest legislation advocating 25-35 year - rotation cycles, logging simulation by Selva showed that it would be possible to harvest 4 trees/ha/cycle while maintaining the basal area 20% lower than the original one before logging. Selective logging generated benefits varying between 147 and 239 US$$/ha/year whereas deforestation ones were slightly higher (295 US$$/ha/year). A framework of financial compensation to change from a production system with a negative carbon balance (deforestation) to a selective logging would represent a Carbon Ton cost higher than US$$ 10
Matte, Olivier. "Cartographie des forêts à haute valeur de stockage de carbone par apprentissage profond sur l’île de Bornéo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66791.
Full textForests in Southeast Asia are under heavy pressure from extensive land-use activities, including oil palm plantations. The desire to protect and manage habitats with high carbon storage potential has increased the need for preserving the unique ecosystems of local forests. To preserve tropical forest ecosystems from agricultural expansion, a methodology for classifying forests with high carbon storage potential, known as the High Carbon Stock Approach (HCSA) was developed. Our research goal is to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of airborne LiDAR and deep learning for HCSA classification across the island of Borneo. To do this, we will examine the above-ground biomass using the equation developed by Asner (2018) and Jucker (2017), established in the Sabah territory, as well as LiDAR metrics such as canopy height, canopy cover, and the forest basal area. LiDAR metrics of forest structure will also be used to try to differentiate HCS classes. LiDAR data and field surveys were collected from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL -NASA). The area of interest for this study covers part of the Kalimantan territory (Indonesian part of Borneo). The data collected has been part of the ongoing Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) project. Then, the training of a deep learning algorithm will allow, by the use of satellite images (Landsat 7 and Landsat 8), to make a spatial and temporal jump, in order to establish a cartography of the forests to be monitored in 2019 and on the entirety of Borneo Island.
Raymond, Jay Edwards. "Soil Drainage Class Influences on Soil Carbon in a New England Forested Watershed." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2011. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RaymondJ2011.pdf.
Full textKawasaki, Masatoshi. "Hydrological and biogeochemical controls on dissolved organic carbon dynamics in forested headwater catchments." Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145023.
Full text0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第11622号
農博第1478号
新制||農||906(附属図書館)
学位論文||H17||N4015(農学部図書室)
23265
UT51-2005-D371
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 谷 誠, 教授 小﨑 隆, 教授 太田 誠一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Delpierre, Nicolas. "Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Full textRutishauser, Ervan. "Changements à long terme de la structure des forêts tropicales : implications sur les bilans de biomasse." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20176.
Full textAs living trees constitute one of the major stocks of carbon in tropical forests, assessing the role of these ecosystems in the carbon cycle received an increasing scientific and political interest. A better understanding of variations in the dynamics and structure of tropical forests is necessary to predict the potential of these ecosystems to lose or store carbon, and to understand how they recover from disturbances. Recent findings showed an increase of the turn-over in pantropical forests (Phillips et al. 2004a) and an increase of above-ground biomass in neotropical forests (Baker et al. 2004a). These results were attributed to an increasing availability of abiotic ressources (CO2, nitrogen) enhancing forest dynamics. Nevertheless, these findings were controversial and some scientists pointed out statistical and methodological errors (Lewis et al. 2006a; Wright 2006).The present project is based on a very different point-of-view and makes a nother interpretation of these results. The main hypothesis of this study is that the observed changes in forest dynamics around the Amazonian basin and in French Guyana are the consequence of natural endogenous processes. Tropical forests are facing recurring disturbances of various intensities and scales, ranging from tree fall (several square meters) to major drought linked to El Niño events (thousands of hectares). Thus forests would never reach equilibrium, but would rather fluctuate between short periods of disturbance and long periods of regeneration. The main findings of this study are that forests at our site can be seen as a mosaic of areas at different structural and dynamical stages, most of them increasing in mean stem diameter and accumulating biomass. The overall biomass balance is a net biomass increase that might mainly be related to endogenous forest dynamic
Guillemot, Joannès. "Productivity and carbon allocation in European forests : a process-based modelling approach." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112091/document.
