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Wijnen, Joseph Anna Guillaume. "Exercise and cardiovascular risk reduction." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6547.
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Rognmo, Øivind. "High-intensity aerobic exercise and cardiovascular health." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-5289.
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Regelmessig fysisk aktivitet bedrer den fysiske formen, og er dokumentert å være en viktig bidragsyter med tanke på å redusere forekomsten av sykdom og dødelighet. Det maksimale oksygenopptaket, som er det beste målet på arbeidskapasitet, er vist å være en svært sterk indikator på dødelighet både hos friske og hos pasienter med hjerte-karsykdom. Regelmessig utholdenhetstrening for å øke maksimalt oksygenopptak er derfor anbefalt for bedret helse og økt livslengde. Selv om dette er etablert kunnskap, vet man lite om hvilken intensitet kondisjonstreningen bør gjennomføres med for å oppnå best mulig helsegevinst. Hensikten med denne doktorgradsavhandlingen var derfor å kartlegge hvilken intensitet i kondisjonstreningen som gir best effekt med tanke på å øke det maksimale oksygenopptaket blant pasienter med koronarsykdom. Vi ønsket også å studere hvorvidt intensiteten er viktig for å bedre fysisk form og redusere risikofaktorer for hjerte-karsykdom hos pasienter med metabolsk syndrom, som har en sterk opphopning av disse risikofaktorene. Derfor sammenliknet vi aerob intervalltrening med høy intensitet (80-90 % av maksimalt oksygenopptak) med kontinuerlig kondisjonstrening med moderat intensitet (50-60 % av maksimalt oksygenopptak) der total treningsmengde var lik. Videre ønsket vi å undersøke hvordan blodårenes funksjon og elastisitet ble påvirket av ulik type trening, både blant unge trente og utrente, og blant pasienter med metabolsk syndrom. Resultatene viste at trening med høy intensitet ga bedre effekter enn moderat intensitet for å bedre aerob kapasitet og redusere kjente risikofaktorer forbundet med hjerte-karsykdom, inkludert blodårefunksjonen. Avhandlingen kan derfor bidra med ny innsikt med tanke på bruk av aerob intervalltrening for mer effektivt å bedre kondisjonen og dermed helsen, både blant hjertesyke og hos individer med forhøyet risiko for fremtidig hjerte-karsykdom
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Jones, Helen. "Diurnal variation in post-exercise cardiovascular function." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446421.
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Stone, Whitley J. "Twenty-Four Hour Post-Exercise Hypotension Following Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance Exercise." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1350.
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Despite pharmacological advances, exercise remains a cost effective preventative for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by acutely and chronically lowering systolic blood pressure (SBP). Although numerous studies have investigated aerobic and resistance training’s role in eliciting an acute SBP response termed post-exercise hypotension (PEH), few researchers have investigated how performing both cardiovascular and weight training in a single session (concurrent training) or how different prescriptions for order of exercise modality will elicit this PEH response; no known studies have attempted altering the order of exercise types within each session. This study seeks to determine if the order of exercise type will affect a PEH response following concurrent exercise. Participants (n=13), considered low risk for cardiovascular disease participated in a control session, graded exercise test (GXT) and two concurrent sessions, with concurrent sessions counterbalanced for order of exercise mode. Recovery SBP was analyzed in the laboratory for sixty minutes and for twenty-four hours thereafter using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor. All exercise conditions elicited a depression in SBP; however, only the cardiovascular-weight training (CVWT) concurrent session elicited PEH (p = 0.05). However, there were no differences in SBP attenuation between conditions. There was no main effect for PEH between conditions during twenty-four hour assessment. With no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of PEH twenty-four hours after exercise, it may be determined that the order of exercise does not vi affect the preventative attributes of aerobic and resistance exercise in regards to acute SBP response. Furthermore, only exercise involving resistance training (CVWT) provoked PEH during the first 60 minutes; therefore it may be argued that individuals should pair cardiovascular exercise with weight training in order to elicit the greatest cardiovascular benefits. Future studies should consider evaluating the effect of time of day and PEH following concurrent exercise to determine if pairing exercise modalities will at different times will affect the blood pressure response.
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Björklund, Glenn. "Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses During Variable Intensity Exercise." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11744.
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Previous research investigating endurance sports from a physiological perspectivehas mainly used constant or graded exercise protocols, although the nature ofsports like cross-country skiing and road cycling leads to continuous variations inworkload. Current knowledge is thus limited as regards physiological responses tovariations in exercise intensity. Therefore, the overall objective of the present thesiswas to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic responses to fluctuations inexercise intensity during exercise. The thesis is based on four studies (Studies I-IV);the first two studies use a variable intensity protocol with cardiorespiratory andblood measurements during cycling (Study I) and diagonal skiing (Study II). InStudy III one-legged exercise was used to investigate muscle blood flow duringvariable intensity exercise using PET scanning, and Study IV was performed toinvestigate the transition from high to low exercise intensity in diagonal skiing,with both physiological and biomechanical measurements. The current thesisdemonstrates that the reduction in blood lactate concentration after high-intensityworkloads is an important performance characteristic of prolonged variableintensity exercise while cycling and diagonal skiing (Studies I-II). Furthermore,during diagonal skiing, superior blood lactate recovery was associated with a highaerobic power (VO2max) (Study II). Respiratory variables such as VE/VO2, VE/VCO2and RER recovered independently of VO2max and did not reflect the blood lactate oracid base levels during variable intensity exercise during either cycling or diagonalskiing (Studies I-II). There was an upward drift in HR over time, but not inpulmonary VO2, with variable intensity exercise during both prolonged cyclingand diagonal skiing. As a result, the linear HR-VO2 relationship that wasestablished with a graded protocol was not present during variable intensityexercise (Studies I-II). In Study III, blood flow heterogeneity during one-leggedexercise increased when the exercise intensity decreased, but remained unchangedbetween the high intensity workloads. Furthermore, there was an excessiveincrease in muscular VO2 in the consecutive high-intensity workloads, mainlyexplained by increased O2 extraction, as O2 delivery and blood flow remainedunchanged. In diagonal skiing (Study IV) the arms had a lower O2 extraction thanthe legs, which could partly be explained by their longer contact phase along withmuch higher muscle activation. Furthermore, in Study IV, the O2 extraction in botharms and legs was at the upper limit during the high intensity workload with nofurther margin for increase. This could explain why no excessive increase inpulmonary VO2 occurred during diagonal skiing (Study II), as increased O2extraction is suggested to be the main reason for this excessive increase in VO2(Study III).
