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Masri, A., J. M. Macfarlane, N. Lambe, W. Haresign, E. Rius-Vilarrasa, and L. Bunger. "Evaluation of the direct effects of MyoMAXTMon carcass traits in crossbred lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029847.
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Quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on chromosome 2 in the region of the myostatin gene or polymorphisms in the myostatin gene have shown major effects on sheep carcass muscling (e.g. Clopet al., 2006). MyoMAXTM(MMQTL) is one such QTL/allele identified in Texel sheep, which increases carcass muscling and reduces carcass fatness (e.g. Lavilleet al., 2004; Johnsonet al., 2005). The UK sheep industry may benefit from using MM-QTL to increase meat yield in lamb carcasses once its effects are verified in a genetic background typical of the stratified UK system.
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López-Campos, Ó., J. A. Basarab, V. S. Baron, J. L. Aalhus, and M. Juárez. "Reduced age at slaughter in youthful beef cattle: Effects on carcass merit traits." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 4 (December 2012): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-014.
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López-Campos, Ó., Basarab, J. A., Baron, V. S., Aalhus, J. L. and Juárez, M. 2012. Reduced age at slaughter in youthful beef cattle: Effects on carcass merit traits. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 449–463. Two-hundred and twenty-four spring-born British×Continental crossbred steers were used in a 2-yr project to evaluate the effect of production system (calf-fed vs. yearling-fed) and its interaction with breed cross and hormone implant strategies, with and without β-adrenergic agonist on carcass characteristics. Carcasses from yearling-fed steers were 32% heavier (P<0.001), resulting in higher (P<0.05) dressing percentages, grade fat and rib-eye (longissimus thoracis) area (REA) (1.1, 32 and 10%, respectively). However, despite being lighter, the estimated lean yield percentage was 3% greater (P=0.010) in carcasses from calf-fed steers. No difference (P>0.05) was observed for marbling scores between production systems. Use of hormonal implants increased (P<0.001) weights of live animals and carcasses (7 and 9%, respectively). However, non-implanted yearling-fed steers had the lowest proportion of Canada Quality Grade A and the highest proportion of Canada Quality Grade AAA carcasses (P<0.001). Moreover, the observed increase (P=0.016) in marbling scores (up to 37%) from British cross-bred steers disappeared with the use of implants. The only effect observed on carcass traits from the use of β-adrenergic agonists was an increase of 6% in REA (P=0.032). The main production system effect observed for carcass composition was a lower (P=0.008) proportion of bone in carcasses from yearling-fed steers. The use of hormonal implants increased (P<0.001) the proportion of lean and decreased (P=0.019) the proportion of fat (P<0.05). Overall carcass composition of steers with large Continental influence (>50%) had a higher proportion of lean and bone and a lower proportion of fat than carcasses from 50–75% British steers (P<0.001), which was also reflected in the composition of several individual primal cuts (e.g., rib, short-loin, flank, chuck and plate). The interactions amongst production systems and the other production factors studied were minimal. Therefore, despite expected differences in carcass size, reducing age at slaughter did not have a negative impact on Canadian beef carcass traits.
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Pollott, G. E., D. R. Guy, and D. Croston. "Genetic parameters of lamb carcass characteristics at three end-points: fat level, age and weight." Animal Science 58, no. 1 (February 1994): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007091.
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AbstractAlthough breed substitution is a very common method of rapidly altering the characteristics of a livestock population, within-breed selection for lamb carcass characters is becoming more widely used in the terminal sire breeds in Britain. Such selection schemes require accurate and applicable genetic parameters for the carcass traits of interest. This paper reports a genetic analysis of 11 traits measured on 3592 lamb carcasses using a derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood technique. Because of the trial design it was possible to estimate the genetic parameters of the traits at comparable fat cover, carcass weight and age at slaughter, using appropriate within-subclass covariates.Heritability estimates for muscle depth (0·23, s.e. 0·04), muscle width (0·32, s.e. 0·05), fat depth (0·31, s.e. 0·05), caliper fat (0·23, s.e. 0·04) and conformation (0·29, s.e. 0·05) were similar in the weight and age-corrected results. Heritabilities for fat cover (0·35, s.e. 0·05), daily carcass weight gain (0·63, s.e. 0·07), and leg conformation (0·44, s.e. 0·05) were higher with slaughter at fixed weight than at fixed age. The heritabilities of traits at comparable fat cover were similar to those at comparable age at slaughter with the exception of daily carcass weight gain, fat depth, caliper fat and leg conformation.The different measures of fat were highly correlated with each other. Conformation was moderately correlated with external fat score, carcass length and muscle depth. Muscle depth was moderately correlated with carcass length. Differences were found between genetic correlations calculated at equal weight, a common point of comparison in breeding schemes, and equal fat cover, a common end-point for slaughter lambs.
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Aalhus, Jennifer L., Óscar López-Campos, Nuria Prieto, Argenis Rodas-González, Michael E. R. Dugan, Bethany Uttaro, and Manuel Juárez. "Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 4 (December 2014): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-038.
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Aalhus, J. L., López-Campos, Ó., Prieto, N., Rodas-González, A., Dugan, M. E. R., Uttaro, B. and Juárez, M. 2014. Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 545–556. Beef value is in the eye, mouth or mind of the consumer; however, currently, producers are paid on the basis of carcass grade. In general, affluent consumers are becoming more discerning and are willing to pay for both credence and measureable quality differences. The Canadian grading system for youthful carcasses identifies both lean yield and quality attributes, whereas mature carcasses are broadly categorized. Opportunities exist to improve the prediction of lean meat yield and better identify meat quality characteristics in youthful beef, and to obtain additional value from mature carcasses through muscle profiling. Individual carcass identification along with development of database systems like the Beef InfoXchange System (BIXS) will allow a paradigm shift for the industry as traits of economic value can be easily identified to improve marketing value chains. In the near future, developing technologies (e.g., grade cameras, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and spectroscopic methods such as near infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging) will be successfully implemented on-line to identify a multitude of carcass and quality traits of growing importance to segments of the consuming population.
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Petrovic, Milica, M. Pusic, D. Radojkovic, M. Mijatovic, C. Radovic, and B. Zivkovic. "Phenotypic and genetic variability of quality traits of carcass sides and meat." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 22, no. 5-6 (2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0606001p.
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Investigation of phenotypic and genetic variability of carcass side quality traits and pH values of M. semimembranosusa was carried out on 997 fatteners (446 females and 551 castrates) who originated from 20 sires. Sires were pure breed (Swedish Landrace, Large White and Duroc) and two breed crosses (Duroc x hampshire). In average 48,8 progeny - fatteners over sire were tested. Obtained data was processed by application of several methods of least squares (Harvey, 1990) in which sire genotype, sex and mass of warm carcass sides were included (linear effect) or age at the end of fattening (linear effect). Sires and sex of offspring influenced variation of all traits (P<0.01) except on value pH45. Genotype of sire influenced (P<0.05) variation of both pH values Heritability coefficients of quality traits of carcass sides were medium and in the interval from 0.234 to 0.408. Low value of heritability coefficient (0.098) was evaluated for trait pH45. Contrary to this trait, heritability of pH24 was high. Phenotypic relation of carcass side traits was of different force (from very weak to complete) and sign. Between traits pH45 and pH24 evaluated coefficient of phenotypic correlation wasn't statistically significant.
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Burrow, H. M., S. S. Moore, D. J. Johnston, W. Barendse, and B. M. Bindon. "Quantitative and molecular genetic influences on properties of beef: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00015.
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The scientific literature is reviewed to identify quantitative and molecular genetic influences on quantity and quality of beef. Genetic variation between breeds is of similar magnitude to genetic variation within breeds for many economically important traits. Differences between breeds are significant and large for most carcass and beef quality attributes, including beef tenderness, although differences for sensory juiciness and flavour are of little practical importance. For traits such as beef tenderness, between-breed differences may be more easily exploited than within-breed differences, because exceptional breeds are easier to identify than exceptional animals. Effects of heterosis on carcass and beef quality attributes are relatively small (3% or less), with most effects mediated through heterotic effects on weight. Carcass composition traits (e.g. carcass weight, fat thickness and marbling) are moderately to highly heritable. Most estimates of retail beef yield percentage are highly heritable, offering good potential for within-breed selection for the trait, although a moderate to strong antagonistic relationship exists between yield and marbling. This relationship needs to be considered in within-breed selection programs for yield percentage. Early estimates of heritability of objective measures of beef tenderness (Warner Bratzler shear force values) indicated tenderness was moderately to highly heritable. Recent estimates using larger numbers of carcasses and more discriminatory methods of analysis indicate that beef tenderness is lowly heritable in Bos taurus breeds and moderately heritable inBos indicus and Bos indicus-derived breeds. Within breeds, measures of 24-h calpastatin activity are genetically strongly correlated with shear force values but are more heritable. However, phenotypic correlations between shear force values and 24-h calpastatin activities are low. There are also inconsistencies in relationships between these measurements across breeds. Low correlations between tenderness in different muscles, low to moderate heritabilities and inconsistent variation within- and between-breeds for traits such as 24-h calpastatin activity suggest that genetic improvement in beef tenderness may be difficult. The possibility exists that significant mitochondrial genetic effects occur for some carcass and beef quality attributes. A major gene for muscular hypertrophy in cattle significantly affects carcass and beef quality characteristics. Genome-wide screening of DNA markers indicates a number of putative Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with carcass and meat quality characteristics. Published data for these QTL are summarised. Strategies to combine quantitative and molecular genetic information to maximise genetic progress are discussed.
