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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbonised'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Oteu, Omino Joseph, Sarah Kizza Nkambwe, Junior Senyonga Kasima, Maxmillan Mpewo, and Miria Frances Agunyo. "Evaluation of Agricultural Waste-Based Briquettes as an Alternative Biomass Fuel for Cooking in Uganda." African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability 3, no. 1 (2024): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1763.

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Wood fuel has been adopted as a feasible alternative to cooking energy sources in efforts to replace fossil fuels. However, the exorbitant use of wood fuel has raised concern as it is the major cause of forest cover loss in Uganda. Briquettes have been recommended as sources of cooking energy with potential to substitute wood fuel. Unfortunately, sawdust, a product of deforestation, is the primary material used in making briquettes in Uganda. This instead augments the problem of fuel-induced deforestation. Agricultural wastes could potentially be converted into briquetting materials for generation of cooking energy, although these are less studied in Uganda. Thus, this study established the potential of agricultural wastes as alternative briquetting materials for use in cooking. Four fuel types: charcoal from Mangifera indica, firewood of Eucalyptus grandis, carbonized and non-carbonized briquettes from agricultural wastes, all from within Mukono District were used for the study. Laboratory based experiments were used to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of the fuels. Data were analysed using R software, Ver. 4.2.3. Carbonised briquettes’ mean performance measures were higher than conventional fuels (p≤0.05) and non-carbonised briquettes. The amount of energy required to attain experimental boiling point of water was higher (p≤0.05) in conventional fuels and non-carbonised briquettes than in carbonised briquettes. Duration to boil 5 litres of water was least with the conventional fuel sources. All the fuel sources’ emissions exceeded the maximum range recommended for indoor carbon monoxide levels. However, the particulate matter emission was lower in carbonised briquettes and charcoal than the other fuel sources. Agricultural waste-based carbonised briquettes could effectively be used as an alternative cooking energy source in Uganda. The study recommends conducting cost-benefit analyses on the use of agricultural waste-based briquettes as cooking energy sources
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2

Hinton, Pat. "Carbonised Seeds." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, S2 (1985): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078282.

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3

Kowalik-Klimczak, Anna, Maciej Życki, Monika Łożyńska, and Wioletta Barszcz. "Study on Possible Transformation of Leather and Textile Wastes in Carbonised Materials by Pyrolysis Under Different Gas Conditions." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (2025): 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041637.

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The possibility of using pyrolysis for the valorisation of leather and textile wastes constituting post-consumer clothes is analysed in this paper. The effect of gas type was investigated on the physico-chemical properties, composition, structure, and formation of the specific surfaces of carbonised materials produced by the pyrolysis process. The differences in the elemental composition of the carbonised materials derived from textile and leather wastes may be due to the specific chemical compositions. Both textile and leather wastes are rich in organic compounds, but their structural and compositional differences significantly influence the element content of carbonised materials. The characteristic feature of carbonised material made from leather waste is a relatively high nitrogen content (approx. 9 wt. %). In turn, in the case of carbonised material made from textile waste, a high carbon content is characteristic (75–80 wt. %). Moreover, G- and D-bands were detected in all the analysed carbonised materials. The presence of these bands confirms the transformation of leather and textile wastes into carbon materials. It was found that maintaining a high degree of order in the structure (calculated as ID/IG ratios based on the D and G peak intensities) of carbonised materials is advantageous to conducting the pyrolysis process on textile materials in N2 and on leather materials in CO2. The carbonised materials produced using these gases are characterised by an ID/IG ratio at a level of 0.05. Pyrolysis carried out in these gases also has a positive effect on the size of the BET surface area. However, it was shown that the carbonised products from textile materials are characterised by a higher BET surface area than that of carbonised products from leather materials regardless of the type of gas used during the pyrolysis process. Furthermore, all the carbonised materials are characterised by a high percentage content of mesopores in the carbon structure. These types of carbon materials have widespread application potential. The presented studies contribute data about the pyrolytic processing of post-consumer clothes (such as leather and textile waste) into carbonised materials to reuse, according to the circular economy model.
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Njukeng Jetro Nkengafac and Ateihjeih Ajapmua. "Swelling behaviour of natural rubber filled with carbon black and plant wastes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (2022): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.3.0545.

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Natural rubber (NR) is used in many applications; ranging from automobile through health to food industry. However, unfilled NR has poor properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbon black (CB), carbonized and un carbonized plant wastes on the swelling behavior of NR. The plant wastes used were corn cob husk (CC), cocoa pod husk (CPH) and empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB). NR vulcanisates with carbon black and different organic wastes fillers were prepared by a two-roll mill. The swelling behavior was studied by immersion in toluene for 72 h. Carbon black and carbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates had better swelling resistance than uncarbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates.
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Njukeng, Jetro Nkengafac, and Ajapmua Ateihjeih. "Swelling behaviour of natural rubber filled with carbon black and plant wastes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (2022): 376–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731635.

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Natural rubber (NR) is used in many applications; ranging from automobile through health to food industry. However, unfilled NR has poor properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbon black (CB), carbonized and un carbonized plant wastes on the swelling behavior of NR. The plant wastes used were corn cob husk (CC), cocoa pod husk (CPH) and empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB). NR vulcanisates with carbon black and different organic wastes fillers were prepared by a two-roll mill. The swelling behavior was studied by immersion in toluene for 72 h. Carbon black and carbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates had better swelling resistance than uncarbonised plant wastes filled NR vulcanisates.
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6

Tesfaye, Assefa, Fentahun Workie, and Venkatesh S. Kumar. "Production and Characterization of Coffee Husk Fuel Briquettes as an Alternative Energy Source." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 13, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9139766.

