Books: 'Carbone particulaire'

1

Hill, R. W. Flueless gas fires - concentration of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and particulate level produced in use. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2003.

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2

Buarzaiga, Mohamed M. Corrosion behavior of as-cast silicon carbide particulate/aluminum alloy metal-matrix composites. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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3

Onat, Adem. Silicon carbide particulate reinforced aluminum alloys matrix composites fabricated by squeeze casting method. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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4

Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell. Particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen data from the GLOBEC long-term observation program, 1997-2004. Corvallis, Or: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2006.

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5

White, Jerry D. Emission rates of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and benzo(a)pyrene from prescribed burning of fine southern fuels. [Asheville, N.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1987.

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6

Schneider, Birgit. Variable C:N ratios of particulate organic matter and their influence on the marine carbon cycle =: Variable C:N-Verhältnisse von partikulärem organischen Material und deren Einfluss auf den marinen Kohlenstoffhaushalt. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2003.

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7

Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell. Pump station data report for the May 2001, August 2001 and January 2003 COAST cruises: Nutrients, extracted chlorophyll, and dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. Corvallis, Or: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2005.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: EPA's actions to resolve concerns with the fine particulate monitoring program : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1999.

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9

Siegla, Donald. Particulate Carbon: Formation During Combustion. Springer, 2013.

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10

Wolff, George T. Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle. Springer, 2012.

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11

Montana. Dept. of Health and Environmental Sciences., ed. Air quality control boundaries for particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and lead. [Helena, Mont: Air Quality Division, Dept. of Health & Environmental Sciences, 1994.

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12

Munro, James. A Taxonomy of Prima Facie Violations of International Economic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0008.

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Having determined that carbon units are, to varying extents, subject to international economic law, Chapter 8 assesses the consistency of emissions trading schemes and their rules affecting carbon units with that body of law. In particular, Chapter 8 identifies and evaluates the rules in emissions trading schemes affecting the trade, use, and value of carbon units that constitute prima facie violations of that body of law. It considers: (i) the differential treatment of carbon units that engages disciplines on non-discrimination; (ii) the quantitative restrictions on external carbon units that engage disciplines on market access; and (iii) the kinds of governmental interference in carbon markets that engage disciplines on investment. Chapter 8 thereby identifies and catalogues numerous prima facie breaches embedded in the rules of most emissions trading schemes.

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13

Munro, James. Carbon Units and Emissions Trading Schemes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0003.

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Before being able to correctly classify carbon units (the object of trade in emissions trading schemes) under international economic law, their inherent qualities and characteristics need to be understood. This requires a factual assessment of their qualities and characteristics, which will provide the evidence necessary to determine their proper legal classification under international economic law. In particular, Chapter 3 considers the historical and policy origins of emissions trading schemes and the key attributes and nature of carbon units, such as how they are created, what they represent, how they may be used, and how they derive value. The legal classification of carbon units under the different domestic jurisdictions is also surveyed.

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14

Shi, Z. J., and Z. N. Gu. New phenomena in the nanospace of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.12.

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This article describes the new phenomena of chemical substances encapsulated in the hollow spaces of carbon nanotubes, with particular emphasis on the nanospace of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that have nanospaces of about 1 nm in diameter. It begins with a brief introduction to the filling methods and the filling of multiwalled carbon nanotubes, followed by a discussion of the structures, phase transitions and chemical reactions of some typical fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes, fullerene derivatives, and inorganic and organic compounds, in the nanospace of SWNTs. The electron transfer between dopants and SWNTs is also examined. The article also considers the filling of double-walled carbon nanotubes.

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15

Bueb, Julien, Lilian Richieri Hanania, and Alice Le Clézio. Border Adjustment Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0004.

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This chapter examines, from a multidisciplinary perspective, plausible hypotheses for implementation of border carbon adjustment mechanisms, seen as a complement to strong environmental regulation. It highlights economic, legal, and political difficulties raised by border carbon adjustments. After thoroughly reviewing their economic practicability, it analyses these mechanisms from an International Trade Law perspective, particularly vis-à-vis the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, sustainable development, and the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities. It concludes with an assessment of policy-related implications of such mechanisms and outlines, in particular, how border carbon adjustments may be used as an engine of economic and energy transition, for developed and developing countries equally.