Full textThe processes that underlie forest productivity and C allocation dynamics in trees are still poorly understood. Forest growth has for long been thought to be C limited, through a hypothesized causal link between C supply and growth (source control). This C-centric paradigm underlies most of the C allocation rules formalized in process-based models (PBMs). However, the source limitation of growth has been questioned by several authors, arguing that meristem activities are more sensitive than C assimilation to environmental stresses (e.g., water deficit and low temperatures). Moreover, the effect of management, which strongly affects forest functioning and wood growth, is not accounted for in most of the PBMs used to project the future terrestrial C sink. Our main objective in this thesis was to move forward into our understanding of the constraints that affect - or will affect - the wood productivity in European forests, from present to the end of the 21 st century. We addressed this objective through the improvement of the representation of the forest productivity and C allocation in the CASTANEA PBM, building on a detailed analysis of the key drivers of annual wood productivity in French forests over the last 30 years (the species studied are Fagus sylvatica, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur and Picea abies). Our results supported the premise that the annual wood growth of the studied species is under a complex control including both source and sink limitations. The inter-site variability in the fraction of C allocatedto stand wood growth was predominantly driven by an age-related decline. At the tree level, we showed that annual wood growth was well predicted by the individual size. The size-asymmetry of growth, i.e., the advantage of big trees in the competition for resources, increased consistently with the whole stand productivity at both inter-site and inter-annual scales. On the basis of our findings, we developed a new C allocation scheme in the CASTANEA PBM, which integrate a combined source-sink limitation of wood growth. The new calibrated model captured both the inter-annual and inter-site changes in stand wood growth that was observed across national environmental gradients. The model was also successfully evaluated against a meta-analysis of carbohydrate reserve pools in trees and satellite-derived leaf area index estimates. Our results indicated that the representation of the environmental control of sink activity does not affect the qualitative predictions of the future of the European forest productivity previously obtained from source-driven PBMs. However, the current, source-driven generation of PBMs probably underestimates the spatial heterogeneity of the effects of climate change on forest growth that arise from sink limitations.Further, we successfully used our findings regarding the dependences of annual wood growth at tree level (i.e., empirical rules of tree growth competition) to calibrate a module for the simulation of the individual growth of trees in the CASTANEA model. The coupled model was used to assess the potential effects of management on forest functioning and wood growth across France. We identified the areas where management efforts may be concentrated in order to mitigate near-future drought impact on national forest productivity. Around a quarter of the French temperate oak and beech forests are currently in zones of high vulnerability, where management could thus mitigate the influence of climate change on forest yield
Rizvi, Syed. "Amendements calco-magnésiens de bassins versants forestiers acidifiés : effets sur la dynamique de la matière organique et l'activité biologique du sol." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4796.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms)
Pradier, Céline. "Rôles fonctionnels des racines fines profondes en plantation d’eucalyptus au Brésil sur sols pauvres en nutriments et en situation hydrique limitante. Réponse à une situation hydrique limitante." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0031/document.
