Academic literature on the topic 'Cardiospermum'

Before the modern day, medicine and its pharmacopeia of synthetic drugs, there were plants and ancient civilizations knew how to use the plants strategically to treat common ailments and even life-threatening diseases. Natural plant-based remedies are used for the both acute and chronic health problems from treating common colds to control blood pressure and cholesterol. Plant medicines were the most widely used medicines in the world because of their safety and very less or no side effects. In this way, the aim of this review article was to summarize the phytochemical and medicinal information of the readily reachable plant Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. This is commonly known as Balloon vine extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical areas of world. The roots, leaves, stem, and seeds of this plant are employed as herbal medication. The phytochemical analysis confirmed that this herb contains flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponin, protein, carbohydrates, glycosides, variety of fatty acids, and volatile esters. Due to the presence of various compounds, this plant has antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, antioxidant, antipyretic, antirheumatic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancinogenic activities.

<div><em>Cardiospermum heringeri</em> Ferrucci, una nueva especie de Brasil es describe e ilustra. Comparte la sect. <em>Ceratadenia</em> Radlk. con <em>C. grandiflorum</em> Sw. y <em>C. integerrimum</em> Radlk. Se presenta una clave para su reconocimiento. <em>C. integerrimum</em> está estrechamente relacionado con los nuevos taxones. Observaciones sobre la morfología del tegumento de las semillas y el polen de ambas especies, complementan este estudio.</div><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span>Sobre la base de <em>Paullinia urvilleoides</em> Radlk. se establece la nueva combinación <em>Cardiospermum urvilleoides</em> (Radlk.) Ferrucci que pertenece a la sect. <em>Cardiospermum</em>. Los caracteres frutales y la descripción palinológica detallada proporciona evidencia a favor de su segregación de <em>Paullinia</em> L.</span></span></span>

Estudos de biologia e manejo do balãozinho (Cardiospermum halicacabum) foram realizados na Embrapa Soja, Londrina-PR, através da condução de quatro experimentos em condições de campo e de casa de vegetação. O primeiro experimento teve o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e as exigências nutricionais das plantas de balãozinho. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, onde as sementes do balãozinho foram dispostas em várias profundidades, com o intuito de avaliar a capacidade de emergência das plantas. Dois outros experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, a fim de avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas no controle dessa espécie. As maiores quantidades de matéria seca estão alocadas nos ramos, seguidos das folhas e das raízes. O balãozinho apresenta a seguinte seqüência decrescente de recrutamento de nutrientes: N, K, Ca, Mg, S e P. Há emergência de plantas de balãozinho em todas as profundidades de semeadura, desde a superfície do solo até 12 cm. Os tratamentos 2,4-D (1.005 g e.a. ha-1), paraquat (400 g i.a. ha¹), amônio-glufosinate (300 g i.a. ha-1), lactofen (144 g i.a. ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (12 g i.a. ha¹), sulfentrazone (600 g i.a. ha-1) e glyphosate (960 g i.a. ha-1) são eficazes no controle do balãozinho no estádio até quatro folhas.

RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta um estudo florístico de Sapindaceae na Restinga da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro (entre 23°04'S, 44°00'W e 23°02'S, 44°34'W). Foram identificados 6 gêneros e 14 espécies: uma arbustivo-arbórea Allophylus puberulus (Cambess.) Radlk.; duas arbóreas Cupania emarginata Cambess. e Matayba intermedia Radlk.; uma erva escandente Cardiospermum corindum L. e dez trepadeiras, Paullinia coriacea Casar., Paullinia meliifolia Juss., Paullinia racemosa Wawra, Paullinia revoluta Radlk., Paullinia trigonia Vell., Serjania cuspidata Cambess., Serjania dentata (Vell.) Radlk., Serjania eucardia Radlk., Serjania ichthyoctona Radlk. e Urvillea rufescens Cambess. Dentre os táxons registrados, destacam-se Paullinia coriacea, espécie exclusiva de restingas; Paullinia revoluta, como nova ocorrência para o estado do Rio de Janeiro e Cardiospermum corindum, espécie registrada por um único exemplar coletado há 32 anos e sem novos registros desde então.

