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Patil, Ninad Mohan. "Artificial neural networks for cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular fitness and ankle-brachial index." Scholarly Commons, 2005. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/616.
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Artificial Neural Networks are biologically inspired computational methodologies that can perfom multifactorial analyses. In recent years, they have been evaluated for medical decision support, with varying degrees of success. The preliminary part of my thesis deals with evaluating whether an Artificial Neural Network can be trained to approximate a cardiovascular risk stratification algorithm by Rifai et al. My subsequent work involves training the network on a population-based cross-sectional dataset with the objective of categorizing Ankle-Brachial Index and Maximal Oxygen Consumption. These are indicators of the severity of lower extremity atherosclerosis and the level of cardiovascular fitness respectively.
NeuralSIM®, a commercially available Artificial Neural Network, was trained using C-reactive protein and Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol ratio as input parameters, and the relative risk stratum for future myocardial infarctions or stroke as output. For the Ankle-Brachial Index and the cardiovascular fitness networks, data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The network for cardiovascular fitness was compared with an algorithm published by Jackson et al.
The network was able to approximate the cardiovascular risk stratification algorithm by Rifai et al closely with correlation coefficients of0.95 in men and 0.93 in women respectively. The network to screen for low cardiovascular fitness had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 78%, with an overall accuracy of 81%. The Ankle-Brachial Index network demonstrated a high level of specificity (86.3%) for estimating abnonnal values but a very low sensitivity (30%).
Artificial neural networks showed encouraging results for potential use as decision-support tools. One significant limitation is that the importance of individual parameters or the exact function cannot be ascertained easily. There is a need to address this issue in future software development.
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Ten, Eyck Laura Lea. "Effects of directed thinking on exercise and cardiovascular fitness." Fort Worth, Tex. : Texas Christian University, 2006. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-11132006-141900/unrestricted/teneyck.pdf.
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Carter, La Shundra T. "Secondary Physical Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Adolescent Females’ Cardiovascular Fitness." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7614.
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Cardiovascular fitness levels in physical education have decreased for males and females in an inner-city high school, with female cardiovascular fitness decreasing the most. Cardiovascular fitness is important because participating in cardio exercises decreases health issues such as obesity and cardio problems. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the views of teachers regarding low cardiovascular fitness among adolescent females in physical education and how a professional development could help teachers to address the problem. Bandura’s social learning theory was used as the study’s conceptual framework. Semistructured and open-ended interview questions were used to collect data from 6 veteran PE teachers to address the research questions regarding teachers’ experiences in promoting cardiovascular exercises, levels of participation in cardiovascular exercises, and perceptions of professional development to help ameliorate the problem. Participant responses to the open-ended interview questions were analyzed by coding common words to create categories to develop themes. Qualitative findings revealed that participants started to notice low cardiovascular endurance in 9th grade, that professional development was not geared towards improving female adolescent activities nor assisting PE teachers in how to model these. A professional development, via the proposed project, was developed that will provide activities that can be used by both new and seasoned physical education teachers. Social change will occur in that implementation of the ideas shared in project may lead to a healthier and physically active lifestyle when students reach adulthood.
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Hurtig, Wennlöf Anita. "Cardiovascular risk factors in children /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-179-2/.
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Ruiz, Jonatan Ruiz. "Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-158-6/.
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Owen, Jurine H. Mrs. "Low Fitness Phenotype and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in African American Women." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/kin_health_diss/10.
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The purpose of this study is to determine if African American Women (AAW) with low fitness levels have low fitness related to a lifestyle choice of decreased physical activity (PA) or the cardiovascular disadvantage of greater proportion of Type II (FT) muscle fibers.
Forty-eight apparently healthy AAW participated in the study. The women had no known risk factors for CVD; were sedentary (no structured fitness training program within last six months) or minimally fit (PA ≤ 3 x week for 20 minutes); and were not taking any prescription medications for blood pressure, diabetes, or lipid control. On the first visit the following measurements were taken: 1.) height and weight (electronic scale and stadiometer); 2.) body fat percentage (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA % body fat); and 3.) CRF (submaximal treadmill exercise test). On the second visit additional measurements included: 1.) blood pressure (stethoscope and sphygmomanometer); 2.) lipid profile and high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) (Cholestech LDX analyzer); 3.) thigh anthropometric measurements; 4.) isokinetic power and fatigue testing (KIN-COM dynamometer). Pearson product correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the relationship between the variables.
The results indicated that gross oxygen consumption at 85% maximal heart rate (VO2) was not significantly related to PA (r = -.06, p = .67) or FT fibers (r = 0.14, p = 0.34). VO2 was negatively correlated with hs-CRP (r = -.31, p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.47, p < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.42, p < 0.01), and DXA % body fat (r = -0.64, p < 0.01). There were no significant relationships between PA and any of the variables. FT fibers were negatively correlated with low density lipoprotein (r = -0.30, p < 0.05) and DXA % body fat (r = -0.46, p < 0.01).
In conclusion, low cardiorespiratory fitness in AAW does not seem to be a related to reported levels of PA or proportion of FT fibers. This suggests that there may be other factors that are contributing to the low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness observed in this sample of AAW.
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Harding, Dominique. "The effects of vigorous Hatha yoga on cardiovascular fitness and flexibility." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000119.
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Kwon, Soyang. "Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/535.
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The goal of this dissertation research was to better understand relationships among physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and cardiovascular (CV) health in children and adolescents. The aim of the first paper was to examine whether fitness and adiposity are independently associated with CV risk factors during puberty. Study participants were 126 prepubertal Caucasian children participating in a longitudinal four-year follow-up study. Fitness level was determined by VO2 max (L/min) obtained from maximal graded exercise testing and adiposity level was determined by the sum of skinfolds. Gender-specific individual growth curve models, including both VO2 max and the sum of skinfolds simultaneously, were fit to predict CV risk factor variables. Models also included covariates such as age, height, weight, and pubertal stage by the Tanner criteria. In both boys and girls, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and systolic blood pressure percentile were positively associated with the sum of skinfolds (P < 0.05), but not with VO2 max (P > 0.05). In conclusion, fitness was not associated with CV risk factors, after adjusting for adiposity, among healthy adolescents. This study suggests that adiposity may play a role in the mechanism underlying the effect of fitness on CV health during puberty. The aim of the second paper was to examine whether early adiposity level is inversely associated with subsequent PA behaviors in childhood. Study participants were 326 children participating in the Iowa Bone Development Study. PA and fat mass were measured using accelerometers and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at approximately 5, 8, and 11 years of age. Gender-specific generalized linear models were fit to examine the association between percent body fat (BF%) at age 8 and intensity-weighted moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (IW-MVPA) at age 11. After adjusting for IW-MVPA at age 8, an interval between the age 5 and 8 examinations, residualized change scores of BF% and IW-MVPA from age 5 to 8 and mother's education level, BF% at age 8 was inversely associated with IW-MVPA at age 11 among boys (P < 0.05). After adjusting for IW-MVPA at age 8, physical maturity, and family income, BF% at age 8 was inversely associated with IW-MVPA at age 11 among girls (P < 0.05). Categorical analysis also showed that the odd of being in the lowest quartile relative to the highest quartile of IW-MVPA at three-year follow-up for boys and girls with high BF% was approximately four times higher than the odd for those with low BF% (P < 0.05). This study suggests that adiposity levels may be a determinant of PA behavior. Specific intervention strategies for overweight children may be needed to promote PA. The aim of the third paper was to examine whether accelerometer-measured daily light-intensity PA is inversely associated with DXA-derived body fat mass during childhood. The study sample was 577 children participating in the longitudinal Iowa Bone Development Study. Fat mass and PA were measured at about 5, 8, and 11 years of age. Two PA indicators were used, applying two accelerometer count cut-points: the daily sum of accelerometer counts during light-intensity PA (IW-LPA) and the daily sums of accelerometer counts during high-light-intensity PA (IW-HLPA). Measurement time point- and gender-specific multivariable linear regression models were fit to predict fat mass based on IW-LPA and IW-HLPA, including covariates, such as age, birth weight, fat-free mass, height, IW-MVPA and maturity (only for girls). Among boys, both IW-LPA and IW-HLPA were inversely associated with fat mass at age 11 (P < 0.05), but not at ages 5 and 8. Among girls, both LPA variables were inversely associated with fat mass at ages 8 and 11 (P < 0.10 for LPA at age 11, P < 0.05 for others), but not at age 5. In conclusion, this study suggests that light-intensity PA may have a preventive effect against adiposity among older children.
