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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbothermal reduction reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Liu, Yu Cheng, Qiu Xia Li, and Yong Cheng Liu. "Preparation of Phosphorus by Carbothermal Reduction Mechanism in Vacuum." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.268.

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The purpose of this work was to investigated the carbothermic reaction of fluorapatite process by the means of thermodynamics analyses, XRD and element analysis, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that phosphorus can be prepared by heating the mixture of Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C at 1173K under the system pressure of 100Pa. CO cannot react with Ca5(PO4)3F2 in the carbothermic reduction process at 973-1873K and 100Pa. Experimental results demonstrated that phosphorus can be produced by the reaction between Ca5(PO4)3F2 and C, the main reaction phase is P2(g), CO(g), CaO and CaF2, and wit
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2

Wang, Hai Long, Shi Xun Zhang, De Liang Chen, et al. "Carbothermal Reduction Synthesis of Zirconium Diboride Powders Assisted by Microwave." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.203.

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ZrB2 powder has been prepared through carbothermal reduction boronization of zirconia/boron carbide/carbon mixtures heating assisted by microwave. The powder characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), nitrogen absorption (BET model) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experiments indicated that excessive B4C is necessary and the carbothermic reaction reacts severely at a higher temperature and complete at 1600oC. The crystallite size has ranged from 50-100 nm, according to the calculated surface area. Highest purity of ZrB2 powder, which was
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3

Yang, Tao, Yan Gai Liu, Ding Yun Ye, Qi Wang, Zhao Hui Huang, and Ming Hao Fang. "Phase Behavior Analysis of Low-Grade Bauxite and Rutile by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Advanced Materials Research 624 (December 2012): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.239.

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In this study, β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN diphase powder was synthesized using low-grade bauxite and rutile via carbothermal reduction-nitridation. The phase transitions of low-grade bauxite and rutile in the carbothermal reduction and nitridation process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS. The effects of different reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, rutile addition on the phase composition and microstructure of products were analyzed. The results showed that β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN powder was prepared using low-grade bauxite and rutile as raw materials and coke as reducing agent by carbotherm
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4

Duan, Feng, Ai Qiong Ma, Guo Qing Xiao, Xiao Hui Zhang, and Ren Hong Yu. "Influencing Factors of Coal Gangue Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.886.

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nfluencing factors of target products such as X phase, β-SiAlON phase and O-SiAlON phase of Inner Mongolia coal gangue carbothermal reduction and nitridation were researched by calculating the loss rate on ignition of specimens, and by means of XRD and SEM. During the carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of coal gangue, the loss rate on ignition of specimens rises with carbon reducer increasing, and keeping time has a little influence on the loss rate on ignition of specimens. If β-SiAlON is target phase, the yield from corundum is much higher than that from special grade bauxite. C
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DIJEN, F. K., R. METSELAAR, and C. A. M. SISKENS. "Reaction-Rate-Limiting Steps in Carbothermal Reduction Processes." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 1 (1985): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15244.x.

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6

Gu, Xu Peng, Xiao Pan Zhang, Tao Qu, et al. "Kinetics of Magnesium Removal from Garnierite by Carbothermal Reduction in Vacuum." Materials Science Forum 996 (June 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.996.165.

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The removal of magnesium from garnierite in Yuanjiang area of Yunnan was performed by carbothermal reduction in vacuum. The effects of reduction temperature and reduction time on the removal rate of magnesium were investigated. The kinetics of the removal of magnesium by carbothermal reduction in vacuum was studied. The thermodynamic calculation results show that it is feasible to remove magnesium from garnierite by carbothermal reduction in vacuum. The experimental results show that the removal rate of magnesium in garnierite can reach 93.23% under the conditions of 1823K for 120min. The redu
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7

Kang, Shin Hyuk, Beom Seob Kim, and Deug Joong Kim. "The Atmosphere Effect on Synthesis of TiB2 Particles by Carbothermal Reduction." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.145.