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16

San Francisco Bay Estuarine Study and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984. Menlo Park, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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17

David W, Rivkin, and Amirfar Catherine. Part III Public International Law Disputes, Climate Disputes, and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector, 18 Climate Disputes and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector: Future Directives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0018.

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This chapter addresses both climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. It makes ‘the case for international arbitration’, analyzing in particular current dispute resolution structures on carbon trading and the specific set of arbitration rules developed by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) to resolve environmental disputes. It shows how increased awareness of climate change and its effects have clearly influenced the litigation and arbitration worlds. Developing bespoke environmental arbitration rules offers a number of benefits, including transparency, procedural flexibility, access to technical experts and arbitrators with key climate change expertise, and the possibility of multiparty involvement. Such rules may be of particular benefit to parties involved in carbon credit trading systems and investment projects motivated by such systems.

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18

Graupner, R., and F. Hauke. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Chemistry and characterization. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.16.

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This article examines the chemical functionalization and structural alteration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). It describes the covalent functionalization of the SWCNT framework that is the covalent attachment of functional entities onto the CNT scaffold. In particular, it considers the chemical modification and reactivity of SWCNTs in the context of the reactivity of graphite and fullerenes. It also discusses the defect and sidewall functionalization of SWCNTs, along with various techniques used in the characterization ofSWCNTs upon functionalization, namely: thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques like transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy.

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19

Harrison, Mark. Respiratory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0048.

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This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the respiratory system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of ventilation, reflexes, pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, J receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, DO2/VO2 relationships, carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, effects of altitude, and dysbarism. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

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20

Patrick, Graham. Organic Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198759775.001.0001.

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Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. As well as being central to life, in the form of large molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, organic compounds are essential to many areas of industry. Organic Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction covers the whole range of organic compounds and their roles. Beginning with the structures and properties of the basic groups of organic compounds, it goes on to consider organic compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, polymers, food and drink, petrochemicals, and nanotechnology. It explores how new materials, such as graphene, are opening up exciting new possibilities for applications, and also discusses the particular challenges of working with carbon compounds, many of which are colourless.

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21

Munro, James. Emissions Trading Schemes under International Economic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.001.0001.

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This book assesses whether—and how—emissions trading schemes are subject to international economic law. Through an analysis of trade and investment treaties and related jurisprudence, it argues that the objects of trade in these schemes, namely carbon units (also known as emissions permits or carbon credits), are capable of being legally characterized as ‘goods’, ‘services’, ‘financial services’, and ‘investments’ under international economic law. The sui generis properties of carbon units—such as their intangibility, their degree of permanence, their relationship to an economic activity performed, and their use as a regulatory instrument—make this a particularly complex question. Having ascertained whether and how carbon units are regulated in this regard, this book undertakes a comparative analysis of numerous emissions trading schemes and uncovers a raft of design elements affecting trade and investment in carbon units that could be impugned under international economic law. In particular, it demonstrates how all of the major schemes—from the nascent schemes in China, South Korea, and Ontario to the more established schemes in the European Union, Switzerland, New Zealand, Norway, California, and Quebec—engage in violations of international economic law that are, in many cases, unlikely to be justified under environmental or other exceptions or exemptions. Not only do these conclusions have implications for the relationship between the international economic and international climate regimes but, more broadly, these conclusions interrogate the efficacy of international economic law for covering market-based mechanisms designed to manage environmental problems. They also provide guidance to policy-makers seeking to inoculate their emissions trading schemes from legal challenges under international trade and investment treaties.

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22

Kyotani, T., and H. Orikasa. Templated carbon nanotubes and the use of their cavities for nanomaterial synthesis. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.11.

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This article focuses on templated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and how their cavities can be used for the synthesis of nanomaterials. In particular, it demonstrates how effectively the CNTs can be functionalized by the template carbonization technique. The article first describes the method for synthesizing CNTs and carbon nano-test-tubes (CNTTs). It then considers the controlled filling of magnetic materials into CNTTs, taking into account the electrochemical deposition of Ni-Fe alloy and the magnetic properties of NiFe-filled CNTTs. It also examines the synthesis of water-dispersible and magnetically responsive CNTTs, with emphasis on water dispersibility and the effect of magnetic interaction. Finally, it shows how the cavities of templated CNTs can be utilized as a reaction field for the hydrothermal synthesis of one-dimensional nanomaterials.

