Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbothermal reduction reaction

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbothermal reduction reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbothermal reduction reaction"

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Liu, Yu Cheng, Qiu Xia Li, and Yong Cheng Liu. "Preparation of Phosphorus by Carbothermal Reduction Mechanism in Vacuum." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.268.

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The purpose of this work was to investigated the carbothermic reaction of fluorapatite process by the means of thermodynamics analyses, XRD and element analysis, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that phosphorus can be prepared by heating the mixture of Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C at 1173K under the system pressure of 100Pa. CO cannot react with Ca5(PO4)3F2 in the carbothermic reduction process at 973-1873K and 100Pa. Experimental results demonstrated that phosphorus can be produced by the reaction between Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C, the main reaction phase is P2(g), CO(g), CaO and CaF2, and with increasing temperature, the greater degree of response. The best technology conditions, the molar ratio of Ca5(PO4)3F2 to C is 1:7.5 at 1723K for 1h when the system pressure was about 100Pa. This study to provide experimental evidence for preparation of phosphorus by carbothermal reaction of fluorapatite in vacuum.
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Wang, Hai Long, Shi Xun Zhang, De Liang Chen, Qian Fei Han, Hong Xia Lu, Hong Liang Xu, Chang An Wang, and Rui Zhang. "Carbothermal Reduction Synthesis of Zirconium Diboride Powders Assisted by Microwave." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.203.

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ZrB2 powder has been prepared through carbothermal reduction boronization of zirconia/boron carbide/carbon mixtures heating assisted by microwave. The powder characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), nitrogen absorption (BET model) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experiments indicated that excessive B4C is necessary and the carbothermic reaction reacts severely at a higher temperature and complete at 1600oC. The crystallite size has ranged from 50-100 nm, according to the calculated surface area. Highest purity of ZrB2 powder, which was synthesized at 1600oC, is 99.67 wt%. The surface area of ZrB2 powder synthesis at 1600oC is 18.33 m2/g. Vibration of temperature should affect the purity of ZrB2, as the sub reaction acted.
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Yang, Tao, Yan Gai Liu, Ding Yun Ye, Qi Wang, Zhao Hui Huang, and Ming Hao Fang. "Phase Behavior Analysis of Low-Grade Bauxite and Rutile by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Advanced Materials Research 624 (December 2012): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.239.

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In this study, β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN diphase powder was synthesized using low-grade bauxite and rutile via carbothermal reduction-nitridation. The phase transitions of low-grade bauxite and rutile in the carbothermal reduction and nitridation process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS. The effects of different reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, rutile addition on the phase composition and microstructure of products were analyzed. The results showed that β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN powder was prepared using low-grade bauxite and rutile as raw materials and coke as reducing agent by carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction in flowing nitrogen atmosphere of 0.03 MPa at 1350-1375 °C, for 4 h.
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Duan, Feng, Ai Qiong Ma, Guo Qing Xiao, Xiao Hui Zhang, and Ren Hong Yu. "Influencing Factors of Coal Gangue Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.886.

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nfluencing factors of target products such as X phase, β-SiAlON phase and O-SiAlON phase of Inner Mongolia coal gangue carbothermal reduction and nitridation were researched by calculating the loss rate on ignition of specimens, and by means of XRD and SEM. During the carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of coal gangue, the loss rate on ignition of specimens rises with carbon reducer increasing, and keeping time has a little influence on the loss rate on ignition of specimens. If β-SiAlON is target phase, the yield from corundum is much higher than that from special grade bauxite. Corundum or bauxite is used as starting material, the yield of X phase is low and the highest yield is only 12.88%. For the carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of coal gangue, the appropriate addition of reducer carbon is 10%-16%, and temperature influence is larger. The reaction temperature over 1420°C and keeping time of 6h are beneficial to the formation of X phase, β-SiAlON and O-SiAlON.
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DIJEN, F. K., R. METSELAAR, and C. A. M. SISKENS. "Reaction-Rate-Limiting Steps in Carbothermal Reduction Processes." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 1 (January 1985): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15244.x.

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Gu, Xu Peng, Xiao Pan Zhang, Tao Qu, Ming Yang Luo, Lei Shi, Fei Lv, Yuan Tian, and Hao Du. "Kinetics of Magnesium Removal from Garnierite by Carbothermal Reduction in Vacuum." Materials Science Forum 996 (June 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.996.165.

