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Journal articles on the topic 'Cardinal de Richelieu'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Hildesheimer, Françoise. "Richelieu cardinal-ministre." Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 150, no. 1 (2006): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/crai.2006.86950.

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2

Scordo, Francesco, Giulia Domenici, and Michele Augusto Riva. "The severe headaches of Cardinal Richelieu." Lancet Neurology 17, no. 6 (June 2018): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30151-0.

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3

Williford, Christa. "A Computer Reconstruction of Richelieu's Palais Cardinal Theatre, 1641." Theatre Research International 25, no. 3 (2000): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300019696.

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A small, anonymous grisaille(Figure 1)from the collection of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris is among the more familiar images of seventeenth-century French theatre history. It depicts Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII, and other members of the royal family at the theatre. The setting for the scene is the Grande Salle of Richelieu's Parisian home, the Palais Cardinal. Designed by the palace architect Jacques Lemercier and completed in 1641, this theatre was among the first purpose-built proscenium theatres in France. In the 1660s it became the site of the public performances of Molière's most successful plays; after the playwright's death, it housed the Paris Opéra until a fire destroyed it in 1763.

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4

Gady, Alexandre. "Le mauvais goût du cardinal ? Richelieu et l’architecture." Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 150, no. 3 (2006): 1449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/crai.2006.87193.

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5

Ranum, Orest, and Joseph Bergin. "Cardinal Richelieu, Power and the Pursuit of Wealth." Sixteenth Century Journal 17, no. 4 (1986): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2541413.

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6

Kettering, Sharon, and Joseph Bergin. "Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864455.

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7

Major, J. Russell. "Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth. Joseph Bergin." Journal of Modern History 59, no. 3 (September 1987): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/243249.

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8

Knecht, R. J. "The Reputation of Cardinal Richelieu: Classical Hero or Romaitic Villain?" Seventeenth-Century French Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1993): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/c17.1993.15.1.5.

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9

Caldwell, Lynton Keith. "Author's Response." Politics and the Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 1985): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400001143.

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10

CLARKE, DAVID. "PIERRE CORNEILLE'S OCCASIONAL AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL WRITINGS RELATING TO CARDINAL RICHELIEU (1631–1643)." French Studies XLI, no. 1 (1987): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/xli.1.20.

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11

CLARKE, D. "Pierre Corneille's Occasional and Circumstantial Writings Relating to Cardinal Richelieu (1631-1643)." French Studies 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/41.1.20.

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12

Chaplin, Peggy. "Choses a Mettre En Lumiére Tallemant Des RéAux's ‘Historiette’ of Cardinal Richelieu." Seventeenth-Century French Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1993): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/c17.1993.15.1.25.

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13

Desnier, Jean-Luc. "Rector orbis ou le cardinal de Richelieu sur une médaille de Jean Varin." Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée 106, no. 2 (1994): 683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1994.4342.

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14

Boyko, Maxim. "Denis Charpentier (v. 1580-1647). Étude sociale du premier secrétaire du cardinal de Richelieu." Dix-septième siècle 284, no. 3 (2019): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dss.193.0423.

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15

Thomson, Erik. "Commerce, Law, and Erudite Culture: The Mechanics of Théodore Godefroy's Service to Cardinal Richelieu." Journal of the History of Ideas 68, no. 3 (2007): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2007.0028.

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16

Víquez Ruiz, Marcos. "La fundación de la Academia Francesa." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 24, no. 1 (August 31, 2015): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v24i1.20434.

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Este artículo presenta la información más importante de la fundación de la Academia Francesa (1635). Comienza con el legado de "Akadernos", en cuyos jardines Platón hablaba sobre filosofía. Continúa con la contribución del Renacimiento Italiano, particularmente del "Hotel de Rarnbouillet", el aposento literario privado de la Marquesa de Rarnbouillet. Finalmente, se enfatiza la participación de los precursores de la fundación de la Academia: el Cardinal de Richelieu, el estudiante Valentin Conrart, en cuya casa se reunió un círculo de escritores y hombres de letras, progenitores de la idea de la Academia, Boisrobert, Cerisay, Desmarets, Faret, Godeau, Gombauld, Malleville, el abad de Serisy y Vaugelas. This article presents the most relevant information on the establishment of the French Academy (1635). It begins with the legacy of Akadmus, in whose gardens Plato exposed his philosophy, as well as with the contribution of Renaissaance Italy and particularly of "Hotel de Rambouillet", the private literary room of Marquise de Rambouillet. Finally, the article highlights the participation of the direct forerunners of the establishment of the Academy: Cardinal de Richelieu, the scholar Valentin Conrart, whose house served as a gathering place for a circle of writers and men of letters from whose minds arose the idea of this establishment, Boisrobert, Cerisay, Desmarets, Faret, Giry, Godeau, Gombauld, Malleville, the abbot of Serisy and Vaugelas.

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17

Roulet, Éric. "La famille. L’habitation sucrière de la Compagnie des îles de l’Amérique à la Guadeloupe (1642-1649)." Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 69, no. 3 (April 5, 2016): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035960ar.

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La Compagnie des îles de l’Amérique, reformée en 1635 à l’initiative du cardinal de Richelieu, fait du développement des cultures d’exportation comme la canne à sucre une priorité de sa politique économique dans les Petites Antilles françaises. Elle possède une vaste habitation à la Guadeloupe, la famille, sur laquelle elle fonde de grands espoirs. Cependant, elle ne réalise pas de bons résultats malgré les milliers de livres investis. Les difficultés rencontrées dans la gestion des établissements sous son autorité la conduisent finalement à vendre les îles. Le sucre aura-t-il été sa perte ?

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18

Spencer, James A., and Opal W. Wood. "Response of Selected Old Garden Roses to Seven Isolates of Marssonina rosae in Mississippi." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.4.221.

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Abstract Seven isolates of Marssonina rosae (imperfect stage of Diplocarpon rosae) elicited different blackspot disease expression among 39 Old Garden Roses in laboratory tests. ‘Felicite Parmentier’ (Alba), ‘Mme. Hardy’ (Damask), ‘The Bishop’ (Centifolia) and ‘Rosa Mundi’ (Gallica) showed no symptoms. ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’ (Gallica), ‘Hermosa’ (China) and ‘Leda’ (Damask) were the most. susceptible showing a cultivar ratings mean of 2.86 or more. The Wayne variant was the least virulent, causing susceptible reactions on only 46.1% of the roses. The Hinds variant was the most virulent and caused symptoms of 89.7% of the rose plants tested. The remaining five variants caused disease on 69.1% to 79.5%of the plants.

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19

Boyko, Maxim. "Premier secrétaire, informateur et intime serviteur. Denis Charpentier à la tête du cabinet privé du cardinal de Richelieu." Histoire, économie & société 39anné, no. 2 (2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/hes.202.0004.

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20

Hurel, Daniel-Odon. "Armand Jean du Plessis, cardinal duc de Richelieu, Œuvres théologiques. Tome 1. Traité de la perfection du chrétien." Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 122 (April 1, 2003): 59–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.1450.

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21

Lavagne, Henri. "Le cardinal de Richelieu, La Fontaine, Georges Sand et la mosaïque de Saint Jérôme au désert (Venise, 1566)." Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot 95, no. 1 (2016): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/piot.2016.2145.

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22

Khudokormov, Alexandr. "The Economic History of Classical Feudalism (by the Example of France)." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2015, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201536.

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A brief course of lectures (introduction and three lectures) is dedicated to the social and economic history of France, as the main country of the medieval era. The course addresses issues of the genesis of the classic French feudalism. Special attention is paid to the problem of formation of the feudal land ownership from allodium and benefice to the hereditary feud (fief). The course interprets the feudal division causes and ways to overcome it, as well as the evolution of the socio-economic characteristics of the main classes of French feudal society, most of all the nobility and dependent peasants. Particular attention is paid to the economic policy of absolutism in France, which was reflected in the work of famous historical figures: King Henry IV, his first minister Maximilien Sully, the Cardinal de Richelieu, the Controller-General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

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23

Kölbl-Ebert, Martina. "How to Find Water: The State of the Art in the Early Seventeenth Century, Deduced From Writings of Martine de Bertereau (1632 and 1640)." Earth Sciences History 28, no. 2 (November 5, 2009): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.28.2.3675823j24h9uv9r.

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When Martine de Bertereau (who died around 1643) married the alchemist and mining engineer Jean du Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil, she had long been occupied with the art of mining "that was hereditary in her house". She wrote two pamphlets on mining addressed to the French king and the Cardinal Duke of Richelieu. In her short publications de Bertereau not only treated mining and mineral deposits in France, she also gave a short introduction to the art of finding water and of assessing its quantity and quality. While divining-rods featured widely, she also gave useful practical advice describing some sensible experiments, which she derived from Vitruvius's book on architecture. Her writings thus allow a unique glimpse into craft-skills, which centuries later developed into what came to be called hydrogeology, but which in the seventeenth century were essentially the same as in Roman times, albeit ‘corrupted’ by esoteric practices.

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24

Béguin, Katia. "Hélène Fernandez-Lacôte Les procès du cardinal de Richelieu. Droit, grâce et politique sous Louis le Juste Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 2010, 418 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67, no. 1 (March 2012): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900006909.

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25

Hours, Bernard. "Caroline Maillet-Rao, La Pensée politique des dévots Mathieu de Morgues et Michel de Marillac. Une opposition au ministériat du cardinal de Richelieu, Paris,." Chrétiens et sociétés, no. 24 (December 1, 2017): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chretienssocietes.4255.

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26

Miskimin, Harry A. "L'or, L'argent, la guerre dans la France médiévale." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 40, no. 1 (February 1985): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1985.283150.

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Dans son Testament politique, le cardinal de Richelieu consacre huit parties à la « puissance du prince », dont une plus particulièrement à l'or et l'argent comme l'un des instruments de pouvoir les plus nécessaires à l'État. Il constate que l'or et l'argent sont les tyrans du monde, et que leur empire, bien qu'injuste, est parfois si raisonnable qu'il faut en accepter la domination . De toute évidence, la tyrannie des métaux précieux n'a pas commencé avec le XVIIesiècle ; la France en a subi le joug dès le Bas Moyen Age et les métaux précieux ont joué un rôle prépondérant dans le budget de guerre de l'époque. Comme on le sait, les Archives nationales (séries Z'b) et les archives départementales de Dijon et Grenoble conservent un volume considérable de documents sur la frappe monétaire. Ces documents décrivent avec précision l'aloi et la quantité des métaux employés, ainsi que le nombre et la valeur nominale des pièces frappées. Nous les avons utilisés pour construire une série statistique assez complète de la frappe de l'or et de l'argent aux XIVeet XVesiècles. Les graphiques (fig. 1) et les tableaux (tab. I et H) mesurent le monnayage annuel en kilogrammes d'or et d'argent purs pendant cette période.

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27

Ravel, Jeffrey S. "Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth. By Joseph Bergin. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. ix, 341. $37.50, cloth; $16.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 51, no. 4 (December 1991): 968–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040225.

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28

Nte, Timothy. "THE 2019 SUDAN COUP AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION BY THE AFRICAN UNION." International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v6.i1.01.

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The intervention of the African Union (AU) in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis of Sudan is the focal point of this study. The objective of the study is to evaluate the peaceful resolution of the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan by the African Union. The research questions of the study are: What is the background of the 2019 Sudan Coup? What role did the Forces of Freedom and Change play in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis of Sudan? How effective is the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) with respect to its mandate to intervene in member states. What are the methods used by the AU as it intervened in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan? The study is guided by the theoretical framework of Collective Security theory with major proponents such as Cardinal Richelieu Immanuel Kant, Woodrow Wilson etc. The study concludes that the prominent role played by the AU in the coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan is highly commendable but the lessons drawn there from can enhance future operations. The study recommends that the military capacity of the African Standby Force should be invigorated with adequate manpower and firepower to effectively carry out peace enforcement operations. Also the AU should draw a template and procedure for interface with the regional organisation of the state engulfed in conflict or crisis that the APSA is to mediate to avoid disjointed and uncoordinated mediation. The qualitative research methodology was adopted for the study.

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29

Monder, Marta J. "Evaluation of growth and flowering of historical cultivars of Rosa gallica L. growing in the National Collection of Rose Cultivars in the Polish Academy Of Science Botanical Garden in Powsin." Acta Agrobotanica 67, no. 3 (2014): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.036.

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<em>Rosa gallica</em> is a native species under strict protection and its cultivars are practically unknown in Poland. The aim of the observations was to evaluate the possibilities of growing the studied cultivars in the climate of Central Poland. In the years 2000–2012, observations were conducted of shrubs derived from the French rose (<em>R. gallica</em> L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Cultivars of the PAS Botanical Garden CBDC in Powsin, Poland. 13 cultivars were studied: ‘Ambroise Paré’, ‘Belle Herminie’, ‘Camaïeux’, ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’, ‘Charles de Mills’, ‘Complicata’, ‘Duchesse d’Angoulême’, ‘Duchesse de Montebello’, ‘Officinalis’, ‘Splendens’, ‘Tuscany Superb’, ‘Versicolor’, and ‘Violacea’. Every year, frost damage to shrubs, the date of bud breaking and leaf development as well as the dates of initial, full and final flowering were recorded and the presence of symptoms of damage from diseases was observed. During the observation years, periods of weather conditions unfavorable for roses often occurred, both in autumn-winter-spring and in summer. Only small differences were observed in winter hardiness, development during the growing season, and blooming period. The majority of the studied rose cultivars overwinter without frost damage, even through severe winters. The shrubs begin their growth late, usually until the second half of April. Gallicas start flowering early, in the third decade of May – first decade of June. Most Gallicas should find a wider application as shrubs or hedges for parks, green areas in cities, historical places, or home gardens. They are recommendable for their high resistance to frost and diseases as well as for their small size.

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30

Hurel, Daniel-Odon. "Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal duc de Richelieu, Œuvres théologiques. Tome II. Traité qui contient la méthode la plus facile et la plus assurée pour convertir ceux qui se sont séparés de l’Église." Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 138 (June 1, 2007): 97–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.7002.

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31

Thomson, E. "France's Grotian moment? Hugo Grotius and Cardinal Richelieu's commercial statecraft." French History 21, no. 4 (November 15, 2007): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crm053.

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32

Saudrais, Anthony. "Au service de Richelieu. Écrire, jouer et publier Europe." Romanica Wratislaviensia 67 (July 23, 2020): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665.67.15.

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The aim of the present article is to come back to the collaborative writing, between Richelieu and Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, of Europe, a heroic comedy praising the Cardinal’s politics. We also question the representation of the play as well as the editorial policy of the original edition of 1643 and its reprint from 1661.

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33

Neklyudova, Maria. "Cardinal de Richelieu’s discovery of purple: Political and emblematic antecedents of a topos." Shagi / Steps 6, no. 4 (2020): 245–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2020-6-4-245-275.

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34

Maillet-Rao, Caroline. "Towards A New Reading of the Political Thought of the Dévot Faction: The Opposition to Cardinal Richelieu’s Ministériat." Religions 4, no. 4 (October 31, 2013): 529–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel4040529.

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35

Allison, Antony F. "Richard Smith’s Gallican Backers and Jesuit Opponents. Part III: The Continuation of the Controversy 1631–c. 1643." Recusant History 20, no. 2 (October 1990): 164–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200005343.

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When he arrived in France in the summer of 1631 Smith began to give all the help he could to the French writers who had taken up his cause. In doing so he put himself in a very delicate position as a member of Richelieu’s household for he was exacerbating the dissensions in the French Church that the Cardinal was intent upon healing because they posed a threat to national unity. Moreover, the writer to whom Smith chiefly looked for support, the Abbé de Saint-Cyran, was soon to become, for reasons partly political and partly doctrinal, the object of Richelieu’s implacable hostility. Smith had to proceed with great caution if he were not to lose the extraordinary advantages that the Cardinal’s patronage brought him. I propose now to follow the controversy as it developed in France during the 1630s, illustrating Smith’s rôle in it mainly from his private correspondence preserved among the papers of the English secular clergy in the archives of the Archdiocese of Westminster. The dossier is far from complete but enough has survived to allow us to trace with reasonable clarity moves that would otherwise have been totally obscure. The greater part of it consists of letters from Smith to the clergy’s Agent at Rome, Peter Fitton, between 1631 and 1634 (after which there is a gap in this series), and from Smith to the Secretary of the clergy in London, John Southcote, from 1631 until the latter’s death in 1637. There are also a number of letters from Southcote to Smith and to Fitton between 1631 and 1637, and a few to Smith from other members of the clergy, in particular Anthony Champney, formerly Vice-President of the English College at Douai and now chaplain to the English Benedictine nuns at Brussels. After 1637 the correspondence still extant becomes very sparse.

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36

Stradling, R. A. "Prelude to Disaster; The Precipitation of the War of the Mantuan Succession, 1627–29." Historical Journal 33, no. 4 (December 1990): 769–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013753.

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Cardinal Richelieu's spectacular military intervention in Italy in 1629 plunged his ministry into a desperate crisis from which it only narrowly emerged intact. It marked the definitive departure of France upon the difficult road of outright opposition to the Habsburg hegemony in Europe. This policy – as the cardinal well knew – was in many ways potentially counter-productive, with a risk factor so high that failure might well entail the end, not only of his personal career, but with it the adolescent Bourbon state. Indeed, his initiative had the almost immediate consequence of a rebellious challenge from a prince of the blood and his domestic allies, amounting to a prototype fronde des princes. For decades to come, French society was to be impoverished by the manifold negative impact of war, while political stability was persistently affected by the unrelenting material and ideological pressures of continuous hostilities.

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37

Wright, A. D. "French policy in Italy and the Jesuits, 1607–38." Papers of the British School at Rome 75 (November 2007): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200003561.

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LA POLITICA FRANCESE IN ITALIA E I GESUITI, 1607–38Agli inizi della guerra dei Trent'anni (1618–48) le ostilità affliggevano la penisola italiana, benché il conflitto fosse iniziato nei territori boemi e tedeschi. Queste estensioni della guerra erano dovute in gran parte all'intervento francese nella penisola, anche prima che la Francia entrasse apertamente nella guerra principale (1635). Un simile intervento preliminare minacciò da solo di sciogliere la solidarietà cattolica, per cui fu criticato non solo in Italia ma, nella Francia stessa, anche da alcuni estremisti cattolici, che si opponevano alia politica estera del cardinale Richelieu, primo ministro di Luigi XIII. Un recente studio ha dimostrato convincentemente che la presenza, durante la guerra, presso varie corti cattoliche, di confessori della casa reale rappresentati dalla Compagnia di Gesù non risultava in nessuna normale politica adottata dagli stati cattolici che furono coinvolti nella guerra. Un'ulteriore ricerca negli archivi centrali dei Gesuiti a Roma, qui presentata, rivela quanto complessi e ambigui erano gli interessi della società, quando la politica francese colpiva gli affari italiani.

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38

Gross, Daniel M. "Caussin's Passion and the New History of Rhetoric." Rhetorica 21, no. 2 (2003): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2003.21.2.89.

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Nicolaus Caussin's Eloquentia sacrae et humaneae parellela (1619) forges a distinctly modern history of rhetoric that ties discourse to culture. What were the conditions that made this new history of rhetoric possible? Marc Fumaroli has argued that political exigency in Cardinal Richelieu's France demanded a reconciliation of divergent religious and secular forms of eloquence that implicated, in turn, a newly "eclectic" history of rhetoric. But political exigency alone does not account for this nascent pluralism; we also need to look at the internal dynamics of rhetorical theory as it moved across literate cultures in Europe. With this goal in mind, I first demonstrate in this article how textbooks after the heady days of Protestant Reformation in Germany tried in vain to systematize the passions of art, friendship, and politics. Partially in response to this failure, I then argue, there emerged in France a new rhetoric sensitive to the historical contingency of passionate situations. My claim is not simply that rhetoric is bound to be temporal and situational, but more precisely that Caussin initiates historical rhetorics: the capacity to theorize how discourse is bound to culture in its plurality and historical contingency.

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39

"Cardinal Richelieu and the making of France." Choice Reviews Online 38, no. 06 (February 1, 2001): 38–3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-3536.

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40

"Eminence: Cardinal Richelieu and the rise of France." Choice Reviews Online 49, no. 08 (April 1, 2012): 49–4682. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-4682.

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41

Welles, James F. "A Short Article on the Superiority of Women." Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research, September 30, 2020, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jbbr/2020(2)111.

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Women have been universally and eternally victimized by stereotyping to the degree that 400 years ago, no less of an expert on females than Cardinal de Richelieu concluded that “Intellect in a woman is unbecoming” [1,2].

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42

"joseph bergin. Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1985. Pp. ix, 341. $30.00." American Historical Review, December 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/91.5.1211-a.

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43

Govain, Renauld. "Le français haïtien et la contribution d’Haïti au fait francophone." Revue Internationale des Francophonies, no. 7 (May 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35562/rif.1041.

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L’État d’Haïti est né créolo-francophone. Son acte d’indépendance proclamée le 1er janvier 1804 est rédigé en français. Il est membre fondateur de l’OIF et de beaucoup d’organismes francophones. Son administration ne fonctionnait qu’en français jusque dans les années 1980, même s’il faudra attendre la Constitution de 1918 promulguée sous l’occupation américaine pour le voir reconnu officiel par la loi haïtienne. Le français est arrivé dans la Caraïbe en 1625, à Saint-Christophe, à un moment où il n’était pas encore une langue unifiée dans l’espace devenu aujourd’hui la France continentale. En 1635, en vue de l’unifier et le normaliser, le Cardinal de Richelieu va officialiser l’Académie française fondée en 1634. Le français va évoluer en se différenciant des variétés qui se développeront en France et dans d’autres colonies françaises établies en Amérique, dans l’océan Indien, dans le Pacifique et, plus tard, en Afrique de l’Ouest. Ainsi a émergé le français haïtien dont les spécificités se manifestent aux niveaux lexico-sémantique, phonologique et morphosyntaxique. Haïti sera le seul État américain de français langue officielle. Ainsi, il contribue à la diffusion du français et du fait francophone dans des organismes internationaux d’Amérique.

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"A Short Article on the Superiority of Women." Gynecology and Women’s Health Care, February 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2766-5879.1003.