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23

Andriotis, A. N., R. M. Sheetz, E. Richter, and M. Menon. Structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of carbon-fullerene-based polymers. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.21.

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This article discusses the structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of carbon-fullerene-based polymers. In particular, it examines the defect-induced ferromagnetism of the C60-based polymers and its analog in the case of non-traditional inorganic materials. It first reviews the computational methods currently used in the literature, highlighting the pros and cons of each one of them. It then considers the defects associated with the ferromagnetism of the C60-based polymers, namely carbon vacancies, the 2 + 2 cycloaddition bonds and impurity atoms, and their effect on the electronic structure. It also evaluates the effect of codoping and goes on to describe the electronic, magnetic and transport properties of the rhombohedral C60-polymer. Finally, it looks at the origin of magnetic coupling among the magnetic moments in the rhombohedral C60-polymer and provides further evidence for the analogy between the magnetism of the rhombohedral C60-polymer and zinc oxide.

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24

Segal, David. Energy Supplies for the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 describes energy sources in particular clean energy based on renewable sources. The importance of renewable energy in limiting global warming is discussed. Solar cells, hydroelectric power, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are covered. The nuclear fuel cycle for thermal reactors is explained. Decarbonisation of industrial processes including sequestration of carbon dioxide are described, as are lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells.

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25

United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Vehicle and Engine Research and Development. and Lewis Research Center, eds. A new chromium carbide-based tribological coating for use to 900 [superscript o] C with particular reference to the Stirling engine. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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26

A new chromium carbide-based tribological coating for use to 900 [superscript o] C with particular reference to the Stirling engine. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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27

Rosenman, Kenneth D. Cardiovascular Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0029.

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This chapter describes cardiovascular disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures. Sections of the chapter address cardiovascular disease due to carbon monoxide, nitrates, particulate air pollution, and psychosocial factors. The chapter also addresses shift work and sedentary work. A section describes arrhythmias due to various specific chemical exposures. Another section describes hypertension related to lead, excessive noise, and other factors. Finally, a section addresses peripheral vascular disease and Raynaud disease. Cardiovascular disorders are very common and recognition of how occupational and environmental exposures contribute to the occurrence and exacerbation of cardiovascular disorders is important in their prevention, diagnosis, and management.

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28

Armstrong, Chris. Resource Taxes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702726.003.0009.

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This chapter examines some of the best-known suggestions for advancing justice when it comes to natural resources: resource taxes. It begins by addressing some general questions about when, why, and on what we should levy taxes. It also addresses some concerns about taxing natural resources in particular, and clarifies the role resource taxes can play in the egalitarian project. One of its principal conclusions is that a single undifferentiated global tax on natural resources is unlikely to serve justice well. The chapter therefore concludes with discussions of user charges on common-pool resources, carbon taxes, and a tax on Sovereign Wealth Funds.

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29

Riojas-Rodríguez, Horacio, Isabelle Romieu, and Mauricio Hernández-Ávila. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0018.

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This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.

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30

Taylor, J. D., B. Elliott, D. Dickel, G. Keskar, J. Gaillard, M. J. Skove, and A. M. Rao. Harmonic detection of resonance methods for micro- and nanocantilevers: Theory and selected applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.7.

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This article examines the harmonic detection of resonance (HDR) methods for micro- and nanocantilevers, with particular emphasis on theory and selected applications. Micro- and nanocantilevers have the potential to revolutionize physical, chemical, and biological sensing. Microcantilevers in particular are easily integrated into standard high-volume silicon manufacturing processes, making them relatively inexpensive and mass-producible. This article begins with an overview of basic transduction mechanisms applicable to micro- and nanocantilever-based systems. It then considers several detection schemes for measuring the static and/or dynamic response of micro- and nanocantilevers. It goes on to discuss electrostatic actuation and capacitive detection, how HDR works, and the differences between the mechanical and electrical responses of an electrostatically actuated microcantilever. Finally, it presents a number of applications for micro- and nanocantilevers, along with detection results for cantilevered multiwall carbon nanotubes.

