Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds"

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Porter, James R. "Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds Using Iron Tricarbonyl-(η4-cyclobutadienyl)-Stabilized Carbonium Ions". Synthesis 1999, S1 (1999): 1407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-3660.

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Porter, James R., та Marc L. Snapper. "ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds Using Iron Tricarbonyl(η4-cyclobutadienyl)-Stabilized Carbonium Ions." ChemInform 30, № 49 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199949064.

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Huyskens, P. L. "Hydrogen bonds and EDA bonds formed by ions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 59, no. 9 (1987): 1103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198759091103.

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Sommer, J., and R. Jost. "Carbenium and carbonium ions in liquid- and solid-superacid-catalyzed activation of small alkanes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 12 (2000): 2309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072122309.

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Acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon reactions involve by far the largest amount of catalyst and the largest volume of transformation in oil refinery and chemical industry. However, despite the general agreement on the carbocationic nature of the reaction intermediates, the initial steps and the true nature of the cations on the surface are still open to debate. On these points our basic knowledge has gained enormously from landmark experiments in physical organic chemistry with spectroscopic observations using liquid superacids as solvents. As the range of superacidity covers over 11 logarithmic units
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Ferrer, Maxime, Ibon Alkorta, José Elguero, and Josep M. Oliva-Enrich. "Carboranes as Lewis Acids: Tetrel Bonding in CB11H11 Carbonium Ylide." Crystals 11, no. 4 (2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040391.

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High-level quantum-chemical computations (G4MP2) are carried out in the study of complexes featuring tetrel bonding between the carbon atom in the carbenoid CB11H11—obtained by hydride removal in the C-H bond of the known closo-monocarbadodecaborate anion CB11H12(−) and acting as Lewis acid (LA)—and Lewis bases (LB) of different type; the electron donor groups in the tetrel bond feature carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine atomic centres in neutral molecules as well as anions H(−), OH(−), and F(−). The empty radial 2pr vacant orbital on the carbon centr
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de Carvalho, R. P., J. R. Freitas, A. M. G. de Sousa, R. L. Moreira, M. V. B. Pinheiro, and K. Krambrock. "Biosorption of copper ions by dried leaves: chemical bonds and site symmetry." Hydrometallurgy 71, no. 1-2 (2003): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(03)00166-x.

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Barillon, R., M. Fromm, R. Katz, and A. Chambaudet. "Chemical Bonds Broken in Latent Tracks of Light Ions in Plastic Track Detectors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 99, no. 1 (2002): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006802.

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Matijaković Mlinarić, Nives, Nikolina Penić, Boris-Marko Kukovec, and Marijana Đaković. "Chalcogen S∙∙∙S Bonding in Supramolecular Assemblies of Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers with Pyridine-Based Ligands." Crystals 11, no. 6 (2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060697.

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Two cadmium(II) coordination polymers, with thiocyanate and pyridine-based ligands e.g., 3-acetamidopyridine (3-Acpy) and niazid (nicotinic acid hydrazide, nia), namely one-dimensional {[Cd(SCN)2(3-Acpy)]}n (1) and two-dimensional {[Cd(SCN)2(nia)]}n (2), are prepared in the mixture of water and ethanol. The adjacent cadmium(II) ions in 1 are bridged by two N,S-thiocyanate ions and an N,O-bridging 3-Acpy molecule, forming infinite one-dimensional polymeric chains, which are assembled by the intermolecular N–H∙∙∙S hydrogen bonds in one direction and by the intermolecular S∙∙∙S chalcogen bonds in
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Yang, Yong Li, Sheng Guang Zhao, Chun Guang Song, and Ming Gao. "The Adsorption of Chitosan-Aluminum Oxide Composite Material to Mercury Ions." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.647.

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Chitosan-aluminum oxide composite material was synthesized through chemical bonds with chitosan and isopropanol aluminum as raw material, whose structure was characterized by SEM. The influence of reaction conditions on adsorption performance were studied, such as temperature, time. Results show that in the composite materials, chemical bonds were existed between aluminum and chitosan, inorganic aluminum oxide evenly dispersed in the surface of chitosan molecular. The adsorption capacity of such composite towards Hg2+ had been greatly improved better than the mixture of chitosan and Al2O3 mate
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Ramsden, Christopher A. "The influence of electronegativity on triangular three-centre two-electron bonds: the relative stability of carbonium ions, π-complex chemistry and the −2hβ effect". Tetrahedron 60, № 14 (2004): 3293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.01.090.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds"

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Plumridge, Timothy H. "A geometry-based simulation of the hydration of ions and small molecules." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366785.