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Sant’anna, Aline Cristina, Tiago Da Silva Valente, Ana Fabrícia Braga Magalhães, Rafael Espigolan, Maria Camila Ceballos, Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque, and Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa. "Relationships between temperament, meat quality, and carcass traits in Nellore cattle1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 12 (November 16, 2019): 4721–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz324.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between temperament in Nellore bulls with carcass and meat quality traits. In total, 1,400 bulls were studied, and temperament was assessed using two measurements: movement score (MOV) and flight speed test (FS). Both MOV and FS were measured at two time points, with background (MOVb and FSb) temperament measured at yearling age, ~550 d after birth, and the preslaughter (MOVps and FSps) temperament measured at the end of the feedlot period. The change of temperament resulting in an increase or decrease in reactivity was also used to measure meat quality. The traits used to define carcass and meat quality included carcass bruises (BRU), hot carcass weight (HCW, kg), ribeye area (REA, cm2), backfat thickness (BFT, cm), marbling score (MS), meat pH after thawing (pH), presence or absence of dark cutters, color parameters of luminosity (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), cooking loss (CL, %), and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF, kg). A principal component (PC) analysis was initially applied to the carcass and meat quality traits, followed by logistic regression models and linear mixed models to evaluate the effects of temperament on carcass and meat quality. The risks of carcass bruises and dark cutters did not differ as a function of any temperament trait (P > 0.05). In turn, animals classified as high MOVb (reactive) had lower PC3 values (P = 0.05), CL (P = 0.02), and tended to have lower MS (P = 0.08). In addition, animals classified as high FSb (faster and reactive cattle) produced carcasses with smaller REA (P < 0.01), higher meat pH (P < 0.01), lower color gradients (L*, P = 0.04; b*, P < 0.01), and lower PC1 and PC4 scores (P < 0.01) when compared with the low FSb class. For preslaughter temperament, high MOVps was related to lower color a* (P = 0.04), whereas high FSps was related to lower HCW, MS, and PC2 (P < 0.01) than the calmer ones (low FSps). The reduction in MOV was related to more tender meat, and the reduction in FS to heavier carcass and brighter meat. We conclude that excitable temperament in Nellore cattle may have negative effects in some of the carcass and meat quality attributes assessed, mainly those related to muscle deposition on carcass and color gradients. Measurement of temperament before the cattle entered the feedlot was a better predictor of carcass and meat quality traits, compared with temperament assessment at the end of the feeding period.
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Bahelka, I., E. Hanusová, D. Peškovičová, and P. Demo. "The effect of sex and slaughter weight on intramuscular fat content and its relationship to carcass traits of pigs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 5 (January 7, 2008): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2233-cjas.
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Carcass quality and intramuscular fat content of castrates and gilts are compared and a possible dependence of intramuscular fat content on sex and slaughter weight is determined in the pig population of the Slovak Republic. A total of 129 pigs of three different genotypes were included in the experiment. After slaughter, the carcasses were weighed and backfat thickness was measured. On the next day, carcass dissection described by Walstra and Merkus (1995) was determined. Four prime cuts (shoulder, loin, ham and belly) were further dissected to meat, bones and fat with skin. Intramuscular fat content was analysed in a laboratory from the samples (100 g) of <i>musculus longissimus dorsi</i>. The results were statistically analysed using SAS/STAT and a linear model was used to find the dependence of intramuscular fat content. Correlation coefficients between carcass traits and intramuscular fat were also calculated. Sex of pigs, and particularly weight of lean meat and weight of fatty parts had a significant effect on intramuscular fat content (<i>P</i> < 0.0001 and <i>P</i> = 0.0022) while no effect of the genotype and slaughter weight was observed. Significant differences between castrates and gilts were found in almost all observed traits, e.g. average backfat thickness (29.01 vs. 25.56 mm), percentage of meat (52.77 vs. 57.68%), intramuscular fat content (2.49 vs. 2.00%). Generally, the intramuscular fat in the pig population is not sufficient (2.25%), therefore it would be desirable to include this trait in selection strategies in pig breeding.
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Brown, D. J., and A. A. Swan. "Genetic importance of fat and eye muscle depth in Merino breeding programs." Animal Production Science 56, no. 4 (2016): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14645.
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Australian Merino breeders have traditionally selected animals for breeding predominately on the basis of wool characteristics. Over recent decades, an increasing proportion of Merino breeders are interested in producing a ewe that can be used for prime-lamb production, but that also performs well for wool characteristics. Correlations between ultrasound carcass traits and other traits such as wool, internal parasite resistance and reproduction traits, are not very well known. The aims of this study were three-fold: (1) to estimate the genetic relationships between ultrasound carcass traits and wool, internal parasite resistance and reproduction traits, (2) to determine the value of recording ultrasound carcass traits in Merino breeding programs, and (3) to evaluate the impact of improving ewe genetic merit for fatness on their reproduction performance. Ultrasound fat and eye muscle depth had small to moderate genetic correlations with most traits, with positive correlations observed for bodyweight, fibre diameter, fibre curvature and reproduction, and negative correlations observed for fleece weight, fibre diameter coefficient of variation, worm egg count and breech wrinkle. As expected on the basis of these genetic correlations, estimated breeding values for fat depth of ewes had a positive association with their observed reproduction performance, but the effect explained only minimal variation in reproductive performance, and was extremely variable among flocks and years. A range of measurement scenarios was investigated for three standard MERINOSELECT indexes. Measuring fat and eye muscle depth resulted in 3%, 4% and 21% additional economic index gain for the fine, medium and dual purpose indexes, respectively, whereas measuring reproduction traits directly resulted in 17%, 27% and 45% additional gain in the economic index. Dual purpose index gains benefited more from measuring ultrasound carcass traits as it is the only index with a direct economic value placed on carcass traits. Measuring fat and eye muscle depth also resulted in a greater reduction in worm egg count. The results indicated that desirable genetic progress can be made in wool, ultrasound carcass, internal parasite resistance and number of lambs born and weaned simultaneously using multiple trait selection to account for the mix of favourable and unfavourable correlations between these traits. These results also demonstrated that the best method to maximise economic gain is to measure as many traits (or closely correlated traits) in the breeding objective as possible.
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Smith, G. C., J. D. Tatum, and K. E. Belk. "International perspective: characterisation of United States Department of Agriculture and Meat Standards Australia systems for assessing beef quality." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08198.
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The intent, in this manuscript, is to characterise the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Meat Standards Australia (MSA) systems for assessing beef quality and to describe the research evidence that supports the principles involved in grade application. USDA beef quality grading standards rely on carcass-trait-only assessments of approximate age of the animal at harvest and amount of intramuscular fat (as marbling) inside the muscles. USDA beef quality grading started 82 years ago. Then, as now, because no traceability system was in place, each animal’s history (exact age, feeding regimen, management practices, etc.) was incomplete; those who assigned quality grades used indicators of age (physiological maturity) and plane of nutrition (amount of marbling), and they do so still. Since 1926, research studies have identified a multitude of palatability-determining live-animal factors (e.g. genetics, use of hormonal growth promotants, high-energy diet finishing) and carcass-treatment factors (e.g. electrical stimulation, tenderstretch carcass suspension, postmortem aging) that cannot be incorporated into a carcass-trait-only quality assessment system. The USA beef industry has depended on development of more than 100 beef brands – some using palatability assurance critical control point plans, total quality management (TQM) philosophies, USDA certification and process verification programs, or combinations of live-animal factors, carcass-treatment factors and carcass-trait constraints – to further differentiate fresh beef products. The MSA grading system is a TQM grading approach that incorporates animal-specific traits (e.g. genetics, sex, age), control of certain pre-harvest and post-harvest processes in the beef chain, cut-specific quality differences and consumer preferences, into a beef pricing system. A unique aspect of the MSA grading system is that the grades are assigned to cuts or muscles, not carcasses; cuts or muscles from the same carcass are assigned individual (and in many cases, different) grades that reflect differences in expected eating quality performance among the various cuts of beef further adjusted to reflect the influence of cut or muscle aging and alternative cooking methods. The MSA grading system is still being modified and refined (using results of an extensive, ongoing consumer testing program), but it represents the best existing example of a TQM grading approach for improving beef quality and palatability. Research studies have shown that the accuracy of palatability-level prediction by use of the two systems – USDA quality grades for US customers and consumers and MSA grades for Australian customers and consumers – is sufficient to justify their continued use for beef quality assessment.
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Reverter, A., D. J. Johnston, D. M. Ferguson, D. Perry, M. E. Goddard, H. M. Burrow, V. H. Oddy, J. M. Thompson, and B. M. Bindon. "Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 4. Correlations among animal, carcass, and meat quality traits." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02088.
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Beef cattle data from temperate (TEMP, n = 3947) and tropically (TROP, n = 4137) adapted breeds were analysed to compute estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between animal, abattoir carcass, and meat quality measures. Live animal traits included: liveweight (S2LWT), scanned subcutaneous rump fat depth (S2P8), scanned eye muscle area (S2EMA), flight time (S1FT), and finishing average daily gain (FADG). Carcass traits included: hot carcass weight (CWT), retail beef yield percentage (RBY), intramuscular fat percentage (IMF), subcutaneous rump fat depth (P8), eye muscle length by width (ELW), and meat colour score (MEATC). Meat quality measures taken on 2 muscles [M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and M. semitendinosus (ST)] included: shear force of LTL (LTL_SF) and ST (ST_SF); compression of the ST (ST_C); cooking loss % of the LTL (LTL_CL%) and ST (ST_CL%); Minolta LTL L* (LTL_L*), a* (LTL_a*), ST a* (ST_a*); and consumer-assessed LTL tenderness score (LTL_TEND). Genetic and phenotypic correlations between animal measures and related carcass traits were moderate to very high for TEMP and TROP. Genetic correlations between S2LWT and CWT were 0.89 and 0.82, between S2P8 and P8 0.80 and 0.88, and between S2EMA and ELW 0.62 and 0.68, for TEMP and TROP, respectively. Genetic correlations between animal measures and other carcass traits varied; moderate genetic correlations were estimated between S2P8 and RBY (–0.57, –0.19 for TEMP, TROP) and S2P8 and IMF (0.39, 0.23 for TEMP, TROP). Genetic correlations between animal and meat quality measures were moderate to low. For TEMP, moderate genetic correlations were estimated between S2P8 and LTL_TEND (0.38), FADG and ST_a* (–0.49), and FADG and LTL_TEND (0.45); and for TROP, S1FT and LTL_SF (–0.54), and S2EMA and LTL_L* (–0.46). Phenotypic correlations between animal and meat quality were generally low and close to zero. Several moderate to high genetic correlations existed between carcass and meat quality traits. In general, fatness measures were genetically correlated with tenderness (e.g. IMF and LTL_TEND 0.61, 0.31 for TEMP, TROP). CWT was genetically correlated with meat colour (CWT and LTL_L* 0.66, 0.60 for TEMP, TROP) and objective tenderness measures (CWT and ST_C –0.52, –0.22 for TEMP, TROP). Once again phenotypic correlations between carcass and meat quality were low, indicating that few phenotypic predictors of meat quality traits were identified. Several of the genetic correlations show that both animal and abattoir carcass traits may be of use as indirect measures for carcass and meat quality traits in multiple trait genetic evaluation systems.
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Johnston, D. J., L. L. Benyshek, J. K. Bertrand, M. H. Johnson, and G. M. Weiss. "Estimates of genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits in Charolais cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-061.