Full textDue to the constant increase of the world demand for wood, the planted forests are in fast expansion notably in tropical countries such as Brazil where plantations of eucalypts, the most productive and spread out planted species, may reach 10 million ha by 2020. The expansion of these plantations on less fertile sites, combined with the context of climate change lead to important issues about (i) the sustainability of these plantations under more frequent and intense drought events and (i) the impact on the environment of these highly productive plantations with very short rotations (6 yr), particularly for nutrient, water and carbon cycles. Eucalypt trees are able to develop very deep root system (<15 m) to reach the water table, and this may play a key role to cope with decreasing soil water availability. However, the role of these deep fine roots in plant nutrition is dramatically under-documented. In this context, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil depth combined with water availability on fine root functioning through characterization of the rhizosphere properties. For this purpose, a 5-yr-old clonal Eucalyptus grandis plantation was studied in Brazil in two contrasted water regimes: the +W treatment, receiving normal rainfall was compared with the –W treatment where 37% of the throughfall were excluded in order to mimick the future climate forecasted in the region. Exploratory tests were carried out for the introduction of an innovative lab technology under field conditions: the optodes, which allow mapping rhizosphere pH. The rhizodeposition of eucalypt fine roots interfered with the optical sensor signal and prevented us to get interpretable results. However, some tests on pine trees let us confident of the possibility of using our system for field studies at depth, using some recommendations. Destructive analyses of rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected along a 4-m deep soil profile showed an effect of depth and rainfall reduction on rhizosphere pH, potassium concentration, rhizodeposition pattern and carbon storage capacity. Concerning nutrition issues, we found an accumulation of potassium and protons within the rhizosphere, especially below 1-m depth (x3.0 and x1.1 for K and H3O+ in +W, respectively) and in reduced rainfall conditions (x7.0 and x1.4 for K and H3O+ in –W, respectively). Repeating these measurements during rainy season confirmed the enrichment of protons and potassium within the rhizosphere, suggesting that these processes may occur all along the year but no treatment effect was observed anymore, pointing to a potential good resilience of the system. The amount of K brought to fine roots by mass flow was estimated to 2.0 kg K ha-1 yr-1 and could not explain the amount of potassium taken up by trees estimated to 17.5 kg K ha-1 yr-1 and the observed accumulation in the rhizosphere. A more likely explanation was the root-induced weathering of K-bearing minerals, partly related to rhizosphere acidification. Proof of ectomycorrhizal association down to 4-m depth further supported the hypothesis of a key role of deep fine roots in plant nutrition. High exchangeable Al3+ concentration was found within the rhizosphere (up to 12.0 mg kg-1). Concerning the carbon storage issue, despite an expected exponential decrease of C and N concentrations within the bulk soil with depth (0.72‰ to 0.12‰ from top soil to 4-m depth), our results showed that more than half of soil C stock within the bulk soil occurred below the first meter. An accumulation of C within the rhizosphere was found, especially at depth (x1.4 below 1 m in +W) and in reduced rainfall conditions (x3.0 at 4-m depth in –W). The same trends were found for N. The rhizosphere effect was conserved during rainy season but not the treatment effect. This work confirmed that deep fine roots play a key role, especially in the context of climate change, for plant nutrition and carbon storage
Bellassen, Valentin. "Gestion forestière et cycle du carbone : apports de la modélisation à large échelle et de la télédétection." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066361.
Full textDavi, Hendrik. "Développement d'un modèle forestier générique simulant les flux et les stocks de carbonne et d'eau dans le cadre des changements climatiques." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112303.
Full textA model simulating CO2 and H2O stocks and fluxes is described, parameterised, validated and improved at forestry stand scale and up scaling to the region is set about. The effect on simulated fluxes of the uncertainty on key input parameters is estimated. Each process implemented in the model is then separately evaluated. After that, the model is adapted to various forest ecosystems and validated from hours to decals by comparison with carbon fluxes and wood growth measurements. To improve the carbon water coupling and the response of foliar photosynthesis to irradiance, the mésophylle resistance for CO2 flux between stomata and chloroplasts is incorporated in the photosynthesis model. To improve the aerial wood growth simulation, an allocation scheme is developed for deciduous trees using two kinds of functional constraints: the carbohydrates homeostasis and the hydraulic equilibrium. Two models, one simulating the Leaf Area Index from carbohydrates content, the other simulating the Leaf mass per Area from absorbed irradiance by leaves, are also developed and validated. After that, the spatial aggregation effect of the key input parameters, spatially varying, on the simulated fluxes, is quantified using a sensitivity analysis and three study cases at three different scales (from 1 ha to 1000 ha). Lastly, at regional scale, a linear relationship between the average LAI and the logarithm of the standard deviation of NDVI measured by remote sensing is highlighted and the theoretical basis of this relationship is studied
Joly, François-Xavier. "Tree diversity and litter decomposition in European forests." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS215.