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Biomass energy accounts for more than 92 percent of overall energy consumption in Ethiopia. As a result, Ethiopia is one of the world’s most biomass-dependent countries. The high reliance on wood fuels and agricultural residues for fuel harms society’s social, economic, and environmental well-being. This study aims to create and test the quality of fuel briquettes made from the coffee husk. Also built and produced are a carboniser/charcoal kiln, a manually operated molder system, and a briquette stove for burning the manufactured briquette. The carboniser converts 15 kg of raw coffee husk into 6 kg of carbonised char in 25 minutes, and the manually operated briquette molder can press 30 kg per hour. The efficiency of converting raw coffee husk into carbonised char content was 40.12%. In the geological survey of Ethiopia, the geochemical laboratory directorate received triplicate samples of the fuel briquette charcoal for analysis. Moisture content, fixed carbon content, ash content, sulfur content, and calorific value were determined using a bomb calorimeter and a ceramic lining furnace. Physical properties of fuel briquettes ranged from 10.03% moisture content, 970 kg/m3 density, 81% fixed carbon, 5.15% ash content, 0% sulfur, and 30.54 Kcal/kg higher heating value, according to laboratory results. The results of the study revealed that the coffee husk fuel briquettes produced have more positive characteristics. Fuel briquettes were cost-effective and environmentally friendly and reduced deforestation compared to firewood. This study clearly shows that briquettes made from coffee husk could be used as an alternative energy source when this kind of waste is well managed.
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7

Guleria, J. S. "On the occurrence of the carbonised woods resembling Treminalia and sonneratia in paleogene deposits of Gujrat, Western India." Journal of Palaeosciences 39, no. (1-3) (1990): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1990.1677.

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The carbonised woods resembling modern woods of the genus Terminalia Linn. and Sonneratia Linn. belonging to family Combretaceae and Sonneratiaceae, respectively are described from the Rajpardi lignite mine situated in Bharuch District of South Gujarat. The fossils indicate the existence of tropical palaeoclimate and presence of the sea in the Vicinity of Rajpardi during Eocene. These form the first record of carbonised woods from Gujarat and from the Palaeogene sediments of India too.
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8

Didkivska, Hanna, Zosya Masliukova, and Yevheniia Novytska. "Influence of carbonised biomass on soil improvement, increase in yield of agricultural crops and mitigation of climate change implications." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 1 (2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(1).2021.93-100.

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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to develop and implement new technological solutions for tillage, which will improve the soil properties. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of carbonised biomass on the properties and quality of soils, as well as the associated environmental consequences. The tasks addressed by the study were solved with the help of scientific theoretical methods: analysis, systematisation and generalisation of results. The scientific works related to the problem of the influence of carbonised biomass on soil quality were analysed in this paper. An assessment of the effectiveness of its use as an organic ameliorant and its effect on improving the agronomic properties of soils, their fertility, and on the ecological situation has been carried out. It is substantiated that the use of obsolete agricultural technologies during agricultural activities and their violation have a negative impact on soil fertility and increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is argued that this could lead to a global food crisis. It has been emphasised that due to the use of biochar as an organic ameliorant the physical and microbiological properties of soils are improved, the availability of nutrients is optimised, and the content of toxic elements is reduced. It is shown that carbonised biomass has a positive effect on yields and also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The main current problems that exist in Ukraine regarding the use of soil improvement technology with the help of carbonised biomass are identified. The ways of their solution for the further development of these technologies and their implementation in the agro-industrial sector are proposed. The practical value of the study consists in determining the effectiveness of using carbonised biomass when it is introduced into the soil to improve its quality, increase crop yields, and slow down climate change
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9

Amenan Lydie Clarisse, Mangoula-Allali, Kone Tiangoua, Messou Aman, Nikebie Koffi Olivier Fabrice, and Coulibaly Lacina. "Valorisation Energetique des Dechets Agricoles : cas de la Pomme de Cajou dans le Departement de Tanda (Côte d’Ivore)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 27 (2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n27p142.

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Cette étude s’est proposée de valoriser la pomme de cajou e combustible. Le matériel est constitué de pommes de cajou séchée non carbonisée (PCSNC), pommes de cajou fermentées séchées carbonisées (PCFSC),, pommes de cajou séchées et carbonisées (PCSC), briquettes comportant 100% de pommes carbonisées et 0% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC100), briquettes comportant 80% de pommes carbonisées et 20% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC80), briquettes comportant 70% de pommes carbonisées et 30% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC70), briquettes comportant 60% de pommes carbonisées et 40% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC60). Ces combustibles ont été caractérisés en déterminant la quantité de chaleur dégagée, la durée de combustion, le temps d’ébullition, le niveau de dégagement de fumée, la masse de suie après combustion et le taux de cendres. Les valeurs obtenues pour ces paramètres ont été comparées à celles du charbon de bois. Il ressort que les quantités de chaleur dégagées par PCFNC (963 KJ) et PCSNC (943 kJ) sont relativement proches de celle (1122 kJ) du charbon de bois. Pour la durée de combustion, ce sont les briquettes et le charbon de bois témoin qui mettent plus de temps à se consumer (60 minutes, environ). Le temps le plus court d’ébullition de l’eau est obtenu avec BPC100 (10,98 minutes contre 15,45 minutes pour le charbon de bois). Les combustibles à base de pommes de cajou ont tous dégagé de la fumée et ont favorisé un dépôt de suie après la combustion contrairement au charbon de bois. Au niveau de la cendre, BPC60 et BPC70 ont produit moins de cendre (10g) que le charbon de bois (12,5g). Au vu de ces résultats, si certaines caractéristiques de la pomme de cajou sont améliorées, sa valorisation énergétique est possible.
 This study intended to valorize the cashew apple or cashew nut into fuel. The material consists of cashew apples and sawdust, which allowed us to obtain 8 types of fuel. This includes dried cashew apples without carbonization (PCSNC), dried fermented cashew apples with carbonization (PCFSC), dried cashew apples with carbonization (PCSC), and briquettes with 100% carbonized apples and 0% sawdust with carbonization (BPC100), briquettes with 80% carbonized apples and 20% carbonized sawdust (BPC80), briquettes with 70% carbonized apples and 30% carbonized sawdust (BPC70), briquettes with 60% carbonized apples and 40% carbonized sawdust (BPC60). These fuels were characterized by determining the amount of released heat, combustion time, boiling time, level of smoke release, soot mass after combustion, and ash content. The values obtained for these parameters were compared with those of charcoal. The heat release of PCFNC (963 kJ) and PCSNC (943 kJ) is relatively close to that of charcoal (1122 kJ). The briquettes and the control charcoal take longer to burn (about 60 minutes, in terms of burning time. The shortest water boiling time was obtained with BPC100 (10.98 minutes versus 15.45 minutes for charcoal). Cashew apple fuels all gave off smoke and promoted soot deposition after combustion. This was not the same as charcoal’s case. Regarding ash generation, BPC60 and BPC70 produced less ash (10g) than charcoal (12.5g). Considering these results, if some characteristics of the cashew apple are improved, its energy valorization is possible.
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10