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Kim, David. "Effects of antipsychotic medication on cardiovascular function and fitness in individuals with schizophrenia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59546.
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Background: Individuals living with schizophrenia have consistently demonstrated impaired cardiovascular fitness. It is of particular interest whether antipsychotic medications significantly contribute to the reduced cardiovascular fitness in these individuals. A comprehensive review of the literature and meta-analysis was performed to examine the overall dose-dependent effect of antipsychotics on cardiovascular fitness. Also, it was tested in our participants with schizophrenia whether this dose-dependent effect might be independent of body mass index (BMI) and whether cardiovascular fitness might be further reduced in those exposed primarily to clozapine versus other antipsychotics. Methods: For our comprehensive review and meta-analysis, an electronic search of the literature was performed to identify studies that examined the effects of antipsychotics on cardiovascular fitness. For our original research investigation, 30 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder stabilized on antipsychotics were recruited. The patients were divided into the clozapine (n = 15) and non-clozapine (n = 15) groups, and a group of healthy age- and sex-matched controls (n = 15) was included. All current antipsychotic doses were converted to chlorpromazine equivalents (CPZE). Each participant completed maximal symptom-limited exercise testing on a cycle ergometer for the assessment of peak aerobic power (VO₂peak). Results: The meta-analysis revealed an overall significant dose-dependent effect of antipsychotics on cardiovascular fitness in a total of 294 participants (correlation coefficient: -0.29, 95% CI: -0.43 to -0.14, p < 0.001). In our patients, after controlling for BMI, every 100-mg⋅d-¹ increase in CPZE was associated with approximately a 1-mL⋅kg-¹⋅min-¹ reduction in VO₂peak (p = 0.046). Moreover, the clozapine group demonstrated further reduced VO₂peak as compared to the non-clozapine group, even after controlling for BMI and CPZE (p = 0.042). Conclusion: In conclusion, antipsychotics affect cardiovascular fitness in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect is independent of BMI in individuals with schizophrenia. Also, those receiving clozapine have further reduced cardiovascular fitness than those receiving other antipsychotics. Potential mechanisms are not clear, but it is suggested that altered activity of peripheral adrenergic and muscarinic receptors, as well as altered metabolism, by antipsychotics may contribute to the impaired cardiovascular fitness in individuals with schizophrenia.Medicine, Faculty of
Experimental Medicine, Division of
Graduate
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Högström, Gabriel. "Cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality : influence of fitness, fatness and genetic factors." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Geriatrik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130312.
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Background Low aerobic fitness and obesity are associated with atherosclerosis, and thereforegreatly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and early death. It has long been known that atherosclerosis my begin early in life. Despite this fact, it remains unknown how obesity and aerobic fitness early in life influence the risks of atherosclerosis, CVD and death. Furthermore, it is unknown whether high aerobic fitness can compensate for the risks associated with obesity, and how genetic confounding affects the relationshipsof aerobic fitness with CVD and all-cause mortality. Thus, the main aims of this thesis were to investigate the associations of aerobic fitness in late adolescence with myocardial infarction (Study I), stroke (Study II) and all-cause mortality (Study III), and how genetic confounding influences the relationshipsof aerobic fitness with CVD, diabetes and death (Study IV). Methods The study population comprised up to1.3 million men who participated in mandatory Swedish military conscription. During conscription, all conscripts underwent highly standardized tests to assess aerobic fitness, body mass index, blood pressure and cognitive function. A physician also examined all conscripts. Data on subjects’ diagnoses, death and socioeconomic status during follow-up were retrieved using record linkage. Subjects were subsequently followed until the study endpoint, date of death or date of any outcome of interest. Associations between baseline variables and the risks of adverse outcomes were assessed using Cox’s proportional hazard models. Genetic confounding of the relationships between aerobic fitness and diabetes, CVD and death was assessed using a twin population and a paired logistic regression model. Results In Study I, low aerobic fitness at conscription was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] 0.82 per standard deviation increase). Similarly, in Study II, high aerobic fitness reduced the risk of stroke (HR 0.84 for ischemic stroke, HR 0.82 for hemorrhagic stroke; P < 0.001 for all), and obesity was associated with an increased risk of stroke (HR 1.15 for ischemic stroke, HR 1.18 for hemorrhagic stroke; P < 0.001 for all). In Study III, high aerobic fitness was also associated with reduced all-cause mortality later in life (HR 0.49, P < 0.001). High aerobic fitness exerted the strongest protection against death from substance and alcohol abuse, suicide and trauma (HRs 0.20, 0.41 and 0.52, respectively; P < 0.001 for all). Obese individuals with aerobic fitness were at higher risk of MI and all-cause mortality than were normal-weight individuals with low fitness (Studies I and III). In Study IV, fit twins had no reduced risk of CVD or death during follow-up compared with their unfit twin siblings (odds ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.88–1.40), regardless of how large the difference in fitness was. However, the fitter twins were protected against diabetes during follow-up. Conclusions Already early in life, aerobic fitness is a strong predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality later in life. In contrast to the “fat but fit” hypothesis, it seems that high aerobic fitness cannot fully compensate for the risks associated with obesity. The associationsof aerobic fitness with CVD and all-cause mortality appear to be mediated by genetic factors. Together, these findings have implications for the view of aerobic fitness as a causal risk factor for CVD and early death.
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Turner, Marcia Elizabeth. "THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, PHYSICAL FITNESS, AND BODY MASS INDEX TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06062006-194446/.
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10,291 participants, aged 20 to 85 years of age, available from the 1999 through 2002 NHANES databases participated in this study. Only 8,485 (82%) of these participants were included in the data analysis. Participants who were pregnant (n = 603), not examined at a mobile examination center (n = 820), or had missing values for height (n = 164) and/or weight (n = 125) were eliminated. Individuals were classified into four groups (underweight, normal, overweight and obese) based on body mass index (BMI). Variables measured in the study included body mass index, physical fitness, dietary folic acid, c-reactive protein, homocysteine, folate, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, HDL-C, and glucose. All data was collected at Mobile Examination Centers (MEC). The results of the present study showed that being overweight and obese were associated with a poor serum lipid profile, higher serum glucose levels, lower participation in physical activity and a lower physical fitness level. Being overweight and obese was also associated with higher serum levels of inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Overweight and obese individuals are also being diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD) at a younger age.