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The carbothermal reduction synthesis process of titanium diboride (TiB2) particles was studied. In the synthesis of TiB2 using carbothermal reduction from a mixture of TiO2, B2O3 and carbon, solid-solid reactions occur. TiO2 particles rapidly react with carbon to TiC, which then reacts with boron oxide and carbon to TiB2. In the vacuum condition, TiB2 particles were formed within 10 minutes at temperature of 1300oC. It seems that a high exothermic reaction eventually results in the increase of reaction rate. In flowing argon atmosphere, TiB2 particles were formed at temperature of 1550oC after
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8

Liu, Yong Cheng, Yuan Chao Du, Xiao Hui Zhu, Yue Hua Xiao, He Yong Zhao, and Xiao Li Cheng. "Mechanism of the Indium by Carbothermic Reduction Reaction from Indium Ore in Vacuum." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.256.

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In this paper, the calculation software HSC indium mine under vacuum carbothermal reduction reaction during the Gibbs free energy. The result show that when the pressure of 10-100Pa and temperature is 380-449K, In2O3 and C reaction to reaction thermodynamic conditions under pressure from the same system, material In2O3: C mole ratio is 1:3, needed to generate elemental In reaction temperature is the lowest. In2O3 generated In2O thermal decomposition, with the loss of the system pressure, the initial reaction temperature from 1247K to 10Pa for 423K; Intermediate In2O pyrolysis generating elemen
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9

Chen, Chien Chon, Chih Yuan Chen, Hsi Wen Yang, Yang Kuao Kuo, and Jin Shyong Lin. "Phase Equilibrium in Carbothermal Reduction Al2O3 → AlN Studied by Thermodynamic Calculations." Atlas Journal of Materials Science 1, no. 2 (2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajms.v1i2.120.

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As a ceramic with high economic value, aluminum nitride possesses high thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation, high mechanical strength and high melting temperature and these all are required in high technologies involving cooling, insulation, thermal expansion and corrosion. This paper deals with thermodynamic parameters which affect the Al2O3→AlN reduction efficiency during a carbothermal reduction. According to the carbothermal reduction reaction γ-Al2O3 + 3C + N2 → AlN + 3CO, if molar mixing ratio of γ-Al2O3:C = 1:3 at 1,601 °C or higher, the γ-Al2O3 can be reduced to AlN. T
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10

Gao, Li Min, Guang Chuan Liang, Li Wang, Xiao Ke Zhi, and Xiao Fei Jie. "Reaction Mechanism of LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.248.

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LiFePO4/C powders were synthesized by carbothermal reduction method using Li2CO3 (A.R), FePO4 (A.R) and glucose as raw materials. In this paper, the carbothermal reaction courses were characterized by Thermo-gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was found that the different synthesis temperatures and the different reducing atmosphere in systems could lead to different reactions, resulting in different final products and a direct impact on material performance. At around 350 °C LiFePO4 is directly formed without i
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11

Mylinh, Dang Thy, Dae-Ho Yoon, and Chang-Yeoul Kim. "Aluminum Nitride Formation From Aluminum Oxide/Phenol Resin Solid-Gel Mixture By Carbothermal Reduction Nitridation Method." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (2015): 1551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0171.

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Abstract Hexagonal and cubic crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) particles were successfully synthesized using phenol resin and alpha aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) as precursors through new solid-gel mixture and carbothermal reduction nitridaton (CRN) process with molar ratio of C/Al2O3 = 3. The effect of reaction temperature on the decomposition of phenol resin and synthesis of hexagonal and cubic AlN were investigated and the reaction mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that α-Al2O3 powder in homogeneous solid-gel precursor was easily nitrided to yield AlN powder during the carbotherm
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12

Demir, Adem, Zafer Tatli, F. Caliskan, and A. O. Kurt. "Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Quartz Mineral for the Production of Alpha Silicon Nitride Powders." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.163.

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In this study, α-Si3N4 powder was produced by carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of quartz from Can-Canakkale. Carbon with a specific surface area of 110 m2g−1 and quartz powders were mixed then the powder mix was placed in an alumina tube furnace and reacted in between 1300-1500°C for 4 hours under nitrogen flow. The quartz powder was carbothermally reduced and nitrided to form silicon nitride powders. XRD results showed that the reaction product was mainly α-Si3N4 and contained some β-Si3N4 and residual quartz. In order to reduce amount of unreacted quartz, the raw materials mixtur
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13

Huang, Jun Tong, Ming Hao Fang, Yan Gai Liu та Zhao Hui Huang. "Preparation of β-Sialon from Fly Ash by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Reaction". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (лютий 2008): 910–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.910.

