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Journal articles on the topic 'Cardiovascular exercise'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Sorensen, Marit. "Maintenance of Exercise Behavior for Individuals at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3 (1997): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.867.

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The purpose of the study was to examine psychological factors associated with maintenance of exercise behavior in a population of middle-aged individuals with elevated risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 191 males and 17 females took pan in a one-year diet and/or exercise intervention during 1990-1991. Four years later questionnaires were sent out to the 200 former participants who were still available for contact. 67.9% of those who answered ( n= 140) were categorized as exercisers, and 30.7% were categorized as nonexercisers. The majority of the exercisers had exercised at least one and a half years. A chi-squared analysis showed that whether the individuals were exercising or not at present was independent of whether they had exercised or not during the intervention study. Discriminant analyses were used to determine how well physical self-perceptions at different times would categorize exercisers and nonexercisers. Current physical self-perceptions categorized the Active Exercisers (86.9%) and the Nonexercisers (63.3%) the best (in total 79.1% correct classifications). Neither change in physical self-perceptions during the intervention nor change in physical self-perceptions from the end of the intervention until four years later, classified the exercise behavior as well. Three social cognitive models, The Self-perception model, The Health Belief model, and The Self-efficacy model, were investigated as discriminators between Active Exercisers and Nonexercisers. Active Exercisers were classified better than Nonexercisers, and current physical self-perceptions showed the highest percentage of total correct classifications. The proposed models were also analyzed as predictors of the variance in self-raced Motivation for Exercise. Outcome Expectations, Compliance Self-efficacy, Perceived Fitness, and Exercise Mastery explained 45% of the variance in self-rated Motivation for Exercise.
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2

Silva-Filho, Antonio, Luana Azoubel, Rodrigo Barroso, et al. "A Case-control Study of Exercise and Kidney Disease: Hemodialysis and Transplantation." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 03 (2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0810-8583.

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AbstractWe aimed to analyze the effect of an exercise training program in autonomic modulation, and exercise tolerance of hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients. 4 groups of exercised and non-exercised patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted subjects had their biochemical tests, and heart rate variability evaluations analyzed. Also, sleep quality, anxiety and depression questionnaires were evaluated. Both exercised groups showed improvements in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, biochemical markers, and exercise tolerance after the exercise training program. The exercised kidney-transplanted patients group showed better improvements in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, biochemical markers, and exercise tolerance when compared to the exercised hemodialysis patients group. Both groups showed improvements in sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. The group of kidney-transplanted patients show better results in the cardiovascular autonomic modulation than subjects undergoing hemodialysis. However, the patients undergoing hemodialysis showed improvements in blood pressure, HDL, hemoglobin and phosphorus, changes not observed in the kidney-transplanted group. Exercise is beneficial for both hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients groups. However, exercise programs should be focused mainly in improving cardiovascular risk factors in the HD patients.
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3

Colakoglu, Muzaffer, Ozgur Ozkaya, and Gorkem Balci. "Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift." Sports 6, no. 3 (2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030098.

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Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( V ˙ O2max: 61.7 ± 6.13 mL·min−1·kg−1). Following familiarization sessions, athletes’ individual maximal O2 consumption ( V ˙ O2max), maximum stroke volume responses (SVmax), and cardiac outputs (Qc) were evaluated by a nitrous-oxide re-breathing system and its gas analyzer. Then, continuous exercises were performed 30 min at cyclists’ 60% V ˙ O2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 ± 17.9 vs. 144.5 ± 14.6 mL, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 ± 14.8 vs. 135.2 ± 11.6 bpm, respectively; p ≤ 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 ± 2.1 vs. 19.4 ± 1.5 L, respectively; p > 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.
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4