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Nordstoga, Anne Lovise. "Acute effects of a work-related rehabilitation program on cardiovascular fitness, pain, and sleep." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25604.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of a work-related rehabilitation program on cardiovascular fitness, musculoskeletal symptoms, and cardiac autonomic regulation during sleep, by comparing a group receiving long-stay rehabilitation (3.5 weeks) vs., a group receiving short-stay rehabilitation (4+4 days). Method: Three tests were performed on the patients enrolled for the work-related rehabilitation program: 1) Åstrand/Ryhming cycle test, 2) pressure pain threshold (PPT), and 3) heart rate variability during sleep. Subjective pain was scored on visual analogue scale (VAS). The pre-test measurements were performed on the first day of the intervention and post-test were performed during the last week of the intervention. Results: No significant within or between group differences were found for maximal oxygen uptake or HRV during sleep from pre- to post-test. No significant change was found in subjective pain scores, although PPT in trapezius and erector spinae were significantly decreased from pre- to post-test. There was no significant difference in change in pain between the short- and long-stay groups. Conclusion: The acute effect of the work-related rehabilitation program in cardiovascular fitness, autonomic regulation (indicated by HRV) and pain was small and mainly insignificant and there was no difference between the long-stay and short-stay groups. This study evaluated some of the factors that commonly are targeted in work-related rehabilitation programs, and the results highlight the importance of evaluating these programs. Future studies should investigate the long-term effect for the patients enrolled at the rehabilitation program. Keywords: Work-related rehabilitation, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular fitness, pressure pain threshold, sleep quality.
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Evetts, Simon Nicholas. "Human cardiovascular baroreceptor function and blood pressure control : effects of aerobic fitness and microgravity." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/human-cardiovascular-baroreceptor-function-and-blood-pressure-control--effects-of-aerobic-fitness-and-microgravity(13def2f6-128a-45a4-aaf8-c3cc0bf65268).html.
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Berrones, Adam J. "LIFESTYLE CONTRIBUTORS TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/28.
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Aortic stiffness is an independent risk factor that has prognostic value regarding future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events such as myocardial infarction, strokes, and heart failure. Although death rates due to coronary heart disease have declined in recent years, the leading global killer remains CVD and prevalence is still high. Understanding lifestyle contributors associated with aortic stiffness would provide the public with insight into targeting key health-related behaviors.
The purpose of this observational study was to examine the association of physical activity, physical function, and dietary quality as independent factors contributing to aortic stiffness in apparently healthy middle aged men. Fifty-two men between the ages of 30 and 59 years were recruited to participate in this study, which required two visits to the Exercise Physiology Laboratory. Aortic stiffness was measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) and was not associated with total daily step counts (r=-0.06; P=0.70). However, aortic stiffness was inversely associated with physical function, determined with the sitting-rising test score (r=-0.44; P<0.01) and inversely associated with relative muscular strength, determined with peak handgrip strength in both hands normalized to body mass (r=-0.41; P<0.01). Additionally, aortic stiffness was inversely associated with dietary quality, determined with the Healthy Eating Index score (r=0.51; P<0.01).
In conclusion, key health-related behaviors in this study that explained a large percentage of the variation in aortic stiffness were physical function and dietary quality (Adj r²=0.47; SEE=0.634). Hence, optimizing overall musculoskeletal fitness by focusing on strength, balance, coordination, and flexibility in addition to greater adherence to the U.S. Dietary Guidelines are key lifestyle contributors associated with reduced CVD risk in otherwise healthy middle aged men.
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Mavrommatis, Ioannis. "The effects of dietary long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble epoxide hydrolase and related markers of cardiovascular health." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56261.
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Ekblom, Bak Elin. "Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and abdominal obesity in relation to cardiovascular disease risk : epidemiological studies." Doctoral thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Björn Ekbloms och Mats Börjessons forskningsgrupp, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2989.
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Although Sweden saw a decline in death rates related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) between 1987 and 2011, it is still the most common cause of death for both women and men. Lifestyle-related factors such as inadequate physical activity (PA), poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and excess body fat are all recognised as important predictors of CVD morbidity and mortality. More recently, studies have highlighted the possible detrimental effects of prolonged sitting, which mainly substitutes for daily non-exercise PA (NEPA). Conversely, more preferable levels of these lifestyle factors are associated with lower CVD risk and increased life expectancy. Despite the extensive research performed within this field, there is still no consensus. The main objective of this thesis was therefore to examine the interrelationship between different levels of PA, CF, and abdominal adiposity and their association with CVD risk factors, CVD morbidity, and longevity in population-based samples of Swedish men and women of different ages. A second objective was to develop a new and more precise method for estimation of CF in a mixed, healthy, population. The main findings were - In a cross-sectional population based random sample of Swedish men (n=781) and women (n=890) aged 20 to 65 years were CF and abdominal obesity each independently and strongly beneficially associated with individual CVD risk factors, as well as to a clustered CVD risk factor profile. For the clustered risk, each unit of fitness (ml·kg-1·min-1) was associated with a 5% decrease in risk and each unit of waist circumference (cm) with a 5% increase in risk. This was seen in women as well as men, younger as well as older people, and daily smokers as well as non-smokers; however, there were some differences within the subgroups. - In the same population, higher levels of self-reported PA and CF, but mainly the latter, were independently associated in a beneficial way with both individual and clustered CVD risk factors. Furthermore, a notable interaction of excess clustered CVD risk was shown for being insufficiently physical active according to general guidelines in combination with not being fit. - In a representative cohort of 60-year-old men (n=2039) and women (n=2193) in Stockholm County, a generally active daily life was associated with beneficial metabolic health at baseline and an approximately 30% lower risk for a first-time cardiovascular event and all-cause mortality, respectively, after 12.5 years. These relationships were independent of regular exercise. - A new submaximal cycle ergometer test for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake was developed. The test is simple, low-risk, and easily administered, and does not require laboratory equipment or expertise. In a mixed population (in terms of age, activity status, and gender), the test showed a significantly increased precision compared with one of the most commonly used submaximal exercise tests today. In conclusion, these results indicate that in clinical practice it is important to evaluate both PA and CF as well as abdominal obesity status. Regarding PA, it is important to highlight the separate beneficial associations of a daily active life including NEPA on the one hand, and intentional regular exercise on the other.
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Cooney, Jennifer Kate. "Cardio-respiratory fitness, obesity and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cardiorespiratory-fitness-obesity-and-traditional-cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors-in-patients-with-rheumatoid-arthritis(dc06d01e-7228-4056-b18d-1ecf44feb80d).html.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain this increased incidence. Cardio-respiratory fitness and obesity are acknowledged CVD risk factors; however these are generally excluded when assessing CVD risk in RA patients. This PhD thesis aims to investigate the association between cardio-respiratory fitness and traditional CVD risk factors in RA patients and establish whether exercise can improve these CVD risk factors. To determine cardio-respiratory fitness of RA patients a simple submaximal step test was validated (n=24). A cross sectional study was then carried out with 100 RA patients who underwent assessments of fitness (step test), RA disease, CVD risk factors and body composition. RA patient fitness level was poor (22 ± 6 ml·kg-1·min-1). Traditional CVD risk factors were not obviously elevated but poor fitness was strongly associated with poor body composition. Thirty-five patients were unable to complete the step test. These patients rated their arthritis as worse, more painful, disabling and had a greater prevalence of obesity. This study highlighted two important modifiable CVD risk factors (poor fitness and obesity) that are not routinely measured. An 8 week exercise intervention (n= 10) designed to increase cardio-respiratory fitness was then implemented and improved cardiovascular health (systolic blood pressure), body composition (body fat, waist and hip circumference) and RA disease (p < 0.05). RA patients are suffering from the effects of being unfit and overweight. Not only are they independent CVD risk factors, they impact considerably on patients disease perception and functional ability. These risk factors should be considered as part of RA care and information should be provided to help patients improve their cardiovascular health and general wellbeing. Regular exercise can help improve the above CVD risk factors as shown in this thesis.
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Koford, Michelle A. "A Retrospective Study of the Effects of an Incentive Based Fitness and Well Being Intervention Has on Body Fat Loss and Cardiovascular Fitness at a Corporate Work Site." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1408709892.
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Erwin, Thomas E. "The effects of sex and disposition on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery /." View online, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/psyctad/3.
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Jackson, Hannah Lee. "Cardiovascular fitness and lung function of adult men and women in the United States : NHANES 1999-2002." online resource, 2008. http://digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/3/.