Full textForest ecosystems play a key role in regulating the global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, and the ongoing erosion of biodiversity is susceptible to modify these ecosystem functions. Over the past two decades, a strong research effort was put into the understanding of how changing biodiversity impacts primary productivity. The reverse process of respiratory C loss during organic matter breakdown however, remained much less studied. In this PhD thesis, I aimed at teasing apart the different mechanisms of how tree and associated leaf litter diversity may affect litter decomposition in European forest ecosystems using three distinct approaches.First, using a network of forest plots with tree diversity gradients in six major forest types across Europe, I studied the effects of tree diversity on litter decomposition through (i) modifications of the decomposition environment and (ii) the direct consequences of leaf litter diversity, with two litterbag experiments. Across all sites, while tree species richness had only a limited effect, forest canopy closure affected decomposition positively by potentially improving microclimatic conditions. In addition, mean chemical and physical quality traits of the litterfall, and trait dissimilarity in leaf litter from different species influenced decomposer communities in a way that decomposition of the common substrates was predictable to a reasonable degree. Once these effects were accounted for, the quality of decomposing litter showed an additional, but comparatively small impact. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect effects of tree diversity on decomposition through microenvironmental controls are more important than the direct effects of the inherent quality of decomposing litter.With a second approach using microcosms under controlled-conditions, I aimed at assessing the role of soluble compounds leached from decomposing litter of different species for microbial-driven soil processes. Leachates from litter of broadleaved deciduous species differed in composition and quantity and induced stronger soil microbial respiration than those from litter of coniferous species. When the species-specific leachates were mixed, I observed non-additive mixing effects on soil microbial processes associated to the dissimilarity in leachate stoichiometry. Since leaching is the dominant process during the initial stage of decomposition, litter leachate identity and diversity may significantly contribute to the control of carbon and nutrient cycling.Finally, in a third approach my goal was to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed strong effects of soil detritivores on litter decomposition and diversity effects. I investigated whether the transformation of litter into feces by the detritivore Glomeris marginata stimulated microbial decomposers, and whether this stimulation depended on the quality of the ingested litter. Microbial activity was stimulated in feces derived from recalcitrant litter, but not in feces derived from litter of higher initial quality. In conclusion, the consequences of litter transformation into macroarthropod feces for microbial decomposers is litter species-specific which may further contribute to litter diversity effects.The data collected during my PhD thesis shows that the functional diversity of trees can affect litter decomposition through various mechanisms during different stages of decomposition. As a result of this complexity, the consequences of changes in biodiversity for the carbon and nutrient cycles in European forests can be substantial, but are presently difficult to predict and to generalize
Quibel, Edouard. "Impacts de la préparation du sol lors de la phase de plantation sur la dynamique des matières organiques et la fonction de stockage du Carbone dans les sols forestiers Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation en forêt tempérée Changes in soil organic carbon stock by mechanical site preparation in oak and pine plantations on an acidic soil Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation sur sol à engorgement temporaire en eau." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR017.
