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1
Gobin, Reeta Rukmini Devi. "Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610102.
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Rodie, Vanessa Angela. "Metabolic complications of pregnancy and cardiovascular disease risk." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421118.
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Vorkas, Panagiotis. "Metabolic profiling and pathway mapping of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38633.
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In this thesis, metabolic profiling (MP) platforms were utilised to interrogate the manifestation of cardiovascular disease and provide candidate biomarkers. A number of LC-MS and NMR methodologies were employed. Data processing was followed by assessment using multivariate (MVDA) and univariate (UV) statistics. MP is applied under three cardiovascular disease themes: 1) plaque rupture, 2) plaque formation, and 3) arterial ectopic calcification. Statistically significant features were structurally assigned. Identified metabolites were mapped to their corresponding biochemical pathways. For MP of ruptured plaque, tissue from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients for stroke was used. After detection of statistically significant features and structural assignment, two biochemical pathways showed dysregulations: the arachidonic acid pathway, indicating increased levels of inflammation, and the β-oxidation pathway with increased levels of three acyl-carnitines. Tissue extracts were used to investigate plaque formation. Arterial intima tissue, incorporating plaque lesions (carotid and femoral), was compared to intimal thickening tissue. Intima thickening demonstrated distinct MP compared to plaques. Plaques from different anatomical locations also demonstrated altered MP. After metabolite assignment, pathway mapping revealed dysregulations common to both anatomical locations. These were cholesterol, ceramide, purine, pyrimidine and β-oxidation pathways. These pathways are related to inflammation and apoptosis. A metabolite previously unassociated to atherogenesis was detected with strong statistical significance (t-test; p≥9.8x10-12), namely phosphatidylethanolamine-ceramide. It also demonstrated high correlations to cholesterol, a well-established risk-factor of atherosclerosis. The third theme of the project explores ectopic cardiovascular calcification. Experiments were conducted on blood serum. Patients with coronary artery and aortic valve calcification were compared with non-calcified controls. Phosphatidylcholine moieties and sphingomyelins were the major discriminating metabolites between cases and controls. These are involved in inflammation and apoptosis. The two diseases manifested different profiles with only three commonly dysregulated metabolites. A number of experiments using additional samples and bottom-up approaches will follow to provide validation of results.
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Zullo, Melissa D. "Cardiovascular Disease Management and Functional Capacity in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1232721609.
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Alamin, Ali E., Arsham Alamian, Hadii M. Mamudu, Timir K. Paul, Liang Wang, Pooja Subedi, and Matthew Budoff. "Associations Between Multiple Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Diabetes Among Asymptomatic Individuals in a Hard To-Reach Population." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1386.
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Background: Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (U.S), and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of diabetes in central Appalachian region is higher than the rest of the nation (14.4% versus 9.0%, respectively). Objectives: Examine the association between multiple risk factors for CVD and diabetes in asymptomatic adults in central Appalachia. Methods: Between January 2012 and July 2016, 3,000 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia participated in screening for sub-clinical atherosclerosis. Participants were asked to report their diabetes status (yes/no). In addition, data on coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker for sub-clinical coronary atherosclerosis, in quartiles (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400), obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), current smoking (yes/no), sedentary lifestyle (yes/no), and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (yes/no), were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess association between CVD risk factors and diabetes. Results: Of the 3,000 participants, 2,509 subjects (mean age: 58.3 years; SD = 9.8 years) had complete data on variables of interest. Approximately, 14% of the study population reported having type 2 diabetes. Among subjects with diabetes, 58% had a CAC score ≥1, 22% were obese, 17% had hypercholesterolemia, 20% had hypertension, 16% were current smokers, 17% had a sedentary lifestyle, and 15% had a family history of CAD. After adjusting for sex and age, having a CAC score of 1-99, 100-399, and ≥400 increased the odds of having diabetes (Odds ratio (OR): 1.4, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.9; OR: 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4-2.8; OR: 3.1, 95% CI = 2.1-4.7, respectively) in a linear fashion. Being obese (OR: 3.2; 95% CI = 2.5-4.0), having hypercholesterolemia (OR: 1.8; 95% CI=1.4-2.4), being hypertensive (OR: 3.0; 95% CI= 2.3-3.8), being a smoker (OR: 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1), and being sedentary (OR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) were significantly associated with diabetes. Having three (OR: 3.0; 95% CI=1.3-6.6), four (OR: 4.4; 95% CI=2.0-9.7), five (OR: 7.0; 95% CI=3.1-16.1) or six (OR: 9.9; 95% CI= 3.5-27.7) CVD risk factors significantly increased the odds of diabetes. Subjects with any of the seven risk factors under study were 1.7 times (95% CI= 1.5-1.9) more likely to have diabetes. Conclusion. Odds of type 2 diabetes increase with higher number of risk factors for CVD. Results support the use of multifaceted CVD and diabetes prevention programs to lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
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McClendon, Deborah. "Perceived Susceptibility of Cardiovascular Disease as a Moderator of Relationships between Perceived Severity and Cardiovascular Health Promoting Behaviors among Female Registered Nurses." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/22.
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Significance: Morbidity and mortality related to CVD among women in the U.S. and most developed countries surpasses that of all cancers combined (AHA, 2008). Yet, CVD in women remains understudied, yielding low awareness among women and healthcare providers. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationship between health beliefs related to perceived cardiovascular disease (CVD) severity and health promoting behaviors were different in women with high self perception of CVD susceptibility versus women with low self perception of CVD susceptibility.
Methods: This study used a descriptive, correlational design. A convenience sample (N = 220) included female registered nurses (RNs), 23-66 years old (M = 48; SD = 9.7), mostly white (N = 143; 65%), who had worked in nursing an average of 21 years (SD = 11.3) and reported their job as stressful/very stressful (N = 129; 59%). Nurses were recruited from five acute care hospital systems in a large southeastern city. Data were collected using standard questionnaires that measured perceived CVD severity and susceptibility, social support, depression, stress, exercise and nutrition. Participants completed data collection via an online survey method.
Results: Data were analyzed using MANCOVA. For every standardized unit increase in perceived severity of CVD, participants had a 1.26 (95% CI: 0.02, 2.50) unit reduction in their healthy food choice score (lower scores = healthier food choices), and a 0.12 increase in their physical activity score (higher scores = more physical activity) (90% CI: 0.01, 0.23) unit. For every standardized unit increase in perceived CVD susceptibility there was an increase in the healthy food choice score by 2.37 (95% CI: 1.09, 3.65) units, and a reduction in the physical activity score by 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.41) unit. Greater age (p = 0.01) and greater depression (p = 0.001) were statistically significant predictors of lower physical activity. CVD susceptibility did not moderate the effect of CVD severity on nutrition or physical activity.
Conclusions: Higher perceived CVD severity was associated with increased likelihood for healthy food choices and physical activity. In contrast, higher perceived CVD susceptibility was associated with decreased likelihood for healthy food choices and physical activity. More research is needed to understand how susceptibility beliefs around CVD are formed in women and how to better engage women in risk reduction behavior.
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Do, Ron. "Global Analysis of genetic variants associated with cardiovascular disease and related metabolic traits." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95134.
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. CHD is common throughout the world and is multifactorial, caused by the accumulation or interaction of quantitative changes in various intermediate traits (risk factors or metabolic phenotypes). Intermediate traits that are commonly studied include plasma levels of cholesterol (ie. low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, which are all believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (such as diet, alcohol, and exercise). In this thesis, the identification of novel genetic variants in candidate genes (a non-synonymous variant in farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) and a non-coding variant in insulin-induced gene 2 protein (INSIG2)) that are associated with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is described. In addition, detailed investigation of common genetic variants in known genes identified from genome-wide association studies in the context of other genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors are reported. In particular, INSIG2 variants were observed to act in concert with a trans-acting variant in the sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 gene (SORBS1) to influence LDL-C and apoB levels in Quebec, European and South Asian population samples. In addtition, fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants were observed to influence adiposity-related traits, resting metabolic rate and plasma leptin levels. I also report the role of dietary intake in modifying the effect of 9p21 variants on myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease in the multi-ethnic INTERHEART study and in a Finnish sample, FINRISK. Finally, the utility of exome sequencing in identifying the genetic cause of a mendelian lipid disorder is demonstrated in a study that identifies compound heterozygoLa maladie coronarienne athéroscléreuse est l'une des causes principales de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde occidental. Elle est commune à travers le monde et est multifactorielle, causée par une accumulation ou une interaction de changements quantitatifs de divers traits intermédiaires (facteurs de risque ou phénotypes métaboliques). Les traits intermédiaires souvent étudiés comprennent les taux plasmatiques de cholestérol (e.g. le cholestérol des lipoprotéines de faible densité (C-LDL), le cholestérol lié aux lipoprotéines de haute densité (C-HDL) et le cholestérol total), l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et la pression artérielle, qui sont tous présumés être influencés par une combinaison de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux (tels que l'alimentation, l'alcool, et l'exercice). Dans cette thèse, l'identification de nouveaux variants génétiques (un variant non-synonyme du gène farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) et un variant non-codant du gène insulin-induced gene 2 protein (INSIG2)) de gènes candidats associés au cholestérol total et au C-LDL est décrite. De plus, une investigation détaillée des variants génétiques communs dans des gènes connus identifiés à partir d'études d'associations pangénomiques dans le contexte d'autres facteurs génétiques, phénotypiques et environnementaux sont aussi présentés dans cette thèse. En particulier, il a été démontré que les variants du gène INSIG2 agissent de concert avec un variant 'trans-acting' du gène sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1) pour influencer les niveaux de C-LDL et les niveaux d'apoB dans des populations du Québec, d'Europe et d'Asie du Sud. De même, les variants du gène de fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) ont été observés à influencer des traits liées à l'adiposité, au taux métabolique au repos et au niveaux de leptine plasmatique. Dans ma thèse, je décris également le rôle de l'apport aliment
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Fogli-Cawley, Jeanene. "2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and intermediate metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2006.
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Suttie, Joseph. "Characterising metabolic mechanisms of disease in cardiomyopathies using multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555329.
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In addition to pathological ventricular remodeling, the failing heart is characterised by impaired myocardial energetics and profound alterations in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Understanding these complex metabolic pathways is crucial to improving clinical risk stratification and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are powerful tools in the interrogation of cardiac disease. Although technically challenging, the assessment of myocardial energetics by 3'p MRS has been possible for several decades. More recent techniques have allowed for the rapid assessment of cardiac steatosis using 'H MRS. The relationship between cardiac steatosis and other parameters of myocardial function such as myocardial energetics, contractility, fibrosis and perfusion have not been previously investigated. I assessed these parameters in patients with dystrophinopathy, a cause of inherited dilated cardiomyopathy in which disease pathways have not been well described. This study found myocardial contractility is strongly correlated with the myocardial PCr/ATP ratio, and that in those patients with impaired myocardial energetics there is significant cardiac steatosis. These changes were independent of body mass index and occurred in patients with normal glucose and lipid profiles. In order to further elucidate the phenotype, we investigated these markers of myocardial dysfunction in dystrophinopathic patients with and without prior exposure to Coxsackie B infection, an acquired cause of dystrophinopathy. Previous Coxsackie B exposure predicts worsening myocardial fibrosis, but was not associated with parameters of metabolic dysfunction. 17 - Suttie J.J. In order to further investigate the significance of cardiac steatosis in inborn errors of metabolism, I phenotyped a cohort of patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Mitochondrial myopathies are associated with profound cardiac steatosis, impaired myocardial energetics, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we report cardiac steatosis also occurs in patients with impaired myocardial energetics due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and asymptomatic aortic stenosis. Finally, even higher spatial resolution imaging may be achieved be achieved at higher field strength, and I therefore undertook the first validation of CMR cardiac functional imaging at 7 T. This work significantly expands our understanding of cardiac steatosis in the energetically failing heart and supports its potential role as a novel biomarker in a range of cardiomyopathies.
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Klyza, James Philip. "Ancestor and Descendant Gender-Stratified Analysis Concerning the Heritability of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1285688451.
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Siaki, Leilani Ana Cruz Leon Guerrero. "Perceived Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Type 2 among Samoans with Metabolic Syndrome." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194748.