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Arcidiacono, Steven. "Predicting Cardiovascular Fitness in Ethnic Minority Youth: A Comparison of Demographic, Body Composition, and Physical Activity Variables." Diss., NSUWorks, 2017. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/112.
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Prevalence of obesity, low physical activity, and poor physical fitness of youth in the United States are increasingly poor and in need of intervention to prevent later concerns like hypertension. The overall goal of this dissertation was to examine which factors weigh heaviest in predicting cardiovascular fitness in diverse youth, and how we might measure those factors by maximizing clinical utility and psychometric properties. The sample was gathered from a larger study examining physical activity in youth from Miami-Dade county enrolled in out-of-school programs. Participants (N = 58) were aged 6-17 and comprised exclusively of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black children and adolescents, the majority of whom were from low-income families. Predictors of fitness were gathered in three primary categories: demographic variables (age, gender, race/ethnic category, family income level), body composition (Body Mass Index [BMI] percentile, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis [BIA]-measured body fat percentage), and habitual physical activity (accelerometer-measured counts per minute). These factors were entered in a hierarchical regression model to predict cardiorespiratory fitness measured by performance on a 20-meter shuttle run. Physical activity was not found to be significantly associated with fitness, and the effect size of this relationship was small, particularly when considering the impact of demographic and body composition variables. Overall, results reinforced the need for interventions to improve body composition and increase physical activity: the average participant was at the 81st percentile of BMI, had 26% body fat, was sedentary for approximately 84% of awake time, and only spent a few minutes per day engaging in vigorous physical activity. There were significant main effects of gender and race/ethnic category such that males and Non-Hispanic Black participants generally spent a greater proportion of time engaging in physical activity, with less sedentary time. Being female, younger, and having less body fat was associated with performance in the healthy fitness range when considering the impact of other variables, even though boys and older participants had more laps on the shuttle run. Findings presented in this dissertation indicate a continued need to develop technology with high utility, validity, and reliability to measure and improve indicators of health in diverse, low-income youth.
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Casey, Elizabeth C. "The role of physical fitness in the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic Inflammation in patients enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1337979304.
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Jackson, Bryan K. "A comparison of completion times between a 1.5-mile run on an indoor track and treadmill in physically active individuals /." Read thesis online, 2008. http://library.uco.edu/UCOthesis/JacksonBK2008.pdf.
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Recklau, Justin. "Effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 56 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1889099111&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bjøralt, Stine. "The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic syndrome and cerebro-cardiovascular disease on cognition in older adults." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26189.
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Background: Numerous studies have reported on the positive influence of superior physical health on the preservation of cognitive functions as we age. For ekxample, serveral exercise interventions of varying lengths aiming at increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly populations have shown better preservation of brain structures and associated cognitive functions. Other helath factors commonly know to affect cognition in old age are metabolic syndrome ( MetS) and various cardiovascular risk factors. Aim: We wanted to look at older adults` cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), the prevalance of metabolic synrome (MetS) and risk for cerebro-cardiovascular disease in relation to performance on a battery of neuropychological tests. Method: A cross- sectional design was emplyed including 105 healthy older adults ( mean age 74 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by graded maximal exercice testing, MetS was classified according to previous definitions, and cerebro-cardivascular disease was calculated using the atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk estimator developed by the American Heart Assocoation and the American College of Cardiology. Cognitive performance was addessed using the web-based neuropsychological test battery, Memoro. Results: Individuals with hugher VO2peak had faster processing speed, and there was a significant relationship between these two factors, where higher VO2peak predicted better processing speed. amd trends showed that this was true for ececutive functions as well. Having MetS or high risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular disease within the next 10 years did not seem to affect performance on cognitive tests, althouh trends show that having more MetS factors mat contribute to better performance on cognivive tests. Conclusion: Speed of processing, and possibly executive functions are more sensitive to cardiorespiratory fitness compared to other measured of cognitive functions. Additionally, MetS may have a cognitively protective role after a certain age. whereas cerebro-cardiovascular disease did not seem to affect cognition in this population of older adults.
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Barton, John Mitchell. "The Role of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Biomarkers Associated with Depression and Cardiovascular Disease." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862753/.
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Two important health issues that can develop during young adulthood are related to mental health (e.g., depression) and physical health (e.g., cardiovascular disease). A common characteristic for both of these diseases is low-grade and chronic inflammation, but inflammation is negatively associated with physical activity (PA) and physical fitness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how PA and physical fitness were associated with biomarkers for depression and cardiovascular disease. Participants included 41 undergraduates who were considered to be "physical fit" (n = 21, Males = 15) or "physically unfit" (n = 20, Males = 17). They completed a battery of physical fitness assessments (e.g., 20m shuttle run, body fat percentage, handgrip strength, push-ups, blood pressure, and waist circumference), a self-report measure for depression and stress, and wore an accelerometer for one week. Afterwards, blood was drawn to estimate CVD risk using biomarkers for metabolic syndrome (i.e., triglycerides, glucose, and HDL) and inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6, interleukin-1b, and tumor necrosis factor alpha). The physically fit group had more moderate and vigorous PA, lower body fat percentage and handgrip strength scores, and performed better on the VO2max, curl-up, and plank tests compared to the physically unfit group. They also had a healthier profile for CVD (i.e., smaller waist circumference, lower triglycerides and glucose concentrations, higher HDL, and lower CRP) and lower self-reported depression and stress scores compared to the physically unfit group.
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Woo, Minjung. "Cardiovascular fitness modifies the relationship between genotype and neurocognitive function during executive challenge in late adolescence." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8804.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Sollers, John J. "Effects of activity and gender on autonomic control of the heart and emotional processing /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842567.
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Crabb, Jennifer A. "Physical activity maintenance trends, predictors, and cardiovascular outcomes /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2006. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/crabb.pdf.
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Oliveira, Ricardo Santos. "The role of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise on the autonomic and arterial systems of healthy adolescents." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33599.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide and the atherosclerotic process that precedes CVD starts during childhood. Physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and exercise are well known as preventive strategies for CVD. One possible mechanism for such prevention is the role of PA, CRF and exercise on the arterial and autonomic systems. The aim of this thesis was to investigate using observational and experimental studies the role of PA, CRF and exercise on the autonomic and arterial systems of healthy adolescents. Chapter 4 systematically reviewed observational cross-sectional studies and provided level one evidence for a significant and positive association between resting parasympathetic function and moderate-to-vigorous PA in youth. Chapter 4 also indicated that gaps exist in the literature such as the associations between PA intensities, CRF and heart rate variability (HRV). These findings were furthered in Chapter 5 which showed that vigorous PA (VPA) and moderate PA (MPA) were positively related with HRV at rest and cardiac autonomic recovery following exercise in adolescents. In Chapter 6 a high-fat meal was used aiming to increase CVD risk in the postprandial state, and it was demonstrated that PA levels and CRF are not significantly associated with postprandial HRV and arterial stiffness in adolescents. Aiming to investigate possible associations between the vascular and autonomic system, measures of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were introduced. Chapter 7 showed that BRS and its autonomic and vascular components present a between-day coefficient of variation lower than 20% whilst within day coefficient of variations were lower than 34% in adolescents. In Chapter 8 acutely following high- and moderate-intensity interval exercise a decrease in blood pressure was observed concomitantly with decreases in BRS. This was mainly mediated by decreases in the autonomic modulation, and the duration of the decreases in blood pressure was higher following high-intensity interval exercise. Chapter 9 extended these findings by demonstrating that the changes in BRS following the ingestion of glucose was not altered by the high or moderate-intensity exercise performed before glucose ingestion. Chapter 10 showed that following four weeks of high-intensity exercise interval training no improvements were observed in BRS and its autonomic and vascular components at rest or acutely following exercise. Collectively, the present thesis contributes significantly to the literature by providing novel evidence in healthy adolescents on the role of PA intensities, CRF and exercise on the arterial and autonomic systems at rest, acutely following exercise and in the postprandial state. The results gathered in this thesis indicate potential of the autonomic and vascular function as targets of CVD risk reduction in youth.