Full textIn the current context of climate change, forests are seen as a carbon sinj, i. e. they can contribute to C storage. This storage can take place in the medium term in woody biomass and in the longer term in soils. In order to preserve forests and their C storage capacity, foresters have to carry out artificial regeneration (i. e. planting) to adapt stands to future conditions. To ensure the success of this planting stage, it is sometimes necessary to remove some constraints such as the presence of blocking vegetation, compaction or waterlogging of soil. To do this, a Mechanical Soil Preparation (MSP) can be carried out prior to plantin. This PMS work may cause a Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) loss by mineralization. In order to limit the negative effects of PMS, tools have been developed to prepare the soil only in a localized area, on the future line of plants. These tools have been developed to respond to some situations. The Reversible Scarifier® (RS) tool and the Multifunction Subsoiler (MFSS) are designed to prepare soils compacted and/or invaded by eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The Razherb® (RAZ) and the Culti 3B® (C3B) tools are designed to prepare compacted and/or waterlogged soils invaded by Molinia caerulea (Molinia caerulea). First, based on 6 sites belonging to the ALTER network, the impact of the RS tool alone and in combination with MFSS on COS was evaluated 5 years after the PMS. This evaluation therefore focused on the quantity and quality of SOC. The impact of the tools on the microbial functioning of the soil was also tested. This part showed a decrease in the stock of C and mineralized C by the microbial community under controlled conditions localized to the prepared area but impacts at the forest stand scale depend on soil characteristics. Second, based on 3 sites belonging to the PILOTE network, the impact of the combination of RAZ+C3B tools on SOC stocks and potential mineralization was evaluated. On these soils with temporary waterlogging, adecrease in SOC stock was observed in the prepared area only in the topsoil (0-30 cm). On the other hand, both SOC stock on the full profile and the potential mineralization did not have a significant effect on the prepared area. At the forest stand scale, the RAZ+C3B combination had no effect on SOC stock or potential mineralization. This thesis work suggests that although they had an impact on the prepared area, the tools used in this study had low influence on the soil at the forest plot scale. However, these observations may vary according to the soil type and have a significant impact on the forest plot
Vallet, Patrick. "Impact de différentes stratégies sylvicoles sur la fonction "puits de carbone" des peuplements forestiers. Modélisation et simulation à l'échelle de la parcelle." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001635.
Full textPiponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Full textHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Calhoon, Emily B. W. "Vegetation and hydrologic influences on carbon and nitrogen in subsurface water of a forested riparian wetland /." Available online. Click here, 2005. http://sunshine.lib.mtu.edu/ETD/THESIS/calhoone/thesis.pdf.
Full textPeaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066238/document.
Full textEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Ridolfi, Michèle. "Fonctionnement stomatique d'arbres forestiers en situation de carence calcique, et dans le cas d'une insensibilité à l'acide abscissique : conséquences pour l'assimilation de carbone." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10420.
Full textMarone, Diatta. "Étude du potentiel de stock de carbone d’espèces agroforestières et de leurs traits fonctionnels en lien avec les systèmes d’utilisation des terres au Sénégal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25721.
Full textIn Africa, agroforestry technologies play a major socio-economic role, but their potential and that of the principal woody species to contribute to carbon stocks is still poorly understood. As well, the potential of these species to respond to a changing environment is poorly documented. We measured the carbon stock of five local tree species (Acacia raddiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Euphorbia balsamifera, Faidherbia albida and Neocarya macrophylla) and soil-plant carbon storage associated with three agroforestry technologies (fallow, park land, and rangeland) in three contrasting soil textures (clay, sandy and sandy loam). We evaluated the root depth distribution profile (RDD) and the specific root length (SRL) of these species under these conditions. Intraspecific variation in leaf traits (specific leaf area (SLA); leaf dry matter content (LDMC); leaf carbon and nitrogen content (LCC LNC); SRL, root carbon and nitrogen content (RCC, RNC) ) of these species was also investigated in three soil textures and over three seasons: rainy season (SP), hot dry season (SSC), and cool dry season (SSF). The carbon stored in biomass was higher in sandy soils, while clay soil showed the highest soil carbon stocks. Carbon stored in the soil-plant system was highest in fallow, compared to park land and to rangeland. The RDD did not change with either soil texture or agroforestry technology, and a maximum of root biomass was consistently observed between 40 and 60 cm deep. The SRL was higher in park lands, rangelands and sandy soils, with low soil organic matter, and in the SSC, the most stressful season. Evergreen species generally showed greater variability of traits in response to soil texture and season. Intraspecific variability of SLA was higher in SSC, while the opposite was observed for the SRL. During the SP, a positive correlation was noted between SLA and SRL. Short periods of fallow enriched by evergreen and deciduous nitrogen fixing species would contribute to increase the carbon stocks of degraded lands in these study sites.
Mazzei, De Freitas Lucas. "Durabilité écologique et économique de l'exploitation forestière pour la production de bois d'œuvre et pour le stockage du carbone en Amazonie." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00611175.