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31

Datta, Supriyo. Nanoelectronic devices: A unified view. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.1.

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This article describes the conceptual framework that provides a unified description for all kinds of nanoelectronic devices covering different transport regimes from the diffusive to the ballistic limit, including molecular conductors, carbon nanotubes, and silicon transistors. More specifically, it presents a unified bottom-up viewpoint to the subject of electrical conduction of particular relevance to nanoelectronic devices and highlights the important role played by contacts. It also discusses the basic inputs that define the NEGF–Landauer model, along with its relevant equations, including those that provide a general approach to the problem of quantum transport. A few examples are given to illustrate how these equations are applied.

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32

Segal, D., P. Kral, and M. Shapiro. Theory, experiment and applications of tubular image states. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.22.

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This article presents a detailed theoretical description of tubular image states (TIS) around different tube geometries, along with their applications. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical background for the existence of TIS in conjunction with infinitely long homogeneous carbon nanotubes, finite and inhomogeneous nanotubes, and nanotubes arrays. It then considers the lifetimes and stability of TIS, along with the states’ tunability by external fields and the onset of chaos in TIS. In particular, it examines how TIS can be manipulated by means of electric and magnetic fields. It also describes nano-Paul traps of single electrons based on TIS and concludes with an assessment of recent experiments on TIS.

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33

Laureno, Robert. Selective Vulnerability. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0006.

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This chapter on “Selective Vulnerability” examines the selective vulnerability of different parts of the brain to particular diseases. In one disease, certain areas of brain are particularly vulnerable. In other diseases, different parts of the brain are more susceptible. The concept of selective vulnerability was originally applied to toxic/metabolic and hereditary disorders, but it is also useful in thinking about other neuropathologic processes including neoplastic, infectious, demyelinative, vascular, and traumatic diseases. Diseases can selectively affect brain systems, brain structures, or brain regions. Selective system involvement is clear in degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; selective structure involvement occurs in carbon monoxide’s effect on the globus pallidus; selective region involvement is found in myelinolysis.

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34

Burke, A., D. Carroll, Frank Torti, and S. V. Torti. Bifunctional nanomaterials for the imaging and treatment of cancer. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.13.

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This article examines the potential of bifunctional nanomaterials for the imaging and treatment of cancer. Several nanomaterials possess properties desirable for a cancer therapy and have been the subject of research as anticancer agents. Those that have received the most attention include encapsulated iron oxides, single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods and gold nanoshells. This article first considers thermal ablative therapy incancer, focusing on the mechanisms of thermotoxicity and thermoresistance before discussing a number of nanomaterials with applications for cancer treatment. In particular, it evaluates the use of nanomaterials in thermal therapy. It also looks at gold nanoshells and nanorods, taking into account their physical properties, and concludes with an assessment of iron-oxide nanoparticles and future directions for nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer therapy.

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35

Singh, Balwant, Marta Camps-Arbestain, and Johannes Lehmann, eds. Biochar. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305100.

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Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.

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36

Heath, Joseph. Philosophical Foundations of Climate Change Policy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567982.001.0001.

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Although the task of formulating an appropriate policy response to the problem of anthropogenic climate change is one that raises a number of very difficult normative issues, environmental ethicists have not played an influential role in government deliberations. This is primarily due to their rejection of many of the assumptions that structure the debates over policy. This book offers a philosophical defense of these assumptions in order to overcome the major conceptual barriers to the participation of philosophers in these debates. There are five important barriers: First, the policy debate presupposes a stance of liberal neutrality, as a result of which it does not privilege any particular set of environmental values over other concerns. Second, it assumes ongoing economic growth, along with a commitment to what is sometimes called a weak sustainability framework when analyzing the value of the bequest being made to future generations. Third, it treats climate change as fundamentally a collective action problem, not an issue of distributive justice. Fourth, there is the acceptance of cost-benefit analysis, or more precisely, the view that a carbon-pricing regime should be guided by our best estimate of the social cost of carbon. And finally, there is the view that when this calculation is undertaken, it is permissible to discount costs and benefits, depending on how far removed they are from the present. This book attempts to make explicit and defend these presuppositions, and in so doing offer philosophical foundations for the debate over climate change policy.