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Cantalapiedra, Nuria Aboitiz. "Intramolecular hydrogen-bonding studies by NMR spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366715.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds"

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"Structure of the Chemical Bonds of the 3d-Ions in Covalent Semiconductors." In Transition Metal Impurities in Semiconductors. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814327015_0006.

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"Life and Its Chemical Foundations." In Examining the Causal Relationship Between Genes, Epigenetics, and Human Health. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8066-9.ch002.

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This chapter focuses on the chemical foundations of life. Matter is made up of elements classified into major and minor elements. Elements are made up of atoms which in turn are made up of sub-atomic particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. Chemical bonds are unions of electron structures when atoms lose, gain or share one or more electrons with other atoms. Water is important to life and has unique properties making it ideal to life on Earth. The pH of a substance is a measure of the balance between H+ and OH- ions ranging from 0 to 14 on a log scale. Most metabolic reactions that maintain life occur in living organisms involve five types of chemical reactions. Macromolecules are large complex molecules made up of repeating units (monomers) of sometimes the same molecule or of different molecules joined together by chemical bonds to form very long chains (polymers).
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Bunker, Bruce C., and William H. Casey. "Solvated Ions in Water." In The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.003.0009.

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In most undergraduate chemistry classes, students are taught to consider reactions in which cations and anions dissolved in water are depicted as isolated ions. For example, the magnesium ion is depicted as Mg2+, or at best Mg2+(aq). For anions, these descriptions may be adequate (if not accurate). However, for cations, these abbreviations almost always fail to describe the critical chemical attributes of the dissolved species. A much more meaningful description of Mg2+ dissolved in water is [Mg(H2O)6]2+, because Mg2+ in water does not behave like a bare Mg2+ ion, nor do the waters coordinated to the Mg2+ behave anything like water molecules in the bulk fluid. In many respects, the [Mg(H2O)6]2+ ion acts like a dissolved molecular species. In this chapter, we discuss the simple solvation of anions and cations as a prelude to exploring more complex reactions of soluble oxide precursors called hydrolysis products. The two key classes of water–oxide reactions introduced here are acid–base and ligand exchange. First, consider how simple anions modify the structure and properties of water. As discussed in Chapter 3, water is a dynamic and highly fluxional “oxide” containing transient rings and clusters based on tetrahedral oxygen anions held together by linear hydrogen bonds. Simple halide ions can insert into this structure by occupying sites that would normally be occupied by other water molecules because they have radii (ranging from 0.13 to 0.22 nm in the series from F− to I−) that are comparable to that of the O2− ion (0.14 nm). Such substitution is clearly seen in the structures of ionic clathrate hydrates, where the anion can replace one and sometimes even two water molecules. Larger anions can also replace water molecules within clathrate hydrate cages. For example, carboxylate hydrate structures incorporate the carboxylate group within the water framework whereas the hydrophobic hydrocarbon “tails” occupy a cavity within the water framework, as in methane hydrate (see Chapter 3). Water molecules form hydrogen bonds to dissolved halide ions just as they can to other water molecules, as designated by OH−Y−.
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"Dimension of Chemical Compounds of Atoms Metals With Atoms No Metals." In Nanotechnologies and Clusters in the Spaces of Higher Dimension. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3784-8.ch003.

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The structures of compounds of a metal atom with ligands were studied by sequentially changing the groups and subgroups of the periodic system of elements in which the metal atom is located. It is shown that all metals from the first to the eighth groups form chemical compounds of a higher dimension. The formation of molecules of higher dimension occurs due to the chemical bonds of the metal atom with ligands both due to the influence of electron pairs and due to the attraction of ions. Moreover, the apparent valence of the metal atom, as a rule, exceeds the value of the valence determined by the location of the metal in the periodic table of chemical elements.
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Schmickler, Wolfgang. "Phenomenological treatment of electron-transfer reactions." In Interfacial Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089325.003.0010.