C. halicacabum (Sapindaceae) is an invasive plant that is considered a nuisance species in Texas riparian environments. Little is known of the tolerance of C. halicacabum to flooding and drought; however, this information may provide insight into the characteristics that contribute to C. halicacabum purported invasiveness. C. halicacabum seedlings (n = 92) were exposed to one of four levels of water availability (flooded, saturated, intermediate and dry) over six weeks under greenhouse conditions. Plant performance was affected by water availability; however, there was no effect on survivorship. Flooded and saturated plants exhibited morphological adaptations; producing adventitious roots, hypertrophy, and aerenchyma tissue. Morphological measures, anatomical responses, and patterns of biomass allocation all indicate that C. halicacabum is able to survive periodic inundation, perform in saturation, and establish and thrive on the drier end of a moisture gradient.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alien invasive species are a global concern not only threating biodiversity, but also negatively impacting regional economies. Consequently research aimed at understanding the invasion process is crucial for management of invasive alien species to reduce these impacts. Identifying accurate natal ranges is the key first step for efficient alien plant management, especially biological control. Such knowledge may assist in selecting host-specific biological control agents and help prevent non-target impact on native species. A case in point is the genus Cardiospermum of which species have been extensively moved around the globe with two species now being possible widespread invaders (C. grandiflorum and C. halicacabum), and a third species (C. corindum) having significant invasion potential. However, in some regions the native statuses of these species are not clear, hampering management. In order to minimize potential non-target impacts it is prudent to determine the relationships between Cardiospermum taxa in unknown native ranges prior to the release of biological control agents. With this thesis I aim to review available literature on the genus Cardiospermum, determine potential spread to suitable habitats globally for selected taxa, resolve unknown native ranges in southern Africa, and investigate rapid speciation of an endemic Namib Desert species of balloon vine. Through exhaustive searches for available literature on the genus Cardiospermum I report on the biology and ecology of selected species within the genus, with special focus on the most widespread species. Specifically, using species distribution modelling I investigate the potential spread of C. halicacabum, C. corindum and C. grandiflorum globally and assess the accuracy with which this can be determined using known native ranges to predict current alien ranges. Results indicate that these species have significant potential to spread, though highlighting that species distribution modelling over-fit predicted suitable ranges when using native range data alone. To resolve uncertain native ranges of selected species within the genus I reconstructed a dated multi-gene phylogeny and chloroplast haplotype network to investigate relationships within and among Cardiospermum species. I conclude that C. halicacabum is non-native in southern Africa due to polyphyletic relationships among accessions, while C. corindum is native due to natural long distance dispersal as indicated by a single monophyletic southern African clade. The close relationship observed between C. corindum and the African species, C. pechuelii, lead to a population-level genetic investigation of these two taxa. For this, I constructed a multi-gene phylogeny, chloroplast haplotype network and conducted population genetic diversity analyses which all indicated that the African arid adapted taxa, C. pechuelii, endemic to the Namib Desert of Namibia, evolved from C. corindum following long distance dispersal from South America. This study firstly provides insights into the ecology and biology of Cardiospermum, warning against further introduction due to potential spread. Secondly I resolved the unknown native statutes of Cardiospermum species in southern Africa and, lastly, illustrated the origin of African C. pechuelii. My research findings have major implications for on-going biological research against C. grandiflorum in South Africa and cautions strongly against the release of already-identified biological control agents due to their potential non-target impacts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringerspesies is 'n wêreldwye probleem as gevolg van hul direkte bedreiging van biodiversiteit asook hul negatiewe impakte op streeksekonomieë. Gevolglik is navorsing aangaande die indringingsproses van uiterste belang om doeltreffende beheer van indringerspesies te verseker. Die bepaling van die inheemse herkoms van indringerpopulasies is die eerste belangrike stap tot doeltreffende beheer, veral biologiese beheer. Hierdie informasie kan help met die identifisering van gasheer-spesifieke biologiese agente en om potensiële nie-teiken impakte op inheemse plant spesies verhoed. ‘n Voorbeeld is ballon rankplante in die genus Cardiospermum, waarvan verskeie spesies wêreldwyd verspreid is, met die gevolg dat minstens twee spesies (C. halicacabum en C. grandiflorum) nou moontlike wydverspreide indringers is en ‘n derde spesie (C. corindum) ook potensiaal toon as ‘n indringerspesie. In sommige streke is die in- of uitheemse statusse van hierdie spesies onbekend en belemmer gevolglik hul doeltreffende beheer. Met hierdie tesis streef ek om die genus Cardiospermum te hersien en potensiële verspreiding van geselekteerde spesies na geskikte habitatte te bepaal, om onbekende inheemse streke binne Suider-Afrika op te los en laastens, om die herkoms van ‘n ware Afrika spesie (C. pechuelii) te ondersoek. Na deeglike ondersoek van beskikbare literatuur doen ek verslag omtrent die biologie en ekologie van spesies binne Cardiospermum, met spesiale fokus op die mees wydverspreidste spesies. Deur gebruik te maak van spesies verspreidings modelle bestudeer ek die potensiaal van verdere verspreiding wêreldwyd vir C. halicacabum, C. corindum en C. grandiflorum en rapporteer ook omtrent die akkuraatheid van hierdie tegniek. Resultate toon dat alle spesies aansienlike potensiaal toon om verder te versprei, maar beklemtoon ook dat hierdie metode inheemse streek data “oor-aanpas”. Om enige onsekerhede aangaande inheemse streke op te los, het ek ‘n gedateerde multi-geen filogenie en ‘n chloroplas haplotipe netwerk opgetrek om die verhoudings binne en tussen geselekteerde Cardiospermum spesies te bepaal. Ek kom tot gevolgtrekking dat C. halicacabum nie inheems in Suider-Afrika is nie, as gevolg van polifiletiese verhoudings, en dat C. corindum inheems is en moontlik ook ‘n voorbeeld van natuurlike langafstand verspreiding, soos aangedui deur ‘n enkele monofiletiese groep. Die naverwante filogetiese verhouding tussen C. corindum en C. pechuelii het daartoe gelei dat ek die herkoms van C. pechuelii in Afrika ondersoek het. ‘n Multi-geen filogenie, chloroplas haplotipe netwerk en populasie genetiese diversiteit analises het aangedui dat C. pechuelii endemies is tot die Namib Woestyn van Namibië, en die produk is van lang afstand verspreiding van C. corindum vanaf Suid-Amerika. Hierdie studie gee eerstens insig tot die ekologie en biologie van Cardiospermum en waarsku teen verdere verspreiding. Tweedens dui my studie ook die opgeloste inheemse streke in Suider-Afrika aan van sekere Cardiospermum spesies, en laastens, illustreer ek die herkoms van C. pehuelii. My navorsing het baie belangrike gevolge vir die huidige biologiese beheer program teen C. grandiflorum in Suid-Afrika en waarsku teen die vrystelling van reeds geïndentifiseerde biologiese beheer agente weens potensiële nie-teiken impakte op inheemse spesies.

碩士
國立交通大學
應用化學系
81
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.(Sapindaceae), known as one of the diuretic and tumor inhibitory folk-medicines, is a common climber in Taiwan. From the methanol extract of the whole herb of this plant, a triterpenoid alcohol:glutinol, and two modified dipeptides: aurantiamide acetate and aurantiamide together with fatty acids and their methyl ester were obtained. The structures of these compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence.

碩士
國立臺南大學
環境生態研究所碩士班
99
Heartseed vine plant（Cardiospermum halicabum） has a hard seed coat to prevent the insect attack, and causing low germination rate. After feeding by small red stinkbugs（Leptocoris augur）, the seed germination rate of heartseed vine was 2.64-4.32 fold increased compared to the control group. With the increasing water permeability of the testa, it also raised the germination rate of the seeds. The feeding of small stinkbugs has the same effect with man-made injury. The seed of heartseed vine provides a specific food source for small red stinkbugs. Meanwhile, after the fed by small red stinkbugs, it leads a significant increase on seed germination rate of heartseed vine. This indicates a mutualism relationship was developed between small red stinkbugs and heartseed vine. Both small red stinkbugs and red stinkbugs (Leptocoris abdominalis), belonged to Rhopalidae, are attacking seed of Sapindaceae（Koelreuteria tree and heartseed vine）. Koelreuteria tree (Koelreuteria elegans) mature pods split the consequences, but heartseed vine are pod-coated,Stinkbug feeding a certain length of time required to sucking mouthparts into the seed. Compared by measuring the mouthparts length of two different stinkbugs, small red stinkbugs significantly greater than red stinkbugs, but body length red stinkbugs are significantly greater than small red stinkbugs. However, the two different seed feeding Rhopalidae bugs mouthparts length and length are not significant. These differences may be caused by food. Currently observed small red stinkbugs have been lying on the ground and in the living Heartseed vine lying on the ground between the tree and Koelreuteria elegans two kinds of movement of life, long-winged type with short wings and a combination of patterns, environmental factors, natural selection role to an evolutionary stable strategy.

博士
國立臺灣大學
藥學系
85
Part I: Studies on the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) from the Plants Cardiosperm halicacabum Linn, Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) Markino, Citrus and Beans Species.A. Cardiospermum halicacabum LinnCardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Sapindaceae) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, superoxide dismutases (SOD) were detected from the aerial parts of the fresh plant using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two major Cu.Zn-SODs were identified by their sensitivity to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide. The molecular weight of these SODs were estimated to be 78 kDa and 29 KDa.By nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method, the SOD activity in stems, leaves, fruit capsulae and seeds from the aerial parts of the plant were 475, 221, 535 and 471 mUnits/mg protein respectively. However, the root of the plant did not contain the enzyme.B. Ophioglossum petiolatum HookOphioglossum petiolatum Hook (Ophioglossaceae) has been traditionally used as antipyretic, antidote, antiplatelet, analgesic and anti- inflammatory medicine and the extract of the plant exhibits xanthine oxidase inhibition.In this study, five isozymes of superoxide dismutases(SODs) were characterized from the extract of fresh plant collected in the month of December and April using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cu.Zn-SODs were identified by their sensitivity to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide for these five isozymes. The molecular weight of these SODs were estimated to be 84, 71, 47, 42 and 34 KDa.By nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, the total Cu.Zn-SOD activities were 92.4±15 mUnits/mg protein from the plant collected in December and 158.47±24 mUnits/mg protein in April.C. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) MakinoGynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Cucurbitaceae) has been used in folk medicine as anti- inflammation for rheumatoid arthritis, chronic bronchitis, liver disease and prostatism.Three Mn-SOD, one Fe-SOD and three Cu.Zn- SOD were detected from the aerial parts of the fresh plant using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of these SODs were estimated to be 115, 100 and 70 KDa for three Mn-SOD, 78, 64 and 57 KDa for three Cu.Zn-SOD and 38 KDa for one Fe-SOD.By nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, the total SOD activity in the aerial parts of the plant was 248, 3±12.2 mUnit/mg protein.D. Citrus species (Rutaceae)It has been found several isozymes of superoxide dismutases from the peels of the fresh fruits from Citrus species (Rutaceae), such as several variety of Citrus grandis Osbeck, Citrus paradisi, the variety of Citrus tangerina and Fortunella margarita. By nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, the total SOD activities in the peels of the Citrus species were 22.9±4.3 (Yow-tzyy), 178.0±5.5 (Bair-yow), 93.3±12.2 (Shi-shy-yow), 407.8±20.6 (Pwu-taur- yow), 809.5±37.6 (Tyu, orange), 66.3±7.1 (Huu-tour-gan) and 180.2±21.2 (Jin-tyu) mUnit/mg protein.E. Beans species (Leguminosae)Abundant SODs were detected in the seeds of the Mau-dow and Miin-dow (Leguminosae). By nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, the total SOD activities in the seeds of the Mau- dow and Miin-dow were 207.0±34.5 and 292.2±23.0 mUnit/mg protein, respectively.Part II: Studies on the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Antitumor ActivityThe flavonoids are present in the higher plants and their consumption in the normal diet amounts to 1g or more per day. These compounds possess a wide range of pharmacodynamic properties including xanthine oxidase inhibition and anticarcinogenesis.In this study, UV spectrophotometric assay and fluorometric pterin assay of the activity of xanthine oxidase were employed for glycosides and flavonoids. The results showed that glycosides did not display xanthine oxidase inhibition, whereas flavonoids showed the effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition by both assay.In addition, several flavonoids, such as luteolin, quercetin, capillarisin and apigenin showed the inhibitory effects of xanthine oxidase in various cell lines. These compounds not only inhibit xanthine oxidase in NIH3T3 cells but also inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase induced by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate).In the antitumor study, it has been found that quercetin, luteolin and genistein inhibit the expression of the total kinase activities of various tumor cell lines as well as growth inhibition of the tumor cells.On the other hand, luteolin, genistein and apigenin are able to induce apoptosis of various tumor cells and inhibit metalloproteinases in various tumor cells.