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Padin, Avelina C. "Longitudinal effects of depression and adjuvant chemotherapy on cardiovascular fitness and central adiposity in breast cancer survivors." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594119873027904.
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Watkins, D. C. "Ten year trends (1990-2000) in biological and behavioural risk factors for coronary heart disease in Northern Irish adolescents." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368458.
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Wagner, Sarah Elizabeth. "Personal Listening Device Use, Hearing, Health and Fitness." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1366908170.
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Murphy, Marie Harriet. "The effects of different patterns of brisk walking on aspects of fitness, cardiovascular risk and psychological well-being." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27067.
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The use of a pattern of accumulated bouts of exercise has become enshrined in recent public health recommendations. Although there is epidemiological evidence to support this, the experimental evidence for such recommendations is limited. The four studies described in this thesis investigated the effects of different patterns of exercise on fitness, cardiovascular risk and selected psychological parameters.
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Mikkola, I. (Ilona). "Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and changes in body composition, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors during military service." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295577.
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Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors. It predicts the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which are major public health concerns. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are the predominant underlying factors of MetS, other diagnostic components being elevated blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL-cholesterol. The most important treatment of MetS is through lifestyle changes. There are limited data concerning the prevalence of MetS among young populations. Furthermore, even though the effects of physical activity on MetS components are well established at an individual basis and in some subpopulations, large population-based data about associations of young men’s fitness and MetS-related cardiometabolic risk factor changes are warranted. In Finland, military service is compulsory for males. In 2005, 1,160 young men (mean age 19.2 years, range 18–28 years) were followed throughout their military service (6–12 months) in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade. The military service period includes high amounts of physical exercise, but no dietary restrictions. Physical fitness, anthropometrics, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed at the beginning and at the end of military service. Among the entire study population, the prevalence of MetS was 3.5–6.8 %, depending on the definition used, and increased in parallel with an increasing body mass index. On the average, the military training period resulted in a decrease in body weight and amount of fat tissue, especially visceral fat, and improved physical fitness. Body composition and fitness improvements were more pronounced in overweight and obese service men. Beneficial changes in body composition and related cardiovascular risk factor improvements were associated with increased physical fitness, especially aerobic fitness. This study indicates that an improvement in physical fitness is related to improvements in body fat distribution and cardiovascular health at population level in young men. This is an age when co-morbidities are usually as yet non-existing, but might be most efficiently prevented by lifestyle changes, such as becoming physically activeTiivistelmä Metabolinen oireyhtymä on tyypin 2 diabeteksen ja valtimosairauksien riskitekijäryväs. Sen osatekijöitä vyötärölihavuuden lisäksi ovat kohonnut verenpaine, insuliiniresistenssi, korkea veren triglyseridipitoisuus ja HDL-kolesterolin pitoisuus. Viime vuosina metabolinen oireyhtymä on yleistynyt lihavuuden lisääntymisen myötä. Lihavuuden ja sen liitännäissairauksien tärkeimpiä hoitokeinoja ovat laihtumiseen tähtäävät elintapamuutokset. Liikunnan tiedetään johtavan edullisiin kehonkoostumusmuutoksiin sekä kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden parantumiseen. Laajat väestötason tutkimukset nuorten aikuisten kunnon ja varhaisten valtimosairausriskitekijöitten muutosten välisistä yhteyksistä kuitenkin puuttuvat. Varusmiespalvelus tarjoaa ainutlaatuisen mahdollisuuden tarkastella nuoria miehiä laajassa, lähes valikoitumattomassa väestöotoksessa, sillä Suomessa varusmiespalvelus on pakollinen kaikille miehille. Vuonna 2005 1160 miestä (keski-ikä 19,2 vuotta, vaihteluväli 18–28 vuotta) astui palvelukseen Sodankylän jääkäriprikaatissa. Kehonkoostumus, fyysinen kunto, antropometria sekä veren rasva-arvot mitattiin varusmiespalveluksen (6–12 kk) alussa ja lopussa. Metabolisen oireyhtymän vallitsevuus oli 3,5–6,8 % käytetystä määritelmästä riippuen. Se oli yleisempi korkeimmissa painoindeksiluokissa. Keskimäärin koko aineistossa varusmiesten paino laski, kehon rasvan määrä väheni ja kunto parani palvelusaikana. Edulliset muutokset fyysisessä kunnossa ja kehon koostumuksessa korostuivat ylipainoisilla ja lihavilla varusmiehillä. Nämä muutokset, erityisesti painon ja sisälmysrasvan väheneminen, olivat yhteydessä kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen. Vastaavasti kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden edulliset muutokset olivat yhteydessä erityisesti kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen ja vyötärölihavuuden vähenemiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että nuorten miesten valtimosairauksien riskitekijöiden muutos on yhteydessä fyysisen kunnon nousuun. Nuoret miehet tulee saada lisäämään vapaa-ajan liikuntaa myös siviilielämässä. Keski-iässä yleistyvät valtimosairaudet ja diabetes voisivat olla huomattavissa määrin torjuttavissa vaikuttamalla nuorten miesten liikuntatottumuksiin
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黃佩儀 and Pui-yi Wong. "The relationships among habitual physical activity, daily eating habits, aerobic fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kongmales." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125732X.
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Hudson, Donna Louise. "The Effects of Lower Body Negative Pressure on the Cardiovascular System: The Relationships of Gender and Aerobic Fitness." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935602/.
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Sixteen males and sixteen females were recruited for this study; eight of each gender were aerobically trained athletes; the remaining eight were untrained control subjects. Each subject performed a maximal exercise stress test for aerobic capacity (VO2max). On a separate day the blood volume and the cardiovascular responses to progressive (0 to -50 torr) lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were determined. The female subjects were observed to be significantly more tolerant of the LBNP than the male subjects. No differences between groups were observed in changes in leg volume, cardiac index, blood pressure, or heart rate during LBNP. However, the females, in comparison to the males, maintained stroke index at a higher level, and increased regional vasoconstriction more, during the LBNP induced hypotensive stress. These findings suggest that female subjects withstand LBNP to -50 torr better than male subjects.
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Baciuk, Erica Passos. "Associação entre pratica de hidroginastica durante a gestação, capacidade cardiovascular e experiencia de parto." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311868.
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Orientadores: Rosa Ines Costa Pereira, Jose Guilherme CecattiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baciuk_EricaPassos_D.pdf: 6936092 bytes, checksum: c77ac78d2a89de858849dc1f9432dcce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Doutorado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Doutor em Tocoginecologia
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Stoutenberg, Mark. "Aerobic Training Does Not Alter CRP Concentrations in Apparently Healthy, Untrained Men." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/165.
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Regular aerobic exercise may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in part by lowering the concentration of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). While studies in diseased populations have shown significant decreases in CRP concentrations with regular aerobic training, little has been conclusively determined regarding the effects of aerobic training on CRP concentrations in apparently healthy, untrained populations who may not be adequately screened for CVD risk by traditional methods. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a 17-wk half marathon training program (TP) on CRP concentrations, aerobic fitness, and body composition in apparently healthy, untrained men. METHODS: Twenty men (29.3 ± 1.0 yr, 37.0 ± 1.6 mL•kg-1•min-1 VO2max, 29.1 ± 1.8% body fat) registered as training subjects (TRN) in a 17-wk half marathon TP. An additional 22 men (27.8 ± 1.4 yr, 38.8 ± 1.0 mL•kg-1•min-1 VO2max, 26.8 ± 1.4% BF) served as controls (CON). Fasting blood samples were taken at four time points over the TP and were analyzed for CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) and body fat (BF%) were measured before and after the TP. RESULTS: No significant changes in CRP (P=0.69) or IL-6 concentrations (P=0.73) were seen in TRN as a result of the TP despite significant improvements in VO2max (42.2 ± 1.9 ml•kg-1•min-1, P<0.0001), resting heart rate (P =0.004), BF% (P =0.03) and BMI (P =0.05). No significant changes in CRP, aerobic fitness, BMI or BF% were detected in CON over time. CONCLUSION: Moderate, long-term aerobic training does not appear to affect CRP concentrations in apparently healthy, untrained men despite significant improvements in BW, BF%, BMI, and VO2max.