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Women have been universally and eternally victimized by stereotyping1 to the degree that 400 years ago, no less of an expert on females than Cardinal de Richelieu concluded that “Intellect in a woman is unbecoming” [1, 2]. It is alleged that the female psyche has somehow been permanently shaped by the oft-noted ability of women to bear children. It may well be that there is something to this a for mothers (who still do usually tend to be female) who spend more than 24 hours a day in the presence of children. Anyone subjected to such a situation might have to sacrifice something to emotional stability, and it may be a bit of logic and sanity. Recent research indicates there are real differences between male and female brains, 3 so there may well be a special brand of feminine stupidity. However, before we venture too far into the unchartered domain of comparative idiocy, let us indulge in a bit of diplomacy and allow that the two sexes are, in their own aggravating ways, equally stupid or at least appear to be so to the advocates of the presumably equal other. That said, we must allow the “Duh moment” usually goes to a thickheaded male–is there any other kind?–who come to a belated realization when he informs the woman he has been living with for X years he is moving out bursts into tears. On the other hand, garrulous women have difficulty saying, “I love you” in the language of their choice: they show it but cannot say it.

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Castro, Thales Cavalcanti. "Revisitando os Eixos Fundamentais do Direito Internacional e das Relações Internacionais por meio do Realismo Clássico: Novas Epistemologias e Categorizações." Cadernos do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito – PPGDir./UFRGS 10, no. 2 (October 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2317-8558.58388.

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REVISITANDO OS EIXOS FUNDAMENTAIS DO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL E DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS POR MEIO DO REALISMO CLÁSSICO: NOVAS EPISTEMOLOGIAS E CATEGORIZAÇÕES REVISITING THE FUNDAMENTAL AXES OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THROUGH CLASSICAL REALISM: NEW EPISTEMOLOGIES AND CATEGORIZATIONS Thales Cavalcanti Castro* RESUMO: O presente artigo visa a fornecer reflexões críticas e atualizadas sobre a intersecção teórica entre os eixos do Direito Internacional com o realismo político (maquiavélico-hobbesiano) presente nas epistemologias e práxis das Relações Internacionais contemporâneas. Trata-se de um debate interdisciplinar, cuja premissa maior é revelar as possibilidades de encontrar um caminho de síntese (Aufhebung hegeliano) entre ambas as molduras teóricas da visão deôntica do Direito Internacional com a perspectiva ôntica do realismo clássico presente nas Relações Internacionais. A obra clássica do Testamento Política do Cardeal Richelieu foi utilizada como moldura para reforço das reflexões do corte epistêmico realista clássico em Maquiavel. Foram aqui apresentadas linhas gerais para uma revisita histórica e conceitual do realismo político das Relações Internacionais com eixos de comunicabilidade com o Direito Internacional, gerando conclusões, à luz do clássico, O Princípe, de Maquiavel, como formas de aproximação da estrutura legal-normativa internacional mais porosa às dinâmicas da interação entre os povos atualmente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fundamentos do Direito Internacional. Realismo Político. Filosofia Política Internacionalista. Interdisciplinaridade. Teoria das Relações Internacionais. ABSTRACT: This article has the purpose to provide critical and updated analysis on the theoretical intersection of the pillars of international law with political realism (within the Machiavellian-Hobbesian perspective) present in current epistemology and practices of contemporary international relations. It is an interdisciplinary debate presented here, whose major premise is to reveal the possibilities of finding a way of synthesis (Hegelian Aufhebung) from both theoretical framework of the deontic view of international law with the ontic perspective of classical realism present in International Relations. The classical opus Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu was used herein as a theoretical framework to reinforce the epistemological breakthrough of classical realism in Machiavelli. This article moreover presented the guidelines for a historical and conceptual revisit of the political realism enshrined in International Relations theoretical approaches with communicability with international law, thus generating conclusions in the light of Machiavelli’s classic opus, The Prince, as a way of approach to an international legal-normative framework more porous to the dynamics of the peoples’ interaction today. KEYWORDS: International law foundations. Political realism. Political philosophy of International Relations. Interdisciplinarity. International Relations Theory. * Coordenador da graduação e pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais da FADIC (Faculdade Damas da Instrução Cristã). Doutor em Ciência Política pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). Bacharel e Mestre em Relações Internacionais pela Indiana University of Pennsylvania, EUA. Assessor Internacional da Reitoria da UNICAP (Universidade Católica de Pernambuco).

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