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Growth and carcass records were obtained on 1444 progeny, representing 53 Charolais sires from 7 yr of the Canadian Charolais Association Conception to Consumer Program. After weaning, all calves entered a commercial feedlot, where they remained on feed until they were visually appraised to grade A1 or A2, at which time they were slaughtered. The average age, backfat and carcass weight at slaughter were 417 d, 8.9 mm and 306 kg, respectively. Carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, marbling and number of days from on test to slaughter were adjusted to a fat constant end point of 8.9 mm of backfat. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental relationships were computed from variances and covariances estimated using a multiple-trait sire model with restricted maximum likelihood procedures between all pairwise combinations of growth and carcass traits. The following heritabilities were determined: birth weight, 0.25; 200-d adjusted weaning weight, 0.09; 365-d adjusted yearling weight, 0.16; feedlot test average daily gain, 0.19; relative growth rate, 0.18; number of days from on test to slaughter, 0.24; carcass weight, 0.09; longissimus muscle area, 0.38; and marbling score, 0.26. Carcass weight had a positive genetic correlation with longissimus muscle area (0.45) and number of days from on test to slaughter (0.29) but correlated negatively with marbling score (−0.31). Longissimus muscle area was negatively correlated with marbling score (−0.24). Key words: Beef cattle, growth and carcass traits, genetic parameters
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Willson, Hannah E., Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira, Allan P. Schinckel, Daniela Grossi, and Luiz F. Brito. "Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Pork Quality, Novel Carcass, Primal-Cut and Growth Traits in Duroc Pigs." Animals 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050779.
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More recently, swine breeding programs have aimed to include pork quality and novel carcass (e.g., specific primal cuts such as the Boston butt or belly that are not commonly used in selection indexes) and belly traits together with growth, feed efficiency and carcass leanness in the selection indexes of terminal-sire lines, in order to efficiently produce pork with improved quality at a low cost to consumers. In this context, the success of genetic selection for such traits relies on accurate estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations between traits. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for 39 traits in Duroc pigs (three growth, eight conventional carcass (commonly measured production traits; e.g., backfat depth), 10 pork quality and 18 novel carcass traits). Phenotypic measurements were collected on 2583 purebred Duroc gilts, and the variance components were estimated using both univariate and bivariate models and REML procedures. Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for most traits, while genetic correlations tended to be low to moderate overall. Moderate to high genetic correlations were found between growth, primal-cuts and novel carcass traits, while low to moderate correlations were found between pork quality and growth and carcass traits. Some genetic antagonisms were observed, but they are of low to moderate magnitude. This indicates that genetic progress can be achieved for all traits when using an adequate selection index.
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Thompson, J. M., R. Polkinghorne, M. Porter, H. M. Burrow, R. A. Hunter, G. J. McCrabb, and R. Watson. "Effect of repeated implants of oestradiol-17β on beef palatability in Brahman and Braham cross steers finished to different market end points." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08193.
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The effect of repeated implantation with 20 mg oestradiol-17β (Compudose 100) on carcass and meat quality traits was investigated using 478 Bos indicus and B. indicus × Bos taurus cross steers finished on either pasture or grain to achieve carcass weight for one of three market end points (domestic, 220 kg; Korean, 280 kg; or Japanese, 340 kg). In the oestradiol-17β treatment group, animals were administered implants at ~100-day intervals, with the number of implants administered to any steer ranging from one to eight. Cattle were slaughtered and at boning the anterior portion of the M. longissimus lumborum was removed and frozen after aging for 1 day for later objective meat quality measurements (shear force, compression and cook loss %). The adjoining portion was aged for 14 days before consumer sensory testing using the Meat Standards Australia protocols. Each sample was scored for tenderness, juiciness, like flavour and overall liking by 10 untrained consumers. Implanting increased carcass weights and ossification scores (P < 0.05) and reduced marbling scores in comparison to non-implanted carcasses. For tenderness, like flavour, overall liking and MQ4 scores there was a significant (P < 0.05) interaction between B. indicus content and oestradiol-17β treatment, whereby high B. indicus content cattle that were implanted with oestradiol-17β had the lowest sensory scores. The number of implants administered did not affect carcass weights or marbling scores, whereas ossification scores increased in carcasses as the number of implants increased. The number of implants administered had no effect (P > 0.05) on sensory scores, or objective meat tenderness.
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Houška, L., M. Wolfová, I. Nagy, Z. Csörnyei, and I. Komlósi. "Economic values for traits of pigs in Hungary." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 4 (April 16, 2010): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2009-cjas.
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Marginal economic values for production and reproduction traits of pigs were estimated applying a bio-economic model to Hungarian commercial sow herds with integrated fattening of piglets. Data collected between 2002 and 2008 were used for the calculation. Marginal economic values (in € per unit of the trait per sow per year) estimated for fattening days in the station test, age at the end of the field test, lean meat percentage in the carcass, percentage of valuable cuts in the carcass and the number of piglets born alive were 2.84 €/day, 2.71 €/day, 22.45 €/%, 28.81 €/% and 54.22 €/piglet in the first litter, respectively.
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De Almeida Rego Grecco, Fabíola Cristine, Simone Fernanda Nedel Pertile, João Marcos Zequim Rodrigues, Marilice Zundt, Petrônio Pinheiro Porto, Luiz Fernando Coelho da Cunha Filho, Marta Juliane Gasparini, Sandra Maria Simonelli, Camila Hernandes de Oliveira, and José Victor Pronievicz Barreto. "Carcass and Meat Quality of ewe Lambs Supplemented With Crude Glycerin in Different Finishing Systems." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 24, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2020v24n3p293-297.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características de desempenho, carcaça e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas em dois sistemas: com suas mães no sistema de creep feeding e confinadas após o desmame. Dezesseis borregas mestiças Texel x Hampshire Down foram divididas em dois tratamentos: borregas com suas mães, alimentadas em creep feed ou desmamadas e confinadas. A dieta oferecida aos dois tratamentos consistiu em 420 g kg-1 de volumoso (cana-de-açúcar) e 580 g kg-1 de concentrado, com adição de 70 g kg-1 de glicerina bruta na matéria seca da dieta. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início e no final do período experimental para avaliar a glicemia. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso vivo médio de 28 kg. Os animais terminados no sistema creep feeding apresentaram maior nível de glicose plasmática. Os valores médios obtidos para as características de peso e rendimento de carcaça foram maiores para os animais criados no sistema creep feeding. Em geral, as variáveis de composição química e características da carne dos animais não diferiram entre os sistemas de terminação, exceto o valor do pH e a capacidade de retenção de água. As características de desempenho e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas nos sistemas avaliados foram semelhantes, e as borregas terminadas no sistema creep feeding tiveram carcaças mais pesadas do que as terminadas nos sistemas de confinamento.
Palavras-chave: Ganho de peso. Ovinos. Rendimento de carcaça. Subproduto.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass and meat quality traits of ewe lambs finished in two systems: with their mothers in a creep feeding system and early weaning followed by feedlot. Sixteen Texel × Hampshire Down crossbred ewe lambs were separated into two treatment groups, consisting of ewe lambs with their mothers, fed by creep feeding or weaned and confined. The diet offered to both treatments consisted of 420 g kg-1 of roughage (sugar cane) and 580 g kg-1 concentrate, with the addition of 70 g kg-1 of crude glycerin in the dry matter of the diet. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experimental period to measure plasma glucose content. The animals were slaughtered when they reached an average of 28 kg live weight. Animals finished in creep feeding systems had a higher amount of plasma glucose. The mean values obtained for weight and yield carcass characteristics were better in creep feeding. In general, the chemical composition and meat quality variables did not differ between the finishing systems, except for the pH value and water loss under pressure. The performance and meat quality traits of ewe lambs in the evaluated finishing systems were similar, and the ewe lambs in the creep feeding system had greater carcass weight than ewe lambs finishing in feedlot systems.
Keywords: Byproducts. Carcass Yield. Sheep. Weight Gain.
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Huerta-Leidenz, Nelson, Nancy Jerez-Timaure, Susmira Godoy, Carlos Rodríguez-Matos, and Omar Araujo-Febres. "Fattening performance and carcass traits of implanted and supplemented grassfed bulls." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias XXXI, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-luz312.art2.
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Ninety-nine uncastrated males were randomly distributed into four grazing groups to examine variation in growth and carcass traits, due to the implant regime [Implantation of 72 miligrams (mg) of Ralgro® at day (d) 0 followed by its reimplantation at d 90 versus implantation of Revalor® at d 0 followed by 72 mg of Ralgro® at d 90)], and suplementation type [mineral supplementation (MS) versus strategic supplementation (SS)]. With a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, the analysis of variance included the treatments and their interaction (implant regimen x supplementation) as fixed effects, and the breed type as a random effect. The interaction was not significant; neither did the implant regimen on any growth trait (P > 0.05). Compared to MS, the SS group had a greater daily weight gain (779 vs. 541 grams; P < 0.001), required a shorter (38.3 d lesser) time of fattening to reach the end point (198.3 versus 236.6 d; P < 0.001) with a heavier liveweight (498. 2 vs. 474. 4 kilograms; P = 0.02) at an earlier age (29.4 vs. 30.8 months; P < 0.001), with a higher carcass dressing percentage (59.13 vs 57.62 %; P = 0.03) and younger carcass bone maturity (P < 0.001). With the exception of thoracic depth, carcass traits did not vary with the implant regimen (P > 0.05). The use of aggressive implant regimens to improve growth or carcass characteristics of grazing bulls is not justified. SS is a feasible practice to improve fattening performance of grazing bulls but no beneficial impact on their carcass quality was expected.
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Liu, Fan, Rebecca S. Morrison, Amy K. Lealiifano, Chris J. Brewster, David J. Henman, and Robert J. Smits. "Shortening the immunocastration-to-slaughter interval from 3 to 2 weeks reduced carcass backfat and weight, increased sexual behaviour and carcass skin blemishes in group-housed male pigs sold at fixed age." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20428.