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Horn, Stacey Lynn. "Evaluation of a new standardized modified ramp protocol : the modified BSU ramp protocol." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1129626.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation for peak oxygen uptake using the Modified BSU Ramp protocol. Thirty-four subjects (14 men and 20 women, age 32-83 years) completed the standard Ball State University Adult Physical Fitness Program quiet and exercise testing sessions, with the maximal exercise test conducted with the Modified BSU Ramp protocol. The modified ramp protocol increases speed and grade every 20 seconds, and it increases by - 0.15 METs every increment for the first 6 minutes and --0.3 METs per increment thereafter. The Modified BSU ramp protocol was developed to allow for reasonable exercise test times from a standardized ramp protocol with individuals with low functional capacities < 10 METs. Pre-test procedures included height and weight measurements, resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, body fat measures, a blood lipid profile, and resting electrocardiogram (ECG). Exercise testing included ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure that were recorded prior to, during, and in the recovery phase of exercise. Subjects were instructed to continue exercise until fatigue, and respiratory gases were collected to determine V02 . Data was then analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Gender, age, body weight, and treadmill test time were the significant predictors, which were used in the regression equation (R2 = 0.586, SEE = 3.54 ml-kg-'.min'). An equation was developed from the lone predictor, treadmill test time with R2 = .37 and SEE = 4.1 ml•kg'•min'. The equation is as follows: VOA = 4.932 + 1.934 (test time (min)). Of the tests conducted on the Modified BSU ramp protocol, 82% were within an "ideal" test time window of 812 minutes, and 97% were within an "acceptable" test time window of 6-15 minutes. In conclusion, VOA can be estimated with acceptable accuracy (i.e. SEE - ± I MET) from the Modified BSU Ramp protocol, and for clinical purposes it is a suitable protocol to use when testing low fit individuals.School of Physical Education
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Bergström, Erik. "Cardiovascular risk indicators in adolescents : the Umeå youth study." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och folkhälsovetenskap, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-7540.
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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease, are today major causes of death in the industrialised parts of the world. There are evidence to suggest that the atherosclerotic process starts in childhood, implying that preventive measures should be implemented already in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine CVD risk indicators and their determinants in healthy Swedish adolescents. The study population comprised 14- and 17-year-old boys and girls (n=1032), in the dty and surroundings of Umeå in northern Sweden. Biochemical, anthropometric, and physiological parameters associated to CVD (s- lipoproteins and s-apolipoproteins, s-insulin, s-ferritin, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and physical fitness) were evaluated in relation to family history of CVD, weight and length at birth, infant feeding regimen, physical growth during infancy and childhood, current diet, physical activity, smoking, and educational level and occupation of the parents. The main findings of the study were that, on average, total serum cholesterol (TC) values in boys and girls were at the same level as reported from other European countries. A family history of CVD, short duration of breast feeding, low attained height during infancy and childhood, high body mass index (BMI), and low physical fitness were all associated with an unfavourable serum lipid profile. The findings also showed that features typical of the insulin resistance syndrome are present already in adolescents. In boys, iron stores, estimated by serum ferritin, were related to BMI and physical fitness, in a similar way as well established CVD risk indicators. Compared to previous dietary studies in Sweden, mean relative (energy %) fat intake had decreased substantially although the mean relative intake of saturated fat was still rather high. For both boys and girls, reported relative energy intake (energy intake/estimated energy expenditure) decreased with increasing level of BMI. Furthermore, daily smoking was more common among adolescents from families with low socio-economic status (SES) but was most strongly associated to smoking in peers. Tobacco use was considerably higher among adolescents attending vocational programs at secondary high school as compared to theoretical programs. Daily smokers had a more unfavourable serum lipid profile compared to non-smokers. Low socio-economic status of the parents was related to higher BMI and low educational level to higher dietary fat intake in both boys and girls. In conclusion, the findings of the study show that parameters linked to adult CVD when examined in adolescents, are related to family history, infant nutrition, previous physical growth, current body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, smoking, and social status and educational level of the parents.digitalisering@umu
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Egwuogu, Heartley. "The Effect of Urinary Cadmium on Cardiovascular Fitness as Measured by VO2 Max in White, Black and Mexican Americans." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/18.
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Context: Cadmium is an important predictor of lung function, including forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and peak flow. Current evidence supports the notion that cadmium may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular fitness. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cadmium exposure on cardiovascular fitness in representative sample of US white, blacks and Mexican Americans. The study also sought to determine if the relationship between cadmium and cardiovascular fitness varies by gender and racial/ethnic group. Methods: The data utilized for this study were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). One-thousand nine hundred and sixty three subjects with data on cardiovascular fitness were eligible for this investigation. In NHANES, cardiovascular measurements were taken in series consisting of two minutes warm up exercise, two-three minutes exercise testing and two minutes resting period .The goal was to elicit 75% of predetermined age-specific heart rate by the end of the stress test. Cadmium was measured in the laboratory by taking urine sample of participants. Gender and race/ethnic specific multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine relationship of urinary cadmium with VO2 max. Results: There were gender and racial/ethnic difference in the relationship between urinary cadmium and VO2 max. In males and females, increased concentration of urinary cadmium was associated with decreased VO2 max across racial/ethnic groups (except in black males. The greatest negative association between cadmium and VO2 max was observed in black females (beta=-0.330) while the lowest value was recorded for white females (Beta=-0.074). The association was statistically significant in white males (Beta=-0.402, P =0.020) and Mexican American females (Beta=-0.290, P=0.026). Conclusion: There was inverse association between urinary cadmium and estimated VO2 max in a US nationally representative sample of White, Black and Mexican Americans. The impact of the gender and racial/ethnic differences in the association between urinary cadmium and VO2 max is not clear and warrants further investigation.
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Cameron, Krista Ann. "Effects of an aerobic movement program on cardiovascular fitness, body composition, self-esteem, and body-esteem on overweight children." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/562764.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10 week aerobic movement program for overweight children on cardiovascular fitness, body composition, self-esteem, and body-esteem. The subjects for the study consisted of 20 children (17 females and 3 males) ages 8-12. One group (n=12) consisted of overweight children and one group
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Henaghan, Jayne. "Cardiovascular disease risk in children : 'pre-clinical' markers and the impact of body composition, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2008. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5901/.
