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Musli, Ana Muliana. "BEBERAPA METODE DALAM MENENTUKAN SOLUSI DARI SUATU FUNGSI KUBIK." SAINTIFIK 1, no. 1 (2018): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/saintifik.v1i1.78.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan dekripsi tentang beberapa cara dalam menentukan solusi dari suatu fungsi kubik. Dimana ada beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan yaitu metode geometri dan metode pemfaktoran. Metode geometri yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini adalah metode umum dengan menggunakan diskriminan, metode dari Jeromo Cardan dan substitusi Vieta. Selain itu, dibahas juga metode pemfaktoran yang mensyaratkan bahwa minimal salah satu akarnya adalah bilangan rasional.Untuk menentukan solusi fungsi kubik dengan menggunakan metode Cardano dan substitusi Vieta disyaratkan bahwa fungsi kubiknya harus diubah terlebih dahulu dalam bentuk fungsi kubik menurun. Penentuan solusi dari fungsi kubik ini selain berguna dalam bidang matematika sendiri juga dapat digunakan dalam menentukan solusi buffer (larutan penyangga) untuk menjaga kestabilan PH organisme dalam bidang kimia.Kata kunci: diskriminan, polinom orde tiga, depression cubic, metode Cardano, substitusi Vieta, pemfaktoran
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Wang, Jun, Yu Wei Wang, Cui Qin Li, and Jie Li. "Synthesis and Surface Activity of Biomass Cardanol Sulfonate Surfactant." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1534.
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A novel biomass cardanol sulfonate surfactant was synthesized using cardanol and oleum as raw materials, dichloromethane as solvent. The IR characterization result has proved the occurrence of sulfonation on the benzene ring of cardanol which has given a product of cardanol sulfonate. The evaluation on the surface activity of the product has shown that the values of the surface tension and critical micelle concentration (cmc) were 38.41 mN/m and 3.37 g/L, respectively. Interfacial tension of cardanol sulfonate aqueous was measured by spinning droplet method, the results showed that the value of interfacial tension reached 8.6×10-2 mN/m when the salt content was 1%, when the alkali content was 1.2%, the value reached 1.4×10-2 mN/m.
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Mukhamedov, Farrukh, Bakhrom Omirov, and Mansoor Saburov. "On cubic equations over p-adic fields." International Journal of Number Theory 10, no. 05 (2014): 1171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042114500201.
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We provide a solvability criterion for a cubic equation in domains [Formula: see text]. We show that, in principal, the Cardano method is not always applicable for such equations. Moreover, the numbers of solutions of the cubic equation in domains [Formula: see text] are provided. Since 𝔽p is a subgroup of ℚp, we generalize Serre's and Sun's results concerning with cubic equations over the finite field 𝔽p. Finally, all cubic equations, for which the Cardano method could be applied, are described and the p-adic Cardano formula is provided for those cubic equations.
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Shrestha, Kiran. "Cardamom production in Kavrepalanchowk." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 1 (2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i1.21274.
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Cardamom production is a potential cash crop of Kavre district. Many farmers were found to grow cardamom following traditional pattern. Women's participation in Cardamom production in Kavre is satisfactory and their roles are vital in the farm and market management. To check the status of cardamom production and women's role in Kavre, the researcher visited the District Agriculture Office and used snowball sampling technique to collect the primary data. For the secondary data, library method has been applied. Although the production and women's participation are highly encouraging, the farmers are reluctant to invest and produce cardamom at large scale. The study has found that the farmers need the entrepreneurship training, support and empowerment for mass production of cardamom. The future of cardamom production is bright in Kavre.Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies Vol.1(1) 2018 58-65
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Monisha, Monisha, Nisha Yadav, Shashi B. Srivastava, Samarendra P. Singh, and Bimlesh Lochab. "Sustainable one-step strategy towards low temperature curable superparamagnetic composite based on smartly designed iron nanoparticles and cardanol benzoxazine." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 6 (2018): 2555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10219d.
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Samantarai, Satyajit, Denial Mahata, Ahindra Nag, Golok B. Nando, and Narayan C. Das. "FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER WITH META-PENTADECENYL PHENOL, A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE AND A RENEWABLE RESOURCE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 4 (2017): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.83728.
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ABSTRACT The present invention deals with the functionalization of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) by chemically grafting meta-pentadecenyl phenol (cardanol) onto the backbone chain. This imparts inherent multifunctional characteristics to the nitrile rubber. The grafting of cardanol onto NBR was accomplished successfully in emulsion stage using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical initiator. The grafted NBR is characterized by ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Cardanol grafted NBR (CGNBR) shows an increase in molecular weight (6.6%) with an increase in polydispersity index value. The optimal conditions of grafting are found out to be, “1 phr BPO, 15 phr cardanol, at a reaction temperature of 60 °C and a reaction time 10 h” by using the “Taguchi L9 orthogonal array” method. The grafting efficiency and percentage grafting are calculated to be 79.2% and 7.1%, respectively, at the optimum combination of parameters. The CGNBR shows an increase in molecular weight and reduction in Wallace plasticity number as well as Mooney viscosity, but exhibits a higher plasticity retention index value, as compared to ungrafted NBR. The rheological characteristics of CGNBR exhibit a better flow behavior index than NBR. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis results exhibit a decrease in Tg value for grafted NBR. Thermogravimetric analysis results displayed an increase in thermal stability of the functionalized NBR than that of raw NBR.
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Dashtizadeh, Zahra, Abdan Khalina, Francisco Cardona, and Ching Hao Lee. "Mechanical Characteristics of Green Composites of Short Kenaf Bast Fiber Reinforced in Cardanol." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8645429.
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In this experiment, thermoset cardanol resin was reinforced with short kenaf bast fibers to produce 100% green composites. Different fiber loadings based on weight ratios (0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) were fabricated by the hand layup method followed by compression molding. The results indicated that 50UTK (untreated kenaf fibers) displays the highest mechanical properties (91.9% and 43.4% increment for tensile strength and impact strength, respectively) compared with the brittle cardanol polymer and other combinations of composite. This indicates a great load transfer mechanism by kenaf fiber reinforcement due to good fiber/matrix interface shown in scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. On the contrary, short kenaf fiber insertion creates a stress concentration spot at the fiber’s end causing slightly lower flexural properties. Besides, high processing temperature has caused damage to the fibers and made further reduction of flexural strength. Therefore, a better load transfer mechanism has been compensated by negative influences of kenaf fiber insertion. In conclusion, 50 wt% of kenaf fiber insertion is found to be the optimum loading for cardanol matrix.
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荀, 瑞芝. "Study on the Preparation Method of Cardanol Formaldehyde Resin Microspheres." Hans Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology 10, no. 02 (2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjcet.2020.102015.
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Mohan Acharya. "A REVIEW ON STATUS AND PROFITABILITY OF LARGE CARDAMOM PRODUCTION IN NEPAL." International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management 1, no. 1 (2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v1i1.53.
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Purpose: This study focuses on the status, strength and problems of large cardamom cultivation in Nepal and also identify profitability of large cardamom farming in Nepal.
 Design/Research method: Numbers of journal articles and reports were consulted as secondary source of data and conclusion were drawn and summarized.
 Finding: Area and production of large caradamom in Nepal is increasing day by day and major production is concentrated in four eastern districts . B/C ratio of cardamom production varies from 1.70 to 3.06 and one fifth of household income in eastern hill of Nepal is attributed by Large cardamom. Price fluctuation, middleman and diseases are identified as major problems.
 Limitations: Lack of funding , less access to the data and documents are the limitations of study.
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Yi, Cai, Jianhui Lin, Tengda Ruan, and Yanping Li. "Real Time Cardan Shaft State Estimation of High-Speed Train Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912483.
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Due to the special location and structure of transmission system on high-speed train named CRH5, dynamic unbalance state of the cardan shaft will pose a threat to the train servicing safety, so effective methods that test the cardan shaft operating information and estimate the performance state in real time are needed. In this study a useful estimation method based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is presented. By using this method, time-frequency characteristic of cardan shaft can be extracted effectively by separating the gearbox vibration acceleration data. Preliminary analysis suggests that the pinions rotating vibration separated from gearbox vibration by EEMD can be used as important assessment basis to estimate cardan shaft state. With two sets gearbox vibration signals collected from the in-service train at different running speed, the comparative analysis verifies that the proposed method has high effectiveness for cardan-shaft state estimate. Of course, it needs further research to quantify the performance state of cardan shaft based on this method.
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Abu-Taweel, Gasem M. "Effects of Perinatal Cardamom Exposure on Social Behavior, Anxiety, Locomotor Activity, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Brain Acetylcholinesterase of Mice Offspring." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 13 (2020): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666191216160546.
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Background: Cardamom is the flavouring spices mainly cultivated all over the world. Apart from being used as the spice, it has many medicinal values. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential use of cardamom and its effects on the ability of learning, developmental, and various biochemical factors of Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages. Methods: In this method, Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages were used for the analysis of biochemical factors. After the administration of cardamom orally, the pups were subjected to various tests for determining social and defense behaviors of males and females, anxiety behavior; locomotor and neuromuscular activities, haemotological parameters, and hormonal factors of males and females. Results: The present findings indicate that the cardamom induced reduction in the social and defense behaviors of males and females, respectively, and also anxiety behavior. Interestingly, locomotor and neuromuscular activities decreased significantly. Discussion: In addition, the packed cell volume, red blood count, hemoglobin content, AChE in forebrain, the testosterone in males and progesterone in females were observed to increase significantly, whereas the blood platelets and total white blood count decreased non-significantly. Through perinatal exposure, cardamom can pass through the placenta or/and lactation and reaches the fetus. Care must be taken when using cardamom and especially during pregnancy and lactation. Conclusion: The administration of cardamom enhances the ability of social, developmental, and various biochemical factors of Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages.
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Komala, Oom, Ismanto, and Muhammad Alan Maulana. "AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KAPULAGA JAWA (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton) TERHADAP Streptococcus pyogenes." EKOLOGIA 20, no. 1 (2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/ekologia.v20i1.1985.
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Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the pathogenic bacteria that causes pharyngitis. Natural treatment to overcome these problems is to use cardamom seeds. The purpose of this study was to test the antibacterial activity, determine the concentration of inhibitory zone and phytochemical compounds from ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds (Amomum compactum Soland. Ex Maton) against Streptococcus pyogenes. The method is used solid dilution and paper disc diffusion method. The solid dilution method is used for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test with a concentration of 1.25%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% while the paper diffusion method is used for the Inhibition zone Diameter (IZD) using five treatments namely three concentrations of ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds (7.5%, 10% and 12%), one positive control of amoxicillin 0.01 mg/mL and one negative control of sterile distilled water. IZD data were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence level of 95% and α = 0.05 and Duncan's further tests to determine differences between treatments. The results showed that the MIC was at a concentration of 7.5% while for the IZD test which had the highest activity there was a concentration of 12% with an average inhibition diameter of 12.03 ± 0.14 mm. In addition, ethanol 96% extract of Java cardamom seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins which function in antibacterial activity.
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Pujiarti, Rini, and Aisyah Kusumadewi. "Chemical Compounds, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of A. cardamomum Leaves and Rhizomes Oils on Different Distillation Time." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 1 (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.1.35-40.
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Amomum cardamomum is a local cardamom that grows widely and recently developed as and agroforestry crops in Indonesia. Its seeds, leaves and rhizomes are sources of essential oil. Essential oils from cardamom have many benefits for health and flavouring agent. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the yield, chemical composisition, physico-chemical properties, and antioxidant activities of leaves and rhizomes oils of cardamom were distillated using water-steam distillation for 4, 6, and 8 hours. The chemical composition were analyzed by GC-MS, physicochemical properties were analyzed used ISO standard and antioxidant activity were analyzed by DPPH method. The results showed that A. cardamomun oils yield between 0.06-0.33%. The main compound in the oils is 1,8-cineole with the highest percentage was obtained from cardamom rhizomes oil was distillated for 6 hours (60.63%). The results of each sample almost have the same quality with specific gravity between 0.899 – 0.909; refractive index between 1.476-1.478; optical rotation between (+)2.05⁰-(+)2.38⁰; miscibility in 70% alcohol between 1:7-1:9; and acid number between 0.49-0.69. The leaves and rhizomes oils of A. cardamomum showed potent antioxidant activity with the highest antioxidant were obtained from cardamom rhizomes oil were distillated for 8 hours with IC50: 0.039 g/ml.
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Khusnul Ma’rifah, I Made Artika, Janson Calvindi, and Waras Nurcholis. "Optimization of phenolic extraction from Amomum compactum fruits using simplex centroid design." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (2020): 3042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4603.
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Cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Phenolic compound detected in Cardamom fruit that responsible for several pharmacological activities. Optimization used the simplex centroid design for the yield and phenolic extractions of Cardamom fruit through maceration to optimize the mixing of water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. The extraction yield is determined by weighing the extracted material compared to the whole sample. Total phenolic content was measured by a spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The results show that the best for relating extract yield is the linear model, while the quadratic model is the best to connect total phenolic content response. Water (100%) solvent extraction on Cardamom fruits obtained the highest extract yield (10.52%) and the lowest extract yield from 100% ethanol. The extraction of phenolic compounds with a mixture of water (50%)/ethanol (50%) resulted in maximum total phenolic content (168.98 mg GAE/g). However, the 100% ethanol of solvent extraction noted the minimum phenolic content (93.15 mg GAE/g). The results show that we should carefully choose the solvent mixture extraction to achieve the extract yield and phenolic extraction goals. This study first reported an optimization study on phenolic compounds extracted from Cardamom fruit.
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Rahkadima, Y. Tri, Anggun Fitria Laila Ningsih, and Medya Ayunda Fitri. "Aplikasi Microwave Hydrodistillation pada Ekstraksi Biji Kapulaga." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 4, no. 2 (2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v4i2.169.
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Minyak Atsiri dari kapulaga memiliki banyak manfaat dibidang industri maupun kesehatan. Metode alternatif diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan kualitas dan kuantitas minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan karena metode konvensional memiliki banyak kelemahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil minyak atsiri dari proses ekstraksi konvensional menggunakan soxhlet dan ekstraksi microwave hydrodistilation . Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan serbuk biji kapulaga seberat 40 gram yang telah dipisahkan dari bahan impuritiesnya . Pada metode ekstraksi Soxhlet , n-heksan digunakan sebagai pelarut, sementara itu pada metode ekstraksi Microwave Hydrodistilation menggunakan aquadest sebagai pelarutnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persen yield tertinggi diperoleh saat menggunakan metode ekstraksi soxhlet yaitu sebesar 3,608% dengan volume pelarut 250 ml , waktu ekstraksi 6 jam. Penggunaan aquades dalam metode microwave hydro-distilation tidak memberikan hasil yang maksimal jika dibandingkan metode konventional ekstraksi soxhlet dengan pelarut n-heksan.Essential oils from cardamom have many benefits in the field of industry and health. Alternative methods are needed to optimize the quality and quantity of essential oils produced because conventional methods have many disadvantages. This study aims to compare the results of essential oils from conventional extraction processes using Soxhlet and Microwave Hydrodistilation extraction. The study was conducted using cardamom seed powder weighing 40 grams which had been separated from the impurities. In the Soxhlet extraction method, n-hexane is used as a solvent, while in the Microwave Hydrodistilation extraction method uses aquadest as the solvent. The results showed that the highest percent yield was obtained when using the Soxhlet extraction method which was 3.608% with a volume of solvent of 250 ml, extraction time of 6 hours. The use of distilled water in the microwave hydro-distillation method does not give maximum results when compared to the conventional method of extracting Soxhlet with n-hexane solvent.
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Samantarai, Satyajit, Ahindra Nag, Nitesh Singh, Debabrata Dash, Golok B. Nando, and Narayan Ch Das. "PHYSICO-MECHANICAL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF META-PENTADECENYL PHENOL FUNCTIONALIZED ACRYLONITRILE–BUTADIENE RUBBER NANOCLAY COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (2019): 496–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81486.
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ABSTRACT The physico-mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of meta-pentadecenyl phenol (cardanol) functionalized acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (CGNBR) composites containing sodium montmorillonite clay were determined via studies on the functionalization of NBR by grafting cardanol onto its backbone main chain in the latex stage using benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator. Results show an improvement in technical properties for functionalized NBR nanocomposites over the NBR nanocomposite. Air and ASTM 3 oil aging studies at 100 °C confirmed an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in elongation at break for CGNBR compared to the dioctyl phthalate plasticized NBR nanocomposite. Fire and flame retardancy studies showed an increased limiting oxygen index for functionalized NBR over the NBR nanoclay composite. Results delineate the method of preparation and characterization of functionalized NBR and oil plasticized NBR nanoclay composites to achieve an improved oil resistance effect for functionalized NBR over NBR nanocomposite.
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George, Majo, and Elsa Cherian. "Emergent Global Marketing Challenges for Kerala Cardamom Producers Vis-A-Vis Role of the Spice Board." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 1 (2017): 039–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/10.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................................. This research paper attempts to deeply and rationally probe into the present situation, discussing the expected role of the Spices Board of India, which in 1987 started to function replacing the erstwhile Cardamom Board, where the focus was only on the Cardamom plantation sector and export development. Background.................................................................................................................................................................................................. Cardamom, the “Queen of Spices” is the third most expensive of the spices, next only to saffron and vanilla. The Cardamom Plantation and export development sector is now just one of the many focal points of expected action of promotional endeavors of the Spices Board of India. The cardinal problem is the 1990's market threat from Guatemala, which floods the market with Cardamom with cheaper prices, though it is qualitatively inferior to Indian green Cardamom. The second problem for Indian exports is that the higher cost of production coupled with increasing domestic market demand causes lower quantities for exports. Apart from the functional insufficiency of the Spices Board of India, in the view of the Cardamom farmers and secondary and tertiary market intermediaries, the present auction system, the scattered unorganized farming community at large, and other governmental promotional deficiencies together make the complexity of the present situation confounded. Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................................................. It was decided that conventional research methods, using structured survey methods and questionnaire, were not feasible or realistic as collecting data from a wide range of personnel vary from cardamom farmers to wholesalers to market intermediaries including exporters, extractors of oleo resin from cardamom proved arduous. For this study the methodology used to gather information was a mixture of ethnographic and classical statistical sampling methods. The data was mainly collected by interviews as this will help to get an in depth feel of the pulse of all the involved participants. Thus it was felt that a more first-hand personal interactions was really necessary, not to just garner information from quantitative data but also to gauge through the in-person mood and tenor the grievances of all concerned with cardamom industry and to know the expectations of the related parties, especially from the Spices Board of India. Contribution.................................................................................................................................................................................................. This paper attempts to bring into focus the provocations, limitations, and seriousness of the situation of the sector, and to prioritize the steps to be taken to regain the lost glory of the Indian Cardamom. Findings........................................................................................................................................................................................................ The findings and analysis show that the Indian Cardamom Plantation Sector should be aware of the significance and market relevance of the “Organic” method of cultivation of Cardamom. Also there is a need for quality control practices in the sector that enable strict attention to meeting MRL (Maximum Residue Level) as demanded by the importing nations, and attention to the “functional refining factors” and expectations set out by the spices Board of India. All of these are based on the findings which are analyzed, without preconceived notions and authors’ subjective remarks. Recommendations for Practitioners............................................................................................................................................................. This paper reveals the view and understandings of the practitioners in the Indian Cardamom sector. It subtly suggests a certain course of action and serous recognition of flaws and deficiencies in the system that are obvious and emerges and which are critical and must be addressed. It underlines needs to be addressed; flaws in performance, and articulates the grievances. Recommendation for Researchers................................................................................................................................................................. More work needs to be done to have a clear analysis of the market demand of the cardamom products in order to project periods when demands of cardamom fluctuate the market, both domestically and internationally. In addition, it is important to study the various organic methods, which can be adopted by the farmers to produce high quality cardamom, which can meet the demand of the consumer as well as the standard required by various governments around the globe. Impact on Society........................................................................................................................................................................................... It reflects clearly, the general and prevalent concern of the Indian farming community and market intermediaries’ vis-à-vis the promotional role they expect the Spices Board of India to play in order to ameliorate the gravity of the bottlenecks being faced by the Indian Cardamom sector. Future Research................................................................................................................................................................................................ There are many areas to be studied in the Indian Cardamom Industry. This research paper attempts to highlight the unmitigated problems faced by the various strata of farmers, the indispensability of going “Organic”, and the need for the intervention of the Spices Board of India, and other relevant State Agri-Horticultural agencies, marketing Co-operative societies; subsidies and grants to be given by the government to encourage both organic cultivation and value addition using Carbon dioxide extraction of Oleoresins, packing, export market research, etc.
