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Books on the topic 'Cardiovascular outcome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

L, Flarey Dominick, and Blancett Suzanne Smith, eds. Cardiovascular outcomes: Collaborative, path-based approaches. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1998.

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2

O'Brien, Bernie. Measures of outcome in cardiovascular cost-benefit studies: A critical review. Uxbridge, Middx: Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, 1989.

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3

P, Cannon Christopher, and O'Gara Patrick T, eds. Critical pathways in cardiovascular medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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4

United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. and Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center/RAND., eds. Effect of supplemental antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2003.

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5

1947-, Morrison Douglass Andrew, and Serruys P. W, eds. High-risk cardiac revascularization and clinical trials. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002.

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6

Simon, Stewart, and Blue Lynda, eds. Improving outcomes in chronic heart failure: Specialist nurse intervention from research to practice. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books, 2004.

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7

Athanasiou, Thanos, Ara Darzi, and Aung Ye Oo, eds. Patient Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life in Cardiovascular Interventions. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09815-4.

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8

S, Coselli Joseph, and LeMaire Scott A, eds. Aortic arch surgery: Principles, strategies, and outcomes. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

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9

Endothelial function and dysfunction: Improving cardiovascular patient care and outcomes in the twenty-first century. 2nd ed. Arvada, Co: 21st Century Press Books for Doctors, 2004.

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10

Commission, Colorado Health Data, ed. Colorado hospital outcomes: Mortality, length of stay, and charges for cardiovascular and other diseases, 1992. Denver: Colorado Health Data Commission, Office of Public and Private Initiatives, Dept. of Health Care Policy & Financing, 1994.

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11

Mitchell, Klein, Flanders W. Dana, and Health Effects Institute, eds. Impact of improved air quality during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on multiple cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes: With a critique by the HEI Health Review Committee. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute, 2010.

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12

Outcome Measurements in Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

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13

(Editor), Dominick L. Flarey, and Suzanne Smith Blancett (Editor), eds. Cardiovascular Outcomes: Collaborative, Path-Based Approaches. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 1998.

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14

WOMEN AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: ADDRESSING DISPARITIES IN CARE. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2014.

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15

(Editor), Jack Rychik, and Gil Wernovsky (Editor), eds. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine). Springer, 2002.

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16

Cannon, Christopher P., and Patrick T. O'Gara. Critical Pathways in Cardiovascular Medicine (Board Review Series). 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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17

Stanev, Roger. Inductive Risk and Values in Composite Outcome Measures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0009.

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Composite outcomes are becoming widespread in clinical trials. By combining individual outcome measures (e.g., death, non-fatal heart attack, non-fatal stroke, re-hospitalization) as a single composite measure, composites can increase statistical precision and trial efficiency, consequently enabling researchers to answer questions that could not otherwise be answered and providing more patient-relevant information. Critics, however, argue that a composite threatens the scientific objectivity of the trial by introducing new risks. This chapter examines common use of composites in cardiovascular trials and highlights the inductive risks involved in employing them. It shows that the inductive risk associated with a particular methodology (such as the use of a composite outcome) is not always clear in advance, so non-epistemic values are relevant to deciding whether or not it is worth using them. It also illustrates the importance of being explicit about which methodological choices were made and why.
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18

Twisk, Jos, and Isabel Ferreira. Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0025.

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The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.
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19

Tubaro, Marco, Pascal Vranckx, Susanna Price, Christiaan Vrints, and Eric Bonnefoy, eds. The ESC Textbook of Intensive and Acute Cardiovascular Care. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849346.001.0001.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of premature death worldwide and a cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years. For most types of CVD early diagnosis and intervention are independent drivers of patient outcome. Clinicians must be properly trained and centres appropriately equipped in order to deal with these critically ill cardiac patients. This new updated edition of the textbook continues to comprehensively approach all the different issues relating to intensive and acute cardiovascular care and addresses all those involved in intensive and acute cardiac care, not only cardiologists but also critical care specialists, emergency physicians and healthcare professionals. The chapters cover the various acute cardiovascular diseases that need high quality intensive treatment as well as organisational issues, cooperation among professionals, and interaction with other specialities in medicine.
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20

New York Academy of Sciences Staff (Contributor), Meharvan Singh (Editor), and James W. Simpkins (Editor), eds. The Future of Hormone Therapy: What Basic and Clinical Studies Teach Us (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2005.