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37

Shiraishi, K., and T. Nakayama. Role of computational sciences in Si nanotechnologies and devices. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.1.

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This article discusses the role of computational sciences in the fabrication of silicon nanotechnologies and devices, with particular emphasis on new scientific findings that offer great insight into such devices. It first considers how the present Si technology trend is stimulated by scientific knowledge, focusing on the potential of complimentary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and the importance of understanding the atomisticprocess of Si thermal oxidation. It then discusses key knowledge for Si nanodevices obtainedby computational science, paying attention to the microscopic process of Si oxidation and the curious properties of high-k gate dielectrics. It also describes the possibility of Si nanowire channels as an example of computational-science-guided channel engineering and concludes with an assessment of the future trend of Si nanotechnologies driven by computational science, including Si nanowires, GaAs nanoWires, and carbon nanotubes.

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38

Bhananker, Sanjay, and Paul Bhalla. Burns. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0062.

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Burns injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. A significant burn injury affects every major organ system of the body. Initial management focuses on resuscitation along the ABCDE approach, with particular vigilance for the possibility of airway burn causing progressive edema and narrowing. Smoke inhalation is associated with carbon monoxide poisoning and possible cyanide toxicity. Fluid management depends on accurate estimation on the extent of the burn and use of a formula to calculate infusion rate, with careful monitoring of end-organ perfusion. Significant burn injuries are associated with hypermetabolic changes and a catabolic state, and burn victims are at high risk of developing sepsis. Treatment of a burn injury with debridement and skin grafting can involve multiple visits to the operating room with frequent need for sedation and anesthesia. Providers need a thorough understanding of potential anesthetic issues in burn-injured pediatric patients.

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39

Manduca, Paulo, Mauro Berni, Iure Paiva, and José Alexandre Hage. Industrializing Countries as the New Energy Consumers. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.16.

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Brazil and Argentina had been developing biofuels that could offer them the opportunity to have a prominent position in a future oil-free economy. In the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s, Brazilian diplomacy, in particular, knew how to take advantage of its clean energy matrix to build an image of a country at the forefront of energy solutions. However, after the discovery of oil in Brazil and shale in Argentina, biofuels became a low priority and almost disappeared from the political agenda. This process followed the movement of Latin American center-left governments—the “pink tide”—which saw the oil industry as the basis for national empowerment. The emergence of oil populism, which exploits the mystification of state oil companies and oil as a panacea for the illnesses of underdevelopment, led Brazil and Argentina to waive a potential leading role in a future low-carbon economy.

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40

Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. The mastered electron: molecular electronics and spintronics, molecular machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.003.0005.

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After a historical account of the evolution which led to the concept of Molecular Electronics, the “Hybrid Molecular Electronics” approach (that is, molecules connected to nanosized metallic electrodes) is discussed. The different types of transport (one-step, two-step with different forms of tunnelling) are described, including the case where the molecule is paramagnetic (Kondo resonance). Several molecular achievements are presented: wires, diodes, memory cells, field-effect transistors, switches, using molecules, but also carbon nanotubes. A spin-off result is the possibility of imaging Molecular Orbitals. The emerging field of molecular spintronics is presented. Besides hybrid devices, examples are given of electronic functionalities using ensembles of molecules, either in solution (logical functions) or in the solid state (memory elements). The relation with the domain of Quantum Computing is presented, including the particular domain of Quantum Hamiltonian Computing. The chapter finishes by an introduction to molecular machines, with the problem of the directional control of their motion.

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41

Lumb, Andrew B., and Natalie Drury. Respiratory physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0002.