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Reynolds, Linda J. "Acute post-exercise cardiovascular responses in healthy participants." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2013. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/942/.
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The overall aim of this project was to investigate the acute cardiovascular post-exercise response in healthy individuals. The aim of the first study was to establish the within day and between day reproducibility of supine and tilt baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) utilising time (sequence) and spectral indices in 46 healthy adult males employing three repeat measures; baseline, + 60 min and + 24 h. Reproducibility was assessed by the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) to assess the extent of agreement and an alternative approach of estimating the technical error of the measurement (TEM) to assess reproducibility was also undertaken. The LOA indicated same day reproducibility was marginally better than between day reproducibility for spectral parameters while between day reproducibility was marginally better than same day reproducibility for sequence parameters with reproducibility markedly improved across all BRS outcome measures during tilt. Precision expressed by TEM for all spectral outcomes was good in both supine and tilt BRS (< 6 %) although precision was lower, but acceptable, for sequence BRS outcomes in both positions (< 11%). Thus, all BRS outcome measures and the tilt procedure were incorporated into the exercise study. The aim of the second study was to compare the response of supine and tilt BRS following a single bout of moderate intensity exercise and high intensity exercise. Further details are given in the full abstract above.
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Chafin, Sky. "Reducing cardiovascular arousal to psychological stress with brief physical exercise." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3258390.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 25, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-121).
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Ten, Eyck Laura Lea. "Effects of directed thinking on exercise and cardiovascular fitness." Fort Worth, Tex. : Texas Christian University, 2006. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-11132006-141900/unrestricted/teneyck.pdf.
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Brett, Sally Emma. "Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on exercise blood pressure." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341138.
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Hemsley, A. G. "A study of exercise, cardiovascular neural control & ageing." Thesis, Exeter and Plymouth Peninsula Medical School, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.700612.
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Hemsley, Anthony Graham. "A study of exercise, cardiovascular neural controling and ageing." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414845.
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Wang, Lu Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling of human cardiovascular system during exercise." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40598.
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The hypothesis in this dissertation is that the mathematical and physiological models can be developed to estimate cardiac output and metabolic demand of exercising individual from simple non-invasive physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiration, working rate and body movement (using multiple triaxial accelerometers). The models developed could be incorporated as part of a closed loop control system for cardiac pacemaker and/or heart assist devices. A reliable measurement system has been developed to measure cardiac output, heart rate, body movement and respiratory variables and to process and analyze the data coming from the measurements. Analyzing, designing and modelling of the measurement system have also been conducted. The foremost is to model the mixing chamber based gas measurement system and the other is to analyze and compensate the orientation error of triaxial accelerometers on the assessment of energy expenditure. Two mathematical models and one physiological model have been developed in the current research. The first mathematical model is to estimate steady state energy expenditure using a nonlinear regression method from the outputs of triaxial accelerometers. Results show that the proposed nonlinear model is better than both the traditional linear models and the earlier nonlinear models. The second mathematical model emphasizes on investigating the key central cardiovascular response to the steady state of incremental exercise. The modeling results show that all the studied cardiovascular parameters response to exercise nonlinearly except heart rate which responses to exercise linearly. Furthermore, based on a previous model developed in the Biomedical Systems Laboratories in UNSW and the reliable experimental data, a physiological model has been established to successfully estimate both the cardiac output and the metabolic demand with heart rate and workload as its input.
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Bush, Jeremiah G. "Post-Exercise Hypotension in Brief Exercise." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1072.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether a single 10 minute bout of exercise, performed at multiple intervals throughout the day to equal 30 minutes, can effectively elicit post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Secondly, it is important to explore whether a light (40% VO2R) or moderate (70% VO2R) intensity is required to elicit PEH within 10 minutes. Subjects (N=11) completed a VO2max test utilizing the Bruce Treadmill protocol. Each subject returned within 3 – 5 days to complete two separate exercising trials. A counter balanced system was employed so that each subject did not perform the same intensity rotation (Counter Balance 1 = 40% VO2R and 70% VO2R for session 1 and session 2, respectively; Counter Balance 2 = 70% VO2R and 40% VO2R for session 1 and session 2). The first session consisted of 3 sessions (morning, noon, evening) separated by an average of 3.5 hours at one of two intensities (40% VO2R or 70% VO2R). The second group of sessions were performed identical to the first, however, the intensity was altered depending upon counter balance. Baseline BP was measured prior to exercising. After each session, BP was measured at 2 intervals for the morning and noon sessions (immediately following and 20 minutes post-exercise); and at 3 intervals for the evening sessions (60 minutes post-exercise added) for both intensities. At 40% VO2R, BP decreased significantly at the morning (p = 0.007), noon (p = 0.018) and evening (p = 0.010) sessions at the 20 minute post-exercise interval. Although not significantly different, BP was observed to be lower at 60 minutes post-exercise interval. During the 70% VO2R session, BP was significantly lower at the morning 20 minute (p = .029) and evening 60 minute post-exercise measurements (p = .006) when compared to baseline. There was no significant difference noted between 40% and 70% VO2R intensities at eliciting a drop in BP at any interval at any time point. Although not statistically significant, 70% VO2R appeared to produce a further decrease at the 60 minute post-exercise measurement (102 mmHg) than did the 40% session (106 mmHg). The results of this study indicate that PEH may be elicited after a single 10 minute exercise session. Furthermore, multiple bouts of 10 minutes produce an accumulated decrease in BP that can be observed at the completion of the day.
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Scott, Jessica. "The effects of acute exercise on cardiovascular function in humans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11172.