Liang, Jing, Wenhao Yang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, et al. "Peanut Shell Derived Carbon Combined with Nano Cobalt: An Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin." Molecules 26, no. 21 (2021): 6662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216662.

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Biomass-derived carbon has been recognised as a green, economic and promising flame retardant (FR) for polymer matrix. In this paper, it is considered that the two-dimensional (2D) structure of carbonised peanut shells (PS) can lead to a physical barrier effect on polymers. The carbonised sample was prepared by the three facile methods, and firstly adopted as flame retardants for epoxy resin. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter tests indicate that the carbon combined with nano Cobalt provides the most outstanding thermal stability in the current study. With 3 wt.% addition of the FR, both peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) decrease by 37.9% and 33.3%, correspondingly. The flame retardancy mechanisms of the FR are further explored by XPS and TG-FTIR. The effectiveness of carbonised PS can be mainly attributed to the physical barrier effect derived by PS’s 2D structure and the catalysis effect from Cobalt, which contribute to form a dense char layer.
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11

Bishayee, Bhaskar, Abhilasha Rai, Biswajit Ruj, and Susmita Dutta. "Removal of Fluoride from Synthetic Wastewater Using Carbonised Saw Dust and Suspended and Immobilised Culture of Pseudomonas oleovorans Strain NITD 20 – A Comparative Study." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 6 (2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220095.

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In the present research, three agents such as saw dust (carbonised), waste of the timber industry, suspended bacterial cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20 and immobilised whole live bacterial cells were used individually for fluoride removal from synthetic wastewater. Carbonised saw dust was used first as an adsorbent at optimum conditions such as pH 7±0.2, initial fluoride concentration of 15 mg·L-1, particle size of 0.10 mm, adsorbent dose of 60 g·L-1, contact time of 10 h and stirring speed of 120 rpm, and it showed 79.04±0.196% fluoride removal. In the present study, both suspended and immobilised cells of ‘Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20’ were used for the defluoridation process. Immobilisation was done onto the carbonised saw dust. The maximum removal was observed for suspended cells at 94.5±2.1% and immobilised cells at 98±1.23% in 10 h and 8 h incubation periods, respectively, from 15 mg·L-1 fluoride containing synthetic wastewater.
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12

Kowalik-Klimczak, Anna, Monika Łożyńska, Maciej Życki, and Bogusław Woźniak. "The Effect of the Pyrolysis Temperature of a Leather–Textile Mixture from Post-Consumer Footwear on the Composition and Structure of Carbonised Materials." Materials 17, no. 22 (2024): 5649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225649.

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This paper presents an investigation into the use of pyrolysis to valorise solid waste in the form of post-consumer footwear uppers. A heterogenous leather and textile mixture is studied, produced by crushing some representative samples of post-consumer footwear uppers. The waste has a low ash content and a high net calorific value, which translates into the high gross calorific value of the material. In addition, it contains relatively little S and Cl, which is promising for its use in the process of pyrolysis. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the efficiency of carbonising leather and textile mixtures, their physico-chemical parameters, elemental composition, and structure, as well as the development of a specific surface, is investigated. The research results imply that as the pyrolysis temperature grows, the carbonisation efficiency declines. The produced materials consist primarily of C, O, N, and H, whose contents depend on the pyrolysis temperature. Moreover, all the carbonised materials display the presence of two G and D bands, which is typical for carbon materials. Based on the peak intensities of the bands, ID/IG coefficients are calculated to assess the organisation of the materials’ structures. As the pyrolysis temperature rises, the structural organisation declines, contributing to an increased material porosity and, thus, a greater specific surface of the carbonised materials. This study contributes data on the thermal management and pyrolysis of leather and textile waste into useful carbonised materials. Investigating the applicability of carbonised materials is projected as the next stage of research work.
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13

Wijaya, S., M. C. Duke, and J. C. Diniz da Costa. "Carbonised template silica membranes for desalination." Desalination 236, no. 1-3 (2009): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.079.

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14

Awasthi, N., and Rashmi Srivastava. "Canarium palaeoluzonicum, a new fossil wood from the Neogene of Kerala with remarks on the nomenclature of fossil woods of Burseraceae." Journal of Palaeosciences 37, no. (1-3) (1988): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1988.1615.