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Electron-transfer reactions are the simplest class of electrochemical reactions. They play a special role in that every electrochemical reaction involves at least one electron-transfer step. This is even true if the current across the electrochemical interface is carried by ions since, depending on the direction of the current, the ions must either be generated or discharged by an exchange of electrons with the surroundings. In general electron-transfer reactions can be quite complicated, involving breaking or forming of chemical bonds, adsorption of at least one of the redox partners, or the presence of certain catalysts. So far our understanding is limited to the simplest possible case, so-called outersphere electron-transfer reactions, in which from a chemist's point of view nothing happens but the exchange of one electron - as we shall see later, the simultaneous transfer of two or more electrons is highly unlikely. In the course of such a reaction, no bonds are broken or formed, the reactants are not specifically adsorbed, and catalysts play no role. If one of these conditions is not fulfilled, the reaction is said to proceed via an inner-sphere pathway.
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Meara, Jill. "Radiation." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jon G. Ayres. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0210.

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Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and produce charged ions in living tissue. These changes might cause cell death, but breaks of both strands of a DNA molecule that do not kill a cell can be a precursor of cancer. Excluding medical exposures, natural radiation accounts for most human exposure, which produces health effects that might be (1) stochastic, where the probability of manifesting the effect depends on the radiation dose, including carcinogenesis and induction of heritable defects; (2) psychological, especially following accidental exposures; and (3) tissue reactions, occurring when sufficient cells are killed after exposure to radiation doses above a certain threshold, including the acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness) and radiation burns.
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Meara, Jill. "Radiation." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.090509_update_001.

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Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and produce charged ions in living tissue. These changes may cause cell death, but breaks of both strands of a DNA molecule that do not kill a cell may be a precursor of cancer. Excluding medical exposures, natural radiation accounts for most human exposure, which produces health effects that may be (1) stochastic, where the probability of manifesting the effect depends on the radiation dose, including carcinogenesis and induction of heritable defects; (2) psychological, especially following accidental exposures; and (3) tissue reactions, occurring when sufficient cells are killed after exposure to radiation doses above a certain threshold, including the acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness) and radiation burns....
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Kumar Mitra, Rajib, and Dipak Kumar Palit. "Probing Biological Water Using Terahertz Absorption Spectroscopy." In Terahertz Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97603.

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Hydrogen bonding properties of water molecules, which are confined in microcavities of biological interfaces, are significantly different from those of bulk water and drive most of the complex biological processes. While NMR, X-ray and UV–vis-IR spectroscopic techniques have been found inadequate for describing the dynamics of the thick (20–40 Å) sheath of hydration layer around biomolecules, recently developed THz spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful technique to directly probe the collective dynamics of hydrogen bonds in the hydration layer, which control all important functions of the biomolecules in life. Both laser and accelerator-based THz sources are intense enough to penetrate up to about 100 μm thick water samples, which makes THz transmission and/or dielectric relaxation measurements possible in aqueous solutions. These measurements provide valuable information about the rattling and rotational motions of hydrated ions, making, breaking and rearrangement of hydrogen bonds in hydration layer as well as hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions between biomolecule and water. THz spectroscopy has also been successfully applied to study the effect of modulation of the physical conditions, like temperature, pH, concentration of proteins and chemical additives, on the structure and dynamics of hydration layer. THz spectroscopy has also been applied to study the processes of denaturation, unfolding and aggregation of biomolecules.
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Noriega, Paco, Gabriela Gortaire, and Edison Osorio. "Mass Spectrometry and Its Importance for the Analysis and Discovery of Active Molecules in Natural Products." In Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97733.

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Mass spectrometry is one of the best techniques for analyzing the structure of a molecule. It usually provides information about the molecular weight of a substance, and it can present atomic mass units and up to ten thousandths of atomic mass units depending on the accuracy of the mass analyzer. In addition, it provides information on the positive ions formed in the ionization process, which is linked to the chemical structure of the molecule and the nature of the bonds. This technique is widely used for analyzing compounds from natural products. The development of the technique combined with the use of software and databases has been remarkable in recent years, improving the ionization processes and the ion analysis. Since natural products generally constitute a mixture of a complex quantity of components, mechanisms have been developed for coupling to chromatographic techniques of various kinds. This review aims to show how mass spectrometry has contributed to the qualitative quality control in natural products, as well as in the finding of new metabolites of industrial interest.
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Bunker, Bruce C., and William H. Casey. "The Colloidal Chemistry of Oxides." In The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.003.0014.