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Context Pig producers require strategies to temporarily slow growth rate, particularly when markets impose penalties on over-weight and fat carcasses. Immunocastrated pigs usually have higher feed intakes (e.g. during the 3–5-week immunocastration-to-slaughter interval, which is commonly used in Australian pig industry), resulting in higher carcass weight and backfat thickness. Shortening the immunocastration-to-slaughter interval by delaying the second vaccination by a week may be a fine-tuned strategy to reduce carcass backfat and weight of male pigs. However, postponing the age receiving immunocastration as a method to achieve a shorter immunocastration-to-slaughter interval may increase aggressive and sexual behaviours of pigs. Aims The experiment aimed to quantify the effects of shortening the interval between the second dose of immunocastration and slaughter from 3 weeks to 2 weeks on growth performance, carcass traits, aggressive and sexual behaviours, and carcass skin blemishes in group-housed male finisher pigs slaughtered at a fixed age. Methods Pigs (n = 58 pens; 45 pigs per pen) were selected into the experiment at 16 weeks of age. Half of the pens received the second anti-GnRH vaccine (V2) as a means of immunocastration at 19 weeks (a common immunocastration age used in Australian pig industry; control group), and the remaining half of the pens received V2 at 20 weeks of age. All the pigs were slaughtered at 22 weeks of age. Growth performance was recorded between 16 and 22 weeks of age. Behavioural observation was conducted at 20 and 21 weeks of age. Carcass weight, backfat thickness and severity of skin blemishes on carcasses were recorded in the abattoir. Key results Results showed that shortening the immunocastration-to-slaughter interval from 3 to 2 weeks reduced average daily feed intake by 9%, growth rate by 8%, carcass weight by 3%, and backfat thickness by 7% (all P < 0.05), but the percentage of pigs that displayed sexual behaviour and carcasses with >25 lesions both increased (both P < 0.05). Conclusions Shortening the immunocastration-to-slaughter interval from 3 to 2 weeks by delaying V2 is an effective strategy to reduce feed intake, growth rate, carcass weight and backfat in group-housed male pigs, but at a risk of increasing carcass skin blemishes. Implications The increased sexual behaviour and carcass skin blemishes will need to be managed when using a shortened immunocastration-to-slaughter interval to temporarily reduce carcass weight and backfat.
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Duarte, Darlene Ana S., Marina Rufino S. Fortes, Marcio de Souza Duarte, Simone E. F. Guimarães, Lucas L. Verardo, Renata Veroneze, André Mauric F. Ribeiro, Paulo Sávio Lopes, Marcos Deon V. de Resende, and Fabyano Fonseca e Silva. "Genome-wide association studies, meta-analyses and derived gene network for meat quality and carcass traits in pigs." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16018.
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A large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for meat quality and carcass traits has been reported in pigs over the past 20 years. However, few QTL have been validated and the biological meaning of the genes associated to these QTL has been underexploited. In this context, a meta-analysis was performed to compare the significant markers with meta-QTL previously reported in literature. Genome association studies were performed for 12 traits, from which 144 SNPs were found out to be significant (P < 0.05). They were validated in the meta-analysis and used to build the Association Weight Matrix, a matrix framework employed to investigate co-association of pairwise SNP across phenotypes enabling to derive a gene network. A total of 45 genes were selected from the Association Weight Matrix analysis, from which 25 significant transcription factors were identified and used to construct the networks associated to meat quality and carcass traits. These networks allowed the identification of key transcription factors, such as SOX5 and NKX2–5, gene–gene interactions (e.g. ATP5A1, JPH1, DPT and NEDD4) and pathways related to the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and skeletal muscle development. Validated SNPs and knowledge of key genes driving these important industry traits might assist future strategies in pig breeding.
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Brown, D. J., and A. A. Swan. "Genetic parameters for liveweight, wool and worm resistance traits in multi-breed Australian meat sheep. 2. Genetic relationships between traits." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14788.
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Australian sheep breeders aim to simultaneously breed sheep that have high growth rate, superior carcass quality and are resistant to internal parasites. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic relationships between 11 traits recorded in Australian meat sheep, covering liveweight, carcass and internal parasite resistance traits. The data comprised 1 046 298 animals from 149 Poll Dorset, 17 Suffolk, 24 Texel and 118 White Suffolk flocks. Within all trait groups, the different age expressions were moderately to highly correlated. The genetic correlations between liveweight with both fat and eye muscle depth were generally negative ranging between –0.10 and –0.42. Fat and eye muscle depth were moderately correlated (0.27–0.59). Results indicate that selection for an increase in liveweight will have a negative effect on fat and eye muscle depth. The negative correlations of ultrasound scan traits and worm egg count indicates that animals with high genetic merit for fat and eye muscle depth are less prone to infection from internal parasites. The results from this study have been used to review the genetic correlations used in the LAMBPLAN routine genetic evaluations conducted by Sheep Genetics.
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Mincheva, N. "PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND SLAUGHTER TRAITS OF AN AUTOSEXING BROILER COMBINATION REARED EITHER SEX SEPARATE OR MIXED." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547//tjs.2020.01.003.
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Production and slaughter traits of autosexing broiler combination reared either sex separate or mixed were investigated. A total of 180 day-old feather sexed broiler chicks were divided into three groups (n=60)- two sex separate (male and female) and one mixed (1:1), each with two replications of 30 birds. Body weight and feed intake were followed on a weekly basis; the average daily feed intake and feed conversion were calculated. By the end of the experiment (day 49), slaughter analysis was performed on 20 birds: 5 broilers from each of sex separate groups, 5 males and 5 females from the mixed group with live weight close to the group average. The carcass weight (g), weights of carcass cuts, giblets and abdominal fat were determined. Slaughter yield and body parts ratios were calculated. The results demonstrated that sex separate rearing of broilers contributed to higher final body weight - by 6.9 % in females (P<0.05) and by 2.9 % in males (P>0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion. Sex separate rearing resulted in heavier carcasses by 3.6% (P<0.05) and more uniform weight as compared to mixed rearing. The sex effect on body weight and slaughter traits was more considerable in males with respect to carcass, thigh, back, wings and giblets weights (P<0.05) but not abdominal fat whose weight was higher in female broilers (P<0.05). Better uniformity of final body weight of broilers reared sex separate and the reduced variation in carcass weight and weight of cuts (breast and thigh) would facilitate slaughterhouse processing and would contribute to the realization of produce and meeting distribution network demands
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Pereira, A. S. C., F. Baldi, R. D. Sainz, B. L. Utembergue, H. L. J. Chiaia, C. U. Magnabosco, F. R. Manicardi, et al. "Growth performance, and carcass and meat quality traits in progeny of Poll Nellore, Angus and Brahman sires under tropical conditions." Animal Production Science 55, no. 10 (2015): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13505.
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This study aimed to characterise progeny of sires representing major families in the Poll Nellore breed. Fourteen Poll Nellore sires, two Angus sires and one Brahman sire were mated by AI to ~400 multiparous Poll Nellore dams. Calves were raised and stocked on pasture in central Brazil until reaching ~18 months of age, then fed a sugarcane bagasse-based diet on an ad libitum basis until reaching market weight and finish (average 23 months). There were 236 Poll Nellore (N), 38 Angus × Poll Nellore (AN) and 31 Brahman × Poll Nellore (BN) calves born in total. The weaning and 423-day weight weights, and growth rates and pre- and post-weaning were greater (P < 0.05) in males than in female calves, and were influenced by breed and by sire within the N animals. The weaning weights were higher (P < 0.05) in AN and BN than in N calves. The 423-day weight weights were greater (P < 0.05) in AN calves, followed by BN, with straightbred N being lightest. Feedlot average daily gain was unaffected (P > 0.05) by sex or by sire within N, but was lowest (P < 0.05) in N cattle, and highest in AN and BN animals, which did not differ (P > 0.05). Heifers reached the end of the study with lower bodyweight (BW) and dressing percentage than steers, resulting in lower carcass weights, smaller longissimus muscle areas (LMA), but greater 12th to 13th rib backfat (BF) and similar marbling score and mean shear force. However, the proportion of carcasses grading Choice or Prime was numerically greater in heifers than in steers (23.6% vs 9.8%). AN cattle reached greater harvest weights than BN, and those were heavier than N cattle (P < 0.001). However, dressing percentages were lowest in AN animals, so that there was no significant difference in carcass weight between AN and BN cattle. AN carcasses also had greater LMA, BF and marbling scores than the N carcasses. The proportion of carcasses grading Choice or Prime was numerically greater in AN cattle than in the BN and N groups (25.9%, 11.8% and 15.9%, respectively). Steaks from AN calves were more tender than N steaks, with the BN steaks being intermediate. There was significant variation among N sires for final BW, dressing percentage, carcass weight, LMA and marbling score, but not for BF or mean shear force. The percentages of carcasses of N cattle grading Choice or Prime ranged from 0% to 61.5%. Three N sires produced progeny with greater than 40% of carcasses grading Choice or above (Berílio OB, Furador OB, and Litoral OB). Likewise, three N sires (Blitz OB, Furador OB and Sossego OB) had progeny with 67%, 62% and 75%, respectively, of steaks classified as tender. This study confirmed that Zebu cattle have inferior carcass and meat quality relative to AN crossbreds under tropical conditions, however there is substantial variation within the N breed for these traits, and several sires have a proportion of their progeny comparable in terms of meat tenderness to those of Angus sires.
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Johnston, D. J., A. Reverter, H. M. Burrow, V. H. Oddy, and D. L. Robinson. "Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02085.
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A total of 7622 cattle were measured for several weight and body composition traits in temperate and tropically adapted breeds. Traits included: liveweight, hip height, body fat score, muscle score, flight time, ultrasound scanned fatness, and eye muscle area. Measurements were taken at 3 stages during the project: post-weaning, start of finishing, and end of finishing (i.e. pre-slaughter). Animals were finished to 3 target market-weight end-points (220, 280, or 340 kg carcass weight), either on pasture or in a feedlot, and in 2 different geographic regions for tropically adapted breeds. These data were used to estimate genetic parameters for the traits at each stage, and also to estimate the effect of market weight and finishing regimes on the phenotypic and genetic expression of each trait measured at the end of finishing stage. Results showed, for all traits, that the magnitude of the phenotypic expression increased across the stages and market-weight end-points for the end of finishing measures. Feedlot finishing decreased the age at slaughter, and increased fatness and muscling compared with pasture-finished animals. Heritabilities ranged from 0.13 to 0.58, with subjectively scored traits generally being lower than objectively measured traits. Additive genetic variances generally increased with stage of measurement, and with increasing market weight. Genetic correlations of the same measure across stages or market weights were all close to unity. Additive genetic variances of the various traits were similar for feedlot versus pasture finish groups, and the genetic correlation between each measure for feedlot and pasture finish was generally greater than 0.80. The effect of finishing geographic region (i.e. temperate versus subtropical environments) for the tropically adapted breeds had little effect on the size of the additive genetic variances or genetic correlations between traits across geographic regions.The results imply that changing the production system had a significant impact on the phenotypic expression of growth and body composition traits but little effect on the underlying genetic expression and subsequent ranking of sires (i.e. no evidence of genotype by production environment interactions). Therefore, these live animal measures could be used as selection criteria in genetic evaluation programs and may also be genetically correlated with abattoir carcass and meat quality traits.