Full textCourte, Amandine. "Le carbone des sols, la petite agriculture, ses systèmes de production et pratiques, témoins des enjeux environnementaux et agricoles de la Guyane." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0010.
Full textGuyanese soils as those of Amazonian bioma, have for agrosystems, strong edaphic constrains which are accentuated by land uses changes. Carbon stocks are the center of fertility and environmental management issues that involves emerging systems and low impact practices. In order to estimate the value of such practices, we studied the stocks evolution after cultivation using the data provided by the creation of two repositories, one of the production systems of small-scale agriculture and the other one of soil carbon stocks under natural vegetation. Our study on Guiana's agricultural production systems showed that carbon can be a recognized indicator that order space management patterns. This work also confirms the spontaneous development of low-impact practices by farmers. Measurements in the forest environment and mapping showed that soil organic carbon stocks under natural vegetation are high and could constitute an important carbon reservoir for France, estimated between 11 and 22 % of the national stock. Measurements of agricultural stocks and simulations (RothC) of the stock value among time, indicated that stocks vary rapidly and strongly after clearing and cultivation. Indeed, 50 % stocks decreases have been observed with intensive crop systems after 5 years’ cultivation. Low-impact practices reveal economical and environmental efficiency. In fact, they present an interest by being low GHG emitters and being able to increase the initial SOC under natural vegetation by 20 % after 5 years. However, beyond the farmers acceptability, there are many obstacles for agriculture development and these issues require global public policies in order to encourage these low-impact practices
Barbaroux, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation des flux de carbone de peuplements forestiers pour la compréhension de la croissance de deux espèces feuillues Quercus petraea et Fagus sylvatica." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112084.
Full textSeveral dendroecological studies (inter-annual variations of the tree-rings width according to the climate) of the sessile oak (ring porous species) and of the beech (diffuse porous species) put into evidence their interrelationships with the climatic signal of the year and differed effects of the climate or the growth. These differed effects are often more obvious and older on oaks. Our objectives are to verify if the anatomies and/or the contrasted phenology (setting up of leaves, resuming of wood growth) of these two species entail a different management of carbohydrate reserves, and of specific carbon allocation pattern, at intra- and in inter-annual scales. To reach these objectives, we have developed a pluridisciplinary approach associating dendrochronology, ecophysiology, dendrometry and modeling of water and carbon functioning of oaks and beeches stands. The analysis of the inter-annual variations of radial growth of the oak and of the beech was based on the last 30 years measurements on 900 varied trees in terms of fertility and age in the Fontainebleau forest. Dendroclimatic study puts into evidence a strong dependence of the beeches stands productivity on the soil water availability during the season of vegetation of the year and the previous year. For oaks stands, the productivity is correlated to the soil water availability during the season of vegetation and to the growth of the previous year. The biochemical analysis of carbohydrate reserves (starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose), made on two pure stands of oaks and beeches of 35 years old in Lorraine, reveals a seasonal dynamics of reserves more obvious as well as an higher concentration for the oak. These differences of reserve management correspond to the important needs in growth of the oak during the phase of carbon heterotrophy. Analyzing the reserves quantities and yearly growth in biomass of the population on several years required preliminary works to describe intra- and inter-trees variability and then to up-scale the studied tree to the stand. Knowledge acquired on the seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate reserves quantities, as well as on the growth phenology of the oak and the beech, have been integrated in a model of stand carbon balance (CASTANEA, E. Dufrêne). The possible changes of carbon allocation to the growth between years can be tested thanks to the model, through hypotheses of interactions between dynamics appropriate in reserves and growth. These modifications have been tested on the Fontainebleau site. .
Irulappa, Pillai Vijayakumar Dinesh Babu. "Hybrid modeling of aboveground biomass carbon using disturbance history over large areas of boreal forest in eastern Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26572.