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Purpose/Aims: To explore the relationship between perceived risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes and the health-world view of Samoans with two or more components of metabolic syndrome.1. Describe participant's perceptions of risk for CVD and diabetes.2. Compare participants' actual risk of CVD and diabetes based on presence of components of metabolic syndrome to their perceived risk of CVD and diabetes.3. Describe the relationships among participants' health-world views and perceived risk for CVD and diabetes.Rationale/Background: Diabetes and CVD are leading causes of health disparities in the United States, particularly among Pacific Islanders, whose rates for CVD and diabetes are among the highest in the Nation. Metabolic syndrome significantly increases risks for CVD and diabetes and can be prevented using behavioral approaches. An important concept in behavioral models, perceived risk is influenced by both sociocultural and health-world views; yet is understudied in Pacific Islanders with regard to CVD and diabetes.Methods and Sample: Questionnaires and focus groups were used in this mixed methods study involving 43 adult Samoans at moderately high risk of CVD or diabetes. Culture brokers were used to access potential participants using a non-probabilistic sampling scheme. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis respectively, and points of convergence, complementarity, and/or divergence were identified.Results/Significance: Over 80% of participants perceived themselves as high risk for CVD and diabetes. Converging and complementary data revealed predominately accurate perceptions of risk for CVD and diabetes. Underestimations of risk were influenced by current behavior. Overestimations of risk were influenced by behavior, physical health, and family and personal history. Nine codes supported the category health-world view. Five ways of knowing: personal, aesthetic, sociopolitical, empiric, and unknowing, and several values and beliefs i.e. respect, family, religion, harmony/balance, and personal responsibility, together with two cultural codes influenced perceived risk for CVD and diabetes. These important influences on perceived risk for CVD and diabetes in Samoan participants can be used to develop interventions targeting CVD and diabetes, thereby meeting Healthy People 2010, the National Institute of Nursing Research (2006) guidelines, and the National Patient Safety goals (2008) goals.
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Ross, Ian Louis. "The aetiopathogenesis, cardiovascular and metabolic complications, and pharmacogenomics of Addison's disease in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10862.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis aimed to address a number of unanswered research questions in Addison's Disease: investigate whether autoimmunity is the predominant cause of Addison's disease in South Africa and if a human leukocyte (HLA) DQ antigen association exists; the extent to which lipids, lipoproteins and biochemical markers of cardiovascular disease are abnormal; the degree to which replacement doses of hydrocortisone are supra-physiological; the impact of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) polymorphisms on risk factors, markers of cardiovascular disease and replacement doses of hydrocortisone.
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Sjögren, Per. "Cardiovascular risk factors, diet and the metabolic syndrome /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-894-0/.
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Beneke, Jeanine. "Obesity as a metabolic syndrome determinant and the influence of physical activity in treatment and prevention / Jeanine Beneke." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1020.
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The prevalence of obesity in both the developed and developing world have
increased, which leads to diverse health outcomes and is placing a heavy
burden on the economy. Abdominal obesity proved to be one of the main
features in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and
may be the link that unifies the metabolic syndrome (MS) through pro-inflammatory
pathways. While the pathogenesis of the MS and each of its
components are complex and not well understood, abdominal obesity remains
the mechanism that relates to increased lipolysis causing the liver to increase
blood glucose and very low lipoprotein output. This in turns leads to raised
blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood
pressure and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and
tumor necrosis factor-a) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-C). Prevention of the metabolic syndrome and treatment of its main
characteristics are now considered of utmost importance in order to combat
the increased CVD risk and all-cause mortality. Decreasing sedentary
behaviour through regular physical activity is a key element in successful
treatment of obesity through an increase in energy expenditure, but the ability
to decrease low-grade systemic inflammation may be an even greater
outcome.
Aims
The aims of this study was firstly, to determine by means of a literature review,
how obesity could be related to a state of chronic systemic inflammation
(increased CRP and IL-6). Secondly to determine whether physical activity
could serve as a suitable method to decrease inflammation associated with
obesity and related disorders. Thirdly to determine if abdominal obesity is a
predictor of the metabolic syndrome and CVD and finally, to determine if
measures of obesity can predict risk for the metabolic syndrome and CVD
risk.
Methods
For this review study, a computer-assisted literature search were utilized to
identify research published between 1990 and 2005. the following databases
were utilized for the search: NEXUS, Science Direct, PubMed and Medline.
Keywords related to obesity (abdominal obesity, overweight), metabolic
syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome, dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome
X), cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease),
cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus,
physical activity), inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, chronic low-grade
inflammation) and physical activity (fitness, exercise and training) were
included as part of the search, including the references identified by previous
reviewers (not identified as part of the computerized literature search).
Results and conclusions
Several research studies concluded that obesity could be an
inflammatory disorder due to low-grade systemic inflammation. Adipose
tissue is known to be a sectretory organ producing cytokines, acute
phase reactants and other circulating factors. The synthesis of adipose
tissue TNF-a could induce the production of IL-6, CRP and other acute
phase reactants. CRP is a acute phase reactant, synthesized primarily
in hepatocytes and secreted by the liver in response to a variety of
inflammatory cytokines of which IL-6 and TNF-a are mainly involved.
CRP increases rapidly in response to trauma, inflammation and
infection. Thus, enhanced levels of CRP can be used as a marker of
inflammation.
Several studies of large population cohorts provide evidence for an
inverse, independent dose-response relation between plasma CRP
concentration and level of physical activity in both men and women.
Trends for decreased IL-6, TNF-a and CRP concentrations were linear
with increasing amounts of reported exercise in most of the research
studies, physical activity proved effective in lowering measures of
adiposity (BMI, WHR, WC and percentage body fat) and obesity related
inflammatory markers (CRP & IL-6). Thereby indicating a potential anti-inflammatory
effect.
In the studies reviewed in this article abdominal obesity is identified as
a predictor and independent risk factor for CVD in both men and
women. High levels of deep abdominal fat have also been correlated
with components of the metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance,
hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, diabetes, increases in plasma
triglyceride levels and a decrease in HDL-C levels (dyslipidemia) in
many of the studies. Prospective epidemiological studies have revealed
that abdominal obesity (determined by WC and WHR) conveys an
independent prediction of CVD risk and is more relevant compared to
general obesity (determined by BMI).
Abdominal fat has been linked to metabolic risk factors like high systolic
blood pressure, atherogenic dyslipidemia, with increased serum TG
and decreased HDL-C, and glucose intolerance. Although magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) have
been used successfully in many studies to measure adipose
compartments of the abdomen (subcutaneous and visceral fat),
anthropometrical measures like WHR and WC have been proven to be
an effective measure in predicting the metabolic syndrome. WC has
also been included in the metabolic syndrome definitions of the WHO,
ATP Ill and new IDF.The prevalence of obesity in both the developed and developing world have increased, which leads to diverse health outcomes and is placing a heavy burden on the economy. Abdominal obesity proved to be one of the main features in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and may be the link that unifies the metabolic syndrome (MS) through pro-inflammatory pathways. While the pathogenesis of the MS and each of its components are complex and not well understood, abdominal obesity remains the mechanism that relates to increased lipolysis causing the liver to increase blood glucose and very low lipoprotein output. This in turns leads to raised blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Prevention of the metabolic syndrome and treatment of its main characteristics are now considered of utmost importance in order to combat the increased CVD risk and all-cause mortality. Decreasing sedentary behaviour through regular physical activity is a key element in successful treatment of obesity through an increase in energy expenditure, but the ability to decrease low-grade systemic inflammation may be an even greater outcome. Aims The aims of this study was firstly, to determine by means of a literature review, how obesity could be related to a state of chronic systemic inflammation (increased CRP and IL-6). Secondly to determine whether physical activity could serve as a suitable method to decrease inflammation associated with obesity and related disorders. Thirdly to determine if abdominal obesity is a predictor of the metabolic syndrome and CVD and finally, to determine if measures of obesity can predict risk for the metabolic syndrome and CVD risk. Methods For this review study, a computer-assisted literature search were utilized to identify research published between 1990 and 2005. the following databases were utilized for the search: NEXUS, Science Direct, PubMed and Medline. Keywords related to obesity (abdominal obesity, overweight), metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome, dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X), cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease), cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, physical activity), inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, chronic low-grade inflammation) and physical activity (fitness, exercise and training) were included as part of the search, including the references identified by previous reviewers (not identified as part of the computerized literature search). Results and conclusions Several research studies concluded that obesity could be an inflammatory disorder due to low-grade systemic inflammation. Adipose tissue is known to be a sectretory organ producing cytokines, acute phase reactants and other circulating factors. The synthesis of adipose tissue TNF-a could induce the production of IL-6, CRP and other acute phase reactants. CRP is a acute phase reactant, synthesized primarily in hepatocytes and secreted by the liver in response to a variety of inflammatory cytokines of which IL-6 and TNF-a are mainly involved. CRP increases rapidly in response to trauma, inflammation and infection. Thus, enhanced levels of CRP can be used as a marker of inflammation. Several studies of large population cohorts provide evidence for an inverse, independent dose-response relation between plasma CRP concentration and level of physical activity in both men and women. Trends for decreased IL-6, TNF-a and CRP concentrations were linear with increasing amounts of reported exercise in most of the research studies, physical activity proved effective in lowering measures of adiposity (BMI, WHR, WC and percentage body fat) and obesity related inflammatory markers (CRP & IL-6). Thereby indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect. In the studies reviewed in this article abdominal obesity is identified as a predictor and independent risk factor for CVD in both men and women. High levels of deep abdominal fat have also been correlated with components of the metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, diabetes, increases in plasma triglyceride levels and a decrease in HDL-C levels (dyslipidemia) in many of the studies. Prospective epidemiological studies have revealed that abdominal obesity (determined by WC and WHR) conveys an independent prediction of CVD risk and is more relevant compared to general obesity (determined by BMI). Abdominal fat has been linked to metabolic risk factors like high systolic blood pressure, atherogenic dyslipidemia, with increased serum TG and decreased HDL-C, and glucose intolerance. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) have been used successfully in many studies to measure adipose compartments of the abdomen (subcutaneous and visceral fat), anthropometrical measures like WHR and WC have been proven to be an effective measure in predicting the metabolic syndrome. WC has also been included in the metabolic syndrome definitions of the WHO, ATP Ill and new IDF.
Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
15
Gordon, Scott M. "The role of high density lipoprotein compositional and functional heterogeneity in metabolic disease." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353100684.
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Petrosino, Jennifer M. "Maximizing the max test: Development of a maximal graded exercise test for the assessment of cardiovascular function in mice." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428595054.
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Bjøralt, Stine. "The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic syndrome and cerebro-cardiovascular disease on cognition in older adults." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26189.
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Background: Numerous studies have reported on the positive influence of superior physical health on the preservation of cognitive functions as we age. For ekxample, serveral exercise interventions of varying lengths aiming at increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly populations have shown better preservation of brain structures and associated cognitive functions. Other helath factors commonly know to affect cognition in old age are metabolic syndrome ( MetS) and various cardiovascular risk factors. Aim: We wanted to look at older adults` cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), the prevalance of metabolic synrome (MetS) and risk for cerebro-cardiovascular disease in relation to performance on a battery of neuropychological tests. Method: A cross- sectional design was emplyed including 105 healthy older adults ( mean age 74 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by graded maximal exercice testing, MetS was classified according to previous definitions, and cerebro-cardivascular disease was calculated using the atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk estimator developed by the American Heart Assocoation and the American College of Cardiology. Cognitive performance was addessed using the web-based neuropsychological test battery, Memoro. Results: Individuals with hugher VO2peak had faster processing speed, and there was a significant relationship between these two factors, where higher VO2peak predicted better processing speed. amd trends showed that this was true for ececutive functions as well. Having MetS or high risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular disease within the next 10 years did not seem to affect performance on cognitive tests, althouh trends show that having more MetS factors mat contribute to better performance on cognivive tests. Conclusion: Speed of processing, and possibly executive functions are more sensitive to cardiorespiratory fitness compared to other measured of cognitive functions. Additionally, MetS may have a cognitively protective role after a certain age. whereas cerebro-cardiovascular disease did not seem to affect cognition in this population of older adults.
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Hirota, Andrea Harumi [UNIFESP]. "Importância do diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica na determinação do risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2008. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/24143.
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Previous issue date: 2008We evaluated the significance of a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. The patients were evaluated to identify MetS and any history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This was a cross-sectional study involving 638 patients, of which 202 (31.7%) had diabetes. The prevalence of MetS was 54.7% when the IDF criteria were used, compared with 45.5% when the NCEP criteria were used (p < 0.05). Using either set of criteria, MetS was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (NCEP,OR: 6.8; 95% CI: 4.7-10 and IDF, OR: 8.4; 95% CI: 5.4-13; p < 0.05 for both). We found that, regardless of the diagnostic criteria used, MetS correlated significantly with the risk and history of CVD (NCEP, OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.2-3.4; p < 0.05; and IDF, OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.5-4.8; p < 0.05), partially caused by the inclusion of patients with diabetes in the sample. In patients without diabetes, MetS diagnosed using the IDF criteria alone was associated with a history of CVD (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1-5.2; p = 0.029 vs. NCEP criteria, OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 0.9-4.3, p = NS). In patients with T2DM, MetS was not associated with CVD, regardless of the criteria used. We conclude that, among individuals without diabetes, an IDF criteria-based diagnosis of MetS is useful in identifying those at greater risk for cardiovascular disease. Among patients with diabetes, a diagnosis of MetS, regardless of the criteria used, is of little utility in assessing cardiovascular risk. However, a diagnosis of MetS, using either set of criteria, is useful for identifying individuals more likely to develop T2DM.
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Virtue, Anthony Thomas. "The Contributions of miR-155 in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Atherosclerosis Development." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/276607.
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PharmacologyPh.D.
The global incidence of overweight and obese individuals has skyrocketed in the past few decades resulting in a new health epidemic. In 1980, 5% of males and 8% of females were categorized as obese; by 2008 these values doubled equating to half a billion adults worldwide. This surge of overweight and obese individuals has driven a dramatic increase in people afflicted with metabolic disorders. As such, the term "metabolic syndrome" (MetS) has been coined to describe several interrelated metabolic risk factors which often present in concert. Specifically, metabolic syndrome refers to the presence of at least three of the following five conditions: central obesity, elevated triglycerides, diminished high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, and insulin resistance (IR). MetS is a major health concern due to its ability to increase the likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and other life-threatening ailments. In light of this growing medical epidemic, we have concentrated our efforts in evaluating the role of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in MetS development. MicroRNAs are a newly defined class of small, non-coding RNA which contain the unique ability to regulate gene expression through RNA interference. As a result of this ability, microRNAs can mediate a wide variety of cellular processes. In order to evaluate the function of miR-155 in MetS, we established a novel miR-155-/-/ApoE-/- (DKO) mouse model. Coupling this model with the use of normal rodent or high fat diets allowed us to investigate how states of caloric balance and surplus affected the manifestation of the individual MetS components. We found that male and female DKO mice fed a high fat diet had significantly augmented body masses of 18% and 10% respectively, when compared to ApoE-/- counterparts on the same diet. Evaluation of this phenotype with body composition analysis revealed an 18% and 46% increase in body fat percentage among the male DKO mice on normal and high fat diets, respectively. This trend was also observed in female DKO mice, albeit to a lesser extent. This phenotype was further substantiated by the observation of augmented gonadal white adipose tissue pad mass within male and female DKO mice fed either chow. This equated to a 43% and 112% increase in male mice and a 45% and 57% augmentation in female mice for normal and high fat chow diets, respectively. In light of our findings, we also evaluated how miR-155 impacted glucose and insulin sensitivity. We found levels of insulin to be augmented by 181% and 148% in male DKO mice on normal and high fat diets, respectively. Furthermore, we found these mice to be euglycemic. These observations suggest that DKO mice are IR but capable of compensating for their insensitivity with elevated insulin production. Due to the tight association between MetS and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as CVD, we felt it prudent to investigate the manifestation of these conditions. We found elevated hepatic mass of 40% and 13% in male and female DKO mice on high fat chow. Furthermore, hepatic discoloration was seen in these mice prompting us to perform in-depth histological evaluation which revealed widespread steatosis, a hallmark of NAFLD. Meanwhile, investigation of atherosclerosis, the key underlying cause of most CVDs, unexpectantly revealed diminished development. Due to the complex nature of atherosclerosis it is tough to explain the exact reason for this observation. Independent reports have shown that miR-155 plays a critical role in the development, maturation, or activation of B-cell, T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. As a result, decreased immune cell infiltration may be the root cause for the observed decline in atherosclerosis. Taking into account our observations of obesity, IR, and NAFLD in conjunction with independent findings of blood pressure mitigation by miR-155, we feel confident in reporting that miR-155 is a vital factor in preventing MetS and NAFLD development. Despite this, we surprisingly found atherosclerosis development to be diminished in these mice suggesting a pro-inflammatory role in atherogenesis. This duality highlights the complex and ambiguous nature of miRNAs. In light of this, further evaluations should be conducted to gain additional insight into these pathologies and hopefully the development of novel therapeutics.
Temple University--Theses
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Lewis, Andrew. "Clinical translation of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a8e740f7-0300-4b0d-9619-f53781b424bc.
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Cardiovascular diseases continue to pose an unacceptable societal burden, mandating the development of new and improved methods for their diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. Current cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging techniques provide exquisite structural and functional information, but their ability to assess the molecular processes underlying cardiac function in health and disease is limited by inherent insensitivity. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance is a new technology which overcomes this limitation, creating molecular contrast agents with an improvement in magnetic resonance signal of up to five orders of magnitude. One key molecule, hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate, shows particular promise for the assessment of cardiac energy metabolism and other fundamental biological processes with clinical relevance. This thesis describes a programme of translational research in hyperpolarized magnetic resonance conducted with the aims of identifying priority disease states for translational hyperpolarized MR studies, and of enabling first human cardiovascular studies using the technique. We identify important and new potential roles for hyperpolarized magnetic resonance in both the diagnosis, and potentially treatment, of heart disease associated with metabolic diseases and also in ischaemic heart disease. Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate also has high potential for rapid clinical translation from the laboratory to patients with cardiovascular disease, though the production and administration of clinical-grade hyperpolarized molecules poses significant challenges. We present strategies to overcome these challenges, and describe the first human cardiovascular experience with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance.
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Collison, Mary Williamson. "Insulin signalling in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease syndromes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366184.
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Johnson, Andrew William. "Metabolic control of energetics in human heart and skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82c0dce6-a162-4c08-b061-3ea7f2e35134.
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Myocardial and skeletal muscle high energy phosphate metabolism is abnormal in heart failure, but the pathophysiology is not understood. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increase in heart failure due to increased sympathetic drive, and regulate the transcription of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. The aim of the work in this thesis was to determine whether cardiac PCr/ATP ratios and skeletal muscle PCr kinetics during exercise were related to cardiac and skeletal muscle UCP3 levels respectively, thus providing a mechanism for the apparent mitochondrial dysfunction observed in heart failure. Patients having cardiac surgery underwent pre-operative testing, including cardiac and gastrocnemius 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Intra-operatively, ventricular, atrial and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken for measurement of mitochondrial protein levels by immunoblotting, along with mitochondrial function by tissue respiration rates. Fasting plasma NEFA concentrations increased in patients with ventricular dysfunction and with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Ventricular UCP3 levels increased and cardiac PCr/ATP decreased with NYHA class, however, demonstrated no relationship to each other. In skeletal muscle, maximal rates of oxidative ATP synthesis (Qmax) related to functional capacity. Skeletal muscle UCP3 levels increased with NYHA class but were unrelated to skeletal muscle Qmax. Tissue respiration experiments revealed no relationship between ventricular function and indices of mitochondrial coupling, furthermore, indices of mitochondrial coupling were unrelated to tissue UCP3 levels. No evidence was found to support mitochondrial uncoupling, mediated through UCP3, as a cause of the abnormalities in cardiac and skeletal muscle high energy phosphate metabolism.
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Shultz, Jennifer M. "Effects of sex steroids and diet on adipose distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6592.
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Elahi, Maqsood M. "Effects of maternal high fat diet and pharmacological intervention on the developmental origins of metabolic & cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/372924/.
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A high fat (HF) diet leads to hypercholesterolemia and predisposes the individual to developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesised that mother‘s HF diet before and during pregnancy and lactation can also influence predisposition to CVD in offspring fed a similar diet. The thesis sets out to investigate whether (1) the effects of long-term consumption of a HF diet by the mother predisposes her offspring to developing a CVD/ metabolic syndrome in adult life and (2) pharmacological intervention using statin alleviates the detrimental effects of maternal HF diet on the health of the dams and their offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed either a HF diet (45% kcal fat) or standard chow (C; 21% kcal fat) from weaning through pregnancy and lactation. Pregnant C57/BL6 mice on HF diet were further given pravastatin in the drinking water (5 mg/kg of body weight per day) either short-term (2nd half of pregnancy and during lactation) or long-term (from weaning through to pregnancy and lactation) to lower cholesterol and improve post-weaning maternal blood pressure. Weaned female offspring from each group were then fed either a HF or C diets to adulthood. Body weight, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were measured at 24, 28 and 36 weeks post-weaning in different experiments. Histology of the liver and kidneys were performed. Offspring from hypercholesterolemic mothers on HF diet were significantly obese (bodyweight in grams; 17.2+4.2 vs. 13.8+4.7; P<0.05), hypertensive (SBP mmHg; 134+4.2 vs. 117+3.4; P<0.001), less active (distance in cm; 312 + 31 vs. 563 + 45; P<0.001), demonstrated increased lipid laden vacuoles in liver and kidneys; and showed reduced expression of EPC (P<0.05) than offspring from C dams independent of their postnatal nutrition respectively. Pravastatin therapy in HF mothers resulted in abrogation of these variables in offspring independent of post weaning nutrition (P<0.05). The effects were more permanent when the dams were given long-term statin treatment. The study demonstrates that long-term maternal HF feeding from weaning through pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to hypertension, raised plasma lipids, fatty liver, kidney disorders, raised CRP and inhibition of EPC numbers and expression in offspring. Pravastatin treatment of these dams inhibits these effects on the offspring and may reduce their risk of later cardiovascular pathophysiology. The findings may have implications for understanding the effects of the ‗nutritional transition‘ to higher dietary intake of fat which could lead to increased cardiovascular disease in many societies.
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Nakano, Emi. "Studies of homocysteine metabolism and its relevance to cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420807.
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Shaw, Emily L. "Potatoes within a Dietary Guidelines for Americans-based Diet to Improve Cardiometabolic Health in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595512729171716.
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Couto, Ricardo David. "Captação de uma emulsão lipídica semelhante a LDL por fragmentos vasculares e pericárdio de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-01092017-104216/.
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A doença arterial coronária (DAC) tem sido a maior causa de morte por doenças nos paises ocidentais. Existem vários fatores responsáveis pela iniciação e progressão desta doença - fatores ambiental ou genético. Muitos fatores de risco para a DAC estão relacionados a alterações do metabolismo lipídico, como acúmulo de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) no plasma seguida da deposição da lipoproteína na parede arterial. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que uma emulsão rica em colesterol que se assemelha a composição lipídica da LDL liga-se aos receptores que captam a lipopoteína da circulação e internalizam-na no citoplasma. A emulsão, denominada LDE, é feita sem proteína mas quando injetada na circulação sangüínea adquire várias apolipoproteínas (apo) como apo E que pode ser reconhecida pelo receptor de LDL. A apo E tem mais afinidade pelo receptor do que a apo B, a apo que liga a LDL nativa ao receptor. No presente estudo, para esclarecer o processo metabólico que a LDL enfrenta no plasma e o processo de captação da lipoproteína pelos vasos, a LDE marcada com colesterol livre-3H (CL) e oleato de colesterol-14C (CE) foi injetada em 10 pacientes portadores de DAC (57 ± 2,2 anos) submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos de tempo pré-determinados. A radioatividade presente nas alíquotas de plasma foi determinada por cintilação líquida e a taxa fracionai de remoção (TFR) calculada por análise compartimental. Os fragmentos dos enxertos de aorta, artérias radial e torácica interna, veia safena e pericárdio removidos durante o procedimento cirúrgico foram coletados para extração lipídica, separação por cromatografia de camada delgada e quantificação radioativa. A remoção plasmática do CE da LDE foi similar a do CL da LDE (0,0617 ± 0,0087 vs 0,0528 ± 0,0123, p = 0,5635, respectivamente). A captação do CL da LDE foi maior do que a do CE da LDE na aorta (21% vs 3,1%, p = 0,0049), artéria torácica interna (10,3% vs 2%, p = 0,0007) e veia safena (8% vs 2%, p = 0,0326). Nos fragmentos de artéria radial (14,4% vs 4,3%) e de pericardio (2,2% vs 0,3%), a captação do CL tendeu ser maior do que a captação do CE, porém não foi estatisticamente confirmado. A taxa de esterificação foi maior nos fragmentos de aorta, de toráxica interna e de pericárdio do que nos fragmentos de veia safena (p < 0,001). Concluindo, a LDE foi captada pelos vasos e pericardio em quantidades concideráveis e a captação do CL pelos tecidos foi maior do que a do CE. Ainda, a taxa de esterificação do colesterol livre foi mais intensa nos fragmentos de aorta e torácica interna do que nos fragments de veia safena.Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main mortality cause in western countries. There are many factors responsible for the onset and progression of the disease - either environmental or genetic. Many risk factors in CAD are related with disorders of lipid metabolism, such as accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the plasma with deposition of the lipoprotein in the arterial wall. Recently, it was shown that a cholesterol-rich emulsion that mimics the lipid composition of LDL binds to the receptors that take-up the lipoprotein from the circulation and internalizes it into the cytoplasm. The emulsion, denominated LDE, is made without protein but when injected into the bloodstream it picks-up several apolipoproteins (apo) such as apo E that can be recognized by the LDL receptor. Apo E has even more affinity for the receptor than apo B, the apo that binds native LDL to the receptors. In the current study, aiming to clarity the metabolic processes that LDL undergoes in the plasma and the process of lipoprotein uptake by the vessels, LDE labeled with 3H- Cholesterol (CL) and 14C-Cholesteryl Oleate (CE) was injected into 10 CAD patients (57 ± 2,2 yr.) scheduled to be submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. Blood samples were collected over 24 hour at pre-established intervals. Radioactivity present in plasma aliquots was determined in a scintillation solution and the fractional clearance rate (FCR) was calculated by compartimental analysis. The gratt\'s fragments of aortic, radial, internal thoracic arteries, safenous vein and pericardium discarded during the surgical procedure were collected for lipid extraction, separation by thin layer chromatography and radioactive counting. The removal from plasma of the LDE CE was similar to that of the LDE CL (0,0617 ± 0,0087 vs 0,0528 ± 0,0123, p = 0,5635, respectively). The uptake of LDE CL was greater than that of LDE CE in aorta (21% vs 3,1%, p = 0,0049), internal toracic artery (10,3% vs 2%, p = 0,0007) and safenous vein (8% vs 2%, p = 0,0326). In the radial artery (14,4% vs 4,3%) and pericardium (2,2% vs 0,3%) fragments, the CL uptake also tended to be greater than that of CE, but this was not statistically confirmed. The esterification rate was greater in the aorta, internal thoracic artery and pericardium fragments than in safenous vein fragments (p < 0,001). In conclusion, LDE was taken-up by vessels and pericardium at considerable amounts and LDE CL uptake by those tissues was greater than that of CE. In addition, the cholesterol esterification rate was more intense in the aorta and internal thoracic artery than in venous fragments.
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Parker, Benjamin. "Determining the relationship between inflammation, therapeutic exposure and cardiovascular risk in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/determining-the-relationship-between-inflammation-therapeutic-exposure-and-cardiovascular-risk-in-patients-with-systemic-lupus-erythematosus(524e5d0f-f5fa-4750-b1bc-20f1c0cfa4d3).html.
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Introduction: SLE is associated with pro-atherogenic metabolic derangement and an elevated cardiovascular risk. The vascular endothelium may be a key interface between active SLE and premature atherosclerosis. Improved understanding of the contribution of inflammation and its management to cardiovascular risk in SLE will inform personalised treatment decisions in SLE patients. Methods: Data from an international inception cohort was used to investigate the relationship between inflammatory disease activity, lupus phenotype and corticosteroid exposure and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) over 2 years in SLE patients. The relationship between disease activity (BILAG-2004) and markers of endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery) and endothelial damage (endothelial microparticles (EMPs)) following a change in anti-inflammatory therapy was investigated in a longitudinal cohort of patients with active SLE. Results: MetS was common in young SLE patients (12.6-16.0%) over the initial 2 years of disease. Factors independently associated with developing MetS over the 2-year study period were (odds ratio (95% CI)) Hispanic ethnicity (3.47 (1.76, 6.86)), higher initial peak corticosteroid dose (1.02 (1.01,1.03)), and elevated anti-dsDNA antibodies at study entry (1.86(1.19,2.81)). MetS was often persistent and preceding MetS strongly predicted future MetS (4.83 (2.93, 7.87)). Patients with active SLE had reduced FMD (median (IQR) FMD 1.63% (-1.22, 5.32) vs. 5.40% (3.02, 8.57); p = 0.05) and elevated EMPs (157,548/ml (59,906, 272,643) vs. 41,025 (30,179, 98,082); p = 0.003) compared to age-matched controls. Both improved following a change in anti-inflammatory therapy, and correlated moderately with change in disease activity over time. Conclusions: Inflammatory disease activity and higher doses of corticosteroids in very early disease influence the development of MetS in SLE, which can become persistent. Endothelial dysfunction is common in patients with active SLE but can be improved with better disease control. Therefore even from disease onset, therapeutic regimes should be individually tailored to achieve good disease control whilst minimising corticosteroid doses, to improve cardiovascular risk surrogates in SLE.
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Bibi, Innocent. "Health Awareness on High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol, and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7914.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 25% of the annual deaths in the United States and represents a major public health burden, as patients often require screening and lifestyle changes related to multiple risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine if there was a statistically significant association between high blood pressure and high cholesterol awareness (prevention and management) and cardiovascular health outcomes (angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, and heart attack). The theoretical framework that guided this study was the health belief model. Data from adults over the age of 18 from the 2017 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset were used for this study. Logistic regression was used to analyze data. Results showed no statistically significant association between high blood pressure awareness (prevention and management) and cardiovascular health outcome (angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, and heart attack) based on race, age, level of education, and acculturation. There was also no statistically significant association between high cholesterol awareness (prevention and management) and cardiovascular health outcome (angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, and heart attack) based on race, age, level of education, and acculturation. This study may contribute to positive social change through an increase in individuals' level of awareness of their medical condition, which could lead to a reduction in the burden of cardiovascular disease.
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Ledford, Kelly J. "Loss of CEACAM1 in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Abnormalities Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1271345465.
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Mallmann, Neila Hiraishi. "Marcadores bioquímicos da Síndrome Metabólica em indivíduos." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2014. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4770.
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The cardiovascular diseases become up main causes of mortality and obesity in the world. Despite of several preventive measures, these are still insufficiently and deathly index due cardiovascular diseases recurrences continue increasing as such in developed countries as development countries. Studies demonstrated significant the association both uric acid levels and inviduals components of metabolic diseases, but the prevalence ambit of metabolic syndrome using recently definitions among hypeuricemic peoples is unknown and many intrinsic factors in both situations remain unclear. The present study evaluated relations among metabolic syndrome and antiinflamatory markers in hyperuricemic individuals. It have been 499 peoples attended in the Clincal Analyses laboratory of Getulio Vargas University Hospital in Manaus – Amazonas – Brazil, with range age 15-45, above sexs, were grouped into four groups : 1 Control (n=75) 2 Pre - Metabolic Syndrome (n=226) 3.Metabolic Síndrome (129) 4.Hyperuricemic (n=68). For the evaluation of oxidative stress levels of total thiols , total antioxidant capacity , total capacity oxidant , glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured. For the evaluation of the inflammatory process parameters C-reative protein, alpha 1- glycoprotein , ferritin , tryptophan and kynurenine were evaluated . In this study, metabolic syndrome was estimated at 34 % and the obesity range was 28 % . Biochemical markers showed statistical differences between the groups, being higher in hyperuricemic subjects with metabolic syndrome than in the control group and metabolic síndorme isolated . The hyperuricemic participants with metabolic syndrome had the following changes compared to the control group: increased inflammatory marker ( kynurenine ) and antioxidant ( glutathione peroxidase ) decreased. Regarding the group with metabolic syndrome only, these parameters were less pronounced . No statistical difference between groups of malondialdehyde was observed. Correlation analysis showed that high levels of kynurenine was positively related to waist, glucose and ferritin in patients with metabolic syndrome who were not found in the control group Thus, hyperuricemic subjects with metabolic syndrome may have a higher inflammation status and a higher level of oxidative stress. A higher inflammation status was correlated with decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and increase in risk metabolic syndrome .Therefore, these results suggest that kynurenine and glutathione peroxidase can be used as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease in patients hyperuricemic with metabolic syndrome .
A doença cardiovascular se tornou a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade no mundo. Apesar de várias medidas preventivas estas ainda são insuficientes e índices de mortes em decorrência de doenças cardiovasculares continuam aumentando tanto em países desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. Estudos mostram significante associação entre níveis de ácido úrico e componentes individuais da síndrome metabólica, mas o âmbito da prevalência da síndrome metabólica usando recentes definições entre individuos com hiperuricemia é desconhecida e vários fatores intrínsecos a ambas as situações permanecem obscuras. O presente estudo avaliou marcadores bioquímicos da síndrome metabólica em indivíduos hiperuricêmicos. Foram avaliados 499 indivíduos atendidos no Laboratório de Análises Clinicas do Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas em Manaus-Amazonas, com idade de 18 a 45 anos, de ambos os sexos, agrupados em quatro grupos: 1. Controle (n=75 ) 2. Pré-síndrome (n=226 ) 3.Síndrome Metabólica (n=129 ) 4.Hiperuricêmicos (n=68 ). Para a avaliação do estresse oxidativo foram dosados os níveis de tióis totais, capacidade antioxidante total, capacidade oxidante total, glutationa peroxidase e dosagem de malondialdeído. Para a avaliação do processo inflamatório foram avaliados os parâmetros da proteína C reativa ultra-sensível, alfa 1-glicoproteina, ferritina, triptofano e quinurenina. A síndrome metabólica foi observada em 34% da população estudada e a obesidade em 28% destes. Os marcadores bioquímicos apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, sendo maior nos indivíduos hiperuricêmicos com síndrome metabólica do que no grupo controle ou com síndrome metabólica isoladamente. Os participantes hiperuricêmicos com síndrome metabólica apresentaram as seguintes alterações em relação ao grupo controle: níveis de quinurenina aumentada e atividade de glutationa peroxidase diminuída. Com relação ao grupo com apenas síndrome metabólica, esses parâmetros foram menos acentuados. Não foi observada diferença estatística no malondialdeído entre os grupos. A análise de correlação mostrou que níveis elevados de quinurenina foi positivamente relacionados com a cintura, glicemia e ferritina nos pacientes com síndrome metabólica e que não foram encontrados no grupo controle. Desta maneira, indivíduos hiperuricêmicos com síndrome metabólica apresentaram níveis mais elevados marcadores da inflamação e de estresse oxidativo. O processo inflamatório foi correlacionado com a diminuição nos níveis de enzimas antioxidantes e um aumento no risco de síndrome metabólica. Assim, esses resultados sugerem que a quinurenina e a glutationa peroxidase podem ser utilizados como um biomarcador para doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes hiperuricêmicos com síndrome metabólica.
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LINHARES, Naine dos Santos. "Prevalência de síndrome metabólica e seus componentes em mulheres climatéricas." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1900.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction: With a broaden life expectancy, women experience perimenopause longer, under the influence of hormonal changes, which favor the development of several cardiovascular risk factors, including those that make up the Metabolic Syndrome. It is a complex disorder characterized by a range of lipid and non-lipid factors which predispose individuals to risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Objective: Determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components grouping in climacteric women. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study, conducted from November 2012 to September 2013, at the Serviço Ambulatorial de Ginecologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. The sample consisted of 277 women between 40 and 65 years who agreed to participate. Data collection was performed through a questionnaire on the day of a medical appointment previously scheduled by the patient. Biochemical tests were performed at the Hospital Universitário Unidade Presidente Dutra. For the diagnosis of the syndrome, we used the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2013, and the statistical analysis was proceeded using Stata 14.0. Results: We evaluated 109 (39,3%) premenopausal and 168 (60,7%) postmenopausal women. The average age was 46.2±3.9 years for premenopausal women and 54.6±5.4 years for postmenopausal women. There was a predominance of brown women, completed high school, married and with income up to 1 minimum wage. Metabolic Syndrome was observed in 62 (22.4%) patients, 29 (46,8%) premenopausal and 33 (53,2%) postmenopausal. The prevalence of syndrome components was higher in postmenopausal women. Among carriers, 44 (71%) presented waist circumference plus 2 factors. The most common factors combination was waist circumference, blood glucose and triglycerides, found in 14 women (31,8%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women reinforces the need to develop and implement public politics to offer orientation and an integral therapy approach for this population at risk.
Introdução: Com a ampliação da expectativa de vida, as mulheres vivem no climatério por mais tempo, sob a influência de alterações hormonais que propiciam o desenvolvimento de diversos fatores de risco cardiovascular, dentre eles os que compõem a Síndrome Metabólica. Trata-se de um transtorno complexo, caracterizado por um conjunto de fatores lipídicos e não-lipídicos que predispõe indivíduos ao risco de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes tipo 2. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e o agrupamento dos seus componentes em mulheres climatéricas. Metodologia: Estudo transversal analítico, realizado entre novembro de 2012 e setembro de 2013, no Serviço Ambulatorial de Ginecologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. A amostra foi composta por 277 mulheres entre 40 e 65 anos de idade que concordaram em participar. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de Ficha Protocolo no dia da consulta previamente agendada pela paciente. Os exames bioquímicos foram realizados no Hospital Universitário Unidade Presidente Dutra. Para o diagnóstico de Síndrome Metabólica, foram utilizados os critérios da International Diabetes Federation. Os dados foram tabulados no Microsoft Excel 2013 e a análise estatística dos resultados foi procedida no programa estatístico Stata 14.0. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 109 (39,3%) mulheres na pré-menopausa e 168 (60,7%) na menopausa. A idade média das mulheres na pré-menopausa foi 46,2±3,9 anos e das mulheres na menopausa foi 54,6±5,4 anos. Houve predomínio de mulheres pardas, com Ensino Médio completo, casadas e com renda de até 1 salário mínimo. A Síndrome Metabólica foi observada em 62 (22,4%) pacientes, sendo 29 (46,8%) na pré-menopausa e 33 (53,2%) na menopausa. A prevalência dos componentes da síndrome foi maior no grupo da menopausa. Dentre as portadoras, 44 (71%) apresentaram circunferência abdominal alterada mais 2 componentes. A combinação mais frequente foi circunferência abdominal, glicemia e triglicérides presente em 14 mulheres (31,8%). Conclusão: A prevalência elevada de síndrome metabólica nas mulheres menopausadas reforça a necessidade de desenvolver e implementar políticas públicas para oferecer orientação e uma abordagem terapêutica integral para essa população de risco.
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Machado, Regina Coeli. "Avaliação do risco cardiovascular na síndrome metabólica." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3897.
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Avalia risco cardiovascular na síndrome metabólica. Não existe consenso sobre o escore mais apropriado para detecção do RCV nesta população. O objetivo é avaliar o risco de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) em indivíduos não diabéticos portadores de SM, com base em três diferentes escores. Foram avaliados trinta e nove indivíduos portadores de SM, por meio do Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF), pelo ERF modificado pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Aterosclerose (ERF-mod) e pelo Prospective Cardiovascular Münster Study (PROCAM). Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecocardiograma, monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, índice tibial-braquial (ITB) além de dosagens de glicose, creatinina, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicérides e microalbuminúria. O LDL colesterol foi estimado pela fórmula de Friedwald. A média de idade foi de 4421,0 anos, com predomínio de mulheres (31/39). Seis (15,4%) indivíduos eram tabagistas e 21 (53,8%) eram hipertensos. O perfil lipídico mostrou níveis baixos de colesterol HDL em 35 (89,7%) dos casos e níveis elevados de triglicérides, colesterol total e colesterol LDL em 28 (71,8%), 19 (48,7%) e 15 (38,5%) dos casos, respectivamente. Microalbuminúria foi diagnosticada em 23 (59%) dos indivíduos, hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (HVE) em três (7,7%) e doença vascular periférica em cinco (12,8%) pacientes. O risco estimado de DAC pelo ERF foi baixo (<10%) em 35 (89,7%) indivíduos e médio (10 a 20%) em quatro (10,3%), não sendo detectado alto risco em nenhum caso. Por outro lado, quando foram considerados fatores agravantes sugeridos pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Aterosclerose, o ERF-mod detectou cinco casos (12,8%) de baixo risco, 30 (76,9%) casos de médio risco e quatro (10,3%) de alto risco. Quando se aplicou o PROCAM, 29 (74,4%) indivíduos continuaram na faixa de baixo risco (<10%), sete (17,9%) apresentaram médio risco (10-20%) e três (7,7%), alto risco para doença coronariana em 10 anos. A utilização do ERF parece subestimar o RCV em portadores de SM não diabéticos. Por outro lado, a utilização do ERF-mod ou, alternativamente, do PROCAM parecem mais adequados para a estimativa do RCV nessa população.
It evaluates cardiovascular risk (CVR) in metabolic syndrome. There is no agreement about the best score to estimate the CVR in this population. The objective is to assess the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in non-diabetic patients with MS using three different scores. Thirty nine subjects with MS were evaluated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), FRS modified by IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Aterosclerose (mod-FRS) and by Prospective Cardiovascular Münster Study (PROCAM). All the subjects were submitted to clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, ambulatorial blood pressure monitorization, ankle brachial index (ABI) and dosages of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol, triglycerides and microalbuminúria. LDL-cholesterol was estimated by Friedwald’s formula. Mean age was 4421.0 years and most of individuals were female (31/39). Six subjects (15,4%) were smokers and 21 (53,8%) were hypertensive. Low HDL-cholesterol was detected in 35 (89,7%) individuals and high triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were observed in 28 (71,8%), 19 (48,7%) e 15 (38,5%) individuals, respectively. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed in 23 (59%) subjects, left ventricular hypertrophy in three (7,7%) and peripheral vascular disease in five (12,8%). Based in the FRS the CHD risk in 10 years was considered low in 35 (89,7%) individuals and intermediate in four (10,3%), with no patient in high risk group. On the other hand, the mod-FRS detected five (12,8%) subjects in low risk, 30 (76,9%) in the intermediate and four (10,3%) individuals in the high risk group. According to PROCAM 29 (74,4%) individuals were in low risk, seven (17,9%) in the intermediate and three (7,7%) in high risk group. In non-diabetic subjects with MS the FRS underestimates the CHD risk, whereas the mod-FRS and alternatively, the PROCAM seem to be more accurate in estimating this risk.
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Mamudu, Hadii M., Arsham Alamian, Timir Paul, Pooja Subedi, Liang Wang, Antwan Jones, Ali E. Alamin, David Stewart, Gerald Blackwell, and Matthew Budoff. "Diabetes, Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hard-to-Reach Asymptomatic Patients." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2778.
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Aim: To examine the association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with and their cumulative effect on coronary artery calcium in hard-to-reach asymptomatic patients with diabetes.
Methods: : A total of 2563 community-dwelling asymptomatic subjects from Central Appalachia participated in coronary artery calcium screening at a heart centre. Binary variable was used to indicate that coronary artery calcium was either present or absent. Independent variables consisted of demographic and modifiable risk factors and medical conditions. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted.
Results: : In total, 55.8% and 13.7% of study participants had subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcium ⩾1) and diabetes, respectively. The presence of coronary artery calcium was higher in subjects with diabetes (68.5%) than those without (53.8%). Compared to subjects without diabetes with coronary artery calcium = 0, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking increased the odds of the presence of coronary artery calcium (coronary artery calcium score ⩾1) regardless of diabetes status; however, with larger odds ratios in subjects with diabetes. Compared to subjects without diabetes with coronary artery calcium score = 0, having 3, 4 and ⩾5 risk factors increased the odds of presence of coronary artery calcium in subjects with diabetes by 14.06 (confidence interval = 3.26–62.69), 32.30 (confidence interval = 7.41–140.82) and 47.12 (confidence interval = 10.35–214.66) times, respectively.
Conclusion: : There is a need for awareness about subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes and more research about coronary artery calcium in subpopulations of patients.
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Andersson, Jonas. "Inflammation and lifestyle in cardiovascular medicine." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Medicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36221.
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Despite major advances in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis the last several decades, cardiovascular disease still accounts for the majority of deaths in Sweden. With the population getting older, more obese and with rising numbers of diabetics, the cardiovascular disease burden may increase further in the future. The focus in cardiovascular disease has shifted with time from calcification and narrowing of arteries to the biological processes within the atherosclerotic plaque. C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as one of many proteins that reflect a low grade systemic inflammation and is suitable for analysis as it is more stable and easily measured than most other inflammatory markers. Several large prospective studies have shown that CRP is not only an inflammatory marker, but even a predictive marker for cardiovascular disease. C-reactive protein is associated with several other risk factors for cardiovascular disease including obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Our study of twenty healthy men during a two week endurance cross country skiing tour demonstrated a decline in already low baseline CRP levels immediately after the tour and six weeks later. In a study of 200 obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance randomised to a counselling session at their health care centre or a one month stay at a wellness centre, we found decreased levels of CRP in subjects admitted to the wellness centre. The effect remained at one, but not after three years of follow-up. In a prospective, nested, case-referent study with 308 ischemic strokes, 61 intracerebral haemorrhages and 735 matched referents, CRP was associated with ischemic stroke in both uni- and multivariate analyses. No association was found with intracerebral haemorrhages. When classifying ischemic stroke according to TOAST criteria, CRP was associated with small vessel disease. The CRP 1444 (CC/CT vs. TT) polymorphism was associated with plasma levels of CRP, but neither with ischemic stroke nor with intracerebral haemorrhage. A study on 129 patients with atrial fibrillation was used to evaluate whether inflammation sensitive fibrinolytic variables adjusted for CRP could predict recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. In multivariate iv models, lower PAI-1 mass was associated with sinus rhythm even after adjusting for CRP and markers of the metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, lifestyle intervention can be used to reduce CRP levels, but it remains a challenge to maintain this effect. CRP is a marker of ischemic stroke, but there are no significant associations between the CRP1444 polymorphism and any stroke subtype, suggesting that the CRP relationship with ischemic stroke is not causal. The fibrinolytic variable, PAI-1, is associated with the risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion after adjustment for CRP. Our findings suggest a pathophysiological link between atrial fibrillation and PAI-1, but the relation to inflammation remains unclear.
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Warensjö, Eva. "Fatty Acid Desaturase Activities in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease : Special Reference to Stearoyl-CoA-Desaturase and Biomarkers of Dietary Fat." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8312.
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The development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases have been suggested to be influenced more by the quality than the amount of dietary fat. The FA composition of serum lipids may be used as biomarkers of dietary fat quality. FAs can, however, also be endogenously synthesized by lipogenic enzymes such as elongases and desaturases. Three desaturases are important in humans: Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), ∆6-desaturase (D6D) and ∆5-desaturase (D5D) and surrogate measures of desaturase activities can be estimated as product-to-precursor FA ratios.
In this thesis, we demonstrated that high SCD, D6D and low D5D estimated activities predicted MetS 20 years later, as well as cardiovascular and total mortality during a maximum of 33.7 years. The relation between D5D and MetS was independent of lifestyle and BMI, while the relation between SCD, D6D and MetS was confounded by BMI. Serum proportions of palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were higher and the serum proportion of linoleic acid (LA) lower at baseline in those individuals who developed MetS. Further, LA was inversely related to mortality, while palmitic, palmitoleic and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were directly associated with mortality. We also demonstrated that a diet rich in saturated fat “induced” a similar serum FA pattern (including estimated desaturase activities) that was associated with MetS, cardiovascular disease and mortality. We also propose that the SCD ratio [16:1/16:0] might be a novel and useful marker of dietary saturated fat, at least in Western high-fat diets. Finally, genetic variations in the human SCD1 gene were linked to obesity and insulin sensitivity, results that agree with data in SCD1 deficient mice.
This thesis suggests that dietary fat quality and endogenous desaturation may play a role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and the results support current dietary guidelines.
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Steeples, Violetta Rae. "Metabolic modulation through deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fumarate hydratase in the heart." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f546ca24-6226-4846-b492-30de26836e94.
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Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a critical role in the oxygen homeostasis of all metazoans. HIF-1α is a master transcriptional regulator which coordinates the adaptive response to low oxygen tension. Through activation of a plethora of downstream target genes, HIF-1α facilitates oxygenation by promoting angiogenesis and blood vessel dilation, in addition to modulating metabolic pathways to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and promote glycolytic energy production. Given the critical roles of hypoxia, insufficient blood supply and perturbed energetics in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, notably ischaemic heart disease, therapeutic modulation of HIF-1α is of significant clinical interest. Previous studies have demonstrated an acute cardioprotective role for both endogenous and supraphysiological HIF-1α signalling in the context of myocardial ischaemia. In contrast, chronic supraphysiological HIF-1α activation in the unstressed heart has been shown to induce cardiac dysfunction. To address the effect of chronic endogenous HIF-1α activation post-myocardial infarction (MI), the present work employed a murine coronary artery ligation (CAL) model in conjunction with temporally-inducible, cardiac-specific deletion of Hif-1α. While CAL surgery successfully modelled myocardial infarction – eliciting substantial adverse cardiac remodelling and contractile dysfunction – there was no evidence of chronic HIF-1α activation by CAL in HIF knockout or control left ventricular samples. In keeping with this, chronic ablation of Hif-1α (from 2 weeks post-CAL) had no discernible additional effect upon cardiac function. Overall, these findings do not support a potential therapeutic role for inhibition of HIF-1α signalling in the chronic phase post-MI. The fundamental tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH) converts fumarate to malate. FH deficiency is associated with smooth muscle and kidney tumours which exhibit normoxic HIF signalling due to fumarate accumulation. To investigate the potential for fumarate accumulation to elicit protective HIF signalling, a cardiac-specific Fh1 null mouse was developed through Cre-loxP recombination. Strikingly, despite interruption of the TCA cycle in a highly metabolically demanding organ, cardiac Fh1 null mice were viable, fertile and survived into adulthood, demonstrating the remarkable metabolic plasticity of the heart. However, by 3-4 months Fh1 null mice develop a lethal cardiomyopathy characterised by cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction. Despite lack of a pseudohypoxic response, Fh1 null hearts did exhibit another phenomenon observed in FH-deficient cancers and also attributed to fumarate accumulation – activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) antioxidant pathway. Heterozygous, but not homozygous, somatic deletion of Nrf2 extended the life expectancy of cardiac Fh1 null mice. Exploration of redox status revealed a more reductive environment in Fh1 null hearts than controls. As a corollary, inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway – a major source of cellular reducing equivalents – with dehydroepiandrosterone conferred striking amelioration of the Fh1 null cardiomyopathy, suggesting a possible pathogenic role for reductive stress. While loss of mitochondrial Fh1 activity and subsequent TCA cycle dysfunction likely contribute to the Fh1 null phenotype, the importance of cytosolic FH was unclear. To clarify this, FH was expressed specifically in the cytosol in vivo. This was sufficient to substantially rescue the Fh1 null cardiomyopathy, supporting a role for cytosolic FH disruption in its pathogenesis. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential for reductive stress to contribute to cardiac dysfunction and suggest a function for cytosolic FH in cardiac metabolic homeostasis.
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Krachler, Benno. "Diet and Cardiometabolic Disease : Dietary trends and the impact of diet on diabetes and cardiovascular disease." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1369.
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Vani, Gannabathula Sree. "Hiperhomocisteinemia e o risco cardiovascular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-02122015-124049/.
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Nível elevado de homocisteína (Hcy) no plasma é considerado fator de risco de doença cardiovascular. Consumo reduzido de vitaminas B6, B12 e ácido fólico tem sido relacionado com hiperhomocisteinemia. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o consumo de vitaminas B6, B12 e ácido fólico nas populações urbana e rural, bem como a correlação dos níveis plasmáticos dessas vitaminas com os níveis plasmáticos de Hcy. Também determinamos os níveis séricos de lipídeos e avaliamos o risco cardiovascular das populações frente a hiperlipemia. O consumo de B6 e ácido fólico é maior na população urbana, com p=0,00 e p=0,04 respectivamente, sendo o consumo de B12 maior na população rural, com p=0,47. As correlações são significativamente negativa entre Hcy e as vitaminas B12 e ácido fólico . A população rural apresenta Hcy com valor médio de 16,5±9,2µmol/L, classificada como hiperhomocisteinemia moderada, e a população urbana 12,8±5,5 µmol/L, o qual está dentro da faixa de referência. O valor médio de LDL sérica é maior na população urbana (3,4±0,8mmoI/L) do que na população rural (2,8±0,9mmoI/L), com valor de p=0,00. Como fator de risco cardiovascular, consideramos Hcy plasmática >14µmol/L e LDL sérica >3,38mmol/L. Neste caso, 41,4% da população rural e 7,4% população urbana apresentam Hcy maior que 14µmol/L. O inverso ocorre em relação a LDL, onde 43,2% da população urbana e 11% na população rural apresentam níveis acima de 3,38mmol/L. Concluímos que o risco cardiovascular decorrente de hiperhomocisteinemia é maior na população rural que na urbana e este risco poderia reduzir mediante o consumo de vitaminas.Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hey) are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Low intake of vitamins 86, 812 and folic acid have been related to hyperhomocysteinemia. The purpose of the present study is to determine the consumption of the vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid in two Brazilian urban and rural populations, along with the plasmatic levels of these vitamins and plasmatic homocysteine. In addition, the serum levels of lipids have been determined to evaluate the cardiovascular risk in the two populations regarding their hyperlipidemie comdition. The consumption of B6 and folic acid is higher in the urban population (p=0.00 and p=0.04 respective/y), while the consumption of B12 is not significantly different (p=0.47). There is a negative correlation between B12 and folic acid with Hcy. The rural population shows mean Hcy value of 16.5±9.2µmol/L and is classified as having moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, while for the urban population, the mean value is 12.8±5.5µmol/L and is well within the normal range. The mean value of the serum LDL is higher in the urban population (3.4±0.8mmol/L) compared to the rural population (2.8±0.9mmol/lL) with a significance of p=0.00. Plasma Hcy values >14µmol/L and serum LDL >3.38mmol/L were considered as the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. With in the reference values, 41.4% of the rural population and 7.4% of the urban population showa Hcy as a risk factor. For LDL, the inverse is true, i.e 43.2% of urban and 11% of the rural population are at risk. We conclude that the cardiovascular risk arising from hyperhomocysteinemia is higher in the rural population and that this can be reduced by increased consumption of vitamins.
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Schroeder, Marie Allen. "Development of novel hyperpolarized magnetic resonance techniques for metabolic imaging of the heart." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9c5b6638-c71e-4eec-835b-e2cea3b9106e.
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The advent of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (MR) has provided new potential for real-time visualization of in vivo metabolic processes. The aim of the work in this thesis was to use hyperpolarized substrates to study rapid metabolic processes occurring in the healthy and diseased rat heart. Initial work, described in Chapter 2, optimized the hyperpolarization process to reproducibly generate tracers. Chapter 3 describes use of hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate to investigate in vivo flux through the regulatory enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Cardiac PDH activity was altered in several physiological and pathological states, namely fasting, type 1 diabetes, and high-fat feeding, and in vivo flux through PDH was measured using hyperpolarized MR. These measurements correlated with measurements of in vitro PDH activity obtained using a validated biochemical assay. The work in Chapter 4 investigated the physiological interaction between hyperpolarized tracer and cardiac tissue. The effect of hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate concentration on its in vivo metabolism was analyzed using modified Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It was found that hyperpolarized MR could non-invasively follow mechanisms of metabolic regulation, in addition to reporting enzyme activity. In Chapter 5, hyperpolarized MR was incorporated into the isolated perfused rat heart. 1-13C-pyruvate in normal and ischaemic hearts revealed significant differences in lactate metabolism, and provided the foundation for a novel intracellular pH probe. Infusion of 2-13C-pyruvate in the isolated rat heart enabled the first real-time visualization of Krebs cycle intermediates. In summary, the work in this thesis has highlighted the potential of hyperpolarized MR to reveal novel information on heart disease.
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Gillingham, Leah. "Efficacy of high-oleic canola and flaxseed oils for cardiovascular disease risk reduction." Cambridge University Press, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/8485.
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Considerable interest has focused on the influence of dietary fat quality on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Increasingly, novel dietary oils rich in oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are being developed and marketed with an aim to improve fatty acid intakes and reduce CVD risk. The objective of this research was to investigate the efficacy of high-oleic canola oil (HOCO) alone, or blended with flaxseed oil (FXCO), on traditional and emerging clinical biomarkers of CVD risk. An additional aim was to study the influence of dietary and genetic factors on metabolism of 13C-ALA to long-chain PUFA. Using a diet-controlled randomized crossover design, thirty-six hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three isoenergetic diets for 28 days each containing ~36% energy from fat, of which 70% was provided by HOCO, FXCO, or a Western dietary fat blend (WD; control). Endpoint measures revealed reductions (P<0.001) in serum lipid concentrations, including a 7.4% and 15.1% decrease in LDL-cholesterol after HOCO and FXCO diets, respectively, as compared with the WD control. Moreover, a reduction (P=0.023) in plasma E-selectin concentration was found after the FXCO diet compared with the WD control. Consumption of the dietary oils failed to alter whole-body fat oxidation or energy expenditure, nor lead to alterations in body composition. FXCO diet increased (P<0.001) plasma ALA ~5-fold, EPA ~3-fold, and DPA ~1.5-fold, but did not modulate DHA levels compared with the WD control. At 24 and 48 hours the amount of administered 13C-ALA recovered as plasma 13C-EPA and 13C-DPA was lower (P<0.001) after FXCO diet compared with HOCO and WD diets, suggesting decreased ALA conversion efficiency with very high intakes of dietary ALA. No difference in plasma 13C-DHA enrichment was observed across diets. Moreover, minor alleles of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS1/FADS2 gene cluster were associated with reduced (P<0.05) plasma fatty acid compositions and apparent conversion of 13C-ALA. However, increased consumption of ALA in the FXCO diet compensated for lower levels of EPA in minor allele homozygotes. Taken together, substitution of dietary fats common to WD with both HOCO and FXCO represents an effective strategy to target several biomarkers for CVD risk reduction.
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Raza, G. S. (Ghulam Shere). "The role of dietary fibers in metabolic diseases." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526223032.
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Abstract Obesity and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, and musculoskeletal disorders. In prevention, the major goal is to limit calorie consumption and to reduce LDL-C and triglyceride. Dietary fiber (DF) intake is inversely related to body weight gain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and CVD. This thesis investigated the effects of the DFs polydextrose (PDX) and lignin-rich insoluble residue (INS) from brewer’s spent grain (BSG) on lipid metabolism and obesity in diet-induced obese mice. In study 1, PDX was investigated on lipid metabolism in Western-diet-fed mice. We found that PDX reduced fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride, food intake, and increased bacteria such as Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium and Coriobacteriaceae in the gut. These changes in the gut microbiota with PDX were associated with downregulation of the genes Fiaf, Dgat1 and Cd36, and upregulation of Fxr in the intestine. We suggest that the hypolipidemic effect of PDX is exerted via diet-induced modification of gut microbiota and gene expression. In study II, INS from BSG was studied for its degradation products in mice fed with a fiber-deficient diet. We found that INS was partially degraded by gut microbiota and contributed to the phenolic pool. The major metabolite in mouse urine was 4-methylcatechol, a degradation product of lignin. In study III, the effects of INS from BSG were studied on lipid metabolism and obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice. INS showed hypocholesterolemic effects, reduced body weight and hepatic steatosis, and increased bacterial diversity, Clostridium leptum, and Bacteroides. INS increased bile acid excretion in the feces and upregulated the genes Srebp2, Hmgcr, Ldlr, Cyp7a1, Pparα, Fxr and Pxr in the liver. The present results suggest that INS from BSG induced beneficial systemic changes via bile acid and gut microbiota. In study IV, PDX was investigated for food intake and appetite-related parameters in healthy and overweight females in an acute study. A midmorning preload of 12.5 g PDX reduced hunger by 31.4% during satiation period while there was no significant change in energy intake compared to placebo. In addition, PDX lowered plasma insulin significantly, by 15.7%, and increased GLP-1 by 39.9%. PDX may reduce appetite, but a larger trial would be neededTiivistelmä Liikalihavuus ja rasvatasapainon häiriöt ovat riskitekijöitä sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien, tyypin 2 diabeteksen, syövän sekä luuston ja lihaksiston sairauksien kehittymiseen. Näiden sairauksien ehkäisyssä pääasiallisena tavoitteena on vähentää energiansaantia, LDL-kolesterolia ja triglyseridejä. Ruoan ravintokuitujen saannin on osoitettu olevan yhteydessä painon ja plasman rasvatasojen laskuun sekä sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vähenemiseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ravintokuitu polydekstroosin (PDX) ja viljanjyvien prosessoinnista ylijäävän (BSG, brewer’s spent grain) ligniinipitoisen liukenemattoman sivutuotteen (INS) merkitystä rasva-aineenvaihduntaan ja aineenvaihduntasairauksiin liikalihavilla hiirillä. Tutkimuksessa I tarkasteltiin ravintokuitu PDX:n vaikutusta rasvojen aineenvaihduntaan länsimaisella ruokavaliolla ruokituilla hiirillä. Tutkimus osoitti, että ruokavalioon lisätty PDX alensi plasman kolesteroli- ja triglyseriditasoja paastossa sekä hillitsi ravinnonottoa ja lisäsi Allobaculum-, Bifidobacterium- ja Coriobacteriaceae-suolistobaktereja. Nämä suolistomikrobiston muutokset ovat yhteydessä Fiaf, Dgat1 ja Cd36 -geenien ilmentymistasojen laskuun ja Fxr -geenin ilmentymistason nousuun PDX-lisäruokittujen hiirien suolistossa. PDX:n hypolipideeminen vaikutus näyttäisi välittyvän ruokavaliosta johtuvan suoliston geenien ilmentymisen ja suolistomikrobiston muuttumisen kautta. Tutkimuksessa II tarkasteltiin runsaasti ligniiniä sisältävän INS:n hajoamistuotteiden vaikutusta aineenvaihduntaan hiirillä, joiden ruokavaliossa on vähemmän kuitua. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että suolistomikrobit hajottivat ravintokuitu INS:n osittain fenoliyhdisteiksi verenkiertoon. INS lisäsi virtsassa 4-metyylikatekolin määrää, joka on ligniinin hajoamistuote. Tutkimuksessa III tarkasteltiin INS-lisäyksen vaikutusta rasva-aineenvaihduntaan ja liikalihavuuteen korkearasvapitoisella ruokavaliolla ruokituilla hiirillä. Tulokset osoittivat, että INS-lisäys ruokavalioon alensi kolesterolia ja eläimen painoa sekä vähensi maksan rasvoittumista ja lisäsi vallitsevien bakteerien monimuotoisuutta, Clostridium leptum- ja Bacteroides -bakteereja. INS lisäsi sappihappojen erittymistä ulosteeseen ja Srebp2, Hmgcr, Ldlr, Cyp7a1, Pparα, Fxr ja Pxr -geenien ilmentymistä maksassa. Tuloksemme osoittivat, että BSG-ylijäämätuotteesta saatu ligniinipitoinen INS sai aikaan hyödyllisiä systeemisiä vaikutuksia suoliston mikrobiston ja sappihappojen muutosten kautta. Tutkimuksessa IV tarkasteltiin PDX:n vaikutusta ravinnonottoon ja ruokahaluun vaikuttaviin muuttujiin normaalipainoisilla ja liikalihavilla naisilla akuutissa tutkimuksessa. Tulosten mukaan ravintokuitu PDX:n nauttiminen aamiaisella vähensi näläntunnetta (31,4 %) seuraavalla aterioinnilla, kun taas plasebolla ei ollut vaikutusta. Lisäksi PDX alensi merkitsevästi insuliinitasoa (15,7 %) ja nosti GLP-1-tasoa (39,9 %). PDX vaikuttaisi vähentävän ruokahalua, mutta lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan
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Viel, Émilie 1975. "Inflammatory responses in the vascular wall are up-regulated in hypertension and contribute to cardiovascular disease." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115884.
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Hypertension is the number one cause of death worldwide. Low-grade inflammation has been identified as one of the mechanisms contributing to blood pressure elevation and remodeling of the vasculature in hypertension. Mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation and hypertension remain elusive. Vasoactive peptides such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), oxidative stress and infiltration of immune cells are increased in cardiovascular tissues of hypertensive individuals. Since the vasculature is a major regulator of blood pressure levels, the hypothesis has been proposed that vascular inflammatory responses contribute to development of hypertension.Objectives of this thesis were 1) to investigate the role of T cells in development of vascular inflammation observed in genetically hypertensive rats, 2) to identify vascular sources of reactive oxygen species production in mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension and 3) to study the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activators on vascular pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in Ang II-induced hypertension.
The first study that is part of this thesis shows that the transfer of chromosome 2 from normotensive to hypertensive rats reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, expression of adhesion molecules and infiltration of T cells in aorta as well as resulting in lower blood pressure levels. These effects are accompanied by increased regulatory T cell mediators. We discovered that regulatory T cells are regulated by chromosome 2 and may be responsible for reducing inflammatory responses in hypertensive rats.
The second study of this thesis demonstrates in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats that superoxide (·O2-) production originates in part from xanthine oxidase activity induced by the ET-1 system and from mitochondrial sources, particularly complex II of the respiratory chain. We thus have uncovered two sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can stimulate inflammatory responses in hypertension, since vascular ·O 2- production in this model was shown to induce vascular inflammation.
The third study of the thesis shows that activators of PPAR-gamma reduce blood pressure levels and signaling pathways including Akt/PKB, SHIP2, ERK1/2, 4E-BP1 in aorta and resistance arteries in Ang II-induced hypertension. PPARy acts as an anti-inflammatory transcription factor, and the present study suggests that Ang II down-regulates PPAR-gamma activity to exert its pro-inflammatory effects.
In conclusion, by targeting inflammatory mediators, it may be possible to reduce blood pressure levels in hypertensive animals. This suggests that inflammatory responses may play a crucial role in development of high blood pressure.
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Figueiredo, Maria Paula Ferreira de [UNESP]. "Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio intervalado periodizado sobre os parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e clínicos em portadores de síndrome metabólica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138865.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Introdução: Pesquisas retratam a importância do exercício físico para a população como prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica (SMet). Dentre os tipos de treinamento, destaca-se o aeróbio intervalado (TAI) como benéfico na melhora dos indicadores da SMet, entretanto, novas abordagens no tocante às dinâmicas de cargas e nos métodos aplicados para esta população, merecem atenção. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do TAI periodizado sobre os parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e clínicos em participantes sedentários portadores de síndrome metabólica. Métodos: O estudo consistiu de 31 participantes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 35 e 60 anos, sedentários, com diagnostico de SMet, os quais foram randomizados em dois grupos, um exposto ao TAI periodizado (n=18) e outro controle (n=12) sem intervenção. O grupo TAI periodizado foi submetido à periodização por 16 semanas, três vezes por semana, com intervalos de recuperação entre 24 e 72h totalizando 39 sessões de treino e nove sessões recuperativas. A dinâmica de carga foi dividida em etapas de acordo com três níveis de intensidade: leve, moderada e alta. Antes e após o treinamento foram realizadas avaliações para análise da estatura, impedância bioelétrica corporal, circunferências corporais por fita métrica, perfil lipídico e glicemia em jejum de 12 horas, pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca (FC) em repouso. Análise estatística: Para análise estatística foi utilizado 5% de significância. Foi realizada análise de variância com ajuste por sexo e idade (Ancova) e correlação de Sperman das variáveis antropométricas com bioquímicas e clínicas. Resultados: Embora sem efeitos sobre o diagnóstico de SMet, os resultados mostram que houve elevada relevância clínica do TAI periodizado na redução de massa corpórea, IMC e circunferências corporais, com efeito moderado sobre a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). No grupo controle houve aumento moderado da glicemia e massa gorda, e elevado da FC. As demais variáveis não tiveram significância estatística. Conclusão: O TAI não foi suficiente para mudar o diagnóstico de SMet nos participantes, porém obteve elevado efeito na redução de massa corpórea, IMC e circunferências corporais, moderado na PAD e caráter de manutenção sobre a massa gorda, glicemia, colesterol total, LDL, VLDL e FC.
Introduction: Research shows the importance of exercise for the population as prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Among the types of training, there is aerobic interval (AIT) as beneficial in improving the MetS indicators, however, new approaches with regard to dynamic loads and methods applied to this population, deserve attention. Objective: To analyze the effects of periodized TAI on anthropometric, biochemical and clinical parameters in sedentary individuals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study consisted of 31 participants of both sexes aged between 35 and 60 years, sedentary, with diagnosis of MetS, which were randomized into two groups, one exposed to TAI periodized (n = 18) and a control (n = 12) without intervention. The periodized TAI group underwent periodization for 16 weeks, three times a week, with recovery intervals between 24 and 72 hours totaling 39 training sessions and nine recuperative sessions. The load dynamics was divided into stages according to three levels of intensity: mild, moderate and high. Before and after training evaluations were performed for analysis of height, body bioelectrical impedance, body circumferences by tape measure, lipid profile and fasting glucose 12 hours, blood pressure and heart rate (HR) at rest. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using a 5% significance. We performed analysis of variance with adjustment for sex and age (ANCOVA) and Spearman correlation of anthropometric variables with clinical and biochemical. Results: Although no effect on the diagnosis of MetS, the results show that there was a high clinical relevance of TAI periodized in reducing body mass, BMI and body circumferences, with moderate effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In the control group there was a moderate increase in blood glucose and fat mass, and high HR. The other variables were not statistically significant. Conclusion: TAI periodized was not enough to change the diagnosis of MetS in participating, but got high effect in reducing body mass, BMI and body, moderate in DBP and maintaining character on fat mass, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and FC.
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Câmara, Thalita de Albuquerque Véras. "IMPACTO DA CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA NA URICEMIA E NOS INDICADORES DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR EM MULHERES COM SÍNDROME METABÓLICA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1196.
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Previous issue date: 2014-11-26Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction: The association between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk factors, especially the metabolic syndrome and his components, has been widely documented. Despite of don t be a treatment directed to hyperuricemia, has been verified that, the bariatric surgery allowed to reach improvements on the acid uric metabolism. Methodology: It was accomplished an retrospective, observational, coorte and analytic study, through secondary data , women s with diagnosed metabolic syndrome according to the criterions of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), 2001, underwent to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass mixed technique, in the period of january of 2012 to january of 2014. Of 391 medical records only 84 attempted to the selected sample criterions. It was collected the plasmatic acid uric values, the syndrome metabolic components and otters cardiovascular risk factors. Results: It was noticed a high prevalence of young adult woman s (27 to 34 years), 38,1% (32) , mean age to 33,5±10,1 years, with the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) levels to 39,3±4,3 Kg/m², degree II of obesity occurred with more often in 47,6% (40). The mean of triglycerides (TG) (202,1±92,8 mg/dL), diabetes glucose plasma (135,3±42,6 mg/dL), diastolic e systolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (126,3± 30,5 mg/dL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) (41,2±19,2 mg/dL) all this data demonstrated an increase when the uric acid levels was ≥ 6 mg/dL, however there was a significant difference only to the variables triglycerides (p=0,0435) , of the hypertensives patients diastolic blood pressure (p=0,0413), and VLDL-c (p=0,0357). The only variable that was positively and significantly correlated (p =0,0026) with the uric acid was the systolic blood pressure, however demonstrated a weak correlation (r=0,3249). And those who presented uric acid level < 6mg/dL and 3, 4 e 5 aggregation of the metabolic syndrome components, the frequency was 100% (43), 77, 8% (21) and 35, 7% (5), respectively, demonstrating reduction of the frequency according with the inclusion of one more syndrome metabolic criteria. And on the cutoff ≥ 6mg/dL, that define hyperuricemia, occurred the opposite, and on the aggregation 4 and 5 the frequency was 22, 2% (6) and 66, 3% (9), and none of the participant with hyperuricemia on the aggregation 3. Conclusion: Surgery for Gastric Bypass Roux-Y was able to reduce the levels of uric acid and cardiometabolic control, including the metabolic syndrome.
Introdução: A associação entre os níveis de ácido úrico e fatores de risco cardiovascular, especialmente, na síndrome metabólica e com seus componentes tem sido amplamente documentada. Apesar de não ser um tratamento dirigido à hiperuricemia, tem sido verificado que a cirurgia bariátrica permite alcançar uma melhoria no metabolismo do ácido úrico. Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica na uricemia e nos indicadores de risco cardiovascular, e associação, em mulheres com síndrome metabólica. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, observacional do tipo coorte e analítico com coleta de dados secundários de mulheres com Síndrome Metabólica, diagnosticadas de acordo com os critérios do Programa Nacional de Educação sobre Colesterol, ligado ao III Painel de Tratamento do Adulto (NCEP-ATP III), 2001, submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica pela técnica mista do bypass gástrico em Y de Roux, no período de janeiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2014. De 391 prontuários, apenas 84 atenderam aos critérios de seleção da amostra. Foram coletados valores de ácido úrico plasmático, componentes da síndrome metabólica e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular. Resultados: Notou-se elevada prevalência de mulheres adultas jovens (faixa de 27 a 34 anos), 38,1% (32), média de idade de 33,5±10,1 anos, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) com média de 39,3±4,3kg/m² e grau II de obesidade foi o mais frequente, 47,6% (40). Demonstrou-se que as médias de triglicerídeos (202,1±92,8 mg/dL), glicemia das diabéticas (135,3±42,6 mg/dL), pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) (126,3±30,5 mg/dL), e lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-c) (41,2±19,2 mg/dL) foram mais elevadas quando os níveis de ácido úrico estavam ≥ 6mg/dL, no entanto, houve diferença significativa apenas para as variáveis triglicerídeos (p=0,0435), pressão arterial diastólica das hipertensas (p=0,0413) e VLDL-c (p=0,0357). E, aquelas que apresentaram níveis de ácido úrico < 6mg/dL e aglomerado 3, 4 e 5 de componentes da SM, a frequência foi de 100% (43), 77,8% (21) e 35,7% (5), respectivamente, mostrando redução da frequência de acordo com a inclusão de mais um critério da síndrome metabólica. No ponto de corte ≥ 6 mg/dl, que determina a hiperuricemia, ocorreu o inverso, no aglomerado 4 e 5 a frequência foi de 22,2% (6) e 64,3% (9), e nenhuma participante com hiperuricemia no aglomerado 3. Conclusão: A cirurgia do bypass gástrico em Y de Roux foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de ácido úrico e controle cardiometabolico, incluindo a Síndrome Metabólica.
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Soares, André Luis Velloso Caúla. "Associação entre periodontite crônica e marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2564.
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Pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado que a periodontite pode modificar a concentração sanguínea de uma série de tipos celulares e substâncias bioquímicas, que são considerados fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a associação entre a periodontite crônica e marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular. No Estudo I foram examinados 100 pacientes aparentemente saudáveis sistemicamente, sendo 66 portadores de periodontite crônica e 34 pacientes controle, sem doença periodontal. Exames periodontais e exames sanguíneos foram realizados, e obtidas as espessuras das camadas íntima-média (IMT) da artéria carótida. No Estudo II, 66 pacientes participantes do Estudo I, diagnosticados com periodontite crônica, foram aleatoriamente submetidos a tratamento periodontal imediato (Grupo Teste, n=33) ou tratamento periodontal retardado (Grupo Controle, n=33). Os dados colhidos no Estudo I foram registrados como pré-tratamento (T0). Novos exames clínicos periodontais e laboratoriais foram realizados no período de 2 meses (T2) e 6 meses (T6) após os exames iniciais (Grupo Controle) ou conclusão do tratamento periodontal (Grupo Teste). Os dados colhidos foram analisados através de testes estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle, apresentaram valores médios significativamente mais elevados na contagem total de hemácias (p<0,001), hemoglobina (p<0,001), hematócrito (p<0,001), contagem de plaquetas (p=0,019), velocidade de hemossedimentação (p<0,001), proteína C-reativa (p<0,001). Os níveis de HDL-colesterol foram significativamente mais baixos nos pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle (p<0,001). As camadas íntima-média da parede da artéria carótida esquerda foram significativamente mais espessas nos pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle (p=0,049). Os indíviduos com periodontite crônica também apresentaram 3,26 vezes mais chances de possuir Síndrome Metabólica do que aqueles indivíduos que não possuem doença peridontal (IC 95%: 1,8-5,9). No Estudo II, quando comparados os valores médios dos dados hematológicos após tratamento, no grupo teste, foi possível observar melhora estatisticamente significativa, entre T0/T2, dos valores de VHS e triglicerídeos (p=0,002; p=0,004; respectivamente). Redução nos valores médios da contagem total de leucócitos, VHS, CRP, transaminase glutâmico pirúvica, colesterol total e triglicerídeos, entre T0/T6, foi verificada no grupo teste pós-tratamento (p=0,028; p<0,001; p<0,001; p=0,010; p<0,001; p=0,015, respectivamente). Os resultados indicaram que a periodontite crônica severa está associada com níveis elevados de marcadores da inflamação e trombogênese, além de alterações no perfil lipídico em indivíduos sistemicamente saudáveis, podendo atuar como possível fator de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares. O tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico mostrou-se eficaz na redução dos níveis dos marcadores sistêmicos da inflamação e na melhora do perfil lipídico em indivíduos com doença periodontal severa, consequentemente, reduzindo o risco de doenças cardiovasculares.Recent studies have shown that periodontitis seems to modify the blood concentration of a range of cell types and biochemical substances, which are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to evaluate the association between periodontitis and risk markers for cardiovascular disease. In the Study I, 100 patients apparently healthy were examined, being 66 patients diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis and 34 control patients without periodontal disease. Periodontal examinations and blood samples were performed. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were obtained. In the Study II, 66 patients participating in the Study I, diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, were randomly submitted to immediate periodontal treatment (test group, n=33) or delayed periodontal treatment (control group, n=33). The data collected in Study I were recorded as pre-treatment (T0). Further periodontal and laboratory examinations were performed in the period of 2 months (T2) and 6 months (T6) after the initial examination (control group) or completion of periodontal treatment (Test Group). The data collected were analyzed using statistical tests. The results demonstrated that patients with chronic periodontitis when compared with the control group showed significantly higher values in the total count of red blood cells (p<0.001), hemoglobin (p<0.001), hematocrit (p<0.001), platelet count (p=0.019), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, p<0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP, p<0.001). The levels of HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in patients with chronic periodontitis when compared with the control group (p<0.001). The layers of the intima-media wall of the left carotid artery was significantly thicker in patients with chronic periodontitis when compared with the control group (p=0.049). Individuals with chronic periodontitis also had 3.26 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than individuals who do not have peridontal disease (CI 95%: 1.8-5.9). In Study II, compared the mean values of hematological data after treatment in the test group, it was possible to observe statistically significant improvement from T0/T2, in the values of ESR and triglycerides (p=0.002, p=0.004, respectively). Reduction in the average values of total leukocyte count, ESR, CRP, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total cholesterol and triglycerides, between T0/T6 was observed in the test group after treatment (p=0.028, p<0.001 p<0.001, p=0.010 p<0.001, p=0.015, respectively). The results indicated that, in the population studied and with the methodology used, the severe chronic periodontitis is associated with high levels of markers of inflammation and trombogenesis, and changes in lipid profile in systemically healthy individuals, can act as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The non-surgical periodontal treatment was effective in reducing the levels of markers of systemic inflammation and improves the lipid profile in subjects with severe periodontal disease, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Karjalainen, A. (Anna). "Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in hysterectomized postmenopausal women." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514272404.
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Abstract
Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been associated with favorable effects on risk factors for atherosclerosis. In observational studies ERT was also suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women, but the cardioprotective role of estrogen has been challenged after negative results in randomized trials. However, the mechanisms of estrogen action in atherosclerosis development are only partially known.
In order to investigate the regulation of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in postmenopausal women and the effects of ERT on cholesterol and glucose metabolism and blood pressure, 79 hysterectomized, non-diabetic postmenopausal women were randomized in a double-blind, double-dummy study to receive either peroral estradiol valerate (2 mg/day) or transdermal 17β-estradiol gel (1 mg estradiol/day) for six months.
At baseline the level of LDL cholesterol was related to body mass index, the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and the production of LDL apolipoprotein B (apo B), but not to cholesterol absorption efficiency. Both peroral and transdermal ERT decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides increased only in the peroral group. The LDL-lowering response was related to changes in estrogen levels, which presumably enhance LDL receptor activity shown as an increase in FCR for LDL apo B. In contrast, the determined genetic factors, apo E phenotype, EcoRI and XbaI polymorphisms of the apo B gene and polymorphism of 7α-hydroxylase gene, were not significant in regulation of LDL cholesterol, neither did they modify the response of ERT in these postmenopausal women.
Similar outcomes were observed with both peroral and transdermal ERT as regards glucose metabolism and blood pressure. The overall effect of ERT on glucose tolerance was found to be neutral. Blood pressure decreased among non-hypertensive subjects on both estrogens, which could be related, at least in part, to the alterations in vasoactive peptides.
The data of the present study suggest an overall favorable effect of both peroral and transdermal estrogen on common cardiovascular risk factors. However, the clinical significance of these findings in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases needs to be proven in long-term, randomized trials.
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Reis, Bruna Zavarize. "Expressão de microRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso suplementadas com castanha-do-brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-09112018-095807/.
Full textAbstract:
O aumento excessivo de peso corporal acompanhado do acúmulo de gordura visceral eleva o risco de morbidade por hipertensão, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doença cardiovascular (DCV). O estresse oxidativo e a inflamação desempenham papel etiológico nestas comorbidades. Neste contexto, os microRNA (miRNA) atuam na regulação pós-transcricional no intuito de manter a homeostase celular sob condições de estresse fisiológico. A expressão de miRNA pode ser modulada por nutrientes e compostos bioativos provenientes da alimentação, atuando sobre processos inflamatórios, reduzindo o risco e/ou atenuando a progressão das DCV. A castanha-do-brasil é a maior fonte alimentar de selênio, sendo considerada um alimento com potencial função antioxidante podendo ser utilizado em pacientes com elevado risco cardiovascular. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão de microRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso antes e após o consumo da castanha-do-brasil. Para isso, foram selecionadas 72 mulheres com excesso de peso que frequentam o serviço de endocrinologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). As participantes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção (grupo Brazil Nut - BN), que consumiu uma unidade de castanha-do-brasil durante 60 dias, e grupo controle (CO), que não recebeu intervenção durante o mesmo período. Ao início e ao final da intervenção foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e coleta de sangue. Foram incluídas no estudo 54 participantes: 29 do grupo BN e 25 do grupo CO. Nenhuma das variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas apresentou variação significativa entre os grupos durante o período de intervenção. Conforme esperado, apenas o grupo BN apresentou um aumento significativo do selênio plasmático e eritrocitário durante o período de intervenção (> 200%; P<0,001). Foram avaliados 25 miRNA plasmáticos antes e após a intervenção. Dois miRNA (miR-454-3p e miR-584-5p) apresentaram aumento significativo (fold change maior que 2,2; P<0,05) após a ingestão de castanha-do-brasil. A análise dos seus possíveis alvos pelo software Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®, Qiagen) apontou que ambos estão relacionados com a via de ativação do VDR/RXR, podendo apresentar efeitos sobre a homeostase do cálcio, regulação do crescimento e função imune. O miR-454-3p apresentou, ainda, correlação positiva com a variação do selênio plasmático (r=0,432; P=0,005) e diversos miRNA apesentaram correlação significativa com parâmetros relacionados à síndrome metabólica e à resistência à insulina. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o consumo da castanha-do-brasil por 60 dias é capaz de modular a expressão de miRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso, particularmente do miR-454-3p e do miR-584-5p, podendo estes serem utilizados como possíveis biomarcadores de ingestão e auxiliar, ainda, no entendimento dos mecanismos pelos quais o selênio exerce seu efeito na saúde dessa população.Excessive body weight gain accompanied by visceral fat accumulation raises the morbidity risk due to hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Oxidative stress and inflammation play etiological role in these comorbidities. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) act in post-transcriptional regulation in order to maintain cellular homeostasis under physiological stress. MicroRNAs expression can be modulated by nutrients and bioactive compounds from the diet, acting on inflammatory processes, reducing the risk and/or attenuating the progression of CVD. Brazil nut is the major food source of selenium, being considered a food with potential antioxidant function to be used in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of circulating miRNAs in overweight and obese women before and after Brazil nuts intake. Thus, we selected 72 overweight and obese women recruited at Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism from the Clinical Hospital (School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: intervention group (Brazil Nut - BN group), which consumed one Brazil nut for 60 days, and control group (CO), which received no intervention during the same period. At the baseline and at the end of the intervention were performed anthropometric assessments and blood collection. The study included 54 participants: 29 from the BN group and 25 from the CO group. None of the anthropometric and biochemical variables presented significant variation between the groups during the intervention period. As expected, only the BN group showed a significant increase in plasma and erythrocyte selenium during the intervention period (> 200%; P<0.001). We evaluated 25 circulating miRNAs before and after the intervention. Two miRNAs (miR-454-3p and miR-584-5p) presented a significant increase (fold change greater than 2.2; P <0.05) after Brazil nuts intake. The analysis of potential targets by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA®, Qiagen) indicated that both are related to the VDR/RXR activation pathway, and may have effects on calcium homeostasis, growth regulation and immune function. Furthermore, miR-454-3p presented a positive correlation with plasma selenium (r = 0.432, P = 0.005) and several miRNAs showed a significant correlation with parameters related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Thus, we conclude that Brazil nut inatke for 60 days is capable of modulating circulating miRNAs in overweight and obese women, particularly miR-454-3p and miR-584-5p, and these may be used as possible biomarkers of intake and help to understand the mechanisms by which selenium exerts its effect on health of this population.
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Alomaim, Haya. "Effects of Dietary Calcium on Body Composition and Lipid Metabolism in Rats." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37602.
Full textAbstract:
Calcium (Ca) intakes may affect cardiovascular disease risk by altering body weight/fat and serum lipid profile, but results have been inconsistent and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Thus, the effects of dietary Ca on body composition and lipid metabolism were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fed high-fat, high-energy diets containing (g/kg) low (0.75Ca, 0.86 ± 0.05; 2Ca, 2.26 ± 0.02), normal (5Ca, 5.55 ± 0.08) or high (10Ca,11.03 ± 0.17; 20Ca, 21.79 ± 0.15) Ca for 10 weeks. At the end of the study the 0.75Ca group had lower (p < 0.05) body weight and fat mass compared to other groups. Rats fed the high Ca diets had lower serum total and LDL cholesterol compared to rats fed normal or low Ca. Liver total
cholesterol was lower in rats fed high compared to low Ca. In general, liver mRNA expression of the LDLR and genes involved in cholesterol synthesis (HMGCR and HMGCS1), fatty acid oxidation (CPT2) and cholesterol esterification (ACAT2) were higher in rats fed higher Ca.
Apparent digestibility of total trans, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in rats fed the high compared to the low Ca diets, but the differences were greatest for trans and saturated fatty acids. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and total bile acids was highest in rats fed the 20Ca diet. The results suggest little effect of dietary Ca on body composition unless Ca intakes are very low. Decreased bile acid reabsorption and reduced absorption of neutral
sterols and trans and saturated fatty acids may contribute to the improved serum lipid profile in rats fed higher Ca.
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Zarini, Gustavo G. "The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Kidney Function and Cardiovascular Disease Markers among Hispanics and African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3376.
Full textAbstract:
Serum vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and elevated blood pressure are important health concerns especially among minorities with type 2 diabetes. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation (cholecalciferol) at 6,000 IU/day (d) vs. 4,000 IU/d on kidney function and cardiovascular disease markers among Hispanics and African Americans with type 2 diabetes and hypovitaminosis D (/ml) was evaluated. Subjects (n=63) were recruited from two clinics in Miami-Dade County, FL. Fasting venous blood and fresh, single-voided first morning urine samples were collected from each participant by a certified phlebotomist and analyzed by Solstas Lab Partners, Davie, FL. Linear mixed models were used to compare the interaction between time and intervention. Least Significant Difference (LSD) comparisons were used to detect significant differences within and between 4,000 IU/d and 6,000 IU/d groups from baseline, 3 and 6 months. In the 4,000 IU/d and 6,000 IU/d groups, a significant increase in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were observed from baseline [(19.9±1.1 ng/mL) and (21.4±1.3 ng/mL)] to 3 months [(36.1±2.2 ng/mL, p3 longer than 6 months may be needed to determine sustained long term effects in kidney and cardiovascular disease markers. Further research could provide more information for translation of these findings into recommendations for individuals with CKD, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation as complementary therapy for CKD and blood pressure in minority and other ethnic groups needs further investigation in larger and longer duration randomized controlled trials.