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Cardiovascular disease is one of the largest killers in the UK representing 30% of all global deaths. The underlying processes of the disease are thought to begin in childhood. Whilst traditional risk factors of CV disease (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, stress and sedentary lifestyles) are becoming increasingly prevalent within the younger generation there remains the need for the establishment of earlier or "pre-clinical" markers of future CV disease risk or current atherosclerotic load such as left ventricular (LV) mass, diastolic function and carotid intima-media thickness( cIMT). Further, assessing the association of these markers to other risk factors and then determining the impact of physical activity (PA) interventions is warranted. Initially we assessed the impact of body composition, PA and cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness upon left ventricular LV mass, carotid-intima media thickness (cIMT) and LV diastolic function in 218 9-11 year old primary schoolchildren. Pubertal status was assessed through a maturity offset calculation. LV mass, cIMT, and LV diastolic function were assessed via ultrasound. Body mass index was assessed via anthropometry whilst fat mass [FM] and lean mass [LM] were determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry. Average 3-day PA was recorded via a uni-axial accelerometer and CR (VO₂peak) was determined from a graded treadmill test. Relationships were analysed using bivariate correlations and forced entry multiple regression. All children were classified as being below their peak height velocity. Together LM, FM, sex and moderate to vigorous (MV)PA accounted for 59% of the variance in LV mass with LM being the most important predictor (P<0.005). Sex, LM, FM and VO₂peak explained only 19% variance in cIMT and just 9% of the variance in LV diastolic function was accounted for by LM, FM blood pressure and sex. Data for MVPA had no significant relationship to any cardiovascular (CV) variables although was negatively correlated with FM. The strong association between LV mass and body composition likely represents normal growth. The limited shared variance between predictor variables and cIMT and LV diastolic function suggests that those pre-peak height velocity children in the current cohort who were overweight, inactive and unfit were not yet at an increased CV disease risk. Thus there is a window of opportunity for intervention programmes to be implemented that reduce CV disease risk before adolescence and adulthood. Following this, an exploratory trial was conducted to introduce the use of PA interventions in pre-pubertal children. Sixty-one 10-11 year old Liverpool primary school children volunteered and were randomly assigned by school to a STEX programme (2 x 60 min sessions per week at a heart rate of ~145 beats min⁻¹), a PASS programme (weekly physical activity tasks and pedometer challenges) and a control (CON; no intervention). Pre-clinical CV measures and body composition were measured before and after the 9-week intervention period. The primary outcome variable was cIMT, with LV mass, LV diastolic function, and body composition defined as secondary outcomes. Delta (Δ) scores were analysed by ANCOVA, with baseline scores as the covariate. For the primary outcome, the probability that the population effect of the intervention is at least as great as the pre-specified minimum clinically importance difference (MCID) was estimated, to evaluate clinical relevance. All participants met 75% compliance criteria for STEX and PASS. The effect of the STEX intervention (compared with CON) was a mean benefit of -0.018mm for average maximum cIMT (90% CI, -0.039 to 0.002mm), and -0.016mm for average mean cIMT (90 % CI, -0.040 to 0.008mm). The probability (% chances) that the true population effect of the STEX intervention would be clinically beneficial was 79% for average maximum and 71% for average mean cIMT. The PASS intervention did not result in clinically important effects, and no other substantial changes were observed for the secondary outcome variables. The relatively high probability of clinically beneficial effects of the STEX intervention suggests that a larger, "definitive" randomised trial with longer follow-up is warranted to define the effectiveness of the intervention more precisely. As a consequence the longer PA intervention study observed 152 children aged 9 to 10 years over 12 months. All of the echocardiographic, body composition, CR fitness and PA variables mentioned were assessed as previously discussed. Children were randomly assigned by school to an intervention group. Control (no intervention), PASS (as before except delivered during school hours to enhance compliance), high intensity physical activity (the same as STEX but renamed due to the addition of another structured exercise group) or fundamental movement skill ([FMS] 2x 60 min sessions per week of skill based activities). These interventions took place over a year period with participants being assessed at baseline, approximately mid-way through and post-test (52 weeks). Initial factorial ANOVA analysis comparing all 3 intervention groups and a control group before, during and after the 12 month intervention period, found limited statistically significant evidence for a positive impact of PA interventions compared to controls in pre-pubertal children. However, after adjusting for confounding variables in an ANCOVA analysis some sporadic benefits of PA interventions on CV variables were uncovered. An increase in LV mass over 12 months, after adjustment, was lower in the HIPA group compared to CON group (11.5 g; 90% CI, 2.0 to 21.0 g). This change was also lower in the FMS group compared to CON group (13.8 g; 90% CI, 4.6 to 23.1 g). The ANCOVA adjusted change scores for both mean and max cIMT were less in the intervention groups compared to CON group but only in the PASS group were these differences significant (P<0.05). PASS increased its mean cIMT (-0.014mm less than control (90% CI, -0.002 to -0.030)). Somewhat surprisingly the intervention programmes had no positive effect on CR fitness (indeed this decreased), PA measures and/or body composition over and above changes observed due to growth. This thesis has provided a unique insight into the 'pre-clinical' CV disease risk factors in pre-pubertal children and the impact of differing PA activity interventions with this group. Interestingly the research has shown that within this population overweight/obese, inactive low CR fit individuals are generally not at a higher CV disease risk than their aged matched 'healthier' counterparts. When PA interventions are introduced in the short term positive changes in cIMT were seen, however, this is not reciprocated in longer PA interventions possibly due to a larger maturation effect over 12 months. Interestingly year long interventions provide some attenuation of growth-related changes in CV disease risk factors but these changes are generally small and sporadic. It is suggested that further research over a longer period of time with more 'at risk' populations is needed. The PA interventions adopted achieved high attendance and compliance records and thus may be transferable out of the research process. It is interesting to also speculate that future research may not need to administer high impact activity, as previously thought, as some positive data was obtained in more general lifestyle interventions involving more knowledge transfer.
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Tomaz, Simone Annabella. "Self-reported measures versus objective measures of physical activity and sedentary behaviour : impacts of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5926.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) can be quantified with both self-report and objective measures, using questionnaires and accelerometers, respectively. There is a paucity of research investigating the possible influence that cardiorespiratory fitness and PA might have on the accuracy of self-reported of PA and SB. This is especially important with the increasing evidence around the risks of SB, independent of PA. The aim of this research study is to describe the difference between self-reported measures of moderate PA, vigorous PA and SB against their objectively measured counterparts. The secondary aim is to identify factors influencing the error in self-report measures; including cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of PA.
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Bellar, David Michael. "The Relationship Between Age, Cognitive Function, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Serum Blood Markers of Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1240314329.
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Martino, Sharon Ann. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Body Composition, Fitness Levels and Quality of Life in Overweight and Obese 8-17 Year Olds." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2010. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/4.
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Purpose. To evaluate the effect of Fit Kids for Life (FKFL), a multi-disciplinary exercise and nutrition intervention, on body composition, fitness levels, cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life among overweight and obese children. Subjects. Forty-eight overweight or obese children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile), ages 8-17, were matched by age and BMI and then randomized into an exercise or wait list control group. The groups were similar at baseline for age, gender and ethnicity (p>.05). Method. The exercise group trained for 60 minutes, two times per week for 10 weeks, then performed a 10 week home program. After 10 weeks of waiting to start, the control group began the 10 week exercise program followed by a 10 week home program. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), fitness measures, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at baseline, at completion of the 10 week intervention and following the 10 week home program. Results. Body composition improved over time in both groups with significant changes in % body fat and % lean tissue noted between baseline and twenty weeks (p<.05). Fitness measures improved and changes were maintained or increased during the home program phase. Cardiovascular risk factors remained unchanged between groups and across time, with the exception of systolic blood pressure which increased at 10 weeks. The physical domain of the Impact of Quality of Life scale significantly improved following completion of the program (p<.05). Conclusions.Overweight and obese children who completed the 10 week FKFL program improved their body composition and fitness levels. The beneficial changes were sustained or improved following an additional 10 week home program. Recommendations. Overweight and obese children can benefit from a 10 week multidisciplinary exercise and nutrition program. The use of body composition methods and fitness measures may be better indicators of program effectiveness.
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Bergmann, Gabriel Gustavo. "Aptidão física relacionada à saúde cardiovascular : proposição de pontos de corte para escolares brasileiros." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15960.