Full textFire is as a main succession driver in northeastern American boreal forests and time since last fire (TSLF) is seen as a useful covariate to infer the spatial variation of carbon. The first two objectives of this thesis are: (1) to elaborate a TSLF map over an extensive region in boreal forests of eastern Canada (217,000 km2) and (2) to predict aboveground carbon biomass (ABC) as a function of TSLF at a scale related to fire disturbances. A non-parametric model was first developed to predict TSLF using historical records of fire, forest inventory data and climate data at a 2-km2 scale. Two kilometer square is the minimum size for fires to be considered important enough and included in the Canadian large fire database. Overall, we found a substantial agreement at the scale of both the study area and landscape units, but the accuracy remained fairly low at the scale of individual 2-km2 cells. A hierarchical modeling approach is then presented for scaling-up ABC from inventory plots to the same 2 km2 scale. The proportions of cover density classes were the most important variables to predict ABC. ABC was also related to the speed of post-fire canopy recovery through which TSLF acts indirectly upon ABC. Finally, we compared remote sensing based aboveground biomass estimates with our inventory based estimates to provide insights on improving their accuracy. The results indicated again that abundances of canopy cover density classes of surficial deposits, and TSLF may serve as ancillary variables for improving substantially the accuracy of remotely sensed biomass estimates. The study results have shown: 1) the importance of lengthening the historical records of fire records to provide a better perspective of the actual changes of fire regime; 2) the importance of incorporating post-fire canopy recovery information together with ABC yield curves in carbon budget models at a spatial scale related to fire disturbances; 3) the importance of adding disturbance history and vegetation recovery trends with remote sensing reflectance data to improve accuracy for biomass mapping.
Kothawala, Dolly N. "Controls on the soil solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the mineral horizons of forested soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115565.
Full textThe soil-solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) withinmineral soil horizons is primarily controlled by processes of adsorption and desorption. These abiotic processes largely occur within a short equilibration time of seconds to minutes, which generally occur faster than microbial processes. To characterise the adsorption of DOC to mineral soils, I used the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which holds several advantages to the commonly used linear initial mass (IM) isotherm. One advantage to using the Langmuir isotherm is anestimation of the maximum DOC adsorption capacity (Qmax). The Qmax estimates the number of remaining DOC binding sites available on the mineral soil particle surfaces. I modified the traditional Langmuir isotherm in order to estimate the DOC desorption potential of native soil organic matter (SOC).[...]
Le partitionnement entre les solutions de sols du carbone organiquedissous (COD) dans les horizons des sols minéraux est essentiellement contrôle par les processus d'adsorption et de désorption. Ces processus abiotiques se déroulent normalement dans un bref temps d'équilibration variant de quelques secondes a quelques minutes, ce qui est en général plus rapide que les processus microbiens. Pour caractériser Fadsorption de COD aux sols minéraux, nous avons utilise l'isotherme d'adsorption de Langmuir. Cette isotherme présente plusieurs avantages par rapport a Fisotherme de masses initiales (IM) linéaires couramment utilisée, en particulier F estimation de la capacité d'adsorption maximale du COD (Qmax). Le Qmax estime le nombre de sites de liaison de COD restants a la surface du sol minéral. Nous avons aussi modifie Fisotherme de Langmuir traditionnelle afin d'évaluer le potentiel de désorption de COD de la matière organique du sol indigène (MOS).[...]
Kothawala, Dolly N. 1972. "Controls on the soil solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the mineral horizons of forested soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115858.
Full textSorption characteristics were derived for a broad range of52 mineral soils collected from 17 soil profiles spanning across Canada from British Columbia to Quebec. Mineral horizons with the greatest Qmax included the Fe-enriched B horizons of acidic Podzols and Volcanic soils, followed by B horizons not enriched in Fe, followed by A and C horizons. Podzol B horizons were distinct from all other horizons due to significantly higher desorption potential. Soil properties predicting the adsorption characteristics of DOC also predicted the adsorption characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Adsorption of DOC and DON was tightly coupled (R 2 = 0.86), however the ratio of DOC:DON in the final equilibrium solution lowered for 48 out of 52 minerals horizons. These results suggest that DON may be slightly more mobile than DOC.