Gries, Kevin J., Ulrika Raue, Ryan K. Perkins, et al. "Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health with lifelong exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 5 (2018): 1636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2018.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic lifelong exercise (LLE) on maximum oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and skeletal muscle metabolic fitness in trained women ( n = 7, 72 ± 2 yr) and men ( n = 21, 74 ± 1 yr) and compare them to old, healthy nonexercisers (OH; women: n = 10, 75 ± 1 yr; men: n = 10, 75 ± 1 yr) and young exercisers (YE; women: n = 10, 25 ± 1 yr; men: n = 10, 25 ± 1 yr). LLE men were further subdivided based on intensity of lifelong exercise and competitive status into performance (LLE-P, n = 14) and fitness (LLE-F, n = 7). On average, LLE exercised 5 day/wk for 7 h/wk over the past 52 ± 1 yr. Each subject performed a maximal cycle test to assess V̇o2maxand had a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy to examine capillarization and metabolic enzymes [citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and glycogen phosphorylase]. V̇o2maxhad a hierarchical pattern (YE > LLE > OH, P < 0.05) for women (44 ± 2 > 26 ± 2 > 18 ± 1 ml·kg−1·min−1) and men (53 ± 3 > 34 ± 1 > 22 ± 1 ml·kg−1·min−1) and was greater ( P < 0.05) in LLE-P (38 ± 1 ml·kg−1·min−1) than LLE-F (27 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1). LLE men regardless of intensity and women had similar capillarization and aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase and β-HAD) as YE, which were 20%–90% greater ( P < 0.05) than OH. In summary, these data show a substantial V̇o2maxbenefit with LLE that tracked similarly between the sexes, with further enhancement in performance-trained men. For skeletal muscle, 50+ years of aerobic exercise fully preserved capillarization and aerobic enzymes, regardless of intensity. These data suggest that skeletal muscle metabolic fitness may be easier to maintain with lifelong aerobic exercise than more central aspects of the cardiovascular system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lifelong exercise (LLE) is a relatively new and evolving area of study with information especially limited in women and individuals with varying exercise intensity habits. These data show a substantial maximal oxygen consumption benefit with LLE that tracked similarly between the sexes. Our findings contribute to the very limited skeletal muscle biopsy data from LLE women (>70 yr), and similar to men, revealed a preserved metabolic phenotype comparable to young exercisers.
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5

Carrick-Ranson, Graeme, Jeffrey L. Hastings, Paul S. Bhella, et al. "The effect of lifelong exercise dose on cardiovascular function during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 7 (2014): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2013.

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An increased “dose” of endurance exercise training is associated with a greater maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), a larger left ventricular (LV) mass, and improved heart rate and blood pressure control. However, the effect of lifelong exercise dose on metabolic and hemodynamic response during exercise has not been previously examined. We performed a cross-sectional study on 101 (69 men) seniors (60 yr and older) focusing on lifelong exercise frequency as an index of exercise dose. These included 27 who had performed ≤2 exercise sessions/wk (sedentary), 25 who performed 2–3 sessions/wk (casual), 24 who performed 4–5 sessions/wk (committed) and 25 who performed ≥6 sessions/wk plus regular competitions (Masters athletes) over at least the last 25 yr. Oxygen uptake and hemodynamics [cardiac output, stroke volume (SV)] were collected at rest, two levels of steady-state submaximal exercise, and maximal exercise. Doppler ultrasound measures of LV diastolic filling were assessed at rest and during LV loading (saline infusion) to simulate increased LV filling. Body composition, total blood volume, and heart rate recovery after maximal exercise were also examined. V̇o2max increased in a dose-dependent manner ( P < 0.05). At maximal exercise, cardiac output and SV were largest in committed exercisers and Masters athletes ( P < 0.05), while arteriovenous oxygen difference was greater in all trained groups ( P < 0.05). At maximal exercise, effective arterial elastance, an index of ventricular-arterial coupling, was lower in committed exercisers and Masters athletes ( P < 0.05). Doppler measures of LV filling were not enhanced at any condition, irrespective of lifelong exercise frequency. These data suggest that performing four or more weekly endurance exercise sessions over a lifetime results in significant gains in V̇o2max, SV, and heart rate regulation during exercise; however, improved SV regulation during exercise is not coupled with favorable effects on LV filling, even when the heart is fully loaded.
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6

Martinez, Matthew W., Jonathan H. Kim, Ankit B. Shah, et al. "Exercise-Induced Cardiovascular Adaptations and Approach to Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 78, no. 14 (2021): 1453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.003.