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Single phase Sialon was synthesized successfully from fly ash by carbothermal reductionnitridation reaction in this paper. The effects of synthesizing temperature (1200°C, 1300°C, 1400°C and 1450°C) and carbon content (stoichiometric content, exceeding 10%, 50% and 100%) on the final production were studied by XRD and SEM. Synthesis mechanism of β-Sialon was also analysized. The results indicated that single phase β-Sialon with z=3 was obtained using fly ash as raw materials and carbon black of stoichiometric content as reducer by carbothermal reduction- nitridation reaction in flow nitrogen a
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14

He, Zhi Jun, Hui Zhang, and Yong Long Jin. "Mechanism Study on the High-Phosphorus Hematite Carbothermal Reduction in Microwave Field." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1358.

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In the paper, the research on raising the grade of iron ore and dephosphorization for high-phosphorus oolitic hematite by coal-based carbothermal reduction in microwave field was carried out. The microwave action mechanism was analyzed by the aspects of ionic crystal lattice energy and thermodynamics and dynamics[1]. The possibility of the application of microwave in raising the grade of iron ore and dephosphorization for high-phosphorus hematite was discussed. The research indicated that the primary structure of the high-phosphorus hematite was changed by the high-phosphorus hematite carbothe
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15

Yoshioka, Yoshiki, Hidehiko Tanaka, Mikio Konishi, and Toshiyuki Nishimura. "Synthesis of Nano-Sized SiC Powders by Carbothermal Reduction." Key Engineering Materials 403 (December 2008): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.403.211.

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Nano sized SiC powder was successfully synthesized by the carbothermal reduction in SiO2. Precursor for SiC was prepared by using phenolic resin as a carbon source and ethylsilicate as a silicon source. After mixing, hydrolysis, drying and pyrolysis at 1000°C, SiC precursor consisted of C and SiO2 was obtained. The precursor was heat treated at 1500-1800°C in Ar to synthesize SiC by the carbothermal reduction. The carbothermal redction reaction was almost completed at 1700°C and then SiC particle with suitable size was obtained at this temperature. Nano-sized SiC particles could be achieved at
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16

Lee, Jin Seok, Toshiyuki Nishimura, Hidehiko Tanaka, and Sea Hoon Lee. "Synthesis of Single-Phase, Hexagonal Plate-Like Al4SiC4 Powder." Key Engineering Materials 403 (December 2008): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.403.159.

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Single-phase and hexagonal plate-like Al4SiC4 powder was successfully synthesized using a mixture of Al(OH)3, SiO2 and carbon via a carbothermal reduction process. Two-step reaction was compartmentally observed during the calcination; the carbothermal reduction of SiO2 between 1300 and 1600oC and that of Al2O3 above 1500oC. The mechanisms which were responsible for the synthesis of the ternary carbide (Al4SiC4) powder were discussed.
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17

Réjasse, Florian, Gilles Trolliard, Olivier Rapaud, Alexandre Maître, and Jérémy David. "TEM study of the reaction mechanisms involved in the carbothermal reduction of hafnia." RSC Advances 5, no. 56 (2015): 45341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02190a.

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18

Lu, Yuan, Jian Feng Yang, Zhi Liang Chen, Jian Jun Han, Jing Jing Li, and Ke Yun. "Porous TiN Ceramics Fabricated by Carbothermal Reduction Method." Materials Science Forum 745-746 (February 2013): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.745-746.667.

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Porous TiN ceramics with high porosity and uniform pore structure was prepared following the carbothermal reduction reaction between TiO2 and carbon. Influences of sintering additives and particle size of TiO2 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of porous TiN ceramics were investigated. Microstructure and mechanical properties of porous TiN ceramics were studied by XRD, SEM and three-point bending measurement. XRD analysis proved that the TiN phase has completely formed after reaction. In addition, SEM analysis showed that the resultant porous TiN ceramics were composed of fine gra
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19

Leng, Xian Feng, Yan Gai Liu, Ming Hao Fang та Zhao Hui Huang. "Synthesis of Rod-Like α-SiAlON by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (лютий 2008): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.888.