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In spite of numerous studies examining cardiac fatigue following acute exercise, there is a significant need for descriptive research that documents the nature and magnitude of this phenomenon in various populations. Accordingly, the aim of this series of studies was to comprehensively investigate the cardiovascular consequences of acute exercise in endurance trained (ET) individuals, normally active (NA) individuals, and heart transplant recipients (HTR). In the first investigation, 25 ET athletes were examined before a 160 km ultra-marathon and were re-assessed immediately following the race using traditional echocardiography, speckle tracking imaging, and cardiac biomarkers. Significant pre to post-race changes in systolic function (ejection fraction (EF): 66.8 ± 3.8 vs. 61.2 ± 4.0 %, p < 0.05), and diastolic function (E:A ratio: 1.62 ± 0.37 vs. 1.35 ± 0.33, p < 0.05) were observed. The second investigation used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with tagging to study the impact of interval exercise on biventricular function in nine ET (VO₂max: 69 ± 7 mL/kg/min) and nine NA (VO₂max: 44 ± 9 mL/kg/min) males. There were no significant changes in RV and LV EF, torsion, rotation rate, strain, or strain rate post-exercise in the NA group. In the ET group, RV and LV EF, untwisting rate, apical rotation rate and circumferential strain were significantly decreased post-exercise. These results suggest that biventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction occur following 14 min of high intensity exercise in ET athletes, a phenomenon which is not observed in NA individuals. The final investigation examined the cardiovascular responses during incremental and sustained (1 hr) sub-maximal aerobic exercise in 9 clinically stable HTR (age: 63 ± 10 yr; VO₂peak: 24.2 ± 10.9 mL/kg/min) and 11 healthy age-matched controls (6 recipient age-matched, RM; age: 60 ± 11 yr; VO₂peak: 36.3 ± 10.7 mL/kg/min, and 5 donor age-matched, DM; age: 35 ± 8 yr; VO₂peak: 51.1 ± 10.4 mL/kg/min) using traditional echocardiography. Despite maintained systolic function during incremental exercise, HTR had significantly reduced peak cardiac output, secondary to blunted heart rate and preload during exercise conditions. These findings provide the basis for future work examining the underlying mechanisms contributing to exercise-induced cardiac fatigue.
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Piepoli, Massimo F. "Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to exercise in chronic heart failure." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243516.
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Somers, V. K. "The effects of exercise and physical training on cardiovascular control." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375296.
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Murphy, Margaret O'Bryan. "The Role of Exercise in Polychlorinated Biphenyl Induced Cardiovascular Disease." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nutrisci_etds/13.
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Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in Western societies. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the initiating steps in the development of atherosclerosis. While there is a strong correlation with a person’s genetics, lifestyle factors including smoking, physical activity, and diet can significantly increase a person’s susceptibility to the development of atherosclerosis. In addition to these lifestyle factors, there is a strong body of evidence linking exposure to environmental pollutants including persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls to increased cardiovascular disease and mortality. It has been well-established that exercise protects against cardiovascular disease, but whether exercise can modulate PCB-induced cardiovascular inflammation and dysfunction is unknown.
To investigate the effects of exercise on PCB-induced cardiovascular disease, two murine models of atherosclerosis, the ApoE-/- and the LDLr-/- mouse were utilized. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease including adiposity, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation, were assessed in these two models as well as mean atherosclerotic lesion size. Exercise positively modulates several risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, adiposity and obesity, systemic levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glucose tolerance. Exercise significantly reduced mean lesion size in vehicle-treated animals. To assess the mechanism of protection of exercise in chapter 4, vascular reactivity studies were performed to measure endothelial function after exposure to PCB 77. Exercise prevented PCB-impaired endothelial function implicating the role of superoxide as a cause of impairment. Exercise upregulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. The work in this dissertation demonstrates several protective properties of exercise against PCB-induced cardiovascular disease; however, additional studies are needed to determine if exercise enhances metabolism and excretion of these environmental pollutants.
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Murtagh, Elaine M. "The effects of walking for exercise on cardiovascular disease risk." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288823.
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Cooper, Chadrick. "The Influence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors on Exercise Participation." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3520.
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The study's purpose was to analyze whether the control (sustained healthy level) of independent cardiovascular disease risk factors could be used to significantly predict aerobic exercise status. The health belief and ecological model helped describe health awareness, autonomy, and ecological influences that could also influence the control of each risk factor. Multiple logistic regression analysis of behaviors and demographics was utilized to assess relationships of met aerobic recommendations to hypertension, diabetes, obesity, tobacco/alcohol use, diet, physical activity limitations, mood, and socio-economic status. The study consisted of 340 African American participants (37% male 63% female), between the ages of 30-64 who, lived in the state of Texas. With a 95% confidence internal, p < .05, and effect size of .15, results indicated that participants controlling the risk factor poor diet (P = .011; OR 3.3 [CI 95%]) were three times more likely to meet aerobic recommendations than those who did not. Participants controlling risk factors education status (P = .002; OR 2.4 [CL 95%]), sex (P = .012; OR 1.9 [CI 95%]), and high blood pressure diagnosis (P = .044; OR 1.7 [CI 95%]) were also more likely to meet exercise recommendations than those who did not. Findings showed that by initiating and sustaining changes in modifiable factors, participants were likely to meet aerobic recommendations and reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease. Policy makers, educators, health professionals, and employers are recommended to implement the study's results in communities, workplaces, and schools to target health promotion at persons with poor diet, hypertension, and less than a college education.
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Barber, Sally Elizabeth. "Cardiovascular prophylaxis for postmenopausal women Risk reduction through exercise training." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491660.
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Hurtig, Wennlöf Anita. "Cardiovascular risk factors in children /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-179-2/.
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Liu, Xun. "Physiological and biochemical changes during cardiac rehabilitation." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368005.
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Lam, Man-kin. "A cross-sectional study of leisure-time physical activity prevalence and its association with cardiovascular biochemical risk factors in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25101353.
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Richards, William. "The influence of aging and cardiovascular training status upon monocarboxylate transporters." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133362045.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Cardiovascular Adaptation from Various Intensities of Endurance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4080.
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Coté, Anita Theresa. "The effects of strenuous exercise on cardiovascular function in healthy humans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44040.
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Khadour, Fadi H. "Cardiovascular nitric oxide generation, changes with exercise training and heart failure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0007/NQ39553.pdf.
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Cot??, Anita Theresa. "The effects of strenuous exercise on cardiovascular function in healthy humans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44040.
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RATIONALE: Strenuous exercise has been shown to elicit transient reductions in ventricular systolic and diastolic function, as well as impaired autonomic function. The effects of training status and sex on the development of these acute alterations are not known. The aim of these studies was to examine vascular adjustments, cardiac mechanics and autonomic function as the result of strenuous exercise in healthy, endurance-trained (ET) and normally active (NA), males and females. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The first investigation explored sex differences in the cardiovascular response to an ultra-marathon in 25 runners. Ventricular function was reduced similarly in men and women. Novel associations of life-time ultra-marathons and degree of longitudinal strain were found, demonstrating the absence of cumulative stress on the heart with long-term prolonged strenuous exercise. The second investigation assessed ventricular function following high-intensity interval exercise (HIT) in 39 men and women. Changes in cardiac mechanics were not differentiated by training status, however, lower baseline arterial stiffness was associated with twist augmentation. Men demonstrated greater reductions in contractility and higher arterial elastance post-exercise than women. The third investigation assessed autonomic function following HIT and orthostatic stress in 33 men and women. Throughout the intervention, women displayed greater strain, strain rate, and baroreflex sensitivity, but there were no interactions of condition by sex. Autonomic function decreased to a greater degree in ET, but also improved most rapidly in recovery. Thus, it would appear that the cardiac and autonomic stability of ET and women during an orthostatic challenge is not compromised in the face of HIT. The fourth investigation analyzed post-exercise hypotension (PEH) following HIT in 21 individuals. Hypotension occurred similarly in all individuals however, men experienced greater reductions in stroke volume. These findings suggest men engage a different mechanism of PEH compared to women. The fifth investigation explored cognitive function in recovery from HIT. Cognition was improved post-exercise and persisted for four hours post-exercise. SUMMARY: Together, these studies provide novel findings pertaining to the effects of sex and training status on the cardiovascular responses to strenuous exercise.
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Hollander, Daniel B. "The effects of social support on men's exercise-related cardiovascular reactivity." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1450.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 132 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-65).
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Hartwich, Doreen. "Neural cardiovascular control during exercise : influence of sex and ovarian hormones." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3218/.
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Cardiovascular control during exercise results from three main mechanisms, namely central command (descending neural input), skeletal muscle afferent feedback (metabo - and mechanoreflex) and the arterial baroreflex. The studies outlined in this thesis sought to examine the potential sex- and ovarian hormone influences in neural cardiovascular control during exercise. It was observed that the activation of metabolically sensitive skeletal muscle afferents (i.e. muscle metaboreflex) by partial restriction of blood flow to the exercising skeletal muscle contributes to the exercise tachycardia via a reduction in cardiac baroreflex sensitivity from rest during dynamic exercise. Importantly, the magnitude of this metaboreflex-mediated reduction in cardiac baroreflex responsiveness was not different between men and women during the early and late follicular phases of the ovarian cycle. Baroreflex perturbation during dynamic exercise, by means of hypotensive and hypertensive stimuli to the carotid baroreceptors, revealed that baroreflex control of blood pressure was similarly maintained during exercise in men and women. Finally it was demonstrated that the sympathetic vasoconstriction in the exercising limb is similarly blunted in men and women. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that there are no differences between men and women in baroreflex function and sympathetic vascular responsiveness during dynamic exercise.
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Basnayake, Shanika Deshani. "Identifying neurocircuitry controlling cardiovascular function in humans : implications for exercise control." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a61a482a-f861-4dcd-b0c5-47f50290c9d9.
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This thesis is concerned with the neurocircuitry that underpins the cardiovascular response to exercise, which has thus far remained incompletely understood. Small animal studies have provided clues, but with the advent of functional neurosurgery, it has now been made possible to translate these findings to humans. Chapter One reviews the background to the studies in this thesis. Our current understanding of the cardiovascular response to exercise is considered, followed by a discussion on the anatomy and function of various brain nuclei. In particular, the rationale for targeting the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is reviewed. Chapter Two reviews the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS), in which deep brain stimulating electrodes are implanted into various brain nuclei in humans, in order to treat chronic pain and movement disorders. This technique not only permits direct electrical stimulation of the human brain, but also gives the opportunity to record the neural activity from different brain regions during a variety of cardiovascular experiments. This chapter also gives a detailed methodological description of the experimental techniques performed in the studies in this thesis. Chapter Three identifies the cardiovascular neurocircuitry involved in the exercise pressor reflex in humans using functional neurosurgery. It shows for the first time in humans that the exercise pressor reflex is associated with significantly increased neural activity in the dorsal PAG. The other sites investigated, which had previously been identified as cardiovascular active in both animals and humans, seem not to have a role in the integration of this reflex. Chapter Four investigates whether changes in exercise intensity affect the neurocircuitry involved in the exercise pressor reflex. It demonstrates that the neural activity in the PAG is graded to increases in exercise intensity and corresponding increases in arterial blood pressure. This chapter also provides evidence to suggest that neural activity in the STN corresponds to the cardiovascular changes evoked by the remote ischaemic preconditioning stimulus in humans. Chapter Five identifies the cardiovascular neurocircuitry involved during changes in central command during isometric exercise at constant muscle tension using muscle vibration. It shows that, in humans, central command is associated with significantly decreased neural activity in the STN. Furthermore, the STN is graded to the perception of the exercise task, i.e. the degree of central command. The other sites investigated appear not to have as significant a role in the integration of central command during the light exercise task that was undertaken. Chapter Six studies the changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during stimulation of various brain nuclei in humans. Regrettably, the results presented in this chapter are not convincing enough to support the hypothesis that stimulation of particular subcortical structures corresponds to changes in MSNA. However, the cardiovascular changes that were recorded during stimulation of the different subcortical structures are congruous with previous studies in both animals and humans. Chapter Seven presents a brief summary of the findings in this thesis.
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Johnson, Darren A. "Cardiovascular responses to physical stressors in normotensive and exercise hypertensive individuals." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10100.
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This study compared the cardiovascular responses to the PWC 140, cold pressor test (CPT), and isometric hand grip (IHG), to evaluate the consistency in the blood pressure response among these physical stressors. Eighteen resting normotensive males were classified as either normotensive at exercise or exercise hypertensive on the basis of their blood pressure response to the first stage of the Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (CAFT) for their age group. Subjects were administered a 6-min PWC 140 bicycle ergometer test, a 120 sec CPT (forearm and hand immersion), and a 120 sec IHG at 30% MVC. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and ejection fraction (EF) were recorded every 5 seconds during a one min resting period, during exercise, and for 3 min post exercise using a Finapress 2000 BP monitor and BoMed bioimpedance cardiac monitor. The results of this study indicate that: (1) there were no significant differences between the two groups for the cardiovascular responses to the PWC 140, IHG, and CPT with the exception of a greater CO and SV in normotensives on the PWC 140, and a higher HR in exercise hypertensives on the CPT; (2) the exercise hypertensives had a greater rate of increase in SBP and DBP than the normotensives over the first 90 seconds of the CPT; (3) there was no consistent pattern in the individual responses to the CAFT, CPT, and IHG with respect to $\Delta$SBP. It was concluded that within the context of this study, the blood pressure responses to dynamic exercise, isometric exercise, and cold stress were not consistent among the subjects and tests.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Testing and Interpreting Date to Monitor Progression of Cardiovascular Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4079.
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Farr, Colin. "'Vascular function, body composition, cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular responses to exercise in nine and 10 year old children'." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493642.
Full textAbstract:
Vascular dysfunction has been identified in children with obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and an adverse body fat distribution. However, the clinical techniques used to assess the health of the vasculature may not be suitable for large scale screening of young populations. Exercise testing has been shown to act as a potential surrogate measure of assessing vascular function. Furthermore, undesirable cardiovascular (CV) responses to maximal exercise such as low oxygen uptake (low aerobic fitness), exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses and reduced oxygenation of muscle tissue are evident in young people with increased CV risk profiles.
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Ade, Carl Jacob. "Cardiorespiratory and vascular function during stress." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15976.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Anatomy and Physiology<br>Thomas J. Barstow<br>The primary aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the factors that contribute to the cardiorespiratory and vascular responses following exercise conditioning and microgravity deconditioning. The first study of this dissertation (Chapter 2) revealed that exercise training in the head down tilt posture, which places increases central blood volume compared to upright, results in cardiorespiratory adaptations in both upright and head down tilt postures which are not completely expressed with exercise training in the upright posture. These findings suggest that augmentation of the ventricular volume load during exercise training may result in adaptations that transfer across multiple body positions. In the second and third studies measurements of blood velocity and flow were performed via Doppler ultrasound. In Chapter 3 we observed that in the brachial and femoral arteries blood moves with a slightly blunted parabolic velocity profile that is very stable across a range of mean arterial pressures and downstream limb resistances. We concluded that these findings support the current calculations of shear rate based on the assumptions of laminar flow. With these assumptions confirmed, the investigation in Chapter 4 could be performed. We observed that acute exposure to a sustained antegrade shear rate, via unilateral forearm heating, increased measurements of flow-mediated dilation and the overall rate of adjustment for forearm blood flow and vascular conductance during dynamic handgrip exercise. These findings suggest that one potential stimulus for improvements in vascular function and health following exercise conditioning may be exposure to elevations in antegrade shear. Lastly in Chapter 5 we changed focus to the cardiorespiratory deconditioning following long-duration microgravity exposure. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed previous investigations of microgravity deconditioning and demonstrated that the decrease in maximal O2 consumption ( O2max) occurs as a function of duration of exposure and that both convective and diffusive O2 transport pathways substantially contribute to this decline. In addition we reviewed the current literature and highlighted potential mechanisms, across several organ systems, which may contribute to this decline in O2max. Collectively, these studies revealed the breath of plasticity for cardiorespiratory adaptations to a variety of stressors.
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Serón, Silva Pamela. "Actividad física y ejercicio en la enfermedad cardiovascular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285139.
Full textAbstract:
Antecedentes: la enfermedad cardiovascular es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en el mundo. Dentro de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el estilo de vida está la inactividad física, conducta frecuente en la población de todas las regiones. La actividad física y el ejercicio se constituyen en una potencial herramienta para la prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación de los problemas cardiovasculares, existiendo evidencia de distinto nivel que la respalda. A pesar de ello, existen algunos vacíos de información en ésta área.
Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la actividad física y ejercicio en las distintas etapas del proceso salud-enfermedad de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Métodos: Se realizaron tres trabajos de investigación. Un estudio de corte transversal, que permitió estimar la prevalencia de inactividad física en una población de la ciudad de Temuco en Chile, y dos revisiones sistemáticas: una revisión sistemática Cochrane de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados sobre el efecto del ejercicio en personar con riesgo cardiovascular total alto o incrementado y otra revisión sobre la calidad de las guías de práctica clínica en rehabilitación cardíaca basada en ejercicios a través de la utilización del instrumento AGREE II.
Resultados: Un 18,37% de la población de Temuco, en Chile tiene un nivel de actividad física bajo. Las mujeres y las personas de niveles socioeconómicos medios tienen prevalencias más altas de actividad física insuficiente. La revisión sistemática sobre el efecto del ejercicio en personas de alto o incrementado riesgo cardiovascular incluyó 4 ensayos clínicos de baja calidad metodológica que fueron insuficientes para determinar la efectividad del ejercicio en este grupo de personas. La otra revisión incluyó nueve guías clínicas exclusivas de rehabilitación cardíaca con puntuaciones medias que fluctuaron desde el 48,92% en el dominio de aplicabilidad del AGREE II, hasta un 79,84% en el dominio de alcance y propósito.
Conclusiones. (1) Los niveles de actividad física bajos son frecuentes en la población de Chile, similar a lo observado en otras poblaciones del mundo. (2) La efectividad del ejercicio en personas con incrementado o alto riesgo cardiovascular es incierta, siendo necesario desarrollar ensayos clínicos con el menor riesgo de sesgos posible. (3) La calidad de las guías clínicas en rehabilitación cardíaca es de moderada a alta.<br>Background: cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of morbidity and
mortality around the world. Among the life-style related risk factors is physical inactivity, a
prevalent behaviour in all regions. Physical activity and exercise constitute a potential tool
for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of cardiovascular conditions, with it being
supported by evidence of different levels. Despite this fact, information gaps continue to
exist in this area.
Objective: To determine the effect of physical activity and exercise on the different stages
of the health-disease process of cardiovascular diseases.
Methods: We conducted three research works. A cross-sectional study that allowed us to
estimate the prevalence of physical inactivity in a population of the city of Temuco, Chile.
And two systematic reviews: a Cochrane systematic review of randomised clinical trials
about exercise effects on people with a high or increased total cardiovascular risk, and
another review about the quality of the clinical practice guidelines on exercise-based
cardiac rehabilitation, with the use of the AGREE II instrument.
Results: A proportion of 18.37% of the population of Temuco (Chile) has a low level of
physical activity. Women and people in the middle socioeconomic level have higher
prevalence of insufficient physical activity. The systematic review about exercise effects
on people with a high or increased cardiovascular risk included four clinical trials of low
methodological quality that were insufficient to determine the effectiveness of exercise in
this group of people. The other review included nine clinical guidelines exclusively about
cardiac rehabilitation with mean scores fluctuating from 48.92% in the applicability
domain of AGREE II to 79.84% in the domain of scope and purpose.
Conclusion: (1) Low physical activity levels are prevalent in the population of Chile, similar
to those observed in other populations of the world. (2) The effectiveness of exercise in
people with high or increased cardiovascular risk remains uncertain; therefore, it is
necessary to develop clinical trials with the lowest risk of bias as possible. (3) The quality
of the clinical guidelines on cardiac rehabilitation is moderate to high.
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Giles, Luisa. "The cardiovascular, respiratory, systemic, and autonomic responses to exercise in diesel exhaust." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46012.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To determine the cardiovascular, respiratory, systemic inflammatory, and autonomic nervous system responses to varying exercise intensities during exposure to diesel exhaust (DE), and to determine how DE exposure before exercise affects the cardio-respiratory system and subsequent exercise performance.
Methods: Eighteen males performed six 30-minute trials, which included rest, low-intensity, and high-intensity cycling. Each trial was performed twice, once breathing filtered air (FA) and once breathing DE (300ug/m³ of PM₂.₅) with seven days between trials. Before, and following exercise, exhaled nitric oxide, pulmonary function, heart rate variability, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), complete blood count, endothelin-¹ , and plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. During exercise, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for lungs and legs were measured. In a second experiment, eight males were exposed to DE (300ug/m³ of PM₂.₅) or FA for 60-minutes, followed by an indoor 20-km cycling time trial. Pulmonary function was assessed before and after exposure and after exercise. Heart rate was measured during exposure and exercise performance was measured as mean power output during exercise.
Results:
In the first experiment, RER was significantly lower (0.94 vs. 0.96), and RPE significantly greater, in DE compared to FA (p<0.05). During low-intensity exercise, VE (44.5 vs. 40.5 L•min-¹ ), VO₂ (27.9 vs. 24.9 ml*kg*min-¹) and VCO₂ (25.9 vs. 23.6 ml*kg*min-¹) were significantly greater during DE (p<0.05). Following exercise in DE, plasma NOx significantly increased (p<0.05). On low-intensity exercise days, FMD/shear rate area under the curve (SRAUC) was significantly lower in DE compared to FA (9.7 x 10-⁵ vs. 11.7x10-⁵; p<0.05). In the second experiment, we found that pre-exercise exposure to DE did not impair exercise performance but attenuated exercise-induced bronchodilation and increased exercise heart rate (163.9 vs. 157.3bpm; p<0.05).
Conclusion: Metabolic and endothelial responses to low- but not high-intensity cycling in DE differ from those in FA. Therefore, reducing exercise intensity during bouts of air pollution may have no benefit. Exposure to DE prior to exercise increased exercise heart rate and decreased exercise-induced bronchodilation. Consequently, encouraging individuals to minimize exposure to air pollution prior to exercise could be beneficial.
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Cheatham, Christopher C. "Cardiovascular drift relative to ventilatory threshold in boys and men." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048373.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiovascular drift can occur during prolonged exercise and is characterized by a gradual decrease in stroke volume (SV) and a corresponding increase in heart rate (HR) over time, despite the maintenance of a constant level of work; cardiac output (CO) usually is unchanged. A number of factors may cause cardiovascular drift to occur, including increases in peripheral blood flow, decreases in plasma volume, increases in circulating catecholamines, and metabolic acidosis. These physiological events may be influenced by the relationship of the exercise intensity to ventilatory threshold (VT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the cardiovascular responses during prolonged exercise in boys and men at an intensity set relative to VT. Eight boys (10-13 yrs.) and 10 men (18-25 yrs.) completed an orientation trial, a graded maximal exercise test, and a 40 minute submaximal exercise bout at an intensity equal to the V02 at VT. During the 40 minute exercise bout, V02 increased significantly over time (P_<0.05),although the magnitude of change was similar in boys and men (P>0.05). Heart rate was higher and SV was lower in the boys compared to the men (P<_0.05), and the changes in HR and SV were significant over time. Although there was a trend for the HR increase and SV decrease to be greater in the men, the group-by-time interaction was not significant. Cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen difference were higher in the men compared to the boys (P<0.05), but remained constant over time. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was higher in the men than the boys (P<_0.05). In the men, MABP decreased significantly from 10 to 40 minutes, while in the boys, MABP decreased (P<_0.05) from 10 to 30 minutes and then increased to a value similar to that at 10 minutes. This differential response in MABP over time resulted in a significant groupby-time interaction. Total peripheral resistance was significantly higher in the boys than the men, but remained constant over time (P>0.05). Men exhibited a greater decrease in plasma volume from 0 to 40 minutes. There was no group difference in perceived exertion (RPE) between the boys and the men, although the boys exhibited a greater increase in RPE over time than the men (P<0.05). In conclusion, the cardiovascular responses during prolonged exercise are similar in boys and men, although there is a tendency for the magnitude of cardiovascular drift to be greater in the men. In addition, due to the fact that these results are similar to previous studies not accounting for individual differences in VT, it would seem that these differences in VT should not be of concern when studying the cardiovascular responses during prolonged exercise.<br>School of Physical Education
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Carr, Lucas J. "Short and long-term efficacy of an Internet-delivered physical activity behavior change program on physical activity and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in sedentary, overweight adults." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663060191&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bothams, Valerie Frances. "Reflex mechanisms eliciting the changes in heart rate caused by isometric exercise." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369171.
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Heusch, Andrew I. "The effect of normobaric mormoxic and hypoxic exercise upon plasma total homocysteine and blood lipid concentrations." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289375.
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Jessop, Darrell James. "Non-weight bearing water exercise : changes in cardiorespiratory function in elderly men and women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28536.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 5 week program
of aquatic exercise on selected cardiorespiratory parameters in the elderly
participant. Fifteen men and women (mean age 68.5 years, range 61-75 years)
were recruited voluntarily from regional adult day-care and community centre
facilities. Participants underwent a series of physiological tests before
the program started and 5 weeks later at the end of the program.
Measurements included height, weight, spirometry measurements (FVC, FEV¹ֹ⁰, VEmax), resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, exercise heart rate and VO₂max as determined by a continuous treadmill test (modified after Jones and Campbell, 1982).
Following the 5 week aquatic exercise program, the experimental group
(n = 8) showed a significant decrease in resting systolic blood pressure
(SBPR) (EXPTL:131.5<CTRL:133.4 mmHg) and resting heart rate (HR rest)
(EXPTL:71.0<CTRL:76.6 btsּmin⁻¹) in comparison to the control group (n = 7)
which exhibited no change. In addition, the experimental group yielded a
significant increase in forced expiratory volume (FEV¹ֹ⁰)
(EXPTL:2.4>CTRL:2.2 1ּsec⁻¹) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max )
(EXPTL:25.8>CTRL:23.5 mlּkg⁻¹ּmin⁻¹ ) in comparison to the control group.
The findings in this study indicate that the exercise capacity of the elderly participant can increase with aquatic exercise: supervised aquatic exercise at or above the recommended intensity of exercise performed three times weekly can produce significant changes in the physical work capacity of the elderly<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of<br>Graduate
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Park, Young Jin Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Effects of exercise-based lifestyle interventions on cardiovascular reactivity of untrained premenopausal women." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41449.
Full textAbstract:
Three studies were designed to investigate the effects of exercise-based lifestyle interventions including diet change and exercise training on cardiovascular and autonomic responses to various physical and mental challenges in untrained premenopausal women. In Study 1, the effects of different tasks designed to activate the sympathetic nervous system on autonomic control of cardiovascular functioning such as the Stroop colour-word task (Stroop) and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 20 untrained premenopausal women (22.6??0.7 years) were determined. In Study 2, a longitudinal exercise intervention strategy was used with 18 untrained premenopausal women (22.5??0.7 years) in order to investigate the effect of 15 weeks of high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) training on cardiac autonomic responses to mental challenge (Stroop) and LBNP. In Study 3, the effects of HIIE training combined with a Mediterranean-style eating plan and fish oil supplement (Fish oil, Exercise, Mediterranean diet; FEM) on cardiovascular function during mental challenge (Stroop) and physical tasks (handgrip and reactive hyperaemia) were examined in 32 overweight untrained premenopausal women (22.0??0.6 years). In these studies, forearm blood flow (FBF) was assessed using Hokanson Plethysmography with the venous occlusion technique. The surface electrocardiogram and continuous beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure were also monitored. Peak oxygen uptake was assessed using open-circuit spirometry (True Max 2400, ParvoMedics). In addition, body composition was measured using DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; DPX-IQ, Lunar Radiation). Results from Study 1 indicate that FBF response to mental challenge in young females was smaller compared to previously obtained data from age-matched males. Furthermore, this FBF response to mental challenge was negatively correlated to insulin resistance estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) (r = - .52, p < .05). In addition, when cardiopulmonary baroreceptors were unloaded by a mild level of LBNP (-20 mmHg) during Stoop, FBF response to mental challenge (vasodilation) was abolished suggesting a large dependency of vasodilation response during mental challenge on cardiopulmonary baroreflex. After 15 weeks of supervised HIIE training, aerobic fitness improved (p < .05) whereas percent of body fat was significantly decreased (p < .05). In addition, recovery BP following Stroop was significantly reduced. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was marginally decreased (p = .056). Women who had higher insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) lost less fat than women with lower HOMA-IR (r = .60, p = .088). In addition, change in FBF during Stroop after training was directly related to pretest insulin resistance levels (r = .68, p < .05). Therefore, HIIE training had a normalising effect on FBF response to mental challenge. PEP/LVET ratio at rest and during LBNP was also significantly increased in women with higher HOMA-IR suggesting a reduction in cardiac contractility via a decrease in sympathetic stimulation (r = .62, p = .076, r = .62, p = .75 respectively). In Study 3 results indicated that 12 weeks of the FEM trial significantly reduced percent of body fat (p < .001), fasting insulin (p < .05), interleukin-6 (p < .05) and cortisol (p < .05), and significantly improved aerobic fitness ( ; p < .001). With respect to cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic measures, rate pressure product (RPP) was significantly reduced at rest (p < .05) and during recovery after Stoop (p < .05), suggesting decreased myocardial oxygen consumption. In addition, baseline heart rate determined in the sitting position was significantly reduced (p < .05), while both baseline high frequency power (HF) determined in supine (p < .01) and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) determined in the sitting position (p < .05) were increased after the FEM trial. In addition, BRS determined during mental challenge also marginally increased (p = .051). In summary, lifestyle intervention including HIIE training, Mediterranean-style eating plan, and a fish oil supplement significantly enhanced parasympathetic influence of the heart and improved fitness, blood profiles, and body composition.
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Williams, Daniel Patrick. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, resistive exercise training and cardiovascular disease risk factors in premenopausal females." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186281.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that endogenous serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) would be inversely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and that circulating concentrations ofDHEAS would increase along with favorable alterations in CVD risk factors as a result of resistive exercise training. Serum concentrations ofDHEAS, lipids, lipoproteins, and fasting insulin were determined along with estimates of total and regional body composition from anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a crosssectional sample of premenopausal females aged 28-39 years (N=96) and in a 12 month longitudinal subsample randomly assigned to exercise (n=27) and control (n=27) groups. The date of subject entry into the intervention trial ranged from mid-autumn to late winter. The percentage of total fat located on the trunk from DEXA (r=0.32, P=0.002) was positively correlated with DHEAS, whereas the percentage of total fat located on the legs from DEXA (r=-0.25, P=0.015) was inversely correlated with DHEAS after adjusting for age, smoking and fasting status. Because obesity may be a prerequisite for the metabolic aberrations commonly associated with fat distribution, subjects were also classified by DEXA-determined %Fat (≥30 vs < 30) as obese or nonobese. In obese but not nonobese women, indexes of upper body and/or truncal fat distribution were positively correlated (r=0.31 to 0.51, P < 0.05) with fasting insulin, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol and negatively correlated (r=-0.45, P < 0.01) with HDL cholesterol. Correlations of similar magnitude yet opposite in direction were observed between indexes of lower body or leg fat distribution and metabolic CVD risk factors. DHEAS was inversely related to and accounted for 9.0% of the variation in LDL cholesterol after controlling for upper and lower body fat distribution and fasting insulin. DHEAS was also positively related to and accounted for 6.8% of the variation in HDL cholesterol after controlling for truncal fat percentage and distribution. Over the 12 month intervention, 42 subjects (18 controls and 24 exercisers) gained lean tissue mass (LTM) and 12 subjects (9 controls and 3 exercisers) lost LTM, whereas 26 subjects (15 controls and 11 exercisers) gained fat mass (FM) and 28 subjects (12 controls and 16 exercisers) lost FM. After adjusting for baseline HDL cholesterol, hematocrit change and subject study entry date, mean HDL cholesterol levels were significantly (P=0.026) maintained to a greater extent in LTM gainers (-1.3%) than in LTM losers (-15.0%). The HDL cholesterol-maintaining effect of gaining LTM was independent of control or exercise group status (P=0.042) and of the change in FM (P=0.015). The following was concluded from the study: 1.) increased amounts of total fat located on the trunk, and decreased amounts of total fat located on the legs, are associated with increased serum DHEAS concentrations in normally menstruating females; 2.) increased DHEAS levels are associated with decreased LDL and increased HDL cholesterol levels after controlling for the common associations of DHEAS and lipoproteins with fat distribution in obese premenopausal females; and 3.) the gain in soft tissue lean mass may prevent reductions in HDL cholesterol levels associated with lean tissue mass loss in healthy premenopausal females.
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Raine, Neil Martin. "Cardiovascular adjustments and blood pressure regulation immediately following dynamic exercise in normotensive men." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388524.
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Rhea, Lynn P. "The cardiovascular effects of resistance exercise training on orthostatic intolerance in elderly individuals." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0401101-200913/unrestricted/rhea0426.pdf.
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Radhakrishnan, Jeyasundar. "Changes in arterial stiffness and other cardiovascular risk variables following specific exercise programmes." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2012. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/9587/.
Full textAbstract:
Arterial stiffness is one of the major risk factors and markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). An increase in the arterial stiffness is influenced by various factors such as age, lifestyle, genetics and the presence of other cardiovascular risks such as obesity and diabetes. Arterial stiffness is a consistent thread in this thesis. This thesis investigates the effects of exercise-based management programmes for CVD and risk factors with a focus on carotid-radial applanation tonometry which is a specific non-invasive technique for measuring arterial stiffness. Erectile dysfunction is a marker of CVD and is associated with endothelial dysfunction that leads to arterial stiffness. The effects of centrebased, supervised and exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes were studied on the changes in arterial stiffness, erectile dysfunction and quality of life of patients with CVD. Despite the effectiveness of CR programmes, there is poor attendance at these programmes and unsupervised home-based, IT (information technology)-supported programmes could improve patient participation and cost effectiveness. Moreover, earlier identification of risks and appropriate management can reduce the incidence of CVD. There are no such programmes for early stages of CVD in practice, especially in developing countries such as India. A 12-week, IT-supported home-based exercise programme in India, for patients with metabolic syndrome was developed and studied. In general, arterial stiffness was improved in both centre-based and home-based exercise programmes. There were acute increases in arterial stiffness following exercise in healthy Caucasians and South Asians as well as people with metabolic syndrome. Carotid-radial pulse wave analysis could be a simple and reliable prognostic tool in exercise based rehabilitation programmes.
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Smith, J. "The role of haemodynamic stimulus in isometric exercise training : implications for cardiovascular adaptations." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13758/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis was to explore the role of exercise induced blood flow haemodynamics in the cardiovascular adaptations associated with isometric exercise training, with focus on resting blood pressure adjustment in normotensive participants. Using a cross-sectional study, it was identified that significant relationships were present between (i) blood flow, (ii) shear stress, and (iii) shear pattern responses (measured in the femoral artery), during and immediately following isometric bilateral leg extension exercise of increasing intensity. Based on these findings, it was feasible to suggest that the haemodynamic response to high intensities of acute isometric exercise might provide a physiological challenge to the cardiovascular system, that upon repeated exposure via isometric exercise training, may induce cardiovascular adaptation and resting blood pressure reductions. Subsequent to this, a randomised controlled trial established that performing isometric exercise training to a ‘high haemodynamic stimulus’ did not induce significantly greater adaptation in resting blood pressure than when performing isometric exercise training to a ‘low haemodynamic stimulus’ or control. When the training group (high and low combined) were compared to the control, significant reductions in resting blood pressure were observed. Furthermore, non-invasive cardiovascular variables that were considered as possible physiological mechanisms for resting blood pressure adaptation following isometric exercise training did not correlate with within group resting blood pressure changes. Whilst these findings suggest that a haemodynamic challenge may not be the primary stimulus responsible for inducing resting blood pressure adaptation following isometric exercise training, these results do demonstrate the effectiveness of isometric exercise training for potential health gains via reductions in resting blood pressure in normotensives. Importantly, these findings have progressed the current understanding surrounding isometric exercise training induced resting blood pressure reductions and will allow future research to narrow their focus upon other physiological variables that may be the stimuli for blood pressure adaptation.
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Oxenham, Helen Caroline. "Modification of age-related changes in cardiovascular structure and function using exercise training." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27158.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing age is associated with substantial change in cardiovascular structure and function, the cause and permanence of which are unknown. Diastolic function in particular alters appreciably in older adults but non-invasive measurement of cardiac function during diastole has significant limitations. Magnetic resonance imaging with tagging was used to identify changes in three dimensional myocardial strain in older compared to young normal volunteers. This technique identified significantly delayed myocardial relaxation with more myocardial strain persisting in early diastole in older compared to younger individuals, which was brought to be due to the aging process. Epidemiological studies and small, non-randomised trials suggest that physical activity might slow cardiovascular aging and improve diastolic function in older adults. A randomised controlled trial was therefore performed to assess whether exercise training could modify age-related changes in older, normal volunteers who had undergone screening tests to exclude significant cardiovascular disease. The intervention group underwent six months of supervised exercise training whilst participants in the control group were asked to maintain their pre-trail levels of activity. Measurements made at baseline and after six months included transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac MRI, body composition, blood lipid concentrations, applanation tonometry, quality of life and maximal exercise capacity. Despite significant increases in exercise capacity following exercise training in the intervention group, no other significant changes in the cardiovascular structure or function, body composition, cholesterol concentration or quality of life were observed when compared to changes seen in the control group. Six months of exercise training in previously sedentary older adults are insufficient to modify cardiovascular function and structure despite causing marked improvements in exercise capacity. These findings contrast with previously reported non-randomised trials of exercise training in older people. However, they add important, robust information regarding the likely effects of short periods of exercise training on cardiovascular function and structure in older normal adults.
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KINCAID, HEATHER NOELLE. "USE IT OR LOSE IT: A STUDY OF EXERCISE AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613161.
Full textAbstract:
Heart disease is the number one cause of death of men and women in the United
States. In fact, heart disease kills more people than all types of cancer combined, equaling
almost 787,000 people in 2011 (25). In addition, it was estimated in 2012 that 52 billion
dollars was spent in direct and indirect costs of heart failure and by the year 2030, the
total cost of heart failure will triple (26). There are many modifiable risk factors that have
been shown to reduce an individual’s chance of having heart failure, and one of these
factors is exercise. Exercise will not completely prevent the decrease in cardiovascular
function as an individual ages, but will help maintain cardiac output, VO2 max, and
blood pressure. Any amount of exercise is beneficial, even for patients with pre-existing
heart disease. Therefore, those who have risk factors for heart disease should consult their
doctor and begin an exercise program to reduce their risk of a coronary event.