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A carbonised wood is described from the Neogene sediments (Varkala beds) of Varkala Coast, Kerala. It shows close resemblance with the wood of a Philippine species of Canarium, C. luzonicum of Burseraceae, particularly in having 1-2 horizontal gum canals in multiseriate rays. The carbonised wood is named as Canarium palaeoluzonicum sp. nov. Its presence along with some other Malaysian elements in the Neogene sediments of Kerala Coast suggests a phytogeographic link of the Indian subcontinent with south-east Asia during the Miocene-Pliocene. The problem of nomenclature of fossil woods of Burseraceae is also discussed.
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15

Tolar, Tjaša, and Anton Velušček. "Comparing different sampling methods in order to reconstruct plant economies at the Eneolithic lake dwelling site Stare gmajne, Slovenia." Documenta Praehistorica 43 (December 30, 2016): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.20.

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The results of plant macroremains studies of the Eneolithic (c. 3160–3100 cal BC) lakeshore settlement at Stare gmajne on the Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: (1) systematic surface sampling from the cultural layer, and (2) judgement sampling from an incompletely burnt large loom-weight. The preservation state and the spectra of plant macroremains were different in both types of samples. The first study primarily deals with the waterlogged plant remains of various types and taxa, while the second deals with carbonised and half-carbonised cereal macroremains, mostly chaff. Both studies confirm the cultivation of main crops: emmer, einkorn and barley.
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Silva, Richardson B. G. da, Magali R. da Silva, and Danilo Simões. "Substrates and controlled-release fertilizations on the quality of eucalyptus cuttings." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 18, no. 11 (2014): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v18n11p1124-1129.

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To produce cuttings with quality, the most appropriate nutritional management strategies should be sought to reduce wastage of fertilizer, while accounting for the characteristics of each substrate. This study evaluated the effect of substrates and doses of controlled-release fertilizer on the quality of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake cuttings. The substrates consisted of several mixtures: vermiculite+carbonized rice chaff+coconut fibre (1:1:1); vermiculite+coconut fibre (1:1); and vermiculite+carbonized rice chaff (1:1). These mixtures were added to 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg of controlled-release fertilizer per cubic meter of substrate. The substrates that do not support root development and have lower water retention, independently of the dose of controlled-release fertilizer, reduce the quality of the root system. For substrates with proper values of water retention, such as vermiculite+coconut fibre (1:1) and vermiculite+carbonised rice chaff+coconut fibre (1:1:1), the utilization of dose 2 kg of controlled-release fertilizer to each cubic meter is enough to promote cuttings with greater quality of the root systems and proper heights and stem diameters.
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Zhang, Z. X., J. Wu, J. Meng, and W. F. Chen. "Research on carbonised process characteristics of biomass." Materials Research Innovations 18, sup5 (2014): S5–79—S5–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.000000000915.

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18

Altwala, Afnan, and Robert Mokaya. "Rational synthesis of microporous carbons for enhanced post-combustion CO2 capture via non-hydroxide activation of air carbonised biomass." RSC Advances 12, no. 31 (2022): 20080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02661a.

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Rational combination of a mild activating agent (potassium oxalate) and air carbonised biomass, which is resistant to activation, yields highly microporous carbons with enhanced post-combustion CO2 uptake.
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19

Li, Haifeng, Nian Li, Cheng Zhang, et al. "Carbonized Waste Cotton/Stearic Acid Composites for Photo-Thermal Conversion and Heat Storage." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 6 (2018): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18076.

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Photo-thermal conversion is an effective method to utilise solar energy. The generated heat can be converted into electrical energy through the thermoelectric Seebeck effect. However, the key challenge in enhancing solar-thermal-electric conversion is to achieve efficient photo-thermal conversion and temperature difference control. Herein, new composite materials are prepared using abundant and cheap raw materials to simultaneously realise photo-thermal conversion, heat storage, and heat supply for a thermoelectric device. The composites consist of carbonised waste cotton and stearic acid (SA), where carbonised waste cotton can achieve efficient full spectrum photo-thermal conversion and SA can store the generated heat to maintain a stable temperature for a thermoelectric device. The best content of SA is found to be 85 wt-% in the composites due to uniform dispersion and ideal combination. The 3D netlike structure of carbonised waste cotton provides increased heat transfer paths and also prevents leakage of SA during phase change. The maximum phase change enthalpy is 203.6 J g−1 for the composite with 85 wt-% SA, which is almost the same as pure SA, assuring high density heat storage. A light-thermal-electric conversion device is further constructed based on as-prepared composites and a thermoelectric system. The generated electricity can light up a light-emitting diode with strong intensity.
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Kowshik, Suhas, Sathyashankara Sharma, Sathish Rao, Manjunath Shettar, and Pavan Hiremath. "Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 2 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020049.

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Eggshells are a potentially polluting industrial waste that are disposed of as landfill which has proven to be hazardous to the environment. The usage of chicken eggshells as a biofiller for polymer matrix composites instead of its disposal as landfill has proven advantageous in various studies. On the other hand, using eggshells as a filler material to replace inorganic calcium carbonate usage would be another environment friendly act. The present study is focused on studying the effects of eggshell filler addition and post-curing on polymer composites which could be utilised for domestic applications. Herein, uncarbonised and carbonised eggshell filler material were processed from waste eggshells. Hybridisation of the carbonised and uncarbonised eggshell filler was carried out. All three variants of eggshell fillers (10 wt.%) were used in the fabrication of composites. A hand lay-up technique was employed in the fabrication of unfilled composites along with three variants of filled composites, namely, uncarbonised, carbonised, and hybrid eggshell filled composites. The fabricated and cured composites were further subjected to post-curing at a temperature of 60 °C for a period of 2 h. All four variants of post-cured composites were then subjected to mechanical testing according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The tests revealed that all three variants of filled composites possess better mechanical properties in comparison with unfilled composites. Further, in comparison with unfilled composites, the carbonised eggshell filled composites showcased 42% and 49% improvement in flexural and tensile properties, respectively. The modes of failure of the specimens were observed and tabulated. SEM imaging revealed that the eggshell filler contributed to the strengths of the composites by means of arresting and deviating cracks. It was also observed that the post-cured specimens displayed improved properties when compared with our previous studies on non-post-cured specimens. In summary, the study showcased the benefits of eggshell filler addition and the post-curing of polymer composites.
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Gehring, Markus, Hermann Tempel, Alexandre Merlen, Roland Schierholz, Rüdiger-A. Eichel, and Hans Kungl. "Carbonisation temperature dependence of electrochemical activity of nitrogen-doped carbon fibres from electrospinning as air-cathodes for aqueous-alkaline metal–air batteries." RSC Advances 9, no. 47 (2019): 27231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03805a.