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Rod-like α-sialon was synthesized successfully using pure SiO2 and AlN as the starting materials, carbon black as reductant, CaF2 and Y2O3 as addition agent by carbothermal reduction-nitridation. The effects of reaction temperature (1450°C, 1500°C, 1600°C and 1700°C) and additive (Li2CO3, CaF2, Y2O3 and Y2O3+CaF2) on phases and microstructure of the final products were studied by XRD and SEM. The results showed that α-sialon was synthesized by carbothermal reduction-nitridation at 1700°C for 3 hours. The morphology of the synthesized α-sialon was rod-like.
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20

da Rocha, Rosa Maria, and Francisco Cristóvão Lourenço de Melo. "Sintering of B4C-SiC Powder Obtained In Situ by Carbothermal Reduction." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.493.

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Boron carbide (B4C) and silicon carbide (SiC) are materials with high hardness and low density what make them very useful in various applications, such armor plates. Hot press sintering of B4C-SiC composites was studied. The powder mixture was obtained in situ by carbothermal reduction using B2O3, SiO2 and carbon black as precursors. Seeds of commercial B4C and SiC were used to accelerate the synthesis reaction. Compositions were prepared to obtain powders after carbothermal reduction with 10, 30 and 50 wt% of SiC. Carbothermal reaction was conducted in argon atmosphere at temperatures up to 1
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21

Ma, Bei Yue, Ying Li, Li Bing Xu та Yu Chun Zhai. "In Situ Synthesis of β-Sialon Powder from Fly Ash". Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (лютий 2011): 2179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2179.

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β-Sialon powder was synthesized by in-situ carbothermal reduction-nitridation process, with fly ash and carbon black as raw materials. The influence of raw materials composition on synthesis process was investigated, and the phase composition and microstructure of the synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope. The carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction process was also discussed. It was found that increasing carbon content in a sample could promote the decomposition of mullite in fly ash and the formation of β-Sialon. The β-Sialon coul
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22

Wei, Yi, Fu Wang, and Wen Bin Cao. "Synthesis of SiC Nanowires with Silica Sol and Carbon Black." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.449.

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Nanometer-sized β-SiC were synthesized by carbothermal reduction of silica sol with acetylene carbon black at 1600 °C for 2h. Three kinds (straight, bamboo-like, branch-like) of SiC nanowires were deposited on the graphite plate, while SiC particle agglomerates and nanowires were formed in the graphite crucible. All the nanowires were formed via VS mechanism through the reaction between gaseous SiO and CO produced from the process of carbothermal reduction.
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23

Lu, Yuan, Jianfeng Yang, Weizhong Lu, Rongzhen Liu, Guanjun Qiao, and Chonggao Bao. "Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics Fabricated by Carbothermal Reduction-Reaction Bonding." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 26, no. 6 (2011): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2010.515640.

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24

Janelidze, Inga, Gigo Jandieri, and Tamar Tsertsvadze. "Thermodynamic analysis of interaction of components in the SIO2-C system: improvement of technical silicon production technological process." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 2 (2021): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.2.345-352.

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In order to identify ways to improve the technological process of smelting metallic (crystalline) silicon of technical purity, a thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of components in the SiO2-C system is carried out that reveals the main factor in obtaining high-quality technical silicon is the elimination of superposition of the silicon carbonization process that is possible by carrying out a two-stage carbothermal reduction reaction, in that firstly the incomplete reduction of silica (SiO2) by solid carbon (C) is provided, accompanied by the release of new reacting gas components - SiO
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25

Li, Pengfei, Jian Zhang, Biwei Luo, et al. "Kinetics of Carbothermal Reduction Process of Different Size Phosphate Rocks." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (2021): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0025.