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7

Thompson, Paul D. "Cardiovascular Risks of Exercise." Physician and Sportsmedicine 29, no. 4 (2001): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2001.04.714.

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8

Uzun, Mehmet. "Cardiovascular System and Exercise." Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 7, no. 60 (2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5543/khd.2016.77487.

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9

Kelly Smith, J. "Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease." Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets 10, no. 4 (2010): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152910793743823.

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10

Xiang, Lusha, and Robert L. Hester. "Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise." Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function 3, no. 7 (2011): 1–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4199/c00040ed1v01y201109isp027.

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11

Garrahy, Edward, Kade Davison, Sibella Hardcastle, et al. "Exercise as cardiovascular medicine." Australian Journal of General Practice 49, no. 8 (2020): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-03-20-5294.

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12

Sidawy, Anton. "Cardiovascular response to exercise." Journal of Vascular Surgery 24, no. 1 (1996): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70186-6.

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13

Regensteiner, Judith. "Cardiovascular response to exercise." Journal of Vascular Surgery 25, no. 3 (1997): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(97)70276-3.

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14

Dela, Flemming, Thomas Mohr, Christina M. R. Jensen, et al. "Cardiovascular Control During Exercise." Circulation 107, no. 16 (2003): 2127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000065225.18093.e4.

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15

Dimmeler, Stefanie, and Andreas M. Zeiher. "Exercise and Cardiovascular Health." Circulation 107, no. 25 (2003): 3118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000074244.82874.a0.

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16

Perez-Terzic, Carmen M. "Exercise in Cardiovascular Diseases." PM&R 4, no. 11 (2012): 867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.003.

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17

Dubbert, Patricia M., Neil B. Rappaport, and John E. Martin. "Exercise in Cardiovascular Disease." Behavior Modification 11, no. 3 (1987): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01454455870113005.

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18

Laughlin, M. H. "Cardiovascular response to exercise." Advances in Physiology Education 277, no. 6 (1999): S244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1999.277.6.s244.

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This article is intended for instructors who teach cardiovascular physiology. In our physiology course exercise physiology is used as a tool to review and integrate cardiovascular and respiratory physiology. It is assumed that the students already have mastered the fundamentals of cardiovascular and respiratory physiology. Because this paper is part of a cardiovascular refresher course, I have deleted much of the respiratory physiology. The objectives of this presentation are for the student to 1) understand the relationship between maximal oxygen consumption and endurance during sustained exercise and be able to define "maximal oxygen consumption"; 2) understand the determinants of of maximal oxygen consumption; 3) understand the effects of dynamic exercise on the cardiovascular system and mechanisms for these effects; 4) understand the relationships between exercise intensity and major cardiorespiratory parameters, including heart rate, cardiac output, blood flow distribution, left ventricular stroke volume, arterial pressures, total peripheral resistance, and arterial and venous blood oxygen content; 5) be able to compare and contrast the cardiovascular effects of dynamic and isometric exercise in man and the mechanisms responsible for the major differences; and 6) be able to apply knowledge of the cardiovascular effects of exercise to understanding the causes of cardiovascular symptoms in disease and in diagnosis of disease states. This material contains many areas that stimulate discussion with students and allow exploration of concepts that are challenging for the student. This give and take between teachers and student is difficult to summarize in an article of this sort. Therefore, subjects that in my experience often stimulate questions and discussion with the students are indicated in the text.
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19

Teixeira, André L., Igor A. Fernandes, and Lauro C. Vianna. "Cardiovascular Control During Exercise." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 48, no. 2 (2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jes.0000000000000218.

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20

Villella, Massimo, and Alessandro Villella. "Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 39, no. 2-3 (2014): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355790.

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21

Campagna, Robert D., and Peter M. Okin. "Cardiovascular Response to Exercise." Critical Care Medicine 23, no. 2 (1995): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199502000-00043.