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21

(Editor), Douglass A. Morrison, and Patrick W. Serruys (Editor), eds. High Risk Cardiac Revascularization. Informa Healthcare, 2002.

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22

Health Care Outcomes & Cardiovascular Outcomes Set. Aspen Publishers, 1999.

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23

Beaulieu, Monica, Catherine Weber, Nadia Zalunardo, and Adeera Levin. Chronic kidney disease long-term outcomes. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0097.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a variety of outcomes, some of which are directly and indirectly related to kidney disease, but which ultimately impact on patients’ quality of life and long-term outcomes. The events to which people with CKD are exposed ultimately determine their risk and prognosis of both progression to needing renal replacement therapy, or other morbidities and mortalities. The notion of competing risk is important. The five major outcomes of CKD are: progression of CKD, progression to ESRD (either dialysis or transplantation); death; cardiovascular events; infections; and hospitalizations. Where data is available, not only the risk of the specific outcome, but the factors which may predict those outcomes are described. Each section describes what is currently known about the frequency of the outcome, the limitations of that knowledge, the risk factors associated with outcome, and implications for care and future research. Available published literature often describes outcomes in CKD populations as if it is a homogenous group of patients. But it is well documented that outcomes in those with CKD differ depending on stage or severity, and whether they are or are not known to specialists. Where possible, each section ensures that the specific CKD cohort(s) from which the information is derived is clearly described.
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24

Stewart, Simon, and Lynda Blue. Improving Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure: Specialist Nurse Intervention from Research to Practice. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2004.

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25

Price, Susanna, Marco Tubaro, Pascal Vranckx, and Christiaan Vrints. Intensive and acute cardiac care: an introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0001.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of premature death worldwide and an important cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years. For most types of CVD, early diagnosis and intervention are independent drivers of patient outcome. Clinicians must be properly trained and centers appropriately equipped in order to deal with these critically ill cardiac patients. The textbook explores the intricate nature of Intensive and Acute Cardiovascular Care and provides assistance for diagnosis and preventive care across the multitude of cardiovascular diseases.
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26

Mythen, Monty, and Michael P. W. Grocott. Peri-operative optimization of the high risk surgical patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0361.

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Flow-based cardiovascular variables, such as cardiac output and oxygen delivery predict peri-operative outcome better than alternative, predominantly pressure-based measures. Targeting flow-based goals, using fluid boluses with or without additional blood or vasoactive agents in patients undergoing major surgery has been shown to improve outcome in some studies. However, the literature is limited due to a large number of small single-centre studies, and heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes evaluated. Early studies used pulmonary artery catheters to monitor blood flow, but newer studies have used less invasive techniques, such as oesophageal Doppler monitoring or pulse contour analysis. Meta-analysis of the current evidence base suggests that this approach is unlikely to cause harm and may not reduce mortality, but reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. Goal-directed therapy is considered an important element of enhanced recovery packages that have been shown to improve outcome after several types of major elective surgery.
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27

Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026.

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The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunities for improvements. Optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors is one of the most effective methods for reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or high cardiovascular risk. Improving treatment adherence is also very important. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an outcome measure in research studies and in clinical practice. HRQL measures can help in improving patient-clinician communication, screening, monitoring, and continuous assessment of quality of care.
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28

Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026_update_001.

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The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunities for improvements. Optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors is one of the most effective methods for reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or high cardiovascular risk. Improving treatment adherence is also very important. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an outcome measure in research studies and in clinical practice. HRQL measures can help in improving patient-clinician communication, screening, monitoring, and continuous assessment of quality of care.
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29

Roy-Byrne, Peter, and Murray B. Stein. PTSD and Medical Illness. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0005.