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Abstract The effects of particle size on the apparent kinetics of carbothermal reduction process of phosphate rock were studied by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyses. Phosphate rock of various particle size was reacted with coke and silica under high purity argon atmosphere. The apparent kinetic model and parameters of carbothermal reduction reaction of phosphate rock with different particle sizes were derived by combination of model-free (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Tang, Starink) and model-fitting (Coats-Redfern, Master-plots) methods. The results showed that the obtai
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26

Wang, Chang An, Hai Long Wang, Lei Yu, and Yong Huang. "Synthesis of Ultra-Fine and High-Pure Zirconium Diboride Powders Using Solution-Based Processing." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.523.

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Ultra-fine and high-pure zirconium diboride powders were prepared by carbothermal reduction boronization of zirconia/boron carbide/carbon mixtures. Fine-scale mixing of the reactants was achieved by solution-based processing in which zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2⋅8H2O) as the zirconia-bearing precursor was precipitated in the suspension of boron carbide (B4C) and carbon powders in water. The carbothermal reduction boronization reaction was substantially completed at relatively low temperatures (<1600°C) and the resulting products (ZrB2 powders) had small average grain sizes (1~2 μm) and hig
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27

Wang, Fu, Wen Bin Cao, Jia Lin Sun, and Rong Liang He. "Preparation of Ultrafine SiC Powders by Carbothermal Reduction." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.821.

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SiC powder was synthesized by carbothermal reduction method using silica sol and amylum as reactants in closed and open graphite crucibles, respectively. The phase composition and morphology of the powders were characterized. Formation of phase-pure silicon carbide can be achieved at 1700°C for 1h. Increasing reaction temperature and extending holding time can greatly promote the production of SiC. The products synthesized in open graphite crucibles are mainly composed of equiaxial β-SiC particles while those synthesized in closed graphite crucibles are β-SiC particles and nanorods.
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28

Sondhi, A., O. Okobiah, S. Chattopadhyay, T. Shibata, T. W. Scharf, and R. F. Reidy. "X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies on the carbothermal reduction reaction products of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 5 (2014): 1512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714014642.

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Extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) at the ZrKedge has been used to determine changes in various bond lengths in 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) during zirconium carbide (ZrC) formation. The principal objective of this study was to determine if ZrC formation at the YSZ/carbon interface alters the zirconia structure. A mixed-phase sample (YSZ and graphite) was carbothermally reduced to form ZrC. X-ray diffraction phase quantification by Rietveld analysis confirmed the formation of ∼50% ZrC in the analyzed sample volume. EXAFS data of ZrC and YSZ powders and a sintered YSZ pel
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29

Shamsuddin, Mohd Shafiq, Muhammad Azwadi Sulaiman, Nik Raihan Nik Yusoff, Mahani Yusoff, and Noor Syuhadah Subki. "Morphology of CuO-Doped Activated Carbon from Kenaf Core Fiber." Solid State Phenomena 264 (September 2017): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.264.169.

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Mechanochemical process was conducted to synthesis a series of metal oxide doped biomass carbon source followed by carbothermal reduction which obtained via the reaction between activated carbon (AC) and CuO precursor. Microstructure of single AC and CuO-doped activated carbon was conducted using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Thermal behavior was studied using thermogravimetric analyser and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA and DSC) and crystallinity phase was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that mechanochemical process and carbothermal
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30

Yin, Li, Zhao Hui Huang, You Guo Xu, Yue Tong Li, Yang Gai Liu, and Ming Hao Fang. "Effect of Temperature on the Phase Behaviors of Zircon by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.480.

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Phase behaviors of zircon at different temperatures via carbothermal reduction-nitridation were investigated in this study. By using zircon as raw material, with carbon coke as reducing agent, the influence of reaction temperatures (1450, 1500, 1550 and 1600 °C, respectively) on phase behaviors and microstructure of the products was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results shows that by carbothermal reduction-nitridation, the main phases in the final products of zircon are m-ZrO2, c-ZrO2, β-SiC
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31

Xiang, D. P., C. Li, C. J. Liu, and L. Ding. "Vacuum Synthesis of Nanocrystalline TiC at a Low Carbothermal Reduction Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.881.