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The removal of magnesium from garnierite in Yuanjiang area of Yunnan was performed by carbothermal reduction in vacuum. The effects of reduction temperature and reduction time on the removal rate of magnesium were investigated. The kinetics of the removal of magnesium by carbothermal reduction in vacuum was studied. The thermodynamic calculation results show that it is feasible to remove magnesium from garnierite by carbothermal reduction in vacuum. The experimental results show that the removal rate of magnesium in garnierite can reach 93.23% under the conditions of 1823K for 120min. The reduction process conforms to the chemical reaction kinetics model, which indicated that the reduction process is controlled by chemical reaction and whose expression is 1-(1-α)1/3=(-22850.1/T+2.6296) t, the apparent activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (A) are 189.97 kJ/mol and 13.87 s-1, respectively. The results of XRD and SEM analysis show that the condensate obtained by carbothermal reduction in vacuum of the garnierite is magnesium, which is mainly obtained by the reduction reaction between magnesium silicate produced by the decomposition of serpentine in minerals and coal. At the same time, it is proved that it is feasible to directly extract magnesium metal from the garnierite.
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Kang, Shin Hyuk, Beom Seob Kim, and Deug Joong Kim. "The Atmosphere Effect on Synthesis of TiB2 Particles by Carbothermal Reduction." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.145.

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The carbothermal reduction synthesis process of titanium diboride (TiB2) particles was studied. In the synthesis of TiB2 using carbothermal reduction from a mixture of TiO2, B2O3 and carbon, solid-solid reactions occur. TiO2 particles rapidly react with carbon to TiC, which then reacts with boron oxide and carbon to TiB2. In the vacuum condition, TiB2 particles were formed within 10 minutes at temperature of 1300oC. It seems that a high exothermic reaction eventually results in the increase of reaction rate. In flowing argon atmosphere, TiB2 particles were formed at temperature of 1550oC after a reaction of 0 minute and it showed a finer particle size than that in the vacuum condition. This is attributed to the faster heat elimination due to the flowing argon. In high atmospheric pressure of argon gas such as 20 atm in reaction or cooling state, the synthesized TiB2 particles shows a mixture of diverse sized particles.
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Liu, Yong Cheng, Yuan Chao Du, Xiao Hui Zhu, Yue Hua Xiao, He Yong Zhao, and Xiao Li Cheng. "Mechanism of the Indium by Carbothermic Reduction Reaction from Indium Ore in Vacuum." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.256.

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In this paper, the calculation software HSC indium mine under vacuum carbothermal reduction reaction during the Gibbs free energy. The result show that when the pressure of 10-100Pa and temperature is 380-449K, In2O3 and C reaction to reaction thermodynamic conditions under pressure from the same system, material In2O3: C mole ratio is 1:3, needed to generate elemental In reaction temperature is the lowest. In2O3 generated In2O thermal decomposition, with the loss of the system pressure, the initial reaction temperature from 1247K to 10Pa for 423K; Intermediate In2O pyrolysis generating elemental In, when the system pressure drop to 10 Pa, starting temperature dropped to 781K; InO reaction with products CO, as the system pressure is reduced, the gibbs free energy increase, therefore, step-down to InO reaction with CO. This study to provide experimental evidence for preparation of indium by carbothermic reaction of indium ore in vacuum. Keywords: Indium ore;Carbon thermal reduction;Vacuum; Thermodynamics;Introduction
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Chen, Chien Chon, Chih Yuan Chen, Hsi Wen Yang, Yang Kuao Kuo, and Jin Shyong Lin. "Phase Equilibrium in Carbothermal Reduction Al2O3 → AlN Studied by Thermodynamic Calculations." Atlas Journal of Materials Science 1, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajms.v1i2.120.