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Moving away from the structure of traditional texts, this chapter follows the journey of oxygen molecules as they move from inspired air to their point of use in mitochondria, with some digressions along the way to cover other relevant aspects of respiratory physiology. The chapter encompasses all the key aspects of respiratory physiology and also highlights physiological alterations that occur under both general and regional anaesthesia, moving the physiological principles discussed into daily anaesthetic practice. The chapter explores relevant anatomy of the airways, lungs, and pleura. The histology and function of the airway lining and alveoli are described, so illustrating the importance of pulmonary defence mechanisms for protecting the internal milieu of the body from this large and fragile interface with the outside world. Key principles and concepts including resistance, compliance, and diffusion are all discussed in their clinical context. Concepts relating to the mechanics of breathing and the control of airway diameter are considered along with lung volumes and their measurement. Both the central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the control of breathing are discussed with particular attention to the impact of anaesthesia. The relationship between ventilation and perfusion and the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide are all discussed in detail. The principles behind key respiratory measurements such as dead space, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and shunt are all described. Overall the chapter provides a comprehensive review of respiratory physiology as well as including additional aspects of variation that occur under anaesthesia.

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Armstrong, Fraser, and Katherine Blundell, eds. Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.001.0001.

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As the Earth's oil supply runs out, and the effects of climate change threaten nations and their populations, the search for carbon-neutral sources of energy becomes more important and increasingly urgent. This book focuses on solutions to the energy problem, and not just the problem itself. It describes the major energy-generation technologies currently under development, and provides an authoritative summary of the current status of each one. It stresses the need for a balanced portfolio of alternative energy technologies. Certain solutions will be more appropriate than others in particular locations, due to the differences in availability of natural resources such as solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal. In addition, nuclear options (both fission and fusion), as well as technologies such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen (as an energy carrier), all have a potential role to play. A state-of-the-art critique of energy efficiency in building design is also included. Each chapter is written by an acknowledged international expert and provides a non-technical overview of the competing and complementary approaches to energy generation. Broad in scope and comprehensive in treatment, Energy..beyond Oil provides an authoritative synthesis of the scientific and technological issues which are essential to the survival of the human race in the near future. The book will be of interest and use to graduate students and researchers in all areas of energy studies, and will also be highly useful for policy-makers and professionals in the environmental sector as well as a more general readership who wish to learn more about this extremely topical subject.

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Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023.

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Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_001.

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Abstract:

Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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45

Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_002.

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Abstract:

Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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46

Dube, Opha Pauline. Climate Policy and Governance across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.605.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.Africa, a continent with the largest number of countries falling under the category of Least Developed Countries (LDCs), remains highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture that suffers from low intake of water, exacerbating the vulnerability to climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. The increasing frequency and severity of climate extremes impose major strains on the economies of these countries. The loss of livelihoods due to interaction of climate change with existing stressors is elevating internal and cross-border migration. The continent is experiencing rapid urbanization, and its cities represent the most vulnerable locations to climate change due in part to incapacitated local governance. Overall, the institutional capacity to coordinate, regulate, and facilitate development in Africa is weak. The general public is less empowered to hold government accountable. The rule of law, media, and other watchdog organizations, and systems of checks and balances are constrained in different ways, contributing to poor governance and resulting in low capacity to respond to climate risks.As a result, climate policy and governance are inseparable in Africa, and capacitating the government is as essential as establishing climate policy. With the highest level of vulnerability to climate change compared with the rest of the world, governance in Africa is pivotal in crafting and implementing viable climate policies.It is indisputable that African climate policy should focus first and foremost on adaptation to climate change. It is pertinent, therefore, to assess Africa’s governance ability to identify and address the continent’s needs for adaptation. One key aspect of effective climate policy is access to up-to-date and contextually relevant information that encompasses indigenous knowledge. African countries have endeavored to meet international requirements for reports such as the National Communications on Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities and the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). However, the capacity to deliver on-time quality reports is lacking; also the implementation, in particular integration of adaptation plans into the overall development agenda, remains a challenge. There are a few successes, but overall adaptation operates mainly at project level. Furthermore, the capacity to access and effectively utilize availed international resources, such as extra funding or technology transfer, is limited in Africa.While the continent is an insignificant source of emissions on a global scale, a more forward looking climate policy would require integrating adaptation with mitigation to put in place a foundation for transformation of the development agenda, towards a low carbon driven economy. Such a futuristic approach calls for a comprehensive and robust climate policy governance that goes beyond climate to embrace the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Both governance and climate policy in Africa will need to be viewed broadly, encompassing the process of globalization, which has paved the way to a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The question is, what should be the focus of climate policy and governance across Africa under the Anthropocene era?

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Books on the topic 'Carbone particulaire'

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