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Ultrafine TiC powders with a grain size of about 25 nm were synthesized from nanoanatase TiO2/carbon black mixtures by mechanical activation-assisted vacuum carbothermal reduction (MCR) reaction. The effects of mechanical activation and carbon sources on TiO2 carbothermal reduction (CR) were also investigated. Results indicated that the CR of nanoTiO2 was enhanced after pre-milling of the starting powders. The synthesis temperature and holding time of TiC decreased from 1500 °C to 1300 °C and from 4 h to 2 h, respectively. However, phase evolution analysis of the reaction showed that mechanica
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32

Ma, J., Shi Gen Zhu, H. Ding, and W. S. Gu. "Effects of Mechanical Activation during the Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Powders by Carbothermic Reduction of Tungsten Oxide." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.248.

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In this work, the effects of mechanical milling on the extent of reduction were investigated to give an overview of potential improvements in the preparation of WC. A mixture of graphite and tungsten oxide (WO3) was mechanically milled together for 10 h. The as-milled powder and un-milled powder were investigated by thermal analysis, isothermal treatment, and X-ray diffraction to determine the effect of milling on the carbothermal reduction of WO3 to tungsten carbide (WC). The as-milled powder underwent a rapid reduction reaction at about 150°C lower than the un-milled powder. The reduction se
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33

Luo, Biwei, Pengfei Li, Yan Li, et al. "Optimization of medium–low-grade phosphorus rock carbothermal reduction process by response surface methodology." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0035.

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AbstractPhosphorus extraction from phosphorus rock was conducted by carbothermal reduction with silica and coke. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, coke excess coefficient, molar ratio of silicon–calcium, and phosphorus rock particle size on the phosphorus reduction rate were investigated by the response surface methodology (RSM). The central composite design (CCD) with five factors and five levels was used to explore the effects of variables’ interactions on the phosphorus reduction rate. The results showed that there are significant interactions between reaction time and tem
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34

Wang, Xi Tang, Zhou Fu Wang, Bao Guo Zhang, and Cheng Ji Deng. "Fabrication of Vanadium Nitride by Carbothermal Nitridation Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1463.

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Vanadium nitride is produced from V2O5 by carbon-thermal reduction and nitridation. When the sintered temperature is above 1273K, VN can be formed, and the nitrogen content of the products increased with the firing temperature raised, and then is the largest when the sintered temperature is 1573K. The C/V2O5 mass ratio of the green samples is the other key factor affecting on the nitrogen contents of the products. The nitrogen content of the products reaches the most when the C/V2O5 mass ratio is 0.33, which is the theoretical ratio of the carbothermal nitridation of V2O5.
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35

Matovic, Branko, Aleksandra Saponjic, and Snezana Boskovic. "Carbonitriding reactions of diatomaceous earth: phase evolution and reaction mechanisms." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 6 (2006): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0606677m.

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The possibility of using diatomaceous earth as Si precursor for low temperature synthesis of non-oxide powders by carbothermal reduction-nitridation was studied. It was found that carbonitriding reactions produce phases of the Si-Al-O-N system. Already at 1300 ?C, nanosized non-oxide powders were obtained. The comparatively low reaction temperatures is attributred to the nano-porous nature of the raw material. The evolution of crystalline phases proceeded via many intermediate stages. The powders were characterized by X-ray and SEM investigations. The results showed that diatomaceous earth can
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36

Gao, Fu, Ran Liu, and Xing Juan Wang. "A Preliminary Study on Preparation of MgAlON Refractory." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2191.

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MgAlON is a new type of refractory material. This article summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the preparative technique through different methods including aluminothermic reduction, carbothermal reduction-nitridation, reaction sintering, spark plasma sintering and so on. The future development was also discussed.
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37

Ma, Shaobo, Zhaohui Zhang, Shuxiang Xu, Xintao Li, and Lu Feng. "Recovery of zinc from electric arc furnace dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 4 (2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021058.