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As a ceramic with high economic value, aluminum nitride possesses high thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation, high mechanical strength and high melting temperature and these all are required in high technologies involving cooling, insulation, thermal expansion and corrosion. This paper deals with thermodynamic parameters which affect the Al2O3→AlN reduction efficiency during a carbothermal reduction. According to the carbothermal reduction reaction γ-Al2O3 + 3C + N2 → AlN + 3CO, if molar mixing ratio of γ-Al2O3:C = 1:3 at 1,601 °C or higher, the γ-Al2O3 can be reduced to AlN. This carbothermal reduction reaction is controlled by main parameters of carbon activity, and partial pressures of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. For example, if less carbon is added, a lower carbothermal reduction rate is resulted; however, if extra carbon is added, aluminum carbide (Al4C3) could be produced, or C could remain in AlN. Without N2(g) added in the carbothermal reduction, Al2O3(γ) may react with C to generate Al4C3 at a temperature higher than 2,250 °C. AlN prefers to form with an unity carbon activity, at a lower oxygen partial pressure, a higher carbon monoxide partial pressure, or at a higher temperature. In order to understand the relationship with N2, O2, CO, CO2, C, Al2O3, AlN and Al4C3, the Al-N-C-O system was investigated by thermodynamic calculations.
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Gao, Li Min, Guang Chuan Liang, Li Wang, Xiao Ke Zhi, and Xiao Fei Jie. "Reaction Mechanism of LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.248.

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LiFePO4/C powders were synthesized by carbothermal reduction method using Li2CO3 (A.R), FePO4 (A.R) and glucose as raw materials. In this paper, the carbothermal reaction courses were characterized by Thermo-gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was found that the different synthesis temperatures and the different reducing atmosphere in systems could lead to different reactions, resulting in different final products and a direct impact on material performance. At around 350 °C LiFePO4 is directly formed without intermediate phase. In lower temperature of 400-500 °C, the sample included a certain amount of Li3PO4 and Fe2O3 impurity phases. When calcination temperature rose to 550 °C, the sample could be pure LiFePO4 phase.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbothermal reduction reaction"

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Mariappan, L. "In-Situ Synthesis Of A12O3_ZrO2_SiCw Ceramic Matrix Composites By Carbothermal Reduction Of Natural Silicates." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/215.

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This thesis outlines the work done on in-situ synthesis of Al2O3-ZrO2-SiCw ceramic composites and their property evaluation. The introductory chapter deals with the literature survey on ceramic matrix composites, properties desirable for structural applications and toughening mechanisms associated with these composites. The role of whisker toughening in ceramic matrix composites, the growth mechanisms involved in whisker growth and the conditions that favour or hamper the whisker growth are also discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of in-situ synthesis of composites as compared to physical mixing are also dealt with. The objective and scope of the work undertaken are outlined at the end. The second chapter describes the experimental techniques associated with carbothermal synthesis and characterisation of reaction products as well as properties of hot pressed bulk composites. The equipments used for this work are described here. The third chapter focuses on the results obtained by the carbothermal reduction of mixtures of kaolin, sillimanite and zircon taken in various proportions. The formation of the product phases with respect to variations in temperature, variations in composition and effect of catalyst is analysed with the help of XRD while their morphology is analysed using SEM. The conditions favouring the formation of tetragonal zirconia without the addition of stabilizers is also enumerated here. The fourth chapter deals with the compaction of these composite powders and the evaluation of some physical, thermal and mechanical properties. Density and porosity, coefficient of thermal expansion, modulus of rupture and fracture toughness of the composite specimens are evaluated and compared with binary and ternary composites made by other methods. Finally the thesis concludes by summarizing the work done and briefly projecting the areas for future work.
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Cheng, Zhe. "Reaction Kinetics and Structural Evolution for the Formation of Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide via Carbothermal Reduction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5896.

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Nanocrystalline beta-silicon carbide (ß-SiC) was synthesized at relatively low temperature (<1300C) by carbothermal reduction (CTR) reaction in fine scale carbon/silica mixtures. The fine scale mixing of the reactants (i.e., carbon and silica) was achieved by solution-based processing and subsequent heat treatment. The mechanism of the CTR reaction in the current system was investigated from different aspects. The condensates of the volatile species generated during the CTR reaction was collected and analyzed. The results supported previous investigations which suggested that the CTR reaction is a multi-step process that involves silicon monoxide (SiO) vapor as a reaction intermediate. The kinetics of the CTR reaction was investigated by isothermal weight loss study and by the study which determined the amount of SiC formed via quantitative X- ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis. The results of kinetic study were consistent with the "shrinking-core" model, in which the reaction between SiO vapor and carbon at the carbon surface to produce SiC is the rate-controlling step. In addition, several techniques, including XRD, gas adsorption analysis, laser diffraction particle size analysis, SEM, TEM, etc., had been used to study the structural evolutions of the reaction product of CTR. It was demonstrated that the evolutions of product structure characteristics such as crystallite size, specific surface area, specific pore volume, pore size distribution, particle size distribution, and powder morphology, etc. were consistent with each other and provided support to the reaction mechanism proposed.
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Chuayboon, Srirat. "Solar fuels production from thermochemical gasification and reforming of carbonaceous feedstocks." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0019.