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Kleczek, K., E. Wilkiewicz-Wawro, K. Wawro, and W. Makowski. "Effect of body weights of day-old Muscovy ducklings on growths and carcass traits." Archives Animal Breeding 50, no. 2 (October 10, 2007): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-50-204-2007.
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Abstract. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of the body weights of day-old Muscovy ducklings on some slaughter value traits of females aged ten weeks and males aged twelve weeks. The relationships between the body weights of day-old ducklings, daily gains and slaughter value of grown-up ducks were also analyzed. The experimental materials comprised 96 White Muscovy ducklings (46 ♂ and 50 ♀). Males and females were reared separately, to twelve and ten weeks of age respectively. At the completion of the rearing period the birds were fasted for 12 hours and sacrificed. The carcasses were chilled, weighed and subjected to a detailed dissection. Before statistical calculations were carried out, males and females were divided into five weight groups, depending on their body weights on the first day following hatching. At the end of the experiment it was found that the grown-up ducks once classified as light, medium-heavy and heavy ducklings did not differ significantly in terms of body weight, mean daily gains, carcass weight, as well as the weight and percentage of particular tissue components in a carcass. Low and statistically non-significant values of the coefficients of simple correlation and regression suggest a lack of interdependences between the body weights of day-old ducklings and the slaughter value parameters of adult Muscovy ducks. The only exception was the carcass dressing percentage of males, which was found to be significantly negatively correlated with their body weights on the first day of life.
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Fogarty, N. M., V. M. Ingham, A. R. Gilmour, L. J. Cummins, G. M. Gaunt, J. Stafford, J. E. Hocking Edwards, and R. Banks. "Genetic evaluation of crossbred lamb production. 2. Breed and fixed effects for post-weaning growth, carcass, and wool of first-cross lambs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 5 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04222.
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The study evaluated post-weaning growth, carcass characteristics, and wool production of crossbred progeny of 91 sires from more than 7 maternal breeds (including Border Leicester, East Friesian, Finnsheep, Coopworth, White Suffolk, Corriedale, and Booroola Leicester). The sires were joined to Merino and Corriedale ewes at 3 sites over 3 years with 3 link sires in common at each site and year. Post-weaning weight at an average age of 200 days of 2841 ewes and 3027 wethers was analysed using mixed model procedures. The wethers were slaughtered at an average age of 214 days and carcass weight, fat, muscle, meat colour, and ultimate pH (24 h post-slaughter) were analysed. For ewes, hogget fleece weight, yield, fibre diameter, and faecal worm egg count (FEC) were analysed. Sire breed was significant (P < 0.01), with a range of 32.8–39.0 kg for post-weaning weight, 19.1–22.8 kg for hot carcass weight, and for carcass fat levels (11.1–17.2 mm at the GR site (FatGR) and 3.4–6.5 mm at the C site, adjusted to 22 kg carcass weight), with the East Friesian cross carcasses being very lean (FatGR 11.1 mm). Sire breed was significant for eye muscle area (P < 0.01) but not for eye muscle depth, meat colour L* (brightness), or ultimate pH. Sire breed was significant (P < 0.01) for greasy and clean fleece weight (CFW), yield, and fibre diameter (FD), with ranges of 0.9 kg (CFW) and 4.6 μm (FD). Sire breed was not significant for FEC. Type of birth and rearing classification was significant for most traits. National estimated breeding values for the sires that were entered by industry breeders indicated that they covered a range of genetic merit for most traits within their respective breeds and were generally representative of the maternal genetics available in the industry. Where there were large differences between the sire mean and breed mean breeding values the effects on crossbred progeny performance would be small and not expected to affect our conclusions about the breed differences reported. The results provide lamb producers with comparative information on sire breeds for growth, carcass and wool traits. The considerable variation among individual sires within the respective breeds will be reported in later papers.
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Nogalski, Zenon, Maciej Starczewski, Cezary Purwin, Paulina Pogorzelska-Przybyłek, Monika Sobczuk-Szul, and Monika Modzelewska-Kapituła. "Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Young Bulls Fed Virginia Fanpetals Silage." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0033.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita) silage on carcass and beef quality characteristics. Forty Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls aged 16 months were assigned to 4 dietary treatments (n=10) and were fed different types of silage during a 7-month fattening period. The proportion (g/kg dry matter) of silage in the diets was as follows: (1) grass silage (GS) (600); (2) Sida silage (SS) (600); (3) SS (300) and GS (300); and (4) SS (300) and maize silage (MS) (300). Silage was supplemented with concentrate at 400 g/kg DM in each diet. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the fattening period. Silage type had no significant effect on BWG or feed to gain ratio. The carcasses of bulls fed Sida silage and maize silage received higher scores for conformation than the carcasses of bulls fed grass silage (P<0.05). The meat of bulls fed Sida silage had the lowest value of Warner-Bratzler shear force. Meat from SS+MS group bulls had the highest intramuscular fat (IMF) content and was lightest in color, whereas meat from bulls fed Sida silage and grass silage received the highest scores for color uniformity, aroma, taste and overall acceptability.
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Keefe, G. P., I. R. Dohoo, J. E. Valcour, and R. L. Milton. "Ultrasonic imaging of marbling at feedlot entry as a predictor of carcass quality grade." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-084.
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This study evaluated the ability of ultrasonic examination at entry into the feedlot to predict carcass traits. Feeder calves (487) from eight Prince Edward Island feedlots were examined with an Aloka 500 ultrasound and Critical Vision® image analysis software to determine carcass attributes (backfat, ribeye area and intramuscular fat) at feedlot entry. These measures, along with potential confounders, were evaluated for their ability to predict carcass grade. Three statistical procedures (multinomial logistic regression, constrained multinomial logistic regression and a proportional odds logistic regression) were used to evaluate the data. After evaluation, final analyses were performed using the constrained multinomial logistic regression (adjacent category) procedure. All three ultrasound determined carcass attributes were significantly associated with slaughter grade. The odds of being one grade category higher (e.g., AAA) versus the adjacent category (e.g., AA) were 1.74, 1.37 and 0.98 per percentage point intramuscular fat, mm of backfat or cm2 of ribeye area, respectively. Heifers were 2.1 times more likely to be in the next higher grade category than steers. Feedlot of origin, days on feed and carcass weight were also significant predictors of final grade. Key words: Cattle, beef; carcass traits; ultrasound; marbling; carcass grade
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FORTOMARIS (Π. ΦΟΡΤΟΜΑΡΗΣ), P., G. ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ), E. CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ), and P. FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ - ΠΑΝΕΡΗ). "Performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits as affected by the dietary inclusion of a natural zeolite." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14989.
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The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a diet containing a clinoptilolite rich material (tuff) on growth and carcass characteristics of fattening rabbits. Three diets were formulated; diet C was a standard commercial diet that served as control, while diet L contained 1.25% natural zeolite (NZ) and diet Η contained 2.5% NZ. Seventy-two New Zealand χ Californian rabbits were used after weaning at 35 days of age. They were randomly allocated into three groups (n=24, with three replicates of four male and four female rabbits each, balanced for body weight) according to the above dietary treatments. All rabbits were weighed individually on weaning and thereafter on weekly basis. Feed intake was monitored weekly on subgroup basis. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. Performance traits and mortality level were recorded in the aforementioned period. In the end of this period all rabbits were stunned and slaughtered to obtain the European carcass weight. Six carcasses per group (two per subgroup, one male and one female) were randomly selected for the determination of carcass characteristics. The results of the current study showed that the incorporation of a clinoptilolite rich tuff (natural zeolite) in the diet of growing rabbits did not affect their growth or the carcass characteristics, whereas feed efficiency and mortality level were negatively affected.
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& et al., Al-Jorani. "EFFECT OF FEEDING PANICUM MOMBASA GRASS ON PRODUCTIVE TRAITS AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL CROSS BREED GOATS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 1436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i5.1154.
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The aim of this research was to study the effect of feeding of goat kids on Panicum Mombasa grass on productive traits, carcass characteristics and meat production. 25 of local cross breed male goat kids; average weight 18.3 kg were divided randomly to five treatments, the first one T1 was fed with wheat straw, T2 green alfalfa, T3 green Panicum Mombasa, T4 alfalfa hay and T5 Panicum Mombasa hay. Animals reared in single cages for two weeks as a preliminary period, the experiment period lasted for 70 days. Concentrate diet provided with 3% of body weight, roughage feeds provided freely. At the end of the experiment, three animals were slaughtered from each treatment randomly, data showed no positive effects were observed for feeding the Punicum Mombasa grass when compared with the traditional roughages feed used in Iraq for most of the productive traits and the carcasses and meat characteristics studied. At the same time, no negative effects were reported on the Punicum Mombasa feed in those traits and characteristics.
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Richardson, Jon, Jennifer Ross, and Per T. Smiseth. "Food deprivation affects egg laying and maternal care but not offspring performance in a beetle." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 1477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz104.
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Abstract Individuals vary with respect to their nutritional state and such variation is an important determinant of the amount of resources individuals allocate toward reproductive functions. Currently, we have a relatively poor understanding of the downstream consequences of food deprivation on different traits associated with reproduction. Here, we address this gap by investigating how food deprivation affected different traits across the breeding cycle in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides; a species that breeds on carcasses of small vertebrates serving as food for both parents and offspring. We found that food-deprived females took longer to start egg laying than control females, which may allow them more time to feed from the carcass. There was no difference between food-deprived and control females in the number, size, laying pattern, or hatching success of eggs, suggesting that this delay allowed females to compensate for their poor initial state. However, food-deprived females spent less time providing care, suggesting that this compensation was incomplete. Finally, we found no evidence for negative effects of food deprivation on the offspring’s growth or survival, which is surprising given that food-deprived females took longer to initiate egg laying and provided less care to their offspring. Our results highlight that food deprivation can have complex effects on parental and offspring traits, and suggest that females face a trade-off between the benefits of mitigating downstream consequences of nutritional stress and the costs associated with delaying the start of reproduction.
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Ingham, V. M., N. M. Fogarty, A. R. Gilmour, R. A. Afolayan, L. J. Cummins, G. M. Gaunt, J. Stafford, and J. E. Hocking Edwards. "Genetic evaluation of crossbred lamb production. 4. Genetic parameters for first-cross animal performance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 8 (2007): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06368.
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The study estimated heritability for lamb growth and carcass performance, hogget ewe wool production, and worm egg count among crossbred progeny of maternal breed sires, as well as the genetic and phenotypic correlations among the traits. The data were from crossbred progeny of 91 sires from maternal breeds including Border Leicester, East Friesian, Finnsheep, Coopworth, White Suffolk, Corriedale, and Booroola Leicester. The sires were mated to Merino ewes at 3 sites over 3 years (and also Corriedale ewes at one site), with 3 common sires used at each site and year to provide genetic links. These sheep comprised part of the national maternal sire central progeny test program (MCPT) to evaluate the genetic variation for economically important production traits in progeny of maternal and dual-purpose (meat and wool) sires and the scope for genetic improvement. The matings resulted in 7846 first-cross lambs born, with 2964 wether lambs slaughtered at an average age of 214 days, and wool data from 2795 hogget ewes. Data were analysed using univariate mixed models containing fixed effects for site, year, sex and type of birth and rearing, dam source and sire breed, and random terms for sire and dam effects. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated based on variances from progeny of 70 sires by fitting the same mixed models using a REML procedure in univariate and multivariate analyses. Estimates of heritability were low for lamb growth traits (0.07–0.29), meat colour and meat pH (0.10–0.23), and faecal worm egg count (0.10), moderate for carcass fat and muscle traits (0.32–0.47), and moderate to high for wool traits (0.36–0.55). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among liveweights at various ages were high and positive (0.41–0.77) and those between liveweights and most carcass and meat quality traits were small and varied in sign. Liveweights were moderately to highly positively correlated with most wool traits, except fibre diameter (–0.28–0.08). The study indicates that there is genetic variation for wool, growth, carcass, and meat quality traits, as well as for faecal worm egg count, with scope for selection within Australian maternal sire breeds of sheep.
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Parra, F. S., J. R. Ronchesel, C. L. Martins, A. Perdigão, M. C. S. Pereira, D. D. Millen, and M. D. B. Arrigoni. "Nellore bulls in Brazilian feedlots can be safely adapted to high-concentrate diets using 14-day restriction and step-up protocols." Animal Production Science 59, no. 10 (2019): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18207.
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In the present study, the effects of restricted intake of the final finishing diet as a means of dietary adaptation compared with diets increasing in concentrate content (step-up) over periods of 14 and 21 days on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behaviour and rumen morphometrics of Nellore cattle were evaluated. One hundred and twenty 20 months old Nellore bulls (initial BW = 372.2 kg, s.d. = 21.5 kg) were randomly allocated in 24 pens (n = 5 per pen) and fed for 84 days. The study had a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: adaptation using both 14-day and 21-day step-up and restriction protocols. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. One bull per pen was slaughtered (n = 24) at the end of adaptation period to evaluate rumen morphometrics. The remaining bulls (n = 96) were slaughtered at the end of experimental period. Interactions were observed (P < 0.05) for growth performance, feeding behaviour and rumen morphometrics variables. Overall, no protocol or adaptation length main effect (P > 0.05) was observed for any of the growth rate and carcass traits evaluated, except for hot carcass weight (P = 0.03) and dressing percentage (P = 0.04), where bulls adapted for 14 days had heavier carcasses and increased dressing percentage when compared with cattle adapted for 21 days. Cattle adapted for 21 days had a larger (P = 0.005) rumen wall absorptive surface area at the end of adaptation period than those adapted for 14 days; however, no differences were detected at the end of finishing period. Thus, Nellore yearling bulls could be adapted for 14 days regardless of the protocol.
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Silva, Apauliana Daniela Lima da, José Aparecido Moreira, Rafael Leandro Ramos de Oliveira, Lorena Cunha Mota, Elisanie Neiva Magalhães Teixeira, Janete Gouveia de Souza, Emerson Moreira de Aguiar, and Rômulo Genuíno Pessoa de Oliveira. "Qualitative feed restriction for late finishing pigs on meat quality and fatty acid profile." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4Supl1 (September 2, 2016): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2343.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of including cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as a food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits and meat quality of barrows and gilts. Twenty–four crossbred pigs (12 barrows and 12 gilts) were used, with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental design was a randomized block 3x2 factorial arrangement with three levels (0%, 15% and 30% CBB), two sexes (barrows and gilts) and four repetitions. The treatments were composed of the basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and a commercial base mix for finishing pigs, to which different levels of CBB were added. At the end of the trial period, the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality and carcass traits. The inclusion of CBB in the diets did not affect the carcass traits of the gilts but affected the carcass traits of the barrow positively, increasing theyield of meat in the chilled carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat. In the longissimus dorsi muscle and in the adipose tissue of the pigs, the myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and arachidonic (C20:4) fatty acids were evaluated, and no effect was observed (P > 0.05) from the levels of CBB in the diets. In the comparisons between the sexes, a greater concentration of C20:4 fatty acid was observed in the carcass of the gilts. In this context, CBB was considered for use as a feed ingredient in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.
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Ramaekers, P. J. L., J. W. G. M. Swinkels, J. H. Huiskes, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Eating traits in relation to performance and carcass traits of restrictedly fed group-housed finishing pigs." Animal Science 68, no. 3 (April 1999): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050396.
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AbstractSeventy-two crossbred barrows (28.7 ± 0.3 kg live weight (LW)) were used to examine whether there is a relation between eating traits, and performance and carcass traits in ad libitum and restrictedly fed group-housed pigs. The experiment included two replicates, each consisting of 36 pigs. From day 1 to 42, all pigs were maintained with free access to a starter diet containing 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 8.2 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg. The experimental period was from day 42 (55.9 kg LW) to the end of the experiment (110.2 kg LW). The pigs in treatment 1 were maintained with free access to a high (H) energy diet (13.1 MJ ME and 7.1 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg). For pigs in treatments 2 and 3 the daily energy allowance per pig was restricted to 18 MJ ME above the daily energy requirement for maintenance using diet H, and a low (L) energy diet (12.5 MJ ME and 6.7 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg), respectively. The weekly measured LW was used to compute the energy requirements for maintenance (M = 0·719 MJ ME × LW (kg)0.63). Daily food intake and eating traits per pig were determined using transponders and an electronic feeding station equipped with an antenna.Daily energy intake of the ad libitum and restrictedly fed pigs was correlated with growth and lean meat tissue content of the carcass. In the pigs given food ad libitum, daily energy intake was correlated with daily feeder visiting time, time per meal and food intake per meal, but not with number of meals per day and rate of food intake. In the restricted treatments, number of meals per day was correlated with energy intake, but not with lean tissue content of the carcass. In conclusion, number of meals per day explained part of the variation of lean tissue content of the carcass in ad libitum, but not in restrictedly fed group-housed pigs.
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Khuleel, Rafh Mohammed Taher. "Relationship Between Body Composition and Performance of Local Turkey." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 16 (January 1, 2011): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol16iss0pp75-81.
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This study examined the relationship between carcass composition and performance traits of local turkey fed starter diet (30.2% protein, 2950 kcal/kg ME). At 8 week of age, male and female chicks were separated and reared in individual cages until 16 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered and carcasses were analyzed for chemical composition to predict chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein and fat) from performance traits such as initial body weight (g) at 8wk, final live body weight (g) at 16wk, daily weight gain (g), daily feed intake (g), feed conversion ratio, daily protein intake (g), protein conversion ratio, dressing-out percentage. There were significant correlations between moisture, protein and fat; between ash, protein, fat and dressing-out percentage; between protein, fat and dressing-out percentage; between fat, moisture, ash, protein, live body weight, feed conversion ratio, protein conversion ratio and dressing-out percentage. Although the coefficient of correlation (R2) for prediction equations was not high, the moisture content equation depends on feed conversion ratio while for ash, protein and fat depends on dressing-out percentage.
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Buchanan, F. C., A. G. Van Kessel, Y. R. Boisclair, H. C. Block, and J. J. McKinnon. "The leptin arg25cys affects performance, carcass traits and serum leptin concentrations in beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-077.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the bovine leptin gene has been associated with carcass traits and elevated gene expression. To examine the relationship between leptin genotype with serum leptin concentration and carcass traits, blood samples were collected 24 h prior to slaughter in 89 head of cattle. Cattle were predominantly of Angus (n = 26), Hereford (n = 31) and Charolais (n = 32) breed types with approximately half homozygous for the T allele or the C allele. Cattle were limit fed to achieve 1 kg d-1 liveweight gain for a 70-d background period while during finishing, animals were fed ad libitum such that half the animals within each breed type were slaughtered at 8 or 12 mm back fat determined by ultrasound. Preslaughter serum leptin and insulin were determined using radioimmunoassays (RIA) specific for cattle and sheep. Animals homozygous for the T allele had greater (P < 0.05) backfat depth at the beginning (2.4 ± 0.49 vs. 1.8 ± 0.49 mm) and end (3.1 ± 0.42 vs. 2.4 ± 0.42 mm) of the backgrounding period and reached target finishing back fat depths at lighter (P < 0.01) weights (548.2 ± 20 vs. 588.0 ± 20 kg) and in fewer (P < 0.05) total days on feed (179.3 ± 13 vs. 195.2 ± 13 d) than homozygous C animals. Leptin genotype effects on serum leptin concentration were confined to a three-way interaction such that TT Charolais fattened to 12 mm had significantly higher serum leptin levels than CC animals. Leptin concentration was correlated positively with measurements of fat (e.g., average ultrasound fat depth at end of test r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Results are consistent with an increased rate of fat deposition associated with the T allele in leptin. Key words: Beef cattle, leptin, carcass, yield
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Carellos, Douglas de Carvalho, José Augusto de Freitas Lima, Elias Tadeu Fialho, Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de Freitas, Hunaldo Oliveira Silva, Patrícia Azevedo Castelo Branco, Zuleide Alves de Souza, and José Vieira Neto. "Evaluation of sunflower meal on growth and carcass traits of finishing pigs." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 29, no. 1 (February 2005): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542005000100026.
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With the objective to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of inclusion of sunflower meal (SFM) solvent extraction (DM: 92.71%, CP: 27.50%, NDF: 43.57%, ADF: 32.96%, CF: 25.91%, EE: 3,08% and GE: 4390 kcal) on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine, a performance trial was conducted in the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Lavras - MG. A total of 80 crossbred pigs (LD x LW) with initial weight of 62.20 ± 4.21 kg were utilized, one barrow and one gilt per experimental unit, allocated in a randomized block design. The treatments were represented by five diets with increasing levels of inclusion (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) of SFM. At the end of the experimental period, all pigs were slaughtered (99.80 ± 6.91kg) and submitted to the carcass evaluation by the Brazilian Method of Carcass Evaluation (ABCS, 1973). The increasing levels of SFM shown a linear reduction (P<0.05) in the feed intake, therefore all other variables, shown any significant effect. The carcass data evaluation also shown any significant effect (P>0.05) for any increasing levels of SFM in the diets, however, sex effect was found, in the barrows, which shown higher ETM, P2, AG and RCG and lower AOL in relation to the females In conclusion Sunflower meal should be included up to 16% in pig diet (isocaloric and isolysinic, basis ) with no major effects on growth performance or carcass traits of finishing pigs.