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22

Shephard, Roy J., and Gary J. Balady. "Exercise as Cardiovascular Therapy." Circulation 99, no. 7 (1999): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.7.963.

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23

Shern-Brewer, Robin, Nalini Santanam, Carla Wetzstein, Jill White-Welkley, and Sampath Parthasarathy. "Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 18, no. 7 (1998): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.18.7.1181.

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24

Todd, Iain C. "Cardiovascular response to exercise." International Journal of Cardiology 47, no. 1 (1994): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(94)90142-2.

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25

Agarwal, Shashi K. "Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease." Journal of Preventive Medicine and Holistic Health 6, no. 2 (2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jpmhh.2020.011.

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26

Graham, Terry E. "Exercise, Postprandial Triacylglyceridemia, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29, no. 6 (2004): 781–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h04-051.

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An elevation of plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) is a well recognized cardiovascular risk factor. Less appreciated is that high and prolonged elevations in TAG in the postprandial (PP) phase is also a risk factor. Given that we spend approximately 18 hrs a day in the PP state, this is particularly critical. The elevation is due to both cylomicron and very low density lipoprotein TAG. It is thought that enhancing the concentrations of these lipoproprotein fractions increases the production of smaller, more dense low density lipoprotein and that this leads to increased cardiovascular disease risk. The PP TAG response is greater in men, in obese individuals, and in type 2 diabetics. It has been reported repeatedly that exercise the day before ingestion of a high fat meal is associated with a marked dampening of the PP TAG rise. The mechanisms for this are not clear and do not appear to be due to changes in the exercised muscle itself. There is some speculation that the production of plasma TAG may be decreased. The exercise benefits are lost within 3 days. The minimum exercise required has not been determined, but even 30 min of intermittent aerobic exercise or mild resistance exercise has a positive effect. This demonstrates a clear benefit from an active lifestyle and one that does not require intense exercise or months of training. Key words: atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, dietary fats, carbohydrates, VLDL, LDL, triglycerides, sex differences
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27

Matos-Santos, Lenifran, Paulo Farinatti, Juliana P. Borges, Renato Massaferri, and Walace Monteiro. "Cardiovascular Responses to Resistance Exercise Performed with Large and Small Muscle Mass." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 12 (2017): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116671.

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AbstractPrior research about the effects of the amount of exercised muscle mass upon cardiovascular responses (CVR) has neglected a potential bias related to total exercise and concentric/eccentric duration. Autonomic responses and perceived exertion (RPE) were compared in resistance exercises performed with larger and smaller muscle mass and matched for total exercise and concentric/eccentric duration. Twelve men performed 4 sets of 12 repetitions of unilateral (UNI) and bilateral (BIL) knee extensions at 70% of 12RM. Increases in CVR were always greater at the last set of BIL over UNI, as were SBP (35% vs. 23%), DBP (36% vs. 23%), HR (40% vs. 26%), RRP (90% vs 53%) and CO (55% vs 39%). No difference between protocols was found for autonomic modulation before and after exercise, but BIL induced significantly greater changes than UNI from baseline for R-R intervals (−13% vs. −7%), SDNN (−38% vs. −17%) and rMSSD (−41% vs. −21%). The rate of perceived exertion in the last set was higher in BIL than UNI (7.6±0.5 vs. 6.6±1.4 OMNI-RES; P<0.05) and did not correlate with any CVR. Thus, CVR were greater in resistance exercise performed with larger than smaller muscle mass. This information is relevant for patients with high cardiovascular risk.
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28

Jain, Vikas, S. K. Dwivedi, and R. K. Sharma. "Association of Metabolic Syndrome Parameters with Exercise Capacity and Cardiovascular Parameters." International Physiology 6, no. 2 (2018): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ip.2347.1506.6218.20.