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Colloids are defined as suspensions of finely divided particles in a continuous medium that do not settle rapidly and are not readily filtered. To be more specific, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry defines a colloid as any material for which one or more of its three dimensions lies within the size range of 1 to 1000 nm. As the nucleation and growth of oxides from aqueous solutions almost always produces suspensions containing submicron particles (see Chapter 7), typical oxide suspensions fall squarely within the colloidal domain. In this book, we consider colloidal particles to represent oxides or hydroxides that are small enough to stay in aqueous suspensions for more than a few hours, yet are larger and lacking in the specific molecular structures of typical hydrolysis products (see Chapter 5). Given the density range of most oxides (from around 2−10 g/cm3), the sizes of most colloidal oxides fall within the limits of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see Section 8.4.5). Colloidal oxide particles suspended in water represent a complex chemical environment. At the molecular level, protons, ions, small molecules, and polymeric species interact with particle surfaces to create charged surface sites and promote adsorption and desorption phenomena (see Chapter 6). These modified surfaces perturb the adjacent liquid, creating ordered solvent layers and strong concentration gradients in ions and other dissolved species. These interfacial phenomena generate a range of forces called interaction potentials. Such forces determine whether particles repel each other (leading to stable suspensions) or are attracted to one another, resulting in agglomeration and sedimentation phenomena. The length scales of those components of the oxide–water interface that influence the interaction potentials to be discussed in this chapter are introduced in Figure 8.1. At the subatomic level, the correlated polarization of electron clouds gives rise to dispersion forces described by quantum mechanics that contribute to van der Waals interactions. At the atomic level, the inherent charge on each exposed oxygen anion that terminates the oxide surface is controlled by local chemical bonds to adjacent cations (see Chapter 6).
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Conference papers on the topic "Carbonium ions. Chemical bonds"

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Piccoli, Vinicius, and Leandro Martínez. "Solvation of different folding states of ubiquitin by EMIMDCA: a study using minimum distance distribution functions." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202043.

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Ionic liquids are versatile solvents that have been used in various applications: as green solvents, catalysts, and in biotechnological systems. The optimization of ionic liquids use can be achieved by an understanding of its behavior in chemical systems. Here, the interaction between EMIMDCA and four different folding states of the ubiquitin is studied by the computation of minimum-distance distribution functions from molecular dynamics. In all systems presented here, EMIMDCA solvates the protein preferentially for all types of structures simulated, indicating a denaturation behavior in the p
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Lall, Pradeep, Yihua Luo, and Luu Nguyen. "Chlorine-Ion Related Corrosion in Cu-Al Wirebond Microelectronic Packages." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48639.

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The increasing price of gold has resulted in industry interest in use of copper as alternative wire bonds interconnect material. Copper wire has the advantages of the lower cost, lower thermal resistivity, lower electrical resistivity, higher mechanical strength and higher deformation stability over the gold wire. In spite of the upside above, the Cu-Al wire bond is susceptible to the electrolytic corrosion and the reliability of Cu-Al wire bond is of great concern. Typical electronic molding compounds are hydrophilic and absorb moisture when exposed to humid environmental conditions. EMC cont
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Lall, Pradeep, Yihua Luo, and Luu Nguyen. "Multiphysics Model for Chlorine-Ion Related Corrosion in Cu-Al Wirebond Microelectronic Packages." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53742.

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The increasing price of gold has resulted in industry interest in use of copper as alternative wire bonds interconnect material. Copper wire has the advantages of the lower cost, lower thermal resistivity, lower electrical resistivity, higher mechanical strength and higher deformation stability over the gold wire. In spite of the upside above, the Cu-Al wire bond is susceptible to the electrolytic corrosion and the reliability of Cu-Al wire bond is of great concern. Typical electronic molding compounds are hydrophilic and absorb moisture when exposed to humid environmental conditions. EMC cont
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