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Arif, Muhammad, Atia Iram, Muhammad A. K. Bhutta, Mohammed A. E. Naiel, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Sarah I. Othman, Ahmed A. Allam, Mahmoud S. Amer, and Ayman E. Taha. "The Biodegradation Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Harmful Effects of Mycotoxin Contaminated Diets on Broiler Performance, Immunity Status, and Carcass characteristics." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020238.
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A feeding trial (35 days) was carried out to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall as a mycotoxin biodegradation agent on the performance, feed efficiency, carcass traits, and immunity response against diseases in broilers fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets. For this purpose, 200 one day old broilers were randomly allotted into four groups, each with five replicates (10 birds per replicate). Four starter and finisher experimental rations were formulated by using (A) 0, (B) 1.25, (C) 2.5, and (D) 3.75 g kg−1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental diets were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (100 ppb kg−1 diet). The experimental chicks were kept under standard managerial conditions, and the vaccination program was followed against infectious bursal disease (IBD), infectious bronchitis (IB), and Newcastle disease (ND) diseases. At the end of the feeding trial, carcass, organ weight, and blood samples were collected randomly to determine the carcass traits and antibody titer against ND and IBD viruses. Throughout the experiment, the addition of 3.75 g kg−1 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (Group-D) in feed resulted in the highest weight gain, final weight, feed intake, and the lowest FCR values followed by C group compared with the other groups. All carcass traits were significantly (p > 0.05) improved by increasing the inclusion levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler diets. It could be concluded that the broiler diet supplemented with 2.5 or 3.75 g kg−1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biodegrading agent resulted in improved growth performance, immunity activity and carcass traits, and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at these levels can be used effectively in broiler diets without negatively affecting bird health status.
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Kirkland, R. M., T. W. J. Keady, D. C. Patterson, and R. W. J. Steen. "The effect of slaughter weight on boning out characteristics of Holstein-Friesian male cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009145.
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The continuing trend for increased use of Holstein genetics in dairy herds has resulted in a large number of Holstein-Friesian bull calves becoming available, at low cost, as a potential resource for the beef industry. However, whilst these calves have been bred for dairy traits, which are negatively correlated to many important beef traits (e.g. carcass conformation), it is important to determine the potential yield of boned out joints from these animals, in order to facilitate an assessment of commercial carcass value. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of slaughter weight on yield of boned out joints from Holstein-Friesian bulls and steers offered a cereal-based diet.
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Bucław, Mateusz, Danuta Majewska, Danuta Szczerbińska, and Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Nutritional quality assessment of different muscles derived from 15-year-old female emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae): Meat physicochemical traits and sensory scores." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 5 (May 26, 2019): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/140/2018-cjas.
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The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is considered a versatile farm species whose main by-products are meat and oil. At present, there is lack of information on the value of the meat of laying females at the end of their reproductive cycle which hampers the development of a specific market. To fill this gap, the present research aimed at studying the mineral composition, fatty acid profile, cholesterol level, selected physicochemical parameters and sensory quality of the meat of laying females at the end of their reproductive life cycles was carried out. The study should extend the knowledge on the application of this type of meat in food products as well as the available nutritional information on the muscles of female emus slaughtered at the end of their reproductive lives. The research material consisted of eight females slaughtered at the age of 15 years, at the end of their reproductive period. Following exsanguination, plucking and evisceration, the carcasses were cooled at 4°C for 24 h. After this time, five muscles were separated from both halfs of the carcases. The results showed that meat from 15-year-old females is of satisfactory nutritional quality. The rich mineral composition, high protein content, and low intramuscular fat and cholesterol contents deserve special emphasis. For this reason, the meat can be recommended for formulating healthy diets for humans. Its trading development is therefore expectable.
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Petricevic, Maja, Dusan Zivkovic, Ostojic Andric, Dragan Niksic, Veselin Petricevic, Marija Gogic, and Violeta Mandic. "Study of fattening and slaughter traits of cattle under the influence of flax seed based nutrition." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 35, no. 2 (2019): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1902179p.
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The trial was designed in order to examine the impact of flax seed in the nutrition of young cattle/bulls, in the final stage of the fattening. In the trial, 30 bulls of Simmental breed of uniform initial weight were selected, divided into 2 groups (control and experimental). The control animal group did not consume flax seed as a food supplement. Cattle of the experimental group consumed flax seed in an amount of 3.75% (300 g per day) of concentrated meal in the last 90 days of fattening, i.e. 300 g per day. The study included the examination of the fattening performance, slaughter traits and the composition of the bovine carcass. After slaughtering, warm carcass sides, with and without kidneys, were measured individually. Subsequent to period of cooling, the left carcass side it was cut into the main carcass parts according to the Rulebook. The results of the study showed that the addition of flax seed in the diet did not have a statistically significant effect on the body weight of bulls at the end of the trial. It was found that the addition of flax seed in the feed during the final stage of fattening did not have an impact on the differences in the average overall gain of bulls and the feed conversion ratio. Based on the data obtained by cutting of carcass sides to main parts, it was established that feeding with flax seeds had no significant effect on the share of carcass parts.
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El-Kholy, Mohamed Soliman, Zenat Abd El-Gawad Ibrahim, Mohamed Mamdoh El-Mekkawy, and Mahmoud Alagawany. "Influence of in Ovo Administration of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins on Hatchability Traits, Growth, Carcass Traits and Blood Chemistry of Japanese Quails." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2018-0041.
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AbstractA total of 450 fertile Japanese quail eggs were used to determine the impacts of in ovo administration of water-soluble vitamins (C, B6 and B12) on the growth performance, carcass traits, hematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as the immune response of Japanese quails. On the 7th day of incubation, the eggs were allocated to five groups: un-injected, 0.1 ml/egg saline, 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 and 20 µg/egg vitamin B12. The percentage of early embryonic mortality was increased (P≤0.001) in all treated groups versus the control group. Chicks that hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C exhibited a significantly greater (P≤0.05) live body weight (LBW) than those from the control and saline groups. During 0–2 weeks of age, the chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamins displayed better feed conversion than the positive or negative controls. In ovo injection of vitamins had no significant effect on all carcass traits. In ovo injection with vitamins C, B6 and B12 increased plasma total protein and its fractions compared with the control. Plasma levels of total lipids and cholesterol were decreased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 or 20 µg/egg vitamin B12 compared with those hatched from control eggs. Plasma T3 and T4 were increased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were significantly (P=0.002 or 0.003) increased in the birds hatched from eggs injected with vitamins compared with those in the control or saline group. Thus, in ovo injection of vitamins C, B6 and B12 improved the blood profile and immune response of Japanese quail.
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Obeidat, Mohammad D., Belal S. Obeidat, Basheer Nusairat, and Rolan Al-Shareef. "Fattening performance and carcass traits of Baladi and Shami-Baladi kids." January-2020 13, no. 1 (January 2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.21-25.
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Background and Aim: Goat is considered very important ruminant animals that are raised in Jordan; however, the production of the local breeds is low to moderate, and thus, some genetic improvement programs could have a positive effect on the performance of the local breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crossing Baladi (BB) goat with Shami. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 newly weaned goat kids (15 BB and 15 Shami-Baladi [SB] kids) were evaluated for growth performance and carcass traits. The trial lasted for 77 days (7 days for adaptation and 70 days for data collection). Feed intake was measured on a daily basis; body weight of kids was measured at the beginning of the study and biweekly thereafter. At the end of the trial, kids were slaughtered to examine carcass traits. Results: Dry matter intake, initial weight, final weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by kid's breed type. In addition, breed type of kids showed no significant effect on feed efficiency (feed:gain). Hot and cold carcass weight and dressing percentage were also not affected by kid's breed type. Kid breed type had no significant effect on shoulder, rack, and legs percentages. However, SB kids had a higher loin cut percentage compared to BB kids. In addition, Musculus longissimus depth was higher for SB kids. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that crossing SB goat breeds did not have a significant effect on either growth performance or carcass traits. Further studies using reciprocal cross may reveal different results.
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Mahmood, Ayad B., and Ahmed S. A. Al-Obaidi. "Effect of Testosterone Enanthate Injection on Some Carcass Traits and Chemical Characteristics of Castrated Karadi Lambs Meat." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2017.17.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of testosterone enanthate injection on some carcass traits and chemical characteristics of Karadi castrated lambs meat. Twenty seven male Karadi lambs (3-4 months of age) with an average live weight of (28.7±3.8 kg) were reared in sheep farm, research station, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Sulaimania and allocated randomly by weight to three groups (treatments) by the dosage of testosterone enanthate (6 lambs for each treatment): G1 were not injected (control), G2 were injected by 200 mg and G3 were injected by 400 mg (IM weekly). All groups animals were fed with the same concentrate diet (3% of body weight), barley straw provided ad libitum and water was free, all group lambs were castrated by rubber band two weeks before experiment begins. There were three periods of slaughter: 60 days from the beginning of the experiment, 90 days and 120 days, at the end of each period three lambs from each treatment were randomly chosen and weighted, then humanly slaughtered. Many measurements were taken such as hot and cold carcass weight, carcass length, carcass thorax circumference, rib eye area and fat thickness ,carcass cuts weight, non-carcass adipose tissue weight, edible organs and offal weight, also the chemical composition of Longissimus Dorsi muscle meat. From the results, it could be concluded that there were positive effects of testosterone enanthate injection, which was increasing of living body weight reflecting on hot and cold carcass weight increase with increasing age and period of treating with enanthate, that increase in carcass weight was related with increasing in weight of whole carcass cuts which was clearly noticed on second and third slaughtering period, and also that increase can be correlated with rib eye area which increase during the same periods , that means the gain in weight is a result of body lean gain due to testosterone enanthate injection. In addition, fat tail weight decrease may be explain as body energy turned to producing or synthesis lean instead of fat.
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Conington, J., S. C. Bishop, A. Waterhouse, and G. Simm. "A comparison of growth and carcass traits in Scottish Blackface lambs sired by genetically lean or fat rams." Animal Science 67, no. 2 (October 1998): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800010067.