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Nitrogen-doped carbon fibres derived from electrospun poly-acrylonitrile display an optimum catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction in aqueous-alkaline metal–air batteries, when carbonised under argon at 850 °C.
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22

Jones, J. C. "Letter: The BET surface areas of carbonised biomass." Fuel Processing Technology 106 (February 2013): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.08.018.

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23

Tuleja, J., and Z. Zatorski. "Numerical Modelling of Micro-Stresses in Carbonised Austenitic Cast Steel under Rapid Cooling Conditions." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (2017): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0093.

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AbstractThe paper presents a method of the numerical modelling of micro-stresses in carbonised austenitic cast steel being developed during rapid cooling due to differences in the values of thermal expansion coefficients for this material phases – carbides and austenitic matrix. Micro-stresses are indicated as the main cause of crack initiation in the tooling elements of carburising furnaces being mainly made of austenitic cast steel. A calculation model of carbonised and thermally fatigued austenitic cast steel was developed based on the microstructure images obtained using light microscopy techniques and the phase composition evaluated with the X-ray diffraction method. The values of the stress tensor components and the reduced stress in the complex models of test material structure were determined numerically by the finite element method. The effort analysis was performed and the areas where development of cracks is to be expected were identified, which was experimentally confirmed.
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Marsden, Terry, and Karolina Rucinska. "After COP21: Contested Transformations in the Energy/Agri-Food Nexus." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (2019): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061695.

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To what extent are we witnessing real transformatory change towards a low- or zero-carbon economy following the optimism surrounding the COP21 Paris agreements? Taking the energy/agri-food nexus as a major focus, the paper examines what it regards as highly contested co-evolutionary trends associated both with carbonised and geo-politically motivated ‘lock-in’ on the one hand, but nevertheless, the rise of significant post-carbon strategies and practices on the other. The latter may be significantly encouraged by the rise of what are termed as ‘stranded assets’ and disinvestments in the financial investment sector, and the opportunities for more distributed systems of production in the energy/agri-food nexus. These shifts suggest a more polyvalent set of post-carbonised capitalist and post-capitalist processes which demand a renewed political- ecological approach by scholars in understanding these multiple resources and transformatory processes. Overall, this would suggest that the transformations before us will not assume a ‘business as usual’ model of conventional (and concentrated) capitalist development.
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Nkurunziza, Ephrem, Samuel Nyalala, and Karemera Noëlla Josiane Umuhoza. "Sand amended with carbonised rice husk and goat manure as a propagation medium." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 55, no. 1 (2022): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2022-0021.

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Abstract Tomato is an important horticultural crop as it provides income and contributes to food security for Rwandan citizens. Besides its importance, its production is hampered by the use of a soil-based growing medium which results in the production of low-quality transplants. This is mainly attributed to the unaffordability of peat moss to small-scale farmers in Rwanda. Hence, a greenhouse nursery experiment was carried out at the Rwanda-Israel Horticulture Centre of Excellence to search for an alternative growing medium to peat moss. Nine different growing media were formulated from a mixture at different ratios of sand, goat manure, and carbonised rice husks. The seeds were sown in propagation trays. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at p ≤ 0.05. The data analysis was carried out using SAS software version 9.2. The results revealed that sand + goat manure + carbonised rice husk 50 %: 10 %: 40 % (T8) was comparable to T1 (peat moss 100 %) in producing higher quality seedlings during both trials with a mean quality index of 0.28 and 0.31, respectively, whereas T2 (sand 100 %) had seedlings with the poorest quality. Consequently, T8 can be adopted by nursery producers as an alternative to peat moss in the production of quality tomato transplants. More research on other locally available organic substrates is encouraged to find out alternatives to expensive media like peat moss because it was observed that the use of sand + goat manure + carbonised rice husk 50 %: 10 %: 40 % revealed in production of quality seedlings with no significant difference from the ones grown in peat moss.
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Aggarwal, A., and K. Ambwani. "Canariocarpon ratnagiriensis gen. et sp. nov. from Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 49, no. (1-3) (2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2000.136.

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Fossil carbonised angiospermous fruil Canariocarpon ratnagiriensis gen. et sp. nov. has been described from the Miocene sediments of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. The detailed morphological characters indicate its affinities with extant Canarium of Burseraceae. Occurrence of Canarium type fruits in these sediments signifies warm-humid climate prevailing during the time of deposition.
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Pérez-Cadenas, M., M. Plaza-Recobert, G. Trautwein, and J. Alcañiz-Monge. "Development of tailored mesoporosity in carbonised cocoa bean husk." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 256 (January 2018): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.08.005.

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Kuzmin, Yaroslav V., Charles T. Keally, A. J. Timothy Jull, George S. Burr, and Nikolai A. Klyuev. "The earliest surviving textiles in East Asia from Chertovy Vorota Cave, Primorye Province, Russian Far East." Antiquity 86, no. 332 (2012): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062797.

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Carbonised textiles were found in a burnt down building inside a cave 30km from the far eastern coast of Russia. The textiles were made from untwisted or hand-twisted blades of sedge grass to form ropes, nets and woven mats. Dated by AMS toc. 9400–8400 cal BP these are the earliest textiles so far known from East Asia.
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Becket, Alastair, Gavin MacGregor, Ann Clarke, et al. "Forest grazing and seaweed foddering: early Neolithic occupation at Maybole, South Ayrshire." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 139 (November 30, 2010): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.139.105.122.

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A group of Early Neolithic features probably relating to the cooking of food was excavated. Several of these features contained considerable amounts of carbonised botanical remains, providing a broader insight into the landscape where these features were found. Analysis of the remains suggests that there has been a short phase of occupation, radiocarbon dated to 3780-3650 cal BC.
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Ejikeme, E. M., M. S. Enemuo, and P. C. N. Ejikeme. "THERMAL AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONISED AND UNCARBONISED RICE HUSK BRIQUETTE, A COMPARATIVE APPROACH." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 36, no. 2 (2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/21360202.som.

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Production of briquettes from carbonized and uncarbonized rice husk using a locally fabricated hydraulic press was studied. Proximate and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, thermal characteristics, and emission properties of the briquettes were determined. Thermal and emission characteristics were determined in real-time measurements during Water Boiling Test (WBT) using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS) equipment. The burning rates of the uncarbonized and carbonized briquettes were 14.35541g/min and 6.478456g/min respectively. The specific fuel consumptions of the briquettes were 96.5502g/L and 80.12107g/L for uncarbonized and carbonized respectively.The energy consumption rate of uncarbonized briquette was 203.4046KJ/min while that of carbonized was 157.6007KJ/min. It took uncarbonized sample average cooking power of 1.598235KW and 0.543518KW for thecarbonized briquette. High power particulate matter of uncarbonized briquette was 13.20391mg/MJ while that of carbonized was 0.510256mg/MJ. High power carbonmonoxide of uncarbonized and carbonized briquette were 0.443276g/MJ and -0.00964g/MJ respectively. Both briquettes were categorized as tier four in line with the International Workshop Agreement (IWA), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard specification for stove testing. Keywords: Briquette, Carbon Monoxide, Carbonization, Cassava Starch, Rice Husk
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Bello, Sefiu Adekunle. "Coconut Shell Particle Reinforced Al-Cu-Mg Nanocomposites for Cavity Die Mould Parts Applications." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 61 (July 25, 2022): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-29l8h7.

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This study explored coconut shells in developing Al-Cu-Mg based nanocomposites for fabricating mould parts. The aim is to engineer alternate way through which income can be generated from agricultural wastes and recycling of industrial waste like aluminium cans. Al-Cu-Mg based nanocomposites were produced and characterised. Effects of carbonised and uncarbonised coconut shell nanoparticle (UCSNP) additions on properties of Al-Cu-Mg nanocomposites were compared. Maximum tensile strength was obtained at 10%vol uncarbonised coconut shell nanoparticle additions to Al-Cu-Mg. Increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus were noted with carbonised coconut shell reinforced Al-Cu-Mg nanocomposites against the decrease in the elastic (Young’s) modulus of the UCSNP/Al-Cu-Mg nanocomposites. Despite highest tensile strength of 10%volUCSNP/Al-Cu-Mg, 10%volCCSNP/Al-Cu-Mg nanocomposite is ranked as the best material in this study due to its optimum combination of properties including tensile strength, elastic modulus, tensile strain, impact energy and hardness values. Hence, it has been selected for fabricating open die mould parts to be used in compression sheet forming process for fabricating polymeric standard samples for tensile flexural analyses. Keywords: Al-Cu-Mg, Coconut, Shell, Nanoparticles, Mould fabrication
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Agarwal, A., and K. Ambwani. "Amberiwadiacarpon devgarhensis gen. et sp. nov. from Amberiwadi, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 51, no. (1-3) (2002): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2002.1739.

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A fossil carbonised angiospermous fruit, Amberiwadiacarpon devgarhensis gen. et sp. nov. has been recovered for the first time from the Miocene sediments of Amberiwadi Village (Devgarh Taluk), Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Based on the morphological characters, the affinities of present fossil fruit have been suggested with the extant pantropical family Rubiaceae and more particularly with the taxa Randia Houst. ex Linn. and Psychotria Linn. of this family.
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Chabries, Douglas M., Steven W. Booras, and Gregory H. Bearman. "Imaging the past: recent applications of multispectral imaging technology to deciphering manuscripts." Antiquity 77, no. 296 (2003): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092346.

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Multi-spectral imaging (MSI), which was developed to explore the surface of the earth and other planets from space, has been adapted to read and record faded or burnt manuscripts. The authors show how MSI achieved new readings from carbonised and damaged fragments of papyrus scrolls from Herculaneum, Petra and the Judean Desert. The method has potential for investigating the degraded ornamental surfaces of other artefacts.
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Niblett, Daniel, Zunmin Guo, Vahid J. Niasar, Stuart Holmes, and Robert Prosser. "Manufacture and Performance of 3D Printed Carbonised Gas Diffusion Layers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351433mtgabs.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) electrochemically combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical energy, heat and water. Therefore, PEMFC offer an alternative to vehicle electrification and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, material limitations under high current density conditions limit the efficiency due to water flooding subsequent mass transport overpotential. The cathode gas diffusion layer of PEMFC is conventionally a carbon paper material, due to its high electrical conductivity, permeability and mechanical strength. Whereas the porosity and thickness can be controlled, the exact microstructural features are unknown, resulting from the web of randomly orientated fibres. If the microstructural features of the porous layer can be designed, improvements in water flooding and mass transport could be established. This research talk focuses on the series of studies from concept, simulation and manufacturing of designed microstructures using 3D printing and carbonisation. We investigate the potential improvements to electrical/thermal conductivity, permeability and reduction in the saturation using computational fluid dynamics. Furthermore, the impact of the porous microstructure in a lab scale set up is replicated to understand the effects of under-rib convection and oxygen consumption at the catalyst layer. With a readily available 3D printing method, prototype materials; resembling those evaluated in the simulation studies are manufactured and carbonised into glassy carbon microstructures. The morphology of carbon was limited by the maximum temperature of the furnace. The resulting structures have in-plane dimensions of 2 cm x 2 cm and through-plane between 400 – 800 µm. They were tested for electrical conductivity with a value of approximately 130 S m-1. Through a controlled carbonisation process, structural damage was minimised and the structures were introduced into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) via spraying and hot pressing. The resulting MEA was tested in a lab cell to understand further considerations that limit the correct implementation of the 3D printed layers. In-homogenous MPL and CL formation along with membrane cracking are hypothesised to be causes of overpotentials. Figure 1 – Design process of simulation to manufacture, with simulations of (a) electrical potential, (b) water flooding and (c) oxygen distribution in a designed carbon microstructure. (d) and (e) optical microscope images of printed precursor material and final carbonised structures. Figure 1
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35

Kakde, Pooja, and Ajay R. Tembhurkar. "An investigation of oil adsorption onto novel carbonised coconut fibres." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 15, no. 3 (2020): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenes.19.00031.

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36

Stepashkin, Andrey A., Dilyus I. Chukov, Sergey D. Kaloshkin, Ivan S. Pyatov, and Magomed Ya Deniev. "Carbonised composite materials based on elastomers filled with carbon nanofillers." Micro & Nano Letters 13, no. 5 (2018): 588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2017.0235.

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37

Vuorema, Anne, Mika Sillanpää, Liza Rassaei, et al. "Ultrathin Carbon Film Electrodes from Vacuum-Carbonised Cellulose Nanofibril Composite." Electroanalysis 22, no. 6 (2010): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200900513.

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38

Akpen, G. D., M. I. Aho, and N. Baba. "Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from albizia saman pod." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 36, no. 3 (2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v36i3.5.

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Activated carbon was prepared from the pods of Albizia saman for the purpose of converting the waste to wealth. The pods were thoroughly washed with water to remove any dirt, air- dried and cut into sizes of 2-4 cm. The prepared pods were then carbonised in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 4000C, 5000C, 6000C ,7000C and 8000C for 30 minutes. The same procedure was repeated for 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes respectively. Activation was done using impregnationratios of 1:12, 1:6, 1:4, 1:3, and 1:2 respectively of ZnCl2 to carbonised Albizia saman pods by weight. The activated carbon was then dried in an oven at 1050C before crushing for sieve analysis. The following properties of the produced Albizia saman pod activated carbon (ASPAC) were determined: bulk density, carbon yield, surface area and ash, volatile matter and moisture contents. The highest surface area of 1479.29 m2/g was obtained at the optimum impregnation ratio, carbonization time and temperature of 1:6, 60 minutes and 5000C respectively. It was recommended that activated carbon should be prepared from Albizia saman pod with high potential for adsorption of pollutants given the high surface area obtained.Keywords: Albizia saman pod, activated carbon, carbonization, temperature, surface area
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39

Rushc, Christine M. "Balneaves: The Botanical Remains." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, S2 (1992): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00079184.

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Samples were taken from the ditch and various pits within the enclosure and processed foi carbonised remains. All samples were wet sieved using mesh sizes of 1mm and 300ji and the material from the coarse flot (1mm) was sorted. Of the thirty six samples taken, twelve produced small amounts of carbonised plant material. The results from these seven ditch and five pit samples form the basis of this report.A list of the species identified in each context is given below in Tables 6 and 7. Evidence for cereal grain is scant. Emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and barley (Hordeum sp.) are present. Both are known from the Bronze Age in Britain and in Scotland emmer appears to remain the commonest wheat into the Roman period and beyond (Jones 1981, 106). The evidence for emmer comes from a single grain and fragments of chaff from the ditch (context 1002A) near the entrance of the enclosure. A fragment of hulled barley was also found in the SW section of the ditch (context 1003). This fragment appeared to be twisted which suggests that the six-row variety is present. One other fragment of barley (possibly hulled) is present in context 1103A in Pit 10 (a large pit to the S of the enclosure).
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40

Musthapa, Siti Maisarah Binti Haji, Sharhriar Shams, and D. M. Reddy Prasad. "Removal of pollutants from wastewater using activated carbon from durian peel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1135, no. 1 (2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1135/1/012001.

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Abstract The efforts in reducing food waste can lead to better water management with less land required for food production and indirectly having a positive impact on the livelihoods and the environment. In order to support the practice of reducing food waste in Brunei Darussalam, one must find ways to recycle or reuse them, particularly waste generated from fruit peels. This paper investigates the feasibility of utilising Durian (Durio zibethinus) rinds to remove pollutants in wastewater, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Nitrates by the process called adsorption. Durian is a local fruit and has high consumption in the country. Hence, it produces a large amount of waste, particularly in the form of peels or rinds. In the present research, the fruit peels are treated by dehydration and carbonisation method prior to utilisation. The variable parameters will be investigated such as the effect on particle size, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and agitation. The maximum COD removal percentage was found to be 68.2 % with an adsorption capacity of 690 mg/g. Overall, carbonised samples gave a better outcome than dehydrated samples. Possibly due to the presence of a unique pore structure in carbonised samples that allows organic matter to be adsorbed on the surface.
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Boyd, W. E., and J. B. Kenworthy. "The Use of Wood as a Natural Resource at a Scottish Mesolithic Site." Glasgow Archaeological Journal 17, no. 1 (1991): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gas.1991.17.17.11.

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Summary The excavation of the archaeological site at Nethermills Farm yielded Mesolithic material, including large quantities of carbonised wood and nut fragments, discussed in this paper. Their analysis indicates a pronounced domination of Quercus (oak). This probably means that wood was collected from local woodland in which oak was dominant. A similar pattern – in which wood use reflects local availability – has been seen at other Mesolithic sites and suggests that no resource management was practised at that time.
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42

Searight, Susan. "Mesolithic activity at Carn southern raised beach, Isle of Jura." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 120 (November 30, 1991): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.120.7.16.

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A small flint-workers' site on the east coast of North Jura - assigned to Jura's Phase 2 - provided interesting vegetational information in addition to confirming Mesolithic activity in the area. A golden bark layer (probably alder) directly overlay the occupation layer, which itself yielded a carbonised pear-like fruit-pip. Pollen analysis of the overlying peat showed clear traces of human influence on the vegetation from the beginning of the peat formation (probably Late Sub-Boreal). Au
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43

Melvin, G. J. H., K. Sopian, W. K. Muzammil, et al. "Surface modification of carbonised waste rice husks by mild hydrothermal treatment." International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering 15, no. 1 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsurfse.2021.10037024.

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O Aguele, F., and C. I. Madufor. "Effects of Carbonised Coir on Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites." American Journal of Polymer Science 2, no. 3 (2012): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20120203.02.

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Karen, Wong Min Jin, J. X. Ooi, Zhipeng Wang, et al. "Surface modification of carbonised waste rice husks by mild hydrothermal treatment." International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering 15, no. 1 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsurfse.2021.114343.

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46

Bello, Sefiu A., Johnson O. Agunsoye, Jeleel A. Adebisi, Funsho O. Kolawole, Nasirudeen K. Raji, and Suleiman B. Hassan. "Quasi Crystal Al (1xxx)/Carbonised Coconut Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterisation." MRS Advances 3, no. 42-43 (2018): 2559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.369.

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AbstractA novel synthesis of Al (1xxx)/carbonised coconut shell (CCS) nanoparticles using a ball milling technique was investigated. Initial Al/0.1%CCS powders of an average size of 51.06μm was milled for a period of 70 h. The milled particles at 16, 46 and 70 h were characterized using X-ray diffractomer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Result revealed that the calculated particle crystallite size from XRD aided with Scherrer’s equation is consistent with particle image sizes obtained from SEM aided with software. TEM image depicted variation in orientation and appearance of the Al 1xxx/0.1% CCS nanoparticles at different milling time. The wide variation in the particle size is attributable to different ball impacts on the individual powders during the ball milling process. Increased maximum absorbance observed with the milled particles when compared with the initial powders is an indication of quantum/nanosizing effect due to ball milling.
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47

Mujiyanti, Dwi Rasy, Muthia Elma, and Mufidah Amalia. "Interlayer-free Glucose Carbonised Template Silica Membranes for Brine Water Desalination." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928003010.

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Interlayer-free glucose carbonized template silica membranesbased on tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and glucose were successfullyprepared using an acid-base catalysed sol-gel method for artificial brinewater desalination (7.5% wt NaCl solution %) at temperatures range from25, 40 and 60 °C. These membranes calcined at 250 and 400 °C. Themembranes were fabricated through sol-gel process by using TEOS(tetraethyl orthosilicate); ethanol; nitric acid; ammonia; aquadest andglucose as a template. By molar ratio is 1: 38: 0.0007: 0.0003: 5 and0.25%; 0.5%, 1% w/v glucose as template. The results show the highestwater fluxes of 1.8, 2.2 and 4.8 kg m−2 h−1 for 25, 40 and 60 °Cdesalination process with excellent salt rejections of 99.5, 99.5 and 99.7%, respectively. It was found that the higher the NaCl solution temperature asfeed solution as well as glucose concentration (0.25% to 1% wt) astemplate attached in the silica matrixes, the higher water fluxes eventhough the salt rejection remain the same. This study demonstrates that theorganosilica membranes offered the carbonized silica mesostructuremembranes with excellent separation of water from the hydrated salt ions, particularly for processing brine salt solutions.
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Garrick, L. S., J. R. Fryer, and T. Baird. "Microstructural study of the effects of potassium vapour on carbonised materials." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 1082–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178549.

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Metallurgical coke in the blast furnace provides a permeable matrix through which reducing gases may ascend and molten materials descend. A lack of permeability will inevitably lead to a poor gas distribution and result in a reduction of the furnace output and efficiency.A decrease in the permeability of the carbonaceous coke matrix arises when changes induced by the blast furnace environment occur in the properties of the material and effect the matrix voidage by causing a reduction of coke strength. A major influence of change within the blast furnace is the presence of recirculating alkali, particularly potassium, which is known to induce considerable microstructural changes (enhanced localised ordering), within the metallurgical coke. These microstructural changes lead to structural weakening as a consequence of a variety of factors:-
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Pratiwi, Amalia Enggar, Muthia Elma, Aulia Rahma, Erdina L. A. Rampun, and Gesit Satriaji Saputro. "Deconvolution of pectin carbonised template silica thin-film: synthesis and characterisation." Membrane Technology 2019, no. 9 (2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(19)30167-3.

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50

Dursun, Gülbeyi, Handan Çiçek, and Arzu Y. Dursun. "Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution by using carbonised beet pulp." Journal of Hazardous Materials 125, no. 1-3 (2005): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.023.

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