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There has been increasing recognition of the important and reciprocal relationship between medical illness and depressive and anxiety disorders. This chapter examines the interrelationship between medical illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique disorder with features of depression and anxiety, from multiple perspectives. Medical illness, especially acute, unexpected illness and injury, can serve as a life-threatening traumatic stressor that precipitates PTSD through multiple mechanisms. PTSD, and even traumatic exposure without subsequent PTSD, may increase the risk of a variety of medical illnesses, with the most-studied illness being cardiovascular disease. PTSD may also worsen the course and outcome of already existing medical illness. Extant research has not addressed the possibility that medical Illness may worsen the course or outcome of PTSD, but similar research has shown only limited effects of medical illness on depression and anxiety outcomes. These reciprocal relationships are thought to exert their effects through mutually reinforcing neurobiological mechanisms as well as through effects on health behaviors.
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30

Toner, Andrew, Mark Hamilton, and Maurizio Cecconi. Post-surgery, post-anaesthesia complications. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0047.

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Postoperative complications are common in high-risk surgical populations and are associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Morbidity can be identified using prospective assessment of pathological criteria, or deviations from the ideal postoperative course requiring clinical intervention. While infections are the most prevalent complication type, morbidity affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain carry the worst prognosis. Specific pathophysiological processes drive morbidity in each organ system. In addition, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and immune systems can lead to multiorgan impairment, and have been the focus of many clinical trials. Perioperative strategies backed by the strongest evidence base include smoking cessation, surgical safety checklists, perioperative warming, pre-emptive antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, enhanced recovery protocols, and early critical care rescue when complications arise. Isolated attempts to optimize cardiovascular function or attenuate inflammatory responses have not been consistently successful in improving outcomes. As the proportion of surgical patients meeting high-risk criteria rises, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications has become a priority in many developed healthcare systems. To meet this need, improved implementation of proven strategies should be combined with routine and rigorous surgical outcome reporting. In addition, advances in pathophysiological understanding may lead to novel interventions offering multisystem protection in the surgical period.
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31

Pierce, Grant N., Aubie Angel, Naranjan S. Dhalla, and Pawan K. Singal. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Etiology, Treatment, and Outcomes. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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32

Pierce, Grant N., Aubie Angel, Naranjan S. Dhalla, and Pawan K. Singal. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Etiology, Treatment, and Outcomes. Springer, 2012.

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33

(Editor), William Kraus, and Steven Keteyian (Editor), eds. Cardiac Rehabilitation (Contemporary Cardiology). Humana Press, 2007.

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34

Mallick, Umair. Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19: Risk, Pathogenesis and Outcomes. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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35

Noordam, Raymond, Loes Visser, Helen Warren, and Marleen Van Der Kaaij, eds. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Drug Use in the Older Population. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-749-1.

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36

Caroline, Mara, Ryan Bradley, and Mimi Guarneri. Cardiovascular Disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0013.

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The older population is challenging to treat for numerous reasons, including comorbid conditions and increased susceptibility to adverse drug reactions, limiting medical therapy. They are at increased risk for loneliness and depression, which strongly impacts their cardiovascular outcomes, and they also have different values, usually prioritizing quality of life over mortality objectives. Finally, the elderly are underrepresented in cardiovascular clinical trials, thus limiting the applicability of guideline recommendations. This chapter emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive assessment of individual circumstances when assessing cardiovascular health in the elderly population. The chapter focuses on the role of nutrition, resiliency, and exercise for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nutrient deficiencies commonly seen with cardiovascular drugs are also discussed, as well as specific integrative strategies for optimizing dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in this population.
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37

Ash, Simon A., and Donal J. Buggy. Outcomes of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0039.

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Prevailing attitudes and conviction maintain that anaesthetic management, while ensuring safety, analgesia, and comfort perioperatively, has little influence on long-term patient outcomes. Gradually accumulating evidence is challenging this conventional wisdom, suggesting that choice of anaesthetic technique and perioperative management may, on the contrary, exert previously unrecognized long-term influences. This chapter seeks to review topical aspects of anaesthesia management which may influence postoperative patient outcomes. These include cardiovascular and pulmonary outcomes, surgical site infection, blood transfusion, perioperative glycaemic control, cancer recurrence, the development of chronic persistent pain, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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38

Gibson, Charles, and Fred Roberts. Anaesthesia data. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0044.