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Les procédés thermochimiques solaires étudiés concernent la conversion de charges hydrocarbonées solides ou gazeuses en syngas, ainsi que la réduction d’oxydes en métaux en utilisant l’énergie solaire concentrée pour effectuer les réactions endothermiques, permettant ainsi le stockage de l’énergie solaire intermittente en carburants sans émissions de CO2. Ce travail a pour objectif l’étude expérimentale de trois procédés solaires incluant la gazéification de biomasse, le reformage de méthane en boucle chimique, et la carboréduction de ZnO et MgO. La gazéification et le reformage permettent la valorisation de biomasse bois et de méthane en syngas, tandis que la carboréduction permet de produire Zn et Mg à partir de ZnO et MgO. Ces procédés ont été étudiés dans des réacteurs solaires de 1.5 kWth, en utilisant le rayonnement concentré fourni par des systèmes à concentration du laboratoire PROMES, Odeillo, France. L’impact des paramètres opératoires de chaque procédé sur les mécanismes réactionnels, conversion, rendement, et performances énergétiques a été évalué en détail. Ces procédés ont permis d’améliorer la conversion chimique, les rendements en syngas, les efficacités énergétiques tout en permettant un stockage de l’énergie solaire en combustibles transportables, avec des performances globales supérieures aux procédés conventionnels. De plus, leur faisabilité, fiabilité et robustesse pour la conversion de méthane et biomasse en syngas et la production de Mg et Zn en fonctionnement batch ou continu sous pression réduite ou atmosphérique en conditions solaires réelles ont été démontrés
The investigated solar thermochemical processes consist of the thermochemical conversion of solid and gaseous carbonaceous feedstocks into syngas as well as metal oxides reduction into metal commodities utilizing concentrated solar energy to drive endothermic chemical reactions, thereby enabling intermittent solar energy storage into solar fuels and avoiding CO2 emissions. This work aims to experimentally investigate three key solar thermochemical conversion approaches regarding biomass gasification, chemical looping reforming of methane, and carbothermal reduction of ZnO and MgO. Solar gasification and solar chemical looping reforming allowed valorizing wood biomass and methane into syngas, while solar carbothermal reduction was applied to produce Zn and Mg from ZnO and MgO. Such solar thermochemical processes were performed in 1.5 kWth prototype solar chemical reactors, utilizing highly concentrated sunlight provided by a solar concentrator at PROMES laboratory, Odeillo, France. The impact of controlling parameters of each process on the reaction mechanism, conversion, yields, and process performance, during on-sun testing was investigated and evaluated thoroughly. Such processes were proved to significantly improve the chemical conversion, syngas yields, energy efficiency, with solar energy storage into transportable fuels, thereby outperforming the conventional processes. Moreover, their feasibility, reliability, and robustness in converting both methane and biomass feedstocks to syngas as well as producing Mg and Zn metals in batch and continuous operation under vacuum and atmospheric conditions during on-sun operation were successfully demonstrated
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Book chapters on the topic "Carbothermal reduction reaction"

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El-Sheikh, Said M., Yasser M. Z. Ahmed, Emad M. M. Ewais, Asmaa Abd-El-Baset Abd Allah, and Said Anwar. "Nanocrys Talline Boron Carbide Powder Synthesized Via Carbothermal Reduction Reaction." In Advances in Ceramic Armor XI, 63–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119211549.ch6.

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Shen, Chun Ying, Tai Qiu, and Yu Ming Lu. "Morphology and Reaction Mechanism of AlN Fibers Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 1399–402. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.1399.

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Huang, Jun Tong, Ming Hao Fang, Yan Gai Liu, and Zhao Hui Huang. "Preparation of β-Sialon from Fly Ash by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Reaction." In High-Performance Ceramics V, 910–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-473-1.910.

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Devečerski, A., A. Radosavljević-Mihajlović, A. Egelja, M. Pošarac, and B. Matović. "Fabrication of SiC by Carbothermal-Reduction Reactions of Sepiolite." In Materials Science Forum, 261–65. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-441-3.261.

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Tian, Yang, Tao Qu, Bin Yang, Hong-xiang Liu, Cheng-bo Yang, and Yong-nian Dai. "Mechanism of Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia and Reversion Reaction." In Magnesium Technology 2012, 511–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48203-3_91.

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Tian, Yang, Tao Qu, Bin Yang, Hong-xiang Liu, Cheng-bo Yang, and Yong-nian Dai. "Mechanism of Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia and Reverse Reaction." In Magnesium Technology 2012, 511–16. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118359228.ch93.

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Tian, Yang, Bao-qiang Xu, Bin Yang, Da-chun Liu, Tao Qu, Hai Liu, and Yong-nian Dai. "Experimental Study on the Reversion Reaction Between Magnesium and CO Vapor in the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia Under Vacuum." In Magnesium Technology 2018, 165–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72332-7_25.

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Smith, M. E., M. B. Trigg, J. Drennan, and G. S. Neal. "Characterisation by Solid State NMR of the Carbothermal Reduction Reaction to Produce β-Sialon." In Advanced Materials '93, 547–52. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81991-8.50135-7.

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Halmann, Martin, Aldo Steinfeld, Michael Epstein, and Irina Vishnevetsky. "Vacuum Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000448.

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The current industrial production of aluminum from alumina is based on the electrochemical Hall-Héroult process, which has the drawbacks of high-greenhouse gas emissions, reaching up to 0.70 kg CO2-equiv/kg Al, and large energy consumption, about 0.055 GJ/kg Al. An alternative process is the carbothermic reduction of alumina. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and experiments by induction furnace heating indicated that this reaction could be achieved under atmospheric pressure only above 2200° C. Lower required reaction temperatures can be achieved by alumina reduction under vacuum. This was experimentally demonstrated under simulated concentrated solar illumination and by induction furnace heating. By decreasing the CO partial pressure from 3.5 mbar to 0.2 mbar, the temperature required for almost complete reactant consumption could be decreased from 1800°C to 1550°C. Deposits condensed on the relatively cold reactor walls contained up to 71 wt% of Al. Almost pure aluminum was observed as Al drops, while a gray powder contained 60–80% Al and a yellow-orange powder contained only Al4C3, Al-oxycarbides and Al2O3.
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Conference papers on the topic "Carbothermal reduction reaction"

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Murray, Jean P. "Solar Production of Aluminum by Direct Reduction: Preliminary Results for Two Processes." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-159.

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Abstract The production of aluminum or silicon by reduction of their oxides with carbon is a technical challenge. The temperature required, in the range 2100–2300 °C, is too high for practical process heat addition from a combustion source alone. When an electrothermal process is used, only about a third of the energy contained in the fuel used to generate electricity enters the process. Thus, for materials produced electrolytically or in an electric furnace, the energy cost dominates the cost of the final product. By contrast, highly-concentrated solar energy is capable of supplying large amounts of process heat at very high temperatures, and may have real advantages for metals reduction processes. An arc introduces too much energy to the reaction zone. In the case of aluminum, the metal floats and it short circuits the arc. Ideally, the heat would enter at the bottom or side of a reactor, which could be achieved with solar process heat. Among industries, the primary aluminum industry is a major consumer of electricity. It uses about 10% of the electricity generated globally for industrial purposes, and about half comes from coal-fired generation stations. This represents about 5% of the electricity generated for all sectors. A solar-thermal process would drastically reduce the emission of climate-altering gases, reduce the reliance on electricity, and might be a critical factor in making a direct thermal route from the ore to metal possible. Two industrially-developed processes appear to be attractive candidates for a solar process. Preliminary tests have been performed using a black-body cavity receiver placed at the focus of the Paul Scherrer Institute’s 70kW tracking parabolic concentrator, and though the experiment had to be ended earlier than planned, a small amount of 61/37 weight percent Al/Si alloy was formed, and the partially reacted pellets showed conversion to Al4C3 and SiC. Further qualitative tests have been performed using the facilities at Odeillo in a 2 kW solar furnace, where the onset of production of both aluminum by direct carbothermal reduction, and Al-Si alloy via carbothermal reduction of a mixture of alumina, silica and carbon could be directly observed.
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Fukushima, Jun, and Hirotsugu Takizawa. "IN-SITU SPECTROSCOPY AND TWO-COLOR THERMOGRAPHY DURING MICROWAVE IRRADIATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSING." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9882.

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Concentration of microwave E-field between material particles is considered to cause the enhancement of sintering1 and chemical reaction under microwave irradiation. For example, it is usually required 1700 °C to synthesize AlN by carbothermal reduction method using Al2O3 as a starting material, but microwave processing can proceed this process at 1200 °C2. To understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to understand an occurrence behavior of plasma and a chemical reaction related to radical species generated by a local E-field concentration. In addition, in material synthesis using a raw material powder of several mm, it is suggested that a selective heating in the powder scale occurs. However, to discuss this selective heating behavior on this scale, it is necessary to realize a quantitative temperature measurement system with independent of the emissivity of the material and several mm spatial resolution. In this study, we conducted an in-situ spectroscopy and two-color thermography to verify these non-equilibrium effects during microwave irradiation. For example, in the iron making process, it was investigated that CN plasma was generated, and this CN radical contributed to the reduction reaction (Fig. 1(a))3. In addition, the developed two-dimensional two-color thermography system with a high resolution of 8.8 mm/pixel was enable to discuss local temperature gradients quantitatively (Fig. 1(b)).
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Wieckert, C., E. Guillot, M. Epstein, G. Olalde, S. Sante´n, U. Frommherz, S. Kra¨upl, T. Osinga, and A. Steinfeld. "A 300 kW Solar Chemical Pilot Plant for the Carbothermic Production of Zinc." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99027.

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In the framework of the EU-project SOLZINC, a 300 kW solar chemical pilot plant for the production of zinc by carbothermic reduction of ZnO was experimentally demonstrated in a beam-down solar tower concentrating facility of Cassegrain optical configuration. The solar chemical reactor, featuring two cavities, of which the upper one is functioning as the solar absorber and the lower one as the reaction chamber containing a ZnO/C packed bed, was batch-operated in the 1300–1500 K range and yielded 50 kg/h of 95%-purity Zn. The measured energy conversion efficiency — ratio of the reaction enthalpy change to the solar power input — was 30%. Zinc finds application as a fuel for Zn-air batteries and fuel cells, and can also react with water to form high-purity hydrogen. In either case, the chemical product is ZnO, which in turn is solar-recycled to Zn. The SOLZINC process provides an efficient thermochemical route for the storage and transportation of solar energy in the form of solar fuels.
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Osinga, T., U. Frommherz, A. Steinfeld, and C. Wieckert. "Experimental Investigation of the Solar Carbothermic Reduction of ZnO Using a Two-Cavity Solar Reactor." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44020.

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Zinc production by solar carbothermic reduction of ZnO offers a CO2 emission reduction by a factor of 5 vis-a´-vis the conventional fossil-fuel-based electrolytic or Imperial Smelting processes. Zinc can serve as a fuel in Zn-air fuel cells or can be further reacted with H2O to form high-purity H2. In either case, the product ZnO is solar-recycled to Zn. We report on experimental results obtained with a 5 kW solar chemical reactor prototype that features two cavities in series, with the inner one functioning as the solar absorber and the outer one as the reaction chamber. The inner cavity is made of graphite and contains a windowed aperture to let in concentrated solar radiation. The outer cavity is well insulated and contains the ZnO-C mixture that is subjected to irradiation from the inner graphite cavity. With this arrangement, the inner cavity protects the window against particles and condensable gases and further serves as a thermal shock absorber. Tests were conducted at PSI’s Solar Furnace and ETH’s High-Flux Solar Simulator to investigate the effect of process temperature (range 1350–1600 K), reducing agent type (beech charcoal, activated charcoal, petcoke), and C:ZnO stoichiometric molar ratio (range 0.7–0.9) on the reactor’s performance and chemical conversion. In a typical 40-min solar experiment at 1500 K, 500 g of a ZnO-C mixture were processed into Zn(g), CO, and CO2. Thermal efficiencies of up to 20% were achieved.
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5

Cheng-bo, Yang, Tian Yang, Qu Tao, and Dai Yong-nian. "The Feasibility Analysis of Decrease the Reverse Reaction Rate in the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia in a Vacuum." In 1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mems.2012.83.

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Guillot, E., M. Epstein, C. Wieckert, G. Olalde, A. Steinfeld, S. Sante´n, U. Frommherz, S. Kra¨upl, and T. Osinga. "Solar Carbothermic Production of Zinc From Zinc Oxide: Solzinc." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76015.

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In late 2004, the pilot Solzinc solar reactor was commissioned. The European Union and the Swiss Federal Office of Science and Education are funding this project to demonstrate the technical feasibility and the economical potential of producing Zn by reducing zinc oxide with the aid of concentrated solar energy and a small amount of carbon at a close to industrial scale. The zinc can be used as a means to store solar energy in a chemical way, e.g. suited to release electricity in Zinc-air fuel cells. This allows on demand use, boosting the availability of solar energy. Furthermore, as the Zinc-air fuel cells’ waste is ZnO, we get a cyclic process by reducing this ZnO in the Solzinc solar reactor. Numerous lab tests and numerical studies of the chemical and thermal behavior of the solar carbothermic ZnO reduction process were conducted by the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the Israeli Weizmann Institute and the French CNRS Processes, Materials and Solar Energy laboratory. An indirectly heated beam-down reactor concept was chosen and influencing parameters, such as the type of carbon, the stoichiometry of the ZnO-C mix and the process temperature were explored. Based on these findings the technology was scaled up for the pilot plant for about 0.25 MW solar input leading to a designed zinc production rate of 50kg/h. The Swedish company ScanArc Plasma Systems AB developed a special quench system to produce zinc dust directly from the gaseous zinc exhausted from the solar reactor. The dust’s characteristics were adapted to the requirements of the Zn-air fuel cells developed by the German company ZOXY Energy System AG. The resulting zinc can be easily stored and transported for generating electricity as needed. In 2004, the pilot reactor, the quench system and extensive instrumentation were installed at the Weizmann Institute’s solar facilities to process batches of up to 500 kg of ZnO-C mixture. After cold testing of the installation and fulfilling all safety requirements, the first batches were processed. This paper explores the results of the commissioning to show the technical feasibility of this process to produce zinc and to store solar energy.
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McGlashan, Niall R., Peter R. N. Childs, and Andrew L. Heyes. "A Pb/Zn Based Chemical Looping System for Hydrogen and Power Production With Carbon Capture." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46602.

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This paper describes an extension of a novel, carbon-burning, fluid phase chemical looping combustion system proposed previously. The system generates both power and H2 with ‘inherent’ carbon capture using chemical looping combustion (CLC) to perform the main energy release from the fuel. A mixed Pb and Zn based oxygen carrier is used, and due to the thermodynamics of the carbothermic reduction of PbO and ZnO respectively, the system generates a flue gas which consists of a mixture of CO2 and CO. By product H2 is generated from this flue gas using the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). By varying the proportion of Pb to Zn circulating in the chemical loop, the ratio of CO2 to CO can be controlled, which in turn enables the ratio between the amount of H2 produced to the amount of power generated to be adjusted. By this means, the power output from the system can be ‘turned down’ in periods of low electricity demand without requiring plant shutdown. To facilitate the adjustment of the Pb/Zn ratio, use is made of the two metal’s mutual insolubility, as this means they form in to two liquid layers at the base of the reduction reactor. The amount of Pb and Zn rich liquid drawn from the two layers and subsequently circulated around the system is controlled thereby varying the Pb/Zn ratio. To drive the endothermic reduction of ZnO formed in the oxidiser, hot Zn vapour is ‘blown’ into the reducer where it condenses, releasing latent heat. The Zn vapour to produce this ‘blast’ of hot gas is generated in a flash vessel fed with hot liquid metal extracted from the oxidiser. A mass and energy balance has been conducted for a power system, operating on the Pb/Zn cycle. In the analysis, reactions are assumed to reach equilibrium and losses associated with turbomachinery are considered; however, pressure losses in equipment and pipework are assumed to be negligible. The analysis reveals that a power system with a second law efficiency of between 62% and 68% can be constructed with a peak turbine inlet temperature of only ca. 1850 K. The efficiency varies as the ratio between power and H2 production varies, with the lower efficiency occurring at the maximum power output condition.
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