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AbstractAn experimental programme was initiated in 1990 to investigate the consequences of selection for reduced fatness in hill sheep and to estimate genetic parameters for carcass traits in the same class of animal. Thirty-two progeny groups of lambs were born as a result of mating Scottish Blackface rams to ewes of the same breed on two Scottish Agricultural College hill farms in 1991 and 1992. Sires were from two divergent selection lines for subcutaneous back fat depth and were selected under ad libitum feeding conditions on an index combining live weight and ultrasonic fat depth at 20 weeks of age. The index was designed to alter body composition but not body weight. Weaned male progeny (reared extensively) were brought together from both farms in August of each year, reared on grass and finished for slaughter on swedes at a target condition score of 3. Measurements taken at weaning were: live weight, average ultrasonic measurements of average subcutaneous fat depth and muscle depth. At slaughter, traits measured were: pre-slaughter live weight, pre-slaughter condition score, age at slaughter, cold carcass weight, killing-out proportion, Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) fat class and MLC conformation class. Side and shoulder dissections were made on proportionally 0·2 and 0·8 of lambs respectively and lean tissue, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and bone were measured. Comparisons were made between the two genetic lines and genetic parameters were estimated from data adjusted to three different ‘end-points’: constant dissected subcutaneous fat weight, constant age at slaughter and constant cold carcass weight. Moderate to low heritability estimates were obtained for most traits: pre-slaughter live weight = 0·36, cold carcass weight = 0·39, fat class = 0·13, conformation class = 0·09, lean weight = 0·27, bone weight = 0·36 (constant subcutaneous fatness), intermuscular fat = 0·20, subcutaneous fat = 0·20 (constant cold carcass weight). Correlations between ultrasonic measurements at weaning, and slaughter and dissected carcass components were moderate to weak. However, there is sufficient genetic variation in the carcass traits to warrant inclusion in breeding goals for hill sheep. The results also show that genetic differences obtained by selection under intensive rearing conditions for divergent fatness are also seen in progeny reared under extensive (hill) conditions.
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Dang, Chang–Gwon, Seung–Hwan Lee, Hyeong–Cheol Kim, Jeong–Mook Lee, Ki-Jun Jeon, Seong–Heum Yeon, Seong–Koo Hong, et al. "Genetic Evaluation of Carcass Traits of Commercial Steers at Different Slaughter End–points." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58, no. 2 (September 2013): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/27360.
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Prayaga, K. C., N. J. Corbet, D. J. Johnston, M. L. Wolcott, G. Fordyce, and H. M. Burrow. "Genetics of adaptive traits in heifers and their relationship to growth, pubertal and carcass traits in two tropical beef cattle genotypes." Animal Production Science 49, no. 6 (2009): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08247.
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Genetic analyses of tropical adaptive traits were conducted for two tropically adapted genotypes, Brahman (BRAH) and Tropical Composite (TCOMP). Traits included tick scores (TICK), faecal egg counts (EPG), buffalo fly-lesion scores (FLY), rectal temperatures under hot conditions (TEMP), coat scores (COAT), coat colour on a light to dark scale (COLOUR), navel scores (NAVEL) and temperament measured as flight time (FT). The data comprised adaptive measures recorded at specific times on 2071 heifers comprising 966 BRAH and 1105 TCOMP. The genetic correlations of these adaptive traits with heifer growth, scanned carcass, pubertal measures and steer growth and carcass traits were estimated. BRAH recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower TICK, EPG, FLY and TEMP than did TCOMP. BRAH also had significantly sleeker coats, lighter coat colour, more pendulous navels and more docile temperament than did TCOMP. The heritability of TICK and FLY was low (<20%), that of EPG, TEMP, NAVEL and FT was moderate (20–50%) and that of COAT and COLOUR high (>50%). In general, phenotypic correlations between these adaptive traits were low and genetic correlations were non-significant, implying trait independence. Genetic correlations between EPG and weight traits (0.29 to 0.44) indicated a positive relationship, implying no deleterious effect of worms on the growth at a genetic level, especially in TCOMP. The negative genetic correlations between COAT and body-condition score across genotypes (–0.33 to –0.48) indicated genetic advantage of sleek coats in tropics. A positive genetic correlation between COAT and the age at the first-observed corpus luteum (0.73) in BRAH indicated that BRAH with sleeker coats were genetically early maturing. Further, sleeker coats were genetically indicative of lower weights and lower fat cover at puberty in BRAH. The scanned fat measures at rump and rib sites for feedlot steers showed strong genetic correlation (0.50–0.58) with heifer TEMP, indicating genetically fatter animals had genetically lower heat tolerance. In BRAH, a positive genetic association between heifer COLOUR and scanned fat measures in steers (0.50–0.54) implied increased fatness in genetically darker animals. Further, in BRAH, a strong negative genetic correlation (–0.97) was observed between steer retail beef yield and heifer TEMP, indicating a favourable genetic association. In general, genetic correlations between adaptive traits and other economic traits were genotype specific. Further, it can be concluded that selection for productive and pubertal traits in tropical beef cattle genotypes would not adversely affect their tropical adaptability.
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Książkiewicz, J. M. "Comparison of reproduction and carcass traits in light type of ducks of four conservative flocks over eight generations." Archives Animal Breeding 46, no. 4 (October 10, 2003): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-377-2003.
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Abstract. Ducks of four conservative flocks: Khaki Campbell (Kh1), Orpington (01), crossbreds of those two breeds (Kh0) and Miniducks (K2) being kept without selection over 8 generations were used for analysis. The mean values of reproductive and carcass traits were determined and illustrated by linear regression equations. In the first year of study a significant differentiation was noted among flocks in: number of eggs, from 101 (K2) to 156 (Kh1); egg weight, from 70 (K2) to 75 g (Kh0) and hatchability from fertilized eggs, from 62 (Kh0) to 72% (K2). Upward time trends in egg weight and hatchability from fertilized eggs were noted in all flocks of birds, whereas in egg number in Kh1, 01 and K2 flock; and in egg fertilization in Kh1 and Kh0 flocks. In the second year a lower egg number and egg weight were found, as well as lower egg fertilization and hatchability. Differentiation in meatiness mean values between flocks was found over 8 generations of both sexes at 7 weeks of age in body weight and in breast and leg muscles yield in the carcass. Upward time trends in leg muscle yield and skin with subcutaneous fat content in the carcass were noted in all flocks of ducks of both sexes while in body weight at 7 weeks of age in the females of Kh1 and K2 flocks. Contrary, downward time trends in the body weight at 3. week of age and in breast muscle yield at 7. week of age were found in birds of both sexes and all conservative flocks.
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Young, M. J., R. M. Lewis, K. A. McLean, N. A. A. Robson, J. Fraser, J. Fitzsimons, J. Donbavand, and G. Simm. "Prediction of carcass composition in meat breeds of sheep using computer tomography." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001988.
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Ultrasound imaging has proved a very useful tool for the modern animal breeder wishing to improve carcass composition. However, more accurate imaging technologies, such as X-ray Computer Tomography (CT), could accelerate genetic improvement of carcass composition, and widen the range of traits assessed (e.g. by considering deeper tissues). Carcass quality is assuming more importance for breeders but quality traits are difficult to assess objectively and accurately in live sheep. The present study was designed to identify a few CT scan positions from which accurate prediction of dissected tissue weights could be made in meat sheep.One hundred Suffolk lambs (50 of each sex) were CT scanned and slaughtered at 14, 18, 22 or 26 weeks of age (59±16kg LW, range 20-96kg). Each animal was scanned at seven sites; three in the gigot (ISC, caudal ischium; FEM, mid-shaft of femur; HIP, hip joint), two in the loin (LV5 and LV2, 5th and 2nd lumbar vertebrae) and two in the chest/ shoulder (TV8 and TV6, 8th and 6th thoracic vertebrae).
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Johnston, D. J., A. Reverter, D. M. Ferguson, J. M. Thompson, and H. M. Burrow. "Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 3. Meat quality traits." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02087.
Full textAbstract:
Meat quality measures, including objective measures of tenderness (shear force and compression), were taken on 2 muscles [M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and M. semitendinosus (ST)] from 7566 carcasses from temperate (TEMP) and tropically adapted (TROP) beef cattle breeds. Animals were finished to 1 of 3 market carcass weight end-points (220, 280, or 340 kg) either on pasture or in a feedlot, and in 2 different geographic regions for TROP. Both the phenotypic and genetic expression of the traits were estimated at each market weight and for each finishing regime. Heritabilities and correlations between the traits were estimated for TEMP and TROP separately. Smaller additive variances and heritabilities were observed for temperate breeds compared with tropically adapted breeds for most of the traits studied. For TROP, the heritability of traits measured on the ST muscle [compression (ST_C), shear force (ST_SF), and L* Minolta lightness value (ST_L*)] was 0.27, 0.42, and 0.16, respectively, and for traits measured on the LTL muscle [compression (LTL_C), shear force (LTL_SF), L* Minolta lightness value (LTL_L*), a* Minolta redness value (LTL_a*), cooking loss% (LTL_CL%), and consumer assessed tenderness score (LTL_TEND)] 0.19, 0.30, 0.18, 0.13, 0.20, and 0.31, respectively. For TEMP, the heritability of traits measured on the ST muscle [ST_C, ST_SF, ST_L*, a* Minolta redness value (ST_a*), cooking loss % (ST_CL%)] was 0.12, 0.11, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.15, respectively, and of traits measured on the LTL muscle (LTL_C, LTL_SF, LTL_L, and LTL_TEND) were 0.08, 0.09, 0.17 and 0.18 respectively. Genetic correlations were moderate to high for tenderness measures (shear force and compression) between muscles for the same tenderness measure (e.g. LTL_SF and ST_SF was 0.46 for TROP) and within a muscle for the different measures (e.g. ST_C and ST_SF was 0.83 for TROP). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between LTL_L* and all objective measures of tenderness were negative (e.g. LTL_SF and LTL_L* for TROP was –0.40). The genetic relationship between LTL_SF and LTL_TEND was –0.79 and –0.49 for TROP and TEMP, respectively. Finishing system affected the phenotypic expression of all traits. Pasture-finished, compared with feedlot-finished, animals had higher shear force and compression measures, darker meat colour, and lower sensory tenderness scores for both TEMP and TROP. For TROP, heifers had higher shear force and compression measures, lower sensory tenderness scores, and darker meat colour (lower L* values) than steers. Genetic correlations between markets were generally high and close to unity with the exception of the ST_L*, LTL_L*, ST_C, and ST_SF for TEMP. Geographic region had little effect on the phenotypic and genetic expression of meat quality traits for TROP. Genetic correlations between finishing regimes for all traits were positive and close to unity, with the exception of ST_C and LTL_SF for TEMP, and LTL_L* and LTL_CL% for TROP. Genetic improvement of meat quality traits is a possibility for tropically adapted breeds given the moderate heritabilities, adequate phenotypic variance, generally favourable genetic correlations between traits, and little evidence of genotype by environment interactions.