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PUTRI, SISKA DYAH KUSUMA, ARI SUSILOWATI, and RATNA SETYANINGSIH. "In vitro testing of antibacterial activity of extracts of seed cardamom (Amomum compactum) against by Aeromonas hydrophila." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 14, no. 1 (2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f140102.
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Putri SDK, Susilowati A, Setyaningsih R. 2016. In vitro testing of antibacterial activity of extracts of seed cardamom (Amomum compactum) against by Aeromonas hydrophila. Biofarmasi 14: 10-18. One of the obstacles that hinder the cultivation of common freshwater fish is the presence of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. These bacteria cause Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). One effort against MAS on freshwater fish is the use of cardamom seed (Amomum compactum). The purpose of this study was to know the antibacterial activity and get the minimum concentration of cardamom seed extract that was able to inhibit A. hydrophila in vitro. Cardamom seed extraction was done by stratified maceration using three solvent, i.e., n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Antibacterial activity was conducted using disc diffusion method with 100% concentration for each extract, solvents, only bacteria culture without the extract as negative control and positive control for chloramphenicol 3,4%. Minimum Concentration Inhibitory test (MIC) performed using extracts of the most widespread inhibitory zone. The extract concentrations tested 5,71%, 2,70%, 1,35%, 0,68%, 0,34%, 0,17%(b/v),and 0% as a negative control, while the antibiotic chloramphenicol as a positive control. Data analyzed using Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) and Duncans Multiple Range test (DMRT) level of 5%. Cardamom seed extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as a solvent were 11,1 g, 10 g, and 15,1 g extract respectively. Inhibition zone of 100% cardamom seed extract with the solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were 5,25 mm, 6,25 mm and 5,75 mm respectively. MIC values in the ethyl acetate extract of A. hydrophila were 2,70%.
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Utami, Nuning Wahyu, Ivan Arie Wahyudi, and Sri Larnani. "Pengaruh Minyak Atsiri Kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) terhadap Kadar Metil Merkaptan yang Dihasilkan Bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis (Kajian In Vitro)." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 19, no. 1 (2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.15645.
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Latar Belakang: Helitosis disebabkan pembentukan senyawa-senyawa sulfur atau Volatile Sulfur Compound (VSC) oleh bakteri. Metil merkaptan merupakan komponen VSC yang paling dominan menyebabkan bau pada halitosis. Agen antibakteri digunakan untuk mengatasi halitosis dengan cara menurunkan kadar metil merkaptan yang dihasilkan bakteri. Minyak atsiri kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) diduga memiliki khasiat anti bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh minyak atsiri kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) terdapat kadar metil merkaptan yang dihasilkan porphyromonas gingivalis. Metode Penelitian: Setiap sumuran pada microplate ditetesi minyak atsiri kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) konsentrasi minyak atsiri kapulaga 0% (control negatif), 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%. Selanjutnya setiap sumuran yang telah ditetesi minyak atsiri kapulaga berfbagai konsentrasi, kemudian ditetesi suspensi bakteri porphyromonas gingivalis pada media TSB dan diinkubasi anaerob selama 48 jam. Tiap perlakuan menggunakan sampel sebanyak 5 sehingga sumuran yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 25. Setelah itu, semua sumuran ditetesi metionin dan DTNB kemudian diinkubasi anaerob selama 12 jam. Hasil inkubasi tersebut kemudian dilihat absorbansi metil merkaptan dengan microplate reader. Hasil Penelitian: Absorbansi kadar metil merkaptan yang dihasilkan pada minyak atsiri kapulaga 0%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% secara berurutan adalah 1,38, 0,217, 0,215, 0,204, 0,196. Minyak atsiri kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) berpengaruh terhadap kadar metil merkaptan yang dihasilkan porphyromonas gingivalis. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok minyak atsiri kapilaga konsentrasi 0% sebagai kontrol negatif dengan minyak atsiri kapulaga 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara minyak atsiri kapulaga konsentrasi 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%. Kesimpulan: minyak atsiri kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) dapat menurunkan kadar metil merkaptan yang dihasilkan bakteri porphyromonas gingivalis.Background: Halitosis is caused by the formation of sulfur compounds or Volatile Sulfur Compound (VSC) by bacteria. Methyl merkaptan is the main compound that causes halitosis. Antibacterial agents are often used to treat halitosis by reducing level of methyl merkaptan produced by bacteria. One of the antibacterial agents derived from natural plant oil is cardamom (Amomum cardamomum). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of essential oil of cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) on methyl mercaptan level produced by porphyromonas gingivalis. Method: Essential oil of cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) was expelled on every well on microplate in concentration of 0% (as negative control) 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%. All wells that have been expelled with cardamom essential oil in different concentration then etched with porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial suspension in TSB media and were incubated anaerobically for 48 hours. Each treatment group had 5 samples so that 25 wells were needed. After that, all the wells etched with DTNB methionine and were incubated anaerobically for 12 hours. The result of those incubation were observed the absorbance of methyl mercaptan with microplate reader. Result: absorbation level of methyl mercaptan were produced cardamom essential oil in concentration 0%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% in sequence1,38, 0,217, 0,215, 0,204, 0,196. The essential oil of cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) affected the levels of methy mercaptan produced porphyromonas gingivalis. There was significant difference between group of cardamom essential oils in concentration 0% as negative control with group of cardamomum essential oil in concentration of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%. Conclusion: the essential oil of cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) couid decrease methyl mercaptan level produced by porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Raissa, Raissa, Windi Cahya Amalia, Meri Ayurini, Khabib Khumaini, and Paramita Jaya Ratri. "The Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction from Java Cardamom." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2020): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.257.
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Indonesia is one of the largest spice-producing regions such as the Java Cardamom (Amomum compactum). The cardamom can be converted into derivative products in the form of cardamom essential oil. In this work, we attempted to extract the essential oil from the cardamom by comparing two methods of extraction which are the steam distillation and the simple distillation. The optimization factors considered on the extraction yield were solvent (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) and extraction time (3-6 h). The extraction yield obtained by both methods in ethyl acetate solvents was almost equal to that obtained in n-hexane. Also, the result obtained revealed that the extraction yield increased with time. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained by the simple distillation method in 6 hours duration time using n-hexane solvent giving the yield of 6.3 %. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical composition of the extracted oil. The results showed that the chemical composition of the essential oils is different in each extraction time. The main compounds in all oil samples were eucalyptol and camphene among four other constituents. The concentration of eucalyptol reached an optimum (90.89 - 93.74 %) at 4 – 5 h of distillation times, while the concentration of camphene reached an optimum (52.98 %) at 6 h. The purity of the essential oil was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Moreover, this research will help to utilize the cardamom due to its main compounds that act as herbal medicine.
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Avrigean, Eugen. "Verifying the Strength of the Cardan Transmission Joint through the Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 1034–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1034.
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The work presents the aproach of the finite element investigation of the cardan transmission joint. We treat the problem of structural behaviour, such as analyses that target the strength-related behaviour. It is thus sought to determine certain parameters (nodal displacements, stresses, strains) in the conditions of applying various types of loads - forces, pressures or moments. For this, we used a software for finite element analysis – Cosmos - a product integrated in the Solidworks package. We insisted on calculation of the cardan transmission for Dacia 1307 but they can be easily transposed also to other typodimensions of cars, machines or medical devices from the same category.
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Xia, Yuanfeng, Jian Pang, Liang Yang, Qin Zhao, and Xianwu Yang. "Nonlinear numerical and experimental study on the second-order torsional and lateral vibration of driveline system connected by cardan joint." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 7-8 (2019): 540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319889846.
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In this article, a nonlinear dynamic model with five degrees-of-freedom for a four-wheel-drive vehicle driveline connected by a cardan joint, including dynamic intersection angle, nonconstant velocity, and additional moment caused by the cardan joint, is established by using the Lagrange method to analyze the driveline coupling vibration in both torsional and lateral directions. High-order Runge–Kutta algorithm is applied to solve the differential equations and to calculate transient responses of the driveline rotors under acceleration condition. The color maps and second-order vibration of the driveline are acquired by frequency spectrum analysis and order tracking analysis, respectively. The second-order vibration and noise of the driveline and vehicle interior caused by the cardan joint is validated by vehicle experimental results and reduced effectively by decreasing intersection angle of the cardan joint under the operational condition. Moreover, application of a flexible coupling instead of the cardan joint significantly reduces the second-order vibration but simultaneously generates low-level third-order vibration.
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Riyanti, Hafsah, Sorta Basar Ida Simanjutak, and Hery Winarsi. "AKTIVITAS GLUTATION PEROKSIDASE DAN KADAR GULA DARAH TIKUS DIABETES YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK DAUN KAPULAGA (Amomum cardamomum)." Scripta Biologica 1, no. 2 (2014): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.442.
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Oxidative stress in a patient with diabetes known to decrease the activity of GSH-PX and increase the level of blood glucose. Glibenclamide is commonly used by patients with diabetes to lower the blood glucose. However, the long-term use of glibenclamide may induce the damage of pancreatic β-cells. The extract containing flavonoids and vitamin C of cardamoms leaf can reduce free radicals. The effect of cardamoms leaf extract on the enzymes activity and the level of blood glucose in diabetic rats is yet unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cardamoms leaf extract administration in the GSH-PX activities and the level of blood glucose of diabetic rats. The method used in this study was experimental with completely randomized design (CRD). There were three groups with five replicates for each. The first group, diabetic rats as control group were given no treatment; the second group, diabetic rats were given cardamoms leaf extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight; the third group, the diabetic rat were given glibenclamide at the dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight. Blood samples were taken three times at 0, 7, and 14 days after each treatment. Parameters measured were GSH-PX activity and the level of blood glucose. The data were analyzed using ANOVA F-test with a confidence level of 95%. The result of this study showed that the cardamoms leaf extract treatment decreased the activity of GSH-PX activity and decreased the level of blood glucose at a significant level (p < 0.05) from 278.8 to 101.4 mg/dl.
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Zhang, Guang Wei, Li You, and Zhao Li. "The Finite Element Analysis of a Shaft." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1022.
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Finite element method is a kind of method with the aid of computer engineering analysis of discretization numerical calculation. In the rotary steering drilling during the process of practical work, there was a great drilling pressure torque, space size limit strictly and requires a high efficiency and reliability .The working conditions are complex when drillings work underground and the working environment is harsh, there may has many unpredictable situations, the drilling tool may encounter the loose soil, or may be a hard rock, and these changes force is transmitted through the variation cardan shaft, so it is very necessary to check the strength of the variation cardan shaft. This article analyze the variation cardan shaft by ANSYS and provide a reference for actual use.
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Jadhav, Manjusha, Ahammed Shabeer Thekkumpurath, Mayura Nakade, et al. "Multiresidue Method for Targeted Screening of Pesticide Residues in Spice Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 3 (2017): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0061.
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Abstract A QuEChERS technique–based sample preparation method was optimized and validated in small cardamom to monitor the residues of 154 pesticides by LC with tandem MS. The proposed multiresidue method involved soaking powdered cardamom (2 g) in water (8 mL) for 30 min, followed by extraction with acetonitrile (10 mL). Cleanup by dispersive SPE was performed using primary secondary amine (25 mg/mL), C18 (25 mg/mL), and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (150 mg/mL). The method was validated as per the SANTE/11945/2015 guidelines at 5, 10, 50, and 100 ng/g spiking levels, and most of the analytes showed recoveries between 70 and 120% (with RSDs ≤20%). The LOQ of ≤10 ng/g was achieved for almost 90% of the target pesticides. The measurement uncertainties were evaluated at 100 ng/g, and the global uncertainty values were below 22% for all the analytes.
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Luna, F. Murilo T., Davi Costa Salmin, Vanessa S. Santiago, et al. "Oxidative Stability of Acylated and Hydrogenated Ricinoleates Using Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3973657.
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As increasing environmental policies constrains are imposed, the demand for biodegradable products also increases. Although vegetable oils present some properties that favor its use for formulation of a bio-based lubricant, its poor resistance to oxidation hinders its application as such. In this study, the thermo-oxidative stability of bio-based products was compared to petroleum-based lubricants and vegetable oils through the PetroOXY method. Chemical modifications in the ricinoleic acids were carried out using long-chain alcohols in esterification reactions. Acetates were obtained from ricinoleates with and without hydrogenation steps. Additionally, commercial antioxidants and phenolic compounds (saturated and unsaturated cardanol) obtained from cashew nut shell liquid were added to the synthesized samples with higher induction times. The results show that the chemically modified bio-based products exhibited improved oxidative stability (up to 6 times) and depressed pour point (−42°C) when compared to pure castor oil. Overall, the addition of antioxidants increased from 6 to 20 times the oxidative stability of the bio-based products. Propyl gallate and saturated cardanol showed higher efficiency for retarding the oxidative process of bio-based samples than the commercial antioxidants.
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He, Haoxiang, Xin Xie, and Wentao Wang. "Vibration Control of Tower Structure with Multiple Cardan Gyroscopes." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3548360.
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Tower structure is sensitive to hurricane and earthquake, and it is easy to generate large deflection and dynamic response. The multiple cardan gyroscope has two rotational degrees of freedom, which can generate strong moments to constrain the two horizontal orthogonal deflections if the rotor operates in high speeds, so the structural dynamic responses can be decreased. Hence, the method of dynamic control of the tower structure under wind load and earthquake action is proposed by using the multiple cardan gyroscopes as the dampers. The dynamic mechanism and the fixed axis principle of the multiple cardan gyroscope are introduced, and the dynamic equation of the gyroscope is established. The damping mechanism of the gyroscope is also described. For the tower structure equipped with the multiple cardan gyroscope dampers, the multidimensional control equation considering torsion effect is established, and the equivalent state space equation is presented. Taking a TV Tower with a number of gyroscope dampers as an analysis example, the structural dynamic responses and damping performance under fluctuating wind loads and earthquake action is studied. The results show that the multiple cardan gyroscope dampers with suitable parameters can effectively decrease the structural vibration in horizontal directions and torsional direction.
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., Misnawati. "PENURUNAN METODE NICKALLS DAN PENERAPANNYA PADA PENYELESAIAN PERSAMAAN KUBIK." Jurnal Matematika UNAND 5, no. 1 (2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jmu.5.1.140-147.2016.
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Abstrak. Pada paper akan dibahas penurunan metode Nickalls dan implementasi perhitungannyapada MATLAB dalam menyelesaikan persamaan kubik. Metode ini merupakanmodikasi dari metode Cardan dengan terlebih dahulu mendenisikan parameterparametertertentu yang dapat mendeskripsikan solusi yang diperoleh dengan bentukgeometri dari kurva fungsi kubik. Penyelesaian persamaan kubik dengan metode inimenghasilkan akar-akar bernilai riil yang dibagi atas tiga kasus berdasarkan hubunganparameter-parameter didenisikan.
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Fischer, I. S., and R. N. Paul. "Kinematic Displacement Analysis of a Double-Cardan-Joint Driveline." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 3 (1991): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912778.
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The input-output displacement relations of two Cardan joints arranged in series on a driveline has been investigated in detail, including the effects of unequal joint angles, the phase angle between the two Cardan joints and also such manufacturing tolerance errors as nonright angle moving link lengths and offset joint axes. A combined Newton-Raphson method and Davidon-Fletcher-Powell optimization algorithm using dual-number coordinate-transformation matrices was employed to perform the analysis. An experiment was conducted to validate the results of the analysis. The apparatus consisted of a double-Cardan-joint driveline whose rotations were measured by optical shaft encoders that were sampled by a computer data-acquisition system. The equipment was arranged so that the phase angle between the joints and the offset angles between the shafts at each of the two joints could be readily varied. The “relative phase angle,” the difference between the phase angle of the two joints and the angle between the planes defined by the input and intermediate and the intermediate and output shafts, was found to be the significant factor. If the offset angles at both Cardan joints are equal, the double-Cardan-joint driveline functions as a constant-velocity coupling when the magnitude of the relative phase angle is zero. If the offset angles at the two Cardan joints are unequal, a condition prevailing in the important front-wheel-drive automobile steering-column application, then fluctuation in output velocity for a constant input velocity is minimized although not eliminated for zero relative phase angle.
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Manek, R., N. M. Patel, A. Bhargava, J. Vaghasiya, N. Jivani, and S. Koradia. "Estimation of Protocatechuic Acid in Greater Cardamom Fruit Extracts by HPTLC Method." Research Journal of Phytochemistry 3, no. 3 (2009): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2009.54.62.
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ECHEVERRÍA, VIRGINIA IOMMI. "Hydrostatics on the fray: Tartaglia, Cardano and the recovering of sunken ships." British Journal for the History of Science 44, no. 4 (2011): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708741100029x.
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AbstractIn his 1551 Travagliata invenzione, the Italian mathematician Niccolò Tartaglia described a device for raising sunken ships. Despite his claim of originality, his contemporary Girolamo Cardano had described a similar method in his famous work De subtilitate, which was published a year before. A comparison between these methods reveals the uniqueness of Tartaglia's approach, for he combines an explicit defence of the horror vacui principle with an implicit negation of rarefaction. In this article I show the complexities of this conception and stress the importance of keeping the personal argument between both authors in mind when interpreting their descriptions of wreck-salvage operations.
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Sekine, Takayuki, Kwame Sarpong Appiah, Majid Azizi, and Yoshiharu Fujii. "Plant Growth Inhibitory Activities and Volatile Active Compounds of 53 Spices and Herbs." Plants 9, no. 2 (2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020264.
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The inhibitory activities of the leachates and volatiles from 53 plant species (spices and herbs) were evaluated against lettuce (Lactuca sativa “Great Lakes 366”) seedling growth using the sandwich and dish pack methods, respectively. With the sandwich method, parsley (Petroselinum sativum) showed the strongest inhibitory effect on lettuce radicle growth (77%), followed by tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) (72%). However, caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens) (seed), laurel (Laurus nobilis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and sage (Salvia officinalis) were the most inhibitory species (100% inhibition of lettuce radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all distance wells) in the dish pack method. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) also showed strong inhibitory activity (100% for radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all 41 and 58 mm distance wells). The headspace sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the main inhibitory active compounds as carvone in caraway and dill (seeds), 1,8-cineole in laurel and cardamom, and borneol in thyme. Both camphor and 1,8-cineole were detected in rosemary and sage, and the total activity evaluation showed that camphor was the major inhibitory compound in rosemary, although both compounds played equal roles in sage.
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Lin, Shinemin, and Nichelle'le K. Carrington. "Solving Cubic Equations Using Direct Factoring in Complex Field." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (2015): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.359.
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Cardano’s Method is not easily understood by undergraduate students. In this research project, we developed a method that students can understand without advanced mathematics skills. The method we developed only need to use the skills of factoring polynomials in complex field and finding cubic roots of a complex number.The procedures we developed are as following:1) Write cubic equation in the form of A3 + B3 + C3 – 3ABC = 0, where A is a function of x, B and C are complex numbers.2) Solve the quadratic equation Z2 – (B3 + C3)Z + B3 C3 = 0, which gives B and C.3) Factor equation of (1) into (A + B + C)(A +Bw + Cw2)(A +Bw2+Cw) = 0, where w is a complex rootof 1.4) Solve equations A+B+C = 0, A+Bω+Cω2 = 0, and A+Bω2+Cω = 0
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Petr Hrubý and Tomáš Náhlík. "Modelling of Critical Velocities of the Cardan Mechanism using Transfer Matrix Method." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 1 (2021): B33—B38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.1.b33-b38.
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The presented paper focuses to rotating components of mechanical constructions. The problem of the spatial combined bending-gyratory vibration and calculation of the Eigen frequencies is studied. The model of Cardan Mechanism is solved by the transfer matrix method. Transfer matrices were derived for shaft, concentrated mass and elastic bearing. The physical and mechanical properties of each part of the mechanism are hidden in these matrices. A procedure for calculating Eigen frequencies was proposed.
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Avrigean, Eugen, Adrian Marius Pascu, and Valentin Stefan Oleksik. "Study of the Cardan Cross Using the Experimental and Analytical Method." Procedia Engineering 100 (2015): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.396.
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Macías-Díaz, J. E. "On an exact numerical simulation of solitary-wave solutions of the Burgers–Huxley equation through Cardano’s method." BIT Numerical Mathematics 54, no. 3 (2013): 763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10543-013-0466-9.
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Dehghan, Reza. "A numerical method based on Cardan polynomials for solving optimal control problems." Afrika Matematika 29, no. 5-6 (2018): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13370-018-0569-1.
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Goon, Arnab, Raviraj Shinde, Bappa Ghosh, and Kaushik Banerjee. "Application of Automated Mini–Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup for the Analysis of Pesticides in Complex Spice Matrixes by GC-MS/MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 1 (2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0202.
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Abstract Background: Pesticide residues are routinely tested in spices for trade compliance. This results in a huge sample load for food testing laboratories and demands automation in sample preparation. Although there exists a method for the analysis of pesticides in fruits using an automated sample cleanup by mini–solid-phase extraction (mini-SPE) technique, no study is available to date on spices. Objective: This study aims to develop an automated sample cleanup method using mini-SPE technique in a range of spices, including chili powder, turmeric, black pepper, cumin, coriander, and cardamom. Methods: This automated sample preparation workflow involved an X-Y-Z instrument autosampler, and a set of mini-SPE cartridges comprising cleanup sorbents. Spice samples were extracted by acetonitrile, and the extract was put into an autosampler vial for automated mini-SPE cleanup before analysis by GC tandem MS. For an efficient cleanup, three different sorbent compositions were compared along with various automated workflows. Results: For the relatively simple matrixes (e.g., coriander, cumin, and cardamom), the LOQ for the target pesticides was 10 ng/g with acceptable recovery, and precision. The method provided an LOQ of 10 ng/g for around 77% of the compounds in the relatively complex matrixes (e.g., turmeric, chili powder, and black pepper). The remainder of the compounds had satisfactory recoveries at 20 ng/g and higher levels. Conclusions: Given its time effectiveness and efficient analytical performance, this method can be adopted in commercial food testing laboratories for time-bound analysis of a large volume of samples. Highlights: The study describes effectiveness of the automated mini-SPE cleanup in multiresidue analysis of pesticides in a range of spice matrixes. The method facilitates high-throughput residue analysis in compliance with the regulatory requirements of sensitivity and method performance.
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KOPP, JOACHIM. "EFFICIENT NUMERICAL DIAGONALIZATION OF HERMITIAN 3 × 3 MATRICES." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 03 (2008): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012303.
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A very common problem in science is the numerical diagonalization of symmetric or hermitian 3 × 3 matrices. Since standard "black box" packages may be too inefficient if the number of matrices is large, we study several alternatives. We consider optimized implementations of the Jacobi, QL, and Cuppen algorithms and compare them with an alytical method relying on Cardano's formula for the eigenvalues and on vector cross products for the eigenvectors. Jacobi is the most accurate, but also the slowest method, while QL and Cuppen are good general purpose algorithms. The analytical algorithm outperforms the others by more than a factor of 2, but becomes inaccurate or may even fail completely if the matrix entries differ greatly in magnitude. This can mostly be circumvented by using a hybrid method, which falls back to QL if conditions are such that the analytical calculation might become too inaccurate. For all algorithms, we give an overview of the underlying mathematical ideas, and present detailed benchmark results. C and Fortran implementations of our code are available for download from .
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Esposito Corcione, Carola, Raffaella Striani, Francesca Ferrari, Paolo Visconti, Daniela Rizzo, and Antonio Greco. "An Innovative Method for the Recycling of Waste Carbohydrate-Based Flours." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061414.
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This work represents an innovative study that, for the first time, explores the possibility to use waste flours to produce thermoplastic polymeric bio-films. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that waste flours, derived from bakeries, pizzerias or pasta factories, have been proposed for the production of bio-polymers, as a replacement of neat starch. To this aim, durum waste flour derived from a pasta factory, soft waste flour derived from pizzerias and neat maize starch used as control material were firstly analyzed from dimensional, morphological and chemical points of view. Afterwards, waste flour films were produced by the addition of a nature-based plasticizer, glycerol. Mechanical characterization of the plasticized thermoplastic films, produced by compression molding, evidenced low performances, even in the case of the neat maize starch. In order to improve the mechanical properties, the possibility to include polylactic acid and cardanol-based plasticizer was also investigated. Mass transport properties of all the produced bio-films were investigated by measuring their water vapor permeability and hygroscopic absorption. The durability properties of the bio-films were assessed by accelerated ageing tests, while the bio-degradability of the waste-based films was evaluated by measuring the solubility and the degradation in water. The physicochemical analyses of the novel bio-films evidenced good mechanical properties; specifically, the waste-based films showed a lower hygroscopic absorption and water solubility than those of the blends containing neat starch.
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Teneva, Desislava, Zapryana Denkova, Bogdan Goranov, et al. "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Black Pepper, Cumin, Coriander and Cardamom Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 20, no. 2 (2016): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2016-0014.
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Abstract Four popular spices black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) were analyzed for their oil composition by GC-MS. Thirty compounds were identified in the black pepper oil and the main components were β-caryophyllene (20.225 %), sabinene (18.054 %), limonene (16.924 %), α-pinene (9.171 %) and α-phellandrene (5.968 %). Twenty five compounds were identified in the cumin oil – cuminaldehyde (30.834 %), 3-caren-10-al (17.223 %), β-pinene (14.837 %), γ–terpinene (11.928 %), 2-caren-10-al (8.228 %) and pcymene (6.429 %). Twenty nine compounds were identified in the coriander oil – β-linalool (58.141 %), α-pinene (8.731 %), γ-terpinene (6.347 %) and p-cymene (5.227 %). Twenty nine compounds were identified in the cardamom oil – α-terpinyl acetate (39.032 %), eucalyptol (31.534 %), β-linalool (4.829 %), sabinene (4.308 %) and α-terpineol (4.127 %). The antimicrobial activity of essential oils against pathogenic (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella sp. (clinical isolate), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Proteus vulgaris G) microorganisms by disc-diffusion method was examined. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the oils (inhibition zones being between 8 and 12.5 mm) and the minimum inhibitory concentration was more than 600 ppm; Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive. The obtained essential oils are suitable for use as biopreservative agents.
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Silva, M. S. S., S. G. De Lima, E. H. Oliveira, et al. "Anacardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity." Eclética Química 33, no. 3 (2008): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-46702008000300008.
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Propolis is a sticky, gummy, resinous substance collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from various plant sources, which has excellent medicinal properties. This paper describes the isolation and identification of triterpenoids and anacardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity. Their structures were elucidated by ¹H and 13C NMR, including uni- and bidimensional techniques; in addition, comparisons were made with data from academic literature. These compounds were identified as: cardanols (1a + 1b), cardols (2a + 2b), monoene anacardic acid (3), a-amirine (4), b-amirine (5), cycloartenol (6), 24-methylene-cycloartenol (7) and lupeol (8). The determination of the position of the double bond after a reaction with Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is described for the phenol derivatives. The ethanolic extract was tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity by using the disc diffusion method and it showed significant results against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella spp.
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Monwanou, A. V., A. A. Koukpémèdji, C. Ainamon, P. R. Nwagoum Tuwa, C. H. Miwadinou, and J. B. Chabi Orou. "Nonlinear Dynamics in a Chemical Reaction under an Amplitude-Modulated Excitation: Hysteresis, Vibrational Resonance, Multistability, and Chaos." Complexity 2020 (October 5, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8823458.