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29

Ramos, Ayrton Moraes, Gilmar Weber Senna, Estevão Scudese, et al. "CARDIOVASCULAR AND STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS IN CONCURRENT TRAINING IN HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 5 (2019): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192505200493.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Physical exercise has been recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy for preventing and controlling hypertension. Objective To verify chronic cardiovascular and muscle strength adaptations in hypertensive women who underwent 12 weeks of concurrent training (CT) in different orders. Methods Twenty hypertensive women were randomly assigned into 2 groups: resistance exercise-endurance group (REE; 56.00 ± 5.20 years; 78.95 ± 8.28 kg; 155.10 ± 5.30 cm; 33.00 ± 5.30 kg.m-2) and endurance-resistance exercise group (ERE; 57.10 ± 13.38 years; 76.56 ± 18.87 kg; 155.50 ± 8.18 cm; 31.41 ± 5.84 kg.m-2). The endurance exercise was composed of 3 sets of 4 exercises, with 8-RM loads with a 90-second break between sets and exercises. The resistance exercise lasted for 25 minutes and was of progressive intensity. Muscle strength (8-RM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and double product were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Results The ANOVA showed significant increases in strength for all exercises (p <0.0001) regardless of the order of the concurrent training (bench press, p = 0.680; leg press, p = 0.244; seated row, p = 0.668; and leg extension, p = 0.257). No significant differences in systolic (p = 0.074) and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.064) were observed for different CT conditions. However, significant reductions in systolic (p = 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.006) and double product (p = 0.006) only occurred in the REE group. Conclusion Endurance training and resistance exercise promote significant muscle strength gains after 12 weeks of training regardless of CT order in hypertensive women. Beneficial cardiovascular responses (SBP, DBP, and RPP) were also observed when endurance training was initiated. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating Treatment Outcomes.
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30

Vickers, Kristin S., Mary A. Nies, Ross A. Dierkhising, et al. "Exercise DVD Improves Exercise Expectations in Cardiovascular Outpatients." American Journal of Health Behavior 35, no. 3 (2011): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.35.3.5.

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31

Golbidi, Saeid, and Ismail Laher. "Exercise and the Cardiovascular System." Cardiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/210852.

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There are alarming increases in the incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The risk of these diseases is significantly reduced by appropriate lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity. However, the exact mechanisms by which exercise influences the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are unclear. In this paper we review some important exercise-induced changes in cardiac, vascular, and blood tissues and discuss recent clinical trials related to the benefits of exercise. We also discuss the roles of boosting antioxidant levels, consequences of epicardial fat reduction, increases in expression of heat shock proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, mitochondrial adaptation, and the role of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium channels in the contributing to the cardioprotection offered by exercise. In terms of vascular benefits, the main effects discussed are changes in exercise-induced vascular remodeling and endothelial function. Exercise-induced fibrinolytic and rheological changes also underlie the hematological benefits of exercise.
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32

Al-Obaidi, Saud, Joseph Anthony, Elizabeth Dean, and Nadia Al-Shuwai. "Cardiovascular Responses to Repetitive McKenzie Lumbar Spine Exercises." Physical Therapy 81, no. 9 (2001): 1524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.9.1524.

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Abstract Background and Purpose. Repetitive exercises of the type recommended by McKenzie for the lumbar spine, such as flexion and extension exercises in standing (FIS and EIS) and lying positions (FIL and EIL), have been used in the management of low back pain for over 20 years. The cardiovascular effects of exercises that involve postural stabilization and the arms and of exercises performed in a lying position are well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the cardiovascular effects of 4 exercises used in the McKenzie system. Subjects and Methods. One hundred subjects without cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary disease (mean age=31 years, SD=6.1, range=22–44) and who were representative of people susceptible to low back pain were studied. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 exercise groups (ie, FIS, EIS, FIL, and EIL). Subjects performed sets of 10, 15, and 20 repetitions of the assigned exercise, with a 15-minute rest between sets. Heart rate, blood pressure, and rate-pressure product (an index of myocardial work) were recorded before and after each set of repetitions. Results. After 10 repetitions, flexion and extension in lying were more hemodynamically demanding than in standing. This trend persisted for 15 and 20 repetitions; however, at 20 repetitions, the hemodynamic demands were different across exercise groups (ie, FIL>EIL>FIS>EIS). Discussion and Conclusion. Repetitive exercises of the type suggested by McKenzie for the lumbar spine can have cardiovascular effects in people with no cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary conditions. These effects may be important with respect to cardiac work, and patients for whom these exercises are indicated should have a cardiac and pulmonary risk factor assessment to determine whether heart rate and blood pressure should be monitored.
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33

DOI, Yutaka. "Exercise physiology of cardiovascular system." Journal of exercise physiology 2, no. 2 (1987): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika1986.2.97.

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López-López, Sergio, and Helios Pareja-Galeano. "Cardiovascular biomarkers modified by exercise." Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine 3 (February 26, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jlpm.2018.01.09.

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35

Maeda, Seiji. "Habitual Exercise and Cardiovascular Function." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 11, no. 10 (2006): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.11.10_36.

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36

Rosiello, R. A., C. Shuhart, J. L. Ward, and D. A. Mahler. "CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO ROWING EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, no. 2 (1985): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198504000-00314.

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37

Spyropoulos, P. G., R. E. Keyser, L. O. Greninger, C. W. Armstrong, and F. F. Andres. "CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO ISOKINETIC EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, supplement (1986): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604001-00248.

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38

Schenck-Gustafsson, K. "41 EXERCISE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE." Maturitas 71 (March 2012): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(12)70045-2.

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39

Cable, T. "Exercise, ageing and cardiovascular function." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2009): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.174.

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40

Thompson, Paul D., Barry A. Franklin, Gary J. Balady, et al. "Exercise and Acute Cardiovascular Events." Circulation 115, no. 17 (2007): 2358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.181485.

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41

Hiatt, William R. "Exercise physiology in cardiovascular diseases." Current Opinion in Cardiology 6, no. 5 (1991): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-199110000-00013.

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42

Karpman, Victor L. "Cardiovascular System and Physical Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 7 (1992): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199207000-00019.

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43

MANOHAR, M. "Exercise and the cardiovascular system." Equine Veterinary Journal 22, S9 (2010): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04725.x.

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Romero, Steven A., Christopher T. Minson, and John R. Halliwill. "The cardiovascular system after exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 4 (2017): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00802.2016.

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Abstract:
Recovery from exercise refers to the time period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising or the resting states. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, during which many characteristics of the system, even how it is controlled, change over time. Some of these changes may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. Furthermore, some of these changes may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. This review focuses on the most consistently observed hemodynamic adjustments and the underlying causes that drive cardiovascular recovery and will highlight how they differ following resistance and aerobic exercise. Primary emphasis will be placed on the hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise and associated mechanisms that have clinical relevance, but if left unchecked, can progress to symptomatic hypotension and syncope. Finally, we focus on the practical application of this information to strategies to maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state. We will explore appropriate field measures, and discuss to what extent these can guide an athlete’s training.
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Mitten, Laurie A. "Cardiovascular Causes of Exercise Intolerance." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 12, no. 3 (1996): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30268-7.

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Hossack, Kenneth F. "Cardiovascular Responses to Dynamic Exercise." Cardiology Clinics 5, no. 2 (1987): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30542-3.

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Kendrick, Zebulon V., Natalio Cristal, and David T. Lowenthal. "Cardiovascular Drugs and Exercise Interactions." Cardiology Clinics 5, no. 2 (1987): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30548-4.

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Franklin, Barry A. "Preventing Exercise-Related Cardiovascular Events." Circulation 129, no. 10 (2014): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.114.007641.

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Lavie, Carl J., Ross Arena, Damon L. Swift, et al. "Exercise and the Cardiovascular System." Circulation Research 117, no. 2 (2015): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.117.305205.

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Astorino, Todd A., and Matt M. Schubert. "Exercise Programming for Cardiovascular Disease." Strength and Conditioning Journal 34, no. 5 (2012): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e31825ab1aa.

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