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This final chapter contains a selection of useful information for the anaesthetist, gathered together for convenience and for the aid of revision in examinations. It contains the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, the (National) Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death classification, the Mapleson classification of breathing systems, a discussion of pulmonary function tests and their normal values, cardiovascular physiology data, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a series of useful anaesthetic equations and definitions. It concludes with a table of normal values, a list of useful websites, and a checklist for anaesthetic equipment.
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39

P, Cannon Christopher, and O'Gara Patrick T, eds. Critical pathways in cardiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

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40

Cannon, Christopher P., and Patrick T. O'Gara. Critical Pathways in Cardiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

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41

Oo, Aung Ye, Ara Darzi, and Thanos Athanasiou. Patient Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life in Cardiovascular Interventions. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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42

Fagard, Robert, Giuseppe Mancia, and Renata Cifkova. Blood pressure. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0014.

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Prevention of hypertension can help prevent cardiovascular disease and renal complications. Obesity, a high sodium and low potassium intake, physical inactivity, and high alcohol consumption all contribute to the development of hypertension, and randomized controlled trials have shown that appropriate lifestyle modifications are able to reduce blood pressure and/or prevent the development of hypertension. The major complications of hypertension are stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease. Multiple randomized controlled trials and their meta-analyses have shown that treatment with antihypertensive drugs reduces the incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. In addition, meta-analyses have shown that there are no clinically relevant differences in the effects of the five major drug classes on outcome, so all of them are considered suitable for the initiation and maintenance of antihypertensive therapy. Nevertheless, the therapeutic approach in the elderly, women, and patients with diabetes, cerebrovascular, cardiac, or renal disease deserves special attention.
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43

Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.

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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.
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44

Harper, Lorraine, and David Jayne. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0160.

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The goals of treatment in renal vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity and recover renal function. Subsequent strategies are required to prevent vasculitis returning and to address longer-term co-morbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk.Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Plasma exchange improves renal recovery in severe presentations. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been particularly effective. Replacement of cyclophosphamide by rituximab for remission induction is supported by recent evidence. Methotrexate is effective in non-renal vasculitis but difficult to use in patients with renal impairment. Mycophenolate mofetil seems to be effective but there is less long-term evidence.Drug toxicity contributes to co-morbidity and mortality and has led to newer regimens with reduced cyclophosphamide exposure. Glucocorticoid toxicity remains a major problem with controversy over the rapidity with which glucocorticoids can be reduced or withdrawn.Disease relapse occurs in about 50% of patients. Early detection is less likely to lead to an adverse affect on outcomes. Rates of cardiovascular disease and malignancy are higher than in control populations but strategies to reduce their risk, apart from cyclophosphamide-sparing regimens, have not been developed. Thromboembolic events occur in 10% and may be linked to the recently identified autoantibodies to plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator.Renal impairment at diagnosis is a strong predictor of patient survival and renal outcome. Other predictors include patient age, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody subtype, disease extent and response to therapy. Chronic kidney disease can stabilize for many years but the risks of end-stage renal disease are increased by acute kidney injury at presentation or renal relapse. Renal transplantation is successful with similar outcomes to other causes of end-stage renal disease.
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45

Roscoe, Andrew, and Peter Slinger. Anaesthesia for thoracic surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0057.

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The conduct of thoracic anaesthesia requires an understanding of respiratory anatomy and physiology in order to optimize patient care whilst facilitating intrathoracic surgery. The preoperative assessment focuses on the underlying diagnosis, with emphasis on the impact of the surgical procedure on the patient’s cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Intraoperative care frequently necessitates lung isolation and proficiency at the variety of techniques available is essential. Additionally, adept management of one-lung ventilation and correction of hypoxaemia is fundamental to providing favourable outcomes. Thoracic surgical procedures may involve the airways, lung parenchyma, mediastinum, oesophagus, major vascular structures, pleura, and chest wall. Each procedure carries its own issues, including the shared airway, hypoxaemia, tracheobronchial compression, cardiac involvement, or major haemorrhage. Specialized procedures, such as lung transplantation, pulmonary endarterectomy, and bronchopulmonary lavage, introduce highly specific challenges. The provision of adequate analgesia can be challenging for the thoracic anