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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbonitriding steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Skakov, Mazhyn, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, and Michael Sсheffler. "Effects of Electrolyte Plasma Carbonitriding on Tribological Properties of High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.7.

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This paper presents research of influence electrolyte plasma carbonitriding on tribological properties of R6M5 high-speed steel. Shows perspectiveness of carbonitriding high-speed steels in electrolyte plasma. The results of research demonstrated increasing wear-resistance of R6M5 steel after carbonitriding in electrolyte plasma. Under the same test conditions by the method of scratch-test have been determined that the depth of the scar of a modified layer has become less in comparison with the original sample, which indicates a significant increase of wear-resistance and hardness of the surfa

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2

Skalecki, M., M. Sommer, M. Steinbacher, and S. Hoja. "Mechanism and Observation of Pore Formation during Carbonitriding." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 78, no. 2 (2023): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1028.

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Abstract Carbonitriding enhances properties of many steels and is therefore an attractive alternative for surface hardening of steel components in the mechanical industry. However, pore formation in the carbon and nitrogen enriched surface layer may occur under certain process conditions. For a given steel and case depth specification, pore formation can be managed by reducing the nitrogen activity of the carbonitriding atmosphere below a defined limit, depending on process temperature and process time. Recent progress in process control allows automatic and independent adjustments of the carb

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3

Popova, N. A., E. L. Nikonenko, A. V. Nikonenko, V. E. Gromov, and O. A. Peregudov. "INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTIC PLASMA CARBONITRIDING ON STRUCTURAL PHASE STATE OF FERRITIC-PEARLITIC STEELS." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (2019): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-782-789.

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The change in phase composition and fine texture occurring in the ferritic-pearlitic 0.18C – 1Cr – 3Ni – 1Mo – Fe, 0.3C – 1Cr – 1Mn – 1Si – Fe and 0.34C – 1Cr – 1Ni – 1Mo – Fe steels under electrolytic plasma carbonitriding was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method conducted on thin foils. Carbonitriding was implemented by surface saturation with nitrogen and carbon in aqueous solution under the temperature of 800 – 860 °C during 5 minutes. All steels were investigated before and after carbonitriding. It was ascertained that in the original state steel is given as a mix

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4

Arthur, E. K., E. Ampaw, K. J. Akinluwade, A. R. Adetunji, O. O. Adewoye, and Winston O. Soboyejo. "Carbon and Nitrogen Concentration Profiles of Cassava-Pack Carbonitrided Steel: Model and Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.313.

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Cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding is a surface hardening procedure that utilizes the high cyanide content that is present in processed cassava leaves to thermochemically diffuse carbon and/or nitrogen into the interstitial sites of steel. This paper presents analytical models for the prediction of carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles, as well as the total case depths associated with the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen during the cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding of low carbon steel. Using Fick's second law of diffusion and approximate initial and boundary conditions, two separate

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5

Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Yerkezhan Tabieva, and Erkin Zamanbekuly. "Nitriding and Carbonitriding Influence on Stainless Steels Surface Layers Changes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.105.

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The structure of low-carbon steels after saturation by nitrogen and carbon in the mode of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding on the surface structure of austenitic stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has been studied. Optimum modes of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding are determined ensuring the maximum saturation of nitrogen and carbon, the microhardness of the surface. It is established, that after electrolyte-plasma processing microstructure of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has martensite structure. As a result of the research it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the elec

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6

Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Michail Scheffler, and Azretay Naltaev. "Modification of Stainless Steels Surface Layers by Nitriding and Carbonitriding." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.12.

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The structure of low-carbon steels after saturation by nitrogen and carbon in the mode of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding on the surface structure of austenitic stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has been studied. Optimum modes of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding are determined ensuring the maximum saturation of nitrogen and carbon, the microhardness of the surface. It is established, that after electrolyte-plasma processing microstructure of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has martensite structure. As a result of the research it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the elec

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7

Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, and Almira Zhilkаshinova. "Research of Electrolytic-Plasma Carbonitriding and Nitriding Influence on Phase Composition of the Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.40.

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In the present work we have studied the phase structure of surface modified layer of austenitic steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding and nitriding. It was determined that the carbonitriding and nitriding with the subsequent hardening formed carbide and nitride phase. Also it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the electrolyte-plasma processing has high hardness. The microstructure of samples surface is presented by martensite and residual austenite. Optimum modes of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti carbonitriding and nitriding by electrolytic-plasma way have been identified.

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8

Żółciak, Tadeusz, and Jerzy Jastrzębski. "Nitriding and carbonitriding of stainless steel X20Cr13 in fluidized bed." Inżynieria Powierzchni 23, no. 2 (2018): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2278.

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Current study investigated influence of process conditions upon structure and case growth during nitriding/carbonitriding steel X20Cr13 in fluidized bed and also resistance of those cases against pitting corrosion. Short surface activation in ammonia or in ammonia with propane made possible difusion N, C into steel X20Cr13. Activation in ammonia with propane promotes creation the so called “white case” during carbonitriding at 570oC. After nitriding/carbonitriding at 570oC/4 h case thickness of 150 μm and compounds zone – 15 μm were achieved. Nitriding/carbonitriding at lower temperatures 480o

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9

REN, YANJIE, BO XIAO, YAQING CHEN, JIAN CHEN, and JIANLIN CHEN. "ELECTROCHEMICAL CARBONITRIDING OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL IN MOLTEN SALT SYSTEM." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 03 (2018): 1850072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18500725.

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This paper reports an electrochemical route for carbonitriding 316L stainless steel in molten salts. Carbonitriding process was accomplished in molten alkaline chloride (LiCl/KCl) with the addition of KNO2 at 480[Formula: see text]C using a three-electrode system in which a carbon sheet was the counter electrode. The carbonitriding layer of 316L stainless steel obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis was analyzed by several physical techniques. The results showed that a compact layer with a thickness of about 7[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m formed after the treatment. According to X-r

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10

Klümper-Westkamp, Heinrich, Marian G. Skalecki, and Hans-Werner Zoch. "Sensor system for controlled carbonitriding." Matériaux & Techniques 106, no. 1 (2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018027.

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Carbonitriding is mainly used to enhance the hardenability and wear resistance of unalloyed steels. Last year investigations have shown that improved component properties can efficiently be obtained by carbonitriding also low alloy and even higher alloy steels. The importance of carbonitriding rises. In the past, carbonitriding was done with constant ammonia additions, e.g. 2–5 vol% are added to the carburizing atmosphere without controlling or measuring the nitriding potential of the atmosphere. The results scatter in a wide rage depending on furnace, batch size and load and many other influe

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11

Skakov, Mazhyn, Lyaila Bayatanova, and Michael Sсheffler. "Effect of Electrolytic-Plasma Carbonitriding on Structure and Microhardness of Low Carbon Steel 18CrNi3Mo." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.101.

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In this paper modified gradient layer was under research, the resulting electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding of low carbon steel 18CrNi3Mo surface was investigated. Aiming to improve the structure and strength properties of the layer, the possibility of application have been shown. Plasma carbonitriding optimized mode is presented as well. Regime of electrolyte plasma carbonitriding which consists in heating the steel sample to 8500C with aggregate exposure at this temperature for 3-7 min. and quenching in cold electrolyte has been optimized. We studied the processes of modified layer structure

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12

Wang, Jian Gang, Jian Wen Hu, Lei Mao, Yong Juan Dai, and Dong Ying Ju. "Effects of the Complex Strengthening Process on Microstructureand Properties of Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.169.

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A numerical simulation method is used to predict the depth distribution of martensite and hardness in the case layer of carburizing (carbonitriding)-quenched 20CrMnTi steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 20CrMnTi steel after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is investigated. The results show that the microstructure after nitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main tempered martensite and nitrides; after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main martensite and a small amount nitrides. The simulation results were a little different from expe

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13

Żółciak, Tadeusz, Piotr Wach, and Paweł Bilski. "Application of technical nitrogen during nitriding or nitrocarburizing alloyed steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 25, no. 1-2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4476.

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In the present work technical nitrogen application for surface activation of alloyed steels with chrome, particularly stainless steel X20Cr13 during nitriding and carbonitriding was investigated .Hardness and microstructure of nitrided layers were examined. Possibility of using technical nitrogen containing 0,2%O2 for surface activation of X20Cr13 stainless steel was confirmed and activation conditions for investigated alloyed steels were determined.

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14

Skakov, Mazhin, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov та Michael Sheffler. "Influence of Electrolyte Plasma Treatment on Structure, Phase Composition and Microhardness of Steel Р6М5". Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (грудень 2012): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.627.

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Microhardness of nitrated and carbonitriding in electrolyte plasma steel Р6М5 surface layers are investigated in the research. It shows perspectiveness of the cutting tool electrolyte-plasma treatment technology. Operating conditions for the technology realization are defined. It was also indicated the desired content of components in saturating mixtures by nitriding and carbonitriding. Comparative research of structure, phase composition of fast-cutting P6M5 steel modified surface layers after electrolyte plasma treatment was carried out by scanning-electron and light microscopy, and X-ray st

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15

CAZACU, Nelu. "Use of Taguchi Methods for Hierarchy of Influence Factors in the Application of Carbonitration in a Fluidized Bed Steel for 41Cr4 Steel." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 3 (2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.3.07.

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The work is based on carbonitriding in a fluidized layer with methane and ammonia gas applied to 41Cr4 steel samples. To achieve the best possible results, other factors must be taken into account, than those specific to carbonitring. It was necessary to use a partially factorial working procedure due to the increase in the number of factors. An A18 matrix has been used, with 18 lines of experiments in which three levels have been modified for 6 factors. The objective function was fixed at the final hardness after carbonitriding, hardening and tempering. The carbonitriding was performed in flu

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16

Vamshi, Manne, Animesh Bain, M. Sreekanth, and Ram Subbiah. "Wear Characteristics of AISI 310 Grade Stainless Steel Material by Carbonitriding Process." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401024.

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The investigation on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of steel AISI 310 has been carried out during a Carbonitriding process aiming to improve the wear performance. The comparison study was made to treated specimens with untreated sample. Carbonitriding is a viable technique to enhance the wear resistance of the stainless steel material. The present study focused in the direction of investigating the effect of microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of AISI 310 stainless steel material. In carbonitriding process the case depth was found to be from 13, 16.5 and 19 Microns which

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17

He, Liang, Yuan Xu, and Richard D. Sisson. "Modeling the Carbonitriding of Steel." Materials Performance and Characterization 1, no. 1 (2012): 104389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc104389.

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18

Hoja, Stefanie, Heinrich Klümper-Westkamp, and Matthias Steinbacher. "Carbonitriding of Forging Dies." Metals 11, no. 10 (2021): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101651.

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Forging dies have to resist high mechanical and thermal loads. Therefore, they are usually nitrided. Former investigations showed that the abrasive wear at the critical parts of the dies is much higher than the nitriding hardness depth. Carbonitriding offers the possibility to increase the hardness depth in shorter treatment times because of the higher treatment temperature. The (carbo-)nitrided surface region obtains a better hardness at elevated temperatures and a better wear resistance than the untreated steel. In order to create a wear- and corrosion-resistant compound layer at the surface

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19

Ghanem, Abdelkarim, and Mohamed Ali Terres. "The influence of carbonitriding conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of 25CrMo4 low-alloy steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 1 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020089.

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Carbonitriding is an important industrial process applied for the improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the component of many steels employed in several machines parts like cam shafts, crank shafts and gears to enhance fatigue strength and wear resistance. In this study, the influence of the gaseous carbonitriding on the enhancement of surface characteristics and mechanical properties was investigated using different parameters for low alloy steel. The analysis and characterization of the treated material were carried out employing optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron micro

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20

Fang, Dazhen, Jinpeng Lu, Haichun Dou, et al. "Effect of Post-Plasma Nitrocarburized Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Carburized and Quenched 18Cr2Ni4WA Steel." Lubricants 12, no. 5 (2024): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050153.

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Under extreme conditions such as high speed and heavy load, 18Cr2Ni4WA steel cannot meet the service requirements even after carburizing and quenching processes. In order to obtain better surface mechanical properties and tribological property, a hollow cathode ion source diffusion strengthening device was used to nitride the traditional carburizing and quenching samples. Unlike traditional ion carbonitriding technology, the low-temperature ion carbonitriding technology used in this article can increase the surface hardness of the material by 50% after 3 h of treatment, from the original 600 H

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21

Fan, Xin Min, Jie Wen Huang, Qun Yang, and Jun Jie Gan. "Plasma Electrolytic Carbonitriding of 20CrMnTi Steel." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1393.

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A carbontirided layer was produced on 20CrMnTi steel by plasma electrolytic carbonitriding (PEC/N). Scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis was employed to study the morphology and chemical composition of the carbonitrided layer. Hardness of the layer was measured using a microhardness tester, and the phase structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The results show that a compact carbonitrided layer can be obtained on the surface of 20CrMnTi steel. The thickness of the layer increases with carbontriding time. When the sample was treated at 120V for 20min, the

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22

Neacsu, Marian Iulian, and Sorin Dobrovici. "Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Fluidized Layer Carbonitriding Process for 1C 25 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.180.

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This paper presents the experiment-based mathematical modelling of fluidized bed carbonitriding process for 1C 25 steel meant to optimize this type of thermochemical processing.Based on experimental results, the mathematical model was developed, which is a second order equation with three unknown terms (parameters): temperature, depth of carbonitrided layer, the percentage of ammonia.The mathematical model allowed the simulation of the fluidized layer carbonitriding process according to its parameters and the thermal energy optimization for obtaining HV hardness values in the range 300-400 MPa

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23

Satbayeva, Zarina A., Lyaila B. Bayatanova, and R. S. Kozhanova. "Research of Electrolyte Plasma Treatment Impact on Wear Resistance and Roughness of 18HN3MA-SH Steel." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.793.

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This work provides the results of research of the wear resistance of the surface of samples of low carbon structural of 18HN3MA-SH steel, subjected to electrolytic-plasma treatment by nitriding and carbonitriding. The effect of the structure on the surface wear resistance of steel is shown. Changes in abrasive wear and dry friction characteristics were studied depending on temperature and processing time. The results of studies of tribological tests show that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding, the wear resistance of steel 18HN3MA-SH increases by 1.5–2 times compared with the initial state. T

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24

Nan, Chun Yan, Derek O. Northwood, Randy J. Bowers, and Xi Chen Sun. "Study on the Dimensional Changes and Residual Stresses in Carbonitrided and Ferritic Nitrocarburized SAE 1010 Plain Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.829.

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Carbonitriding is a metallurgical surface modification technique that is widely used in the automotive industry to increase surface hardness and wear resistance. Given the problems associated with carbonitriding, such as dimensional distortion, oxidation and non-uniform surface hardness, nitrocarburizing has been proposed as an alternative heat treatment method to improve the surface characteristics. The major advantages of ferritic nitrocarburizing are the minimal dimensional changes and distortion due to the low process temperature at which no phase transformations occur. This increases prod

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25

Skakov, Маzhyn, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov та Michail Scheffler. "Modification of Structure and Properties of Steel Р6М5 at Electrolyte Plasma Treatment". Advanced Materials Research 601 (грудень 2012): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.64.

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Mechanical characteristics of nitrated and carbonitriding in electrolyte plasma steel Р6М5 surface layers are investigated in the research. It shows perspectiveness of the cutting tool electrolyte-plasma treatment technology. Comparative research of structure, phase composition of fast-cutting P6M5 steel modified surface layers after electrolyte plasma treatment was carried out by scanning-electron and light microscopy, and X-ray structure analysis methods.

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26

Katemi, Richard J., and Jeremy Epp. "Influence of carbonitriding conditions on phase composition and residual stresses for 20MnCr5 low alloy steel." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (2021): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.34.

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This paper reports an investigation of the influence of carbonitriding conditions for 20MnCr5 low alloy steel. Three gaseous carbonitriding conditions were investigated based on different carbon and nitrogen potentials to attain varying levels of carbon between 0.62 and 0.93% mass, whereas for nitrogen between 0.19 and 0.26% mass at the surface. Analysis of retained austenite and residual stress distributions was conducted using X-ray diffraction technique. The effective case depth varied between 900 and 1200 µm. The case microstructures were characterized by varying proportions of retained au

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27

Nasser, Sajad H., Qasim H. Bader, Ahmed J. Mohammad, and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari. "Carbonitriding Effect on Fatigue Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Steel Beam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1259, no. 1 (2023): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012122.

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Abstract This work deals with the influence of carbonitriding on the fatigue behavior of notched beam (v-notch) with a depth of 1mm and an angle of 45° is studded. The experimental work include mechanical tests, heat treatments and fatigue test. The heat treatment is done by using carbonitriding at a constant temperature of 800 °C, and soaking time variation 30, 60, and 90 minutes, then followed after treatment by quenching of water and tempering process. The experimental fatigue test results of this work affected by soaking time. The fatigue test has been performed on a cantilever rotating-be

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28

Korotkov, V. A. "Strengthening of Steel by Plasma Quenching and Carbonitriding." Russian Engineering Research 39, no. 3 (2019): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x19030134.

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29

YOKOSE, Keij. "Strengthening Technology for Steel by Carburizing or Carbonitriding." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 57, no. 666 (2016): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.57.608.

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30

Larsson, H., and J. Ågren. "Simulation of Coupled Carbonitriding and Internal Oxidation of Steel." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 72, no. 1 (2017): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110313.

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31

El-Hossary, F. M., N. Z. Negm, S. M. Khalil, A. M. Abed Elrahman, and D. N. McIlroy. "RF plasma carbonitriding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 141, no. 2-3 (2001): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01036-2.

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32

Ahmed, Ismaila Idowu, Aminat Titilayo Mohammed, Sulaiman Abdulkareem, et al. "Potential of Cow Horn for Carbonitriding Treatment of Steel." Waste and Biomass Valorization 10, no. 7 (2018): 1969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0222-0.

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33

Wu, Jie, Kai Wang, Longlong Fan, et al. "Investigation of anodic plasma electrolytic carbonitriding on medium carbon steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 313 (March 2017): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.109.

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34

Żółciak, Tadeusz, and Zbigniew Łataś. "Ammonia dilution during nitriding and carbonitridingin a fluidized bed of 41CrAlMo7 constructional steel." Inżynieria Powierzchni 24, no. 3 (2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5787.

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Nitriding of 41CrAlMo7 steel was carried out in a fluidized bed of aluminum oxide at a constant temperature of 570oC/4h in ammonia with technical nitrogen or with nitrogen-hydrogen mixture. Carbonitriding was carried out in ammonia with technical nitrogen for two different carbon carriers. In addition, one process was carried out in ammonia with the addition of 5% propane. The influence of diluting ammonia with pure and technical nitrogen upon the hardness and thickness of the nitrided layer was investigated. The hardness and thickness of the carbonitrided layer in ammonia with technical nitro

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35

Zhu, Hong Mei, Ru Shu Peng, and Chao Hui Weng. "Effects of the Laser Power on the Microstructure and Microhardness of the Carbonitrided 45 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2613.

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The 45 steel was processed by laser remelting after the carbonitriding heat treatment in this study. The microstructure morphology and microhardness of the laser-remelting layer at different laser powers were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness tester, respectively. The results show that a compact microstructure and a homogeneous element distribution can be achieved at the laser power of 1.2 kW under the given other laser parameters, and the microhardness was enhanced greatly.

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36

Siwadamrongpong, Somsak, Sorada Khaengkarn, and Krid Tachee. "Influence of Combined Processes between Gas Soft Nitriding and Carburizing to Hardness of Low Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1186.

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Low carbon steel is widely used in industries due to its low cost and easy to recycle. However, the low carbon steel is also known that easily attacked by environment and low strength compared with other kinds of steel. Therefore, several surface coating and treatment techniques are employed to improve its properties. This study was aimed to investigate influence of combined processes between gas soft nitriding and gas carburizing on the hardness of low carbon steel. The specimen was normalized by normalizing and shot blasting. Then the specimen was treated by gas carburizing, gas carbonitridi

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37

Rodionov, A. V., N. M. Ryzhov, R. S. Fakhurtdinov, and M. V. Borisov. "Enhancement of bending strength of heat-resistant steel by ion carbonitriding." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 36, no. 6 (1994): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01401070.

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38

Li, Qinghua, Kai Xiao, Zhiyi Lu, Yaochen Shi, Wei Lin, and Shihong Zhang. "Mechanism of laser carbonitriding enhancing the wear resistance of 45# steel." Materials Today Communications 38 (March 2024): 108327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108327.

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39

Wang, Hong Mei, Xiao Juan Wang, and Xiao Chun Ma. "Quality Control of Heat-Treated Surface of 20CrMo Steel Transmission Countershaft." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1528.

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After heat treatment, the surface hardness and effective depth of hardened layers of automotive transmission countershaft, determines the quality of the part itself as well as the normal and reliable operation of the transmission assembly. The paper analyzes the specific reasons for such problems as soft zone on the hardened surface of transmission countershaft when proceeding with carbonitriding in the controlled atmosphere furnace, a multi-purpose furnace. And with process parameters adjusted, the process parameters of heat treatment are corrected that the soft zone has been eliminated and t

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Katemi, Richard J., and Jeremy Epp. "Influence of Tempering and Cryogenic Treatment on Retained Austenite and Residual Stresses in Carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 Low Alloy Steel." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 1 (2019): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v38i1.497.

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This work investigated the influence of tempering conditions coupled with cryogenic treatment on thermal stabilization of retained austenite and residual stress distributions in carbonitrided 18CrNiMo76 low alloy steel samples. The carbonitriding conditions were set to enable attaining surface carbon and nitrogen content of 0.87 and 0.34 mass.-percent respectively. After carbonitriding, some of the samples were subjected to varying tempering conditions followed by cryogenic treatment at -120 °C using nitrogen gas. Analysis of both retained austenite and residual stresses was conducted using X-

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Damon, J. M., H. Surm, P. Saddei, S. Dietrich, and V. Schulze. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Surface Layer Conditions after Carbonitriding of Powder Metallurgical Steels. Part 1: Diffusion in Components of Graded Porosity." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 1 (2021): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2020-0003.

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Abstract Case hardening processes such as carbonitriding can be used to improve the performance of powder metallurgical structural components. Due to the amount of carbon and nitrogen introduced, it is possible to adjust the hardness and residual stress of the surface layer. Due to their porosity, powder metallurgical components show a significantly increased diffusivity and therefore increased demands on the process control. In order to be able to make a quantitative statement about the effects of diffusivity as a function of porosity, common densities of 6.9 g/cm3, 7.2 g/cm3and 7.35 g/cm3for

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Rohit Sai Krishna, A., B. Vamshi Krishna, D. Harshith, T. Sashank, and Ram Subbiah. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties of AISI 316 Stainless Steel by Carbonitriding Process." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401018.

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This project investigates on salt bath nitriding process in order to improve the wear behavior of the material. This process increases the hardness of the material. The specimens were nitrided at 580°c on three different timing hours such as 60 minutes, 90 minutes & 120 minutes. A pin on disc machine is used to conduct wear test, so that wear loss can be determined. The specimens are to be magnified by metallographic test like scanning electron microscope. The untreated specimen is used to compare with the nitrided specimen. The best specimen is chosen which determines the life of material

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Shen, De-Jiu, Yu-Lin Wang, Philip Nash, and Guang-Zhong Xing. "A novel method of surface modification for steel by plasma electrolysis carbonitriding." Materials Science and Engineering: A 458, no. 1-2 (2007): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.067.

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Popova, N. A., A. I. Potekaev, E. L. Nikonenko, et al. "Phase Composition and Thin Structure of Steel Surface after Plasma Electrolytic Carbonitriding." Russian Physics Journal 62, no. 10 (2020): 1794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-020-01908-9.

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Katemi, Richard, and Jérémy Epp. "In-situ Observation of Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Evolutions during Tempering of carbonitrided DIN 1.6587 Alloy Steel." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.785.

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This paper investigates the evolution of retained austenite and residual stresses during and after tempering of carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 low alloy steel carried out using in-situ X-ray diffraction technique. In this case, two carbonitriding treatments with different surface the retained austenite contents of 20 and 54 mass.-% are investigated. The tempering is carried out in a continuous heating mode to 650°C as well as in isothermal mode at holding temperature of 170, 240, and 300°C for 2 hours. During continuous heating at a heating rate of 10°C/min, the retained austenite started to decomp

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Bayatanova, Lyaila, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Мazhyn Skakov, and Natalya Popova. "Fine structure of low-carbon steel after electrolytic plasma treatment." Materials Testing 63, no. 9 (2021): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0119.

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Abstract This work shows the results of research of the fine and dislocation structure of the transition layer of 18CrNi3Mo low-carbon steel after the influence of electrolytic plasma. Conducted research has shown that the modified steel layer, as a result of carbonitriding, was multiphase. Quantitative estimates were made for carbonitride М23(С,N)6 in various morphological components of α-martensite and on average by material in the transition layer of nitro-cemented steel. It was established that α-phase is tempered martensite after nitrocementation. Released martensite is represented by bat

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Meshkov, Yu Ye, and M. S. Dmitriev. "Improvement of physical and mechanical characteristics of gearbox shafts using the oxycarbonitriding method." Problems of Tribology 30, no. 1/115 (2025): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2025-115-1-23-30.

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The article investigates the issue of promising methods for improving steels by modifying surface layers with the application of protective coatings. Priority areas of scientific research in the field of mechanical engineering have been identified for the development of new methods and technologies for increasing the wear resistance of steel surfaces by applying modified diffusion coatings. It has been shown that the key problem in optimizing the processes of saturation of metals and alloys with one element is cementation, nitriding, alitization, chromium plating, etc. Saturation with two or m

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Yahia, M. S., Ph Bilger, J. Dulcy, and M. Gantois. "Use of Thermogravimetry for the Study of Carbonitriding Treatment of Plain Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel." Materials Science Forum 163-165 (May 1994): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.163-165.233.

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ALIOFKHAZRAEI, M., and A. SABOUR ROUHAGHDAM. "EFFECT OF PULSE DUTY CYCLE ON PROPERTIES OF HARD NANOCRYSTALLINE SURFACE FABRICATED BY DUPLEX TREATMENTS." Surface Review and Letters 16, no. 03 (2009): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x09012834.

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Up to fourth moment distribution of carbide nanocrystallites produced by duplex treatments of surface nanocrystallization and pulsed plasma electrolytic carbonitriding on AISI 1010 mild steel was investigated by the means of figure analysis with high precision. Skewness and kurtosis study of the Gaussian distribution have been studied and the effect of duty cycle of pulsed current has been determined. The usage of lower duty cycles of pulsed current is more suitable for achieving lower sizes of carbide nanocrystallites. Surface roughness of treated samples was measured and it has been observed

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Plekhanov, V. G., and T. B. Brylova. "Structure and properties of powder steel after sintering by induction heating and carbonitriding." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 3 (1991): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00769353.

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