A short-term (32 day) incubation was perform to establish the fate of indigenous soil C, relative to newly adsorbed soil C to four mineral soils with different adsorption characteristics. Soil columns were leached periodically and sampled for DOC and CO2 production. Two Fe-enriched mineral horizons with high adsorption capacity released low amounts of old SOC, yet released almost all of the newly adsorbed SOC. In contrast, two B horizons without Fe-enrichment released greater amounts of old SOC, and retained a greater fraction of the newly adsorbed SOC than the Fe-enriched horizons. These results identify a contrast between the fate of indigenous and newly adsorbed SOC on mineral soils with differing Qmax.
The final component of this study examined changes to the molecular structure of DOC after equilibration with mineral soils. Multiple techniques were used to assess changes in the molecular composition of DOC, including the analysis of aromatic content by specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and fluorescence spectroscopy, analysis of molecular weight distribution (MWD) with high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and functional group analysis with Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The solution phase DOC generally showed a reduced aromatic content, along with the removal of organic compounds with carboxyl groups. The MWD of DOC was reduced after equilibration to mineral soils, and the reduction in average molecular weight was related to the Qmax of mineral soils.
The various components of this thesis have contributed to the overall understanding of controls on the adsorption of DOC and DON species to mineral soils of the Canadian temperate and boreal forest.
Boissier, Jean-Michel. "Etude des flux de matière organique transportée par les eaux de percolation de trois sols forestiers, à la suite de fortes précipitations orageuses simulées." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10112.
Full textWadl, Erica Fritz. "Effects of Forested Streamside Management Zone Widths and Thinning on Carbon Dynamics and Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Pine Plantations in the Piedmont of Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36032.
Full textMaster of Science
Bréchet, Laëtitia. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan de carbone d'un sol de forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10105/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to define the spatial variability of the C balance components of the soil in a tropical rain forest. This work was conducted in French Guiana in the Guyaflux experimental forest and in a close plantation of monospecific plots. Two approaches were used in this investigation. The first one aimed to analyze the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. soil texture, soil moisture or forest structure) on the spatial and interspecific variability in several components in situ. Among these components, the root biomass, the fine roots (Ø < 2 mm) production and the soil respiration (Rsol) measurements underlined a large spatial variability within plot. At this scale, there was a significant empirical relationship between the tree basal area and soil respiration. Interspecific variations in fine root elongation and decomposition rate have been jointly estimated for five and eight tropical tree species, respectively. The second approach classified the factors according to the magnitude of their effects on spatial variability of Rsol. Rsol is derived from both heterotrophic respiration by microorganisms (Rh) that decompose ground surface organic matter and autotrophic respiration by roots (Ra). Datasets from two years experiments of Rsol were used to evaluate the performance of semi-mechanistic model on the Guyaflux site. A soil organic matter model, CENTURY, simulating Rh component was coupled with the McCree model, which simulates the Ra of Rsol. The results of a parametric sensitivity analysis on the different predictions proved that the litter quality (e.g. lignin content) and the soil moisture were the two main factors responsible for the spatial variation of the CO2 flux on the soil. In this study, we showed that the use of simulation models linked to experimental field results is a promising approach to understand the impact of the biotic and abiotic factors on the processes deeply complex in tropical forest
McKee, Scott Edward. "Long-Term (24-Year) Effects of Harvest Disturbances on Ecosystem Productivity and Carbon Sequestration in Tupelo-Cypress Swamps in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31761.
Full textMaster of Science
Rintsch, Eileen Tabata. "Effects of a forested state park on stream dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solid concentrations in an agriculturally dominated watershed in SW Ohio." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1626962623587062.
Full textBelkacem, Saïd. "Étude de la restauration des sols acides soumis à de forts apports acides : effet des formes et doses d'amendements sur le fonctionnement d'un sol acide forestier." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10282.
Full textSabetraftar, Karim, and Karim Sabetraftar@anu edu au. "The hydrological flux of organic carbon at the catchment scale: a case study in the Cotter River catchment, Australia." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20070502.141450.
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