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This paper deals with the effects of an amplitude-modulated (AM) excitation on the nonlinear dynamics of reactions between four molecules. The computation of the fixed points of the autonomous nonlinear chemical system has been made in detail using the Cardan’s method. Hopf bifurcation has been also successfully checked. Routes to chaos have been investigated through bifurcations structures, Lyapunov exponent, phase portraits, and Poincaré section. The effects of the control force on chaotic motions have been strongly analyzed, and the control efficiency is found in the cases g=0 (unmodulated case) and g≠0 with Ω=ω and Ω/w≠p/q; p and q are simple positive integers. Vibrational resonance (VR), hysteresis, and coexistence of several attractors have been studied in detail based on the relationship between the frequencies of the AM force. Results of analytical investigations are validated and complemented by numerical simulations.
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Nurhayati, Ely, Sri Hartoyo, and Sri Mulatsih. "Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Pala, Lawang, dan Kapulaga Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 19, no. 2 (2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v19i2.847.
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Export is an important component in the economy. The higher export performance, the greater positive impact. From 2012 to 2016, Indonesia’s exports continued to decline, so Indonesia needs to boost its exports. One of the potential commodities to be developed is nutmeg, mace, and cardamoms. This study analyzed the competitiveness of nutmeg, mace, and cardamoms, as well as the factors aecting its exports. The methods used are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity. The competitiveness analysis showed that the optimistic export markets were Pakistan, Germany, Italy, and USA. The potential export markets were Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, France, and Netherlands. Factors that affecting exports were GDP per capita, price, economic distance, and tariff. -------------------------------- Ekspor merupakan komponen penting dalam perekonomian. Semakin tinggi kinerja ekspor, semakin besar pula dampak positifnya. Sejak 2012 hingga 2016, ekspor Indonesia terus menurun sehingga Indonesia perlu meningkatkan kembali ekspornya. Salah satu komoditas yang potensial dikembangkan adalah pala, lawang, dan kapulaga. Penelitian ini menganalisis daya saing pala, lawang, dan kapulaga, serta faktor yang memengaruhi ekspornya. Metode yang digunakan adalah RCA, EPD, X-Model, dan Gravity. Hasil analisis daya saing menunjukkan bahwa pasar ekspor yang optimis adalah Pakistan, Jerman, Italia, dan Amerika Serikat. Pasar ekspor yang potensial adalah Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Prancis, dan Belanda. Faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor adalah PDB per kapita, harga, jarak ekonomi, dan tarif.
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Srivatsan, R., D. A. Hoeltzel, and A. Das. "An Analytical Method for the Identification of Redundant Constraints in Multiple-Loop Spatial Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 2 (1993): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919195.
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An analytical method for the explicit identification of redundant constraints in multiple-loop spatial mechanisms is presented. The kinematic constraint equations for each independent loop of multiple-loop mechanisms are developed. The independence of these equations is established and used to detect the presence of redundant constraints. The nature of the redundant constraints present is indicated by the type of redundant kinematic constraint equations present. Interaction of the constraints of adjacent loops in a multiple-loop mechanism also has to be taken into account. An example which illustrates the identification of redundant constraints in a cardan joint has been included to demonstrate the utility of this approach for real-world mechanism design problems. General guidelines for the elimination of redundant constraints, following their identification, are also provided.
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Igboamalu, A. C., U. J. Chukwu, and K. Okorosaye-Orubite. "Synthesis of Co (ii) and Zn (ii) complexes of modified and unmodified cashew nut (Anacardium occidentals L.) shell liquid extract." Scientia Africana 20, no. 2 (2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v20i2.2.
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Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) extract obtained using soxhlet extraction method with acetone as solvent has been used in the synthesis of Co (II) and Zn (II) metal complexes. The CNSL gave a molecular peak ion of 298g/mol-1 on a GC-MS, an indication that cardanol was more prominent than anacardic acid in the obtained extract. Physicochemical parameters such as saponification value (50.30 mgKOH/g), moisture content (5.10), iodine value (241.00 mgKOH/g), ash content (1.30) and pH (6.31) were equally obtained. The metal complexes of Co (II) and Zn (II) prepared with unmodified (UMCNSL) and aniline modified CNSL (AMCNSL) were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR, melting point and electrical conductivity. Some characteristic FTIR bands were observed for AMCNSL, UMCNCL, AMCNSL-ZnCl2.H2O (1612cm-1) and AMCNSL-CoCl2.6H2O (1612cm-1). The presence of C=N were confirmed in the metal complex of AMCNSL-ZnCl.H2O and AMCNSL-CoCl.6H2O but were not present in the UMCNSL-ZnCl.H2O and UMCNSL-CoCl.6H2O.
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Plamondon, A., and M. Gagnon. "Errors in Simulated Vertebral Motions Using Cardan Euler Angles With a Least Squares Method." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 114, no. 2 (1992): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891380.
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M, Alagupalamuthirsolai, Ankegowda SJ, Mohammad Faisal Peeran, and Sharon Aravind. "Establishment of a rapid screening method for drought tolerance of small cardamom by using polyethylene glycol-6000." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 2 (2020): 1750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2aa.9013.
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MORI, GIULIANO. "Mathematical subtleties and scientific knowledge: Francis Bacon and mathematics, at the crossing of two traditions." British Journal for the History of Science 50, no. 1 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087416001163.
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AbstractThis article engages the much-debated role of mathematics in Bacon's philosophy and inductive method at large. The many references to mathematics in Bacon's works are considered in the context of the humanist reform of the curriculum studiorum and, in particular, through a comparison with the kinds of natural and intellectual subtlety as they are defined by many sixteenth-century authors, including Cardano, Scaliger and Montaigne. Additionally, this article gives a nuanced background to the ‘subtlety’ commonly thought to have been eschewed by Bacon and by Bacon's self-proclaimed followers in the Royal Society of London. The aim of this article is ultimately to demonstrate that Bacon did not reject the use of mathematics in natural philosophy altogether. Instead, he hoped that following the Great Instauration a kind of non-abstract mathematics could be founded: a kind of mathematics which was to serve natural philosophy by enabling men to grasp the intrinsic subtlety of nature. Rather than mathematizing nature, it was mathematics that needed to be ‘naturalized’.
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Szelmanowski, Andrzej, Mirosław Nowakowski, Zbigniew Jakielaszek, and Piotr Rogala. "Computer-based method for the technical condition evaluation of the Cardan inertial navigation system for the highly maneuverable aircraft." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 20, no. 1-2 (2019): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.064.
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Paper presents the original computer-based method of the technical condition evaluation of the analog inertial navigation systems on the basis of the calculated inertial speed course analysis. There are presented the mathematical relationships describing the influence of the angular velocity and linear accelerations sensors errors (used in inertial navigation systems on board the military aircraft) with the relation to the discrepancies of the calculated pilot-navigational parameters (such as inertial speed components and navigational position coordinates). On the example of the Cardan navigation system IKW-8 (used on board the highly-maneuverable SU-22 aircraft) there are presented the inertial speed course measurement and analysis possibilities as well as the criteria of technical condition evaluation and determination of the tendency of its changes.