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As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são as principais causas de morte no mundo. Estas doenças se originam e se desenvolvem a partir de uma série de fatores de risco durante os anos da infância e adolescência. Dois componentes da aptidão física relacionada á saúde apresentam associação com estes fatores de risco; a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ApC) e a composição corporal. Indivíduos jovens com baixos níveis de ApC e níveis elevados do componente de gordura da composição corporal (sobrepeso/obesidade) têm maiores probabilidades de portarem estes fatores de risco. É neste contexto que se insere este estudo, que tem como principais objetivos: 1) identificar a capacidade de triagem de crianças e adolescentes com maior probabilidade de portarem fatores de risco para DCV dos pontos de corte disponíveis na literatura para a ApC e para indicadores antropométricos de sobrepeso e obesidade (IASO), e; b) propor novos pontos de corte para a ApC e IASO de escolares brasileiros de 7 a 12 anos de idade. A amostra do tipo aleatória por conglomerados foi constituída por 1.413 escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade. A ApC foi medida através do teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos. Os IASO utilizados foram o índice de massa corporal (IMC), o somatório de dobras cutâneas triciptal e subescapular (TRI+SUB) e triciptal e da panturrilha (TRI+PAN), a circunferência da cintura (CC), e o índice de conicidade (IC). O colesterol total (monitor portátil Roche Diagnostics) e as pressões arterial sistólica e diastólica (método auscultatório) foram medidas e através delas foram criadas referências de fatores de risco para DCV. Através da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) entre a ApC e os IASO, com as referências de fatores de risco para DCV foram identificados os valores dos pontos de corte que corresponderam ao melhor ajustamento entre sensibilidade e especificidade. A sensibilidade e a especificidade dos pontos de corte disponíveis na literatura e os propostos por nosso estudo foram calculadas a partir de tabelas de contingência com as referências de fatores de risco para DCV. Adicionalmente foi utilizada a regressão logística binária para identificar o quanto os indivíduos que não atenderam aos pontos de corte propostos tinham a mais de probabilidade de apresentar fatores de risco para DCV em relação àqueles que atenderam. Os resultados indicaram que os pontos de corte disponíveis na literatura para a ApC não apresentam bom ajustamento entre sensibilidade e especificidade, não sendo adequados para a avaliação da ApC. Os pontos de corte disponíveis na literatura para os IASO por outro lado, no geral, apresentaram aceitáveis ajustamentos entre sensibilidade e especificidade. Os pontos de corte propostos no presente estudo para ApC e para os IASO mostraram-se adequados para a identificação de escolares com maiores probabilidades de portarem fatores de risco para DCV, com ajustamentos entre sensibilidade e especificidade melhores que os apresentados pelos pontos de corte disponíveis na literatura. Estes resultados ficam reforçados quando as análises da regressão logística binária indicam que a probabilidade de escolares que não atenderam aos pontos de corte propostos em nosso estudo é maior que a probabilidade de escolares que não atenderam aos pontos de corte propostos na literatura de portarem fatores de risco para DCV em relação aos escolares que atenderam aos pontos de corte. Dentre os IASO o IMC e o TRI+SUB foram os que apresentaram melhor capacidade de identificar escolares com maior probabilidade de apresentar fatores de risco para DCV. Contudo, os demais IASO, com exceção do IC, também mostraram adequada capacidade. Frente aos resultados encontrados ficam evidências de que indivíduos com baixos valores de ApC e elevados de IASO possuem maior probabilidade de apresentar fatores de risco para DCV em comparação com aqueles com valores mais apropriados. Além disto, os pontos de corte propostos pelo presente estudo mostraram-se mais adequados que àqueles disponíveis na literatura para a identificação de escolares com maior probabilidade de portarem fatores de risco para DCV. Desta forma, sugerimos as medidas de ApC pela corrida/caminhada de nove minutos e dos IASO estudados, com exceção do IC, e a avaliação pelos pontos de corte propostos no presente estudo para triagem de escolares com risco aumentado para apresentarem fatores de risco para DCV.The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the mainly death cause in the world. These diseases begin and development during childhood and adolescent years by a serial of risk factors. Two components of health related physical fitness show association with these risk factors; cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) end body composition. Young individuals with low level of CF and high level of fat component of body composition (overweight/obesity) have more probability to carry on these risk factors. The aims of this study are: 1) to identify the sort capacity of children and adolescents with more probability to carry on the CVD risk factors of the CF and overweight/obesity anthropometric indicators (OOAI) cut offs available at literature, end; b) to propose new cut offs to CF and OOAI of brazilian scholars of 7 to 12 years old. The sample was compound for 1.413 scholars of 07 to 12 years old, selected of aleatory by conglomerated way. The CF was measured by the 9 minutes run/walk test. The OOAI utilized were the body mass index (BMI), the sum of triciptal and subescapular skinfold (TRI+SUB) and triciptal and calf (TRI+CAL), waist circumference (WC), and conicity index (CI). The total cholesterol (portable monitor Roche Diagnostics) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (auscultation method) were measured and were created CVD risk factors references. By the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve between CF and the OOAI, with the CVD risk factors references were identified the cut offs values that correspond to the best balance between sensibility and specificity. The sensibility and specificity of the cut offs available at literature ant those proposed by our study were calculated by contingency tables with the CVD risk factors references. Supplementary was utilized the binary logistic regression to identify how the individual that did not attend the cut offs had more probability to show CVD risk factors than those individuals that did. The results indicated that the CF cut off's available at literature do not show good balance between sensibility and specificity. The OOAI literature available CUT off's by other side, in general, showed acceptable balance between sensibility and specificity. The cut offs proposed at present study for CF and OOAI showed appropriated values to identify scholars with more probability to carry on CVD risk factors with best balance between sensibility and specificity than those showed by cut offs available at literature. These results get reinforced when the binary logistic regression results indicate that the probability of scholars that did not attend the cut offs proposed in the our study is greater than the probability of scholars that did not attend to literature available cut off's to carry on CVD risk factors in relation those scholars that attended the cut offs Among the OOAI the BMI and the TRI+SUB were those that showed the best capacity to identify scholars with greater probability to carry on CVD risk factors. However, the others OOAI, exception CI, show adequate capacity too. These results show that individuals with poor level of CF and great level of OOAI have more probability to carry on CVD risk factors than those individuals with appropriated levels. Besides, the cut offs proposed at our study showed to be more appropriated than those available in the literature to identify scholars with more probability to carry on CVD risk factors. Thus, we suggest the CF by 9 minutes run/walk test and OOAI measured studied, exception CI, and the evaluation by the cut offs proposed at the present study to the sorting of the scholars with more probability to carry on CVD risk factors.
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Abdulnour, Joseph. "Relationship between the percentage of predicted cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in pre-menopausal women: A Monet study." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28118.
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Objective. To determine the relationships between the percentage predicted cardiorespiratory fitness (%CRF) and the anthropometric and metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in asymptomatic pre-menopausal women. Methods. Data are baseline values obtained in 97 pre-menopausal women (age: 49.9+/-1.9yrs; BMI: 23.2+/-2.2kg/m2) participating in a longitudinal study. Outcome measures: VO2 peak, body mass index (BMI), body composition [%fat, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)], waist circumference (WC), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ScAT), visceral AT (VAT), resting blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose and insulin levels. Results. %CRF was significantly associated with BMI, FM, %fat, WC, ScAT, VAT, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C, total cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-C and fasting insulin levels (-0.59>r<0.31; 0.01>P<0.05). The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that %CRF was only independently correlated with plasma triglyceride levels. Conclusion. The results suggest that %CRF was not a major predictor of anthropometric and metabolic variables associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Finally, the use of the %CRF over VO2 peak needs further studies.
Keywords. cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular disease, body composition, metabolic profile, pre-menopausal women.
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Stoedefalke, Kerstin A. "The effects of exercise on aerobic fitness and selected cardiovascular heart disease risk factors in 13-14 year old girls." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312081.
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