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Recently, the proportion of electric furnace steelmaking has increased rapidly, and the content of electric arc furnace dust has increased. Through comprehensive recovery of electric arc furnace dust, the harm of metallurgical solid waste can be reduced and economic value can be created. In this paper, it gives a common outline about the known recycling techniques from electric arc furnace dusts and presents the carbothermal reduction under vacuum. The evolution in reduction products in the process of vacuum carbothermal reduction of zinc-containing electric arc furnace dust is studied using t
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38

Wang, Fang, Xian Ding, Ruyue Shi, et al. "Facile synthesis of Ti4O7 on hollow carbon spheres with enhanced polysulfide binding for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 17 (2019): 10494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00544g.

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Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> nanoparticles grown on hollow carbon spheres through the carbothermal reduction reaction exhibit high sulfur loading, superior reversible capacity and favorable cycling stability.
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39

Shen, Chun Ying, Tai Qiu, and Yu Ming Lu. "Morphology and Reaction Mechanism of AlN Fibers Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1399.

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AlN fibers were synthesized by carbothermal reduction using Al2O3 fibers as starting material. The N content of AlN fibers synthesized at 1780°C was more than 31%. The morphology and microstructure of AlN fibers were studied with XRD, SEM and TG-DSC. The fibers containing small AlN grains were pipe-shaped, in which the particle size is about 1µ, diameter 4 ~ 6µ, length/diameter ratio 20 ~ 30. The main reaction process is as follows: Firstly, alumina is reduced by carbon to lower-valent aluminum oxide, which further reacts with nitrogen and forms AlN. Secondly, when the alumina fibers are coate
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40

Panda, P. K., L. Mariappan, and T. S. Kannan. "The effect of various reaction parameters on carbothermal reduction of kaolinite." Ceramics International 25, no. 5 (1999): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(98)00060-1.

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41

Wu, Qinghui, Junqi Li, Xiaodong Lv, Benjun Xv, Chaoyi Chen, and Run Huang. "Reaction Mechanism of Low-Grade Phosphate Ore During Vacuum Carbothermal Reduction." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (2021): 1484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02117-6.

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42

Sun, Lian, Cheng Han, Nan Wu, Bing Wang, and Yingde Wang. "High temperature gas sensing performances of silicon carbide nanosheets with an n–p conductivity transition." RSC Advances 8, no. 25 (2018): 13697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02164c.

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Novel silicon carbide nanosheets were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction reaction. We studied their high-temperature gas sensing properties and the mechanism of n–p conductivity transition during gas sensing tests.
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43

Ramesh, P. D., та K. J. Rao. "Carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of SiOx and preoxidized SiOx: Formation of α-Si3N4 fibers". Journal of Materials Research 9, № 9 (1994): 2330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2330.

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The chemical composition of amorphous SiOx has been analyzed by oxidation studies and is found to be SiO1.7. SiO1.7 appears to be a monophasic amorphous material on the basis of 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, high resolution electron microscopy, and comparative behavior of a physical mixture of Si and SiO2. Carbothermal reduction and nitridation reactions have been carried out on amorphous SiO1.7 and on amorphous SiO2 obtained from oxidation of SiO1.7. At 1623 K reactions of SiO1.7 lead exclusively to the formation of Si2N2O, while those of SiO2 lead exclusively to the formation of Si3N4. Fo
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44

Amroune, A., and G. Fantozzi. "Synthesis of Al2O3–SiC from kyanite precursor." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 6 (2001): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0223.

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Carbothermal reduction of kyanite, a natural aluminosilicate with high alumina content (Al2O3 · SiO2), was used as a way to synthesize SiC–Al2O3 powder. Carbon black was mixed with the mineral precursor in a molar ratio of (C/SiO2) = 5.5. The Carbothermal reaction sequence was studied in the temperature range 1260–1550 °C. Completion of the reaction at 1550 °C gave β–SiC-whiskers and α–Al2O3 particles as final products. From observations, the impurities contained in the mineral precursor behave as catalysts for the vapor–liquid–solid whisker growth mechanism. When the specific surface area of
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45

Pan, Zi He, Zhao Hui Huang, Wen Juan Li, Yan Gai Liu, and Ming Hao Fang. "Phase Behavior of Silica Brick Used in Carbothermal Reduction." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.472.

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In this study we observed the phase behavior of silica brick used in the process of carbothermal reduction. At 1550°C, there are liner β-SiC in clumps huddled together; At 1550°C, short line clumps changed into filamentous, mixed together. There are many particles and some β-SiC lines and few filamentous β-SiC at 1600°C . Different ratio of carbon coke also effect the phase behavior. From the results we obtained SiC powders. SiC refractory powders were prepared via carbothermal reduction method using used silica bricks as raw materials. The effects of carbon content, temperature and holding ti
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46

Yin, Hong Feng, та Yun Tang. "Preparation of Ca-α-Sialon-SiC Multiphase Ceramics from Gasification Slag". Materials Science Forum 695 (липень 2011): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.328.

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The chemical composition, phase constituents and microstructure of gasification slag from Texaco gasifier, the carbothermal reduction nitridation of gasification slag were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of nitridation temperature on the phase composition and morphology of nitridation reaction products was studied. Ca-α-sialon—SiC multiphase ceramics were fabricated and characterized. The results showed that: The coal gasification slag was an ideal raw material to synthesize Sialon powder. When introducing 3wt%Y
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47

Niyomwas, Sutham. "Effect of Silica Sources on Synthesis of Alumina-Mullite-Silicon Carbide Composite." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.607.

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Synthesis of alumina-mullite-silicon carbide composite (Al2O3-Al6Si2O13-SiCw) was obtained in situ by carbothermal reduction of a mixture of kaolin and two different silica sources. The carbothermal reduction was carried out in a horizontal tube furnace under flow of argon gas. The synthesized products were mixtures of alumina, mullite and silicon carbide in the form of whiskers. The effects of adding two different silica sources of rice husk ash and silica powder to the mixture of kaolin and activated carbon were investigated. XRD and SEM analyses indicate complete reaction of precursors to y
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48

Kim, Beom Seob, Young Chul Woo, and Deug Joong Kim. "Synthesis of Ultra Fine TiC Powders by Carbothermal Reduction." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.141.

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Synthesis of nano TiC powder by carbothermal reduction procedure of TiO2 was investigated. TiO2 was mixed with resin or carbon powder as reduction agent and was reacted at 1500oC for 0 ~ 45 minutes under Ar atmosphere. Conglomeration of the powders mixed with TiO2 and resin were observed in the initial stage of the reduction and the unreacted TiO2 was not found even after 5 minutes elapsed. The fine TiC particles with a size of 80 nm were formed by complete reaction between Ti, a reduction product, and C after 15 minutes. However, the conglomerated particles were not the powders added with car
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49

Yunos, Nur Farhana Mohd, Jian Hao Chong, Ahmed Indris Mohammed, and Muhammad Asri Idris. "Phase Evolution during Carbothermal Reduction of Langkawi Ilmenite Ore at Different Reaction Times." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.391.

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In this research, the carbothermal reduction of Langkawi ilmenite ore, FeTiO3 had been conducted by using coke as carbon reductant. All samples were grinded into size of ≤ 63 µm and pelletized using 2.5 g mixture of ilmenite ore with coke based on C/O molar ratio of 1:3 (carbon to reducible oxygen). The carbothermal reduction was conducted in a horizontal tube furnace using 0.1 L/min of argon gas flow at temperature of 1200°C. The ultimate and proximate analysis of carbon reductant was investigated using carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHONS) analyzer. The phase evolutions and c
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50

Sui, Wan Mei, Shi Jun Luan та Ran Ran Song. "Preparation and High Temperature Performance of β-Sialon Bonded Corundum Multiphase Material". Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (квітень 2007): 1498–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1498.

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β-Sialon bonded corundum multiphase ceramic refractory was prepared by the method of carbothermal reduction and nitridation reactions of clay mineral doped with corundum particle phase. The high-temperature oxidation resistance and the thermal-shock resistance behaviors of the material were tested and investigated. The results show that the oxidation reaction history at 1573K can be divided into two reaction kinetic phases. The circle times of the thermal-shock resistance ($=1473K) reached to more than 200 times and the thermal shock failure is not a brittle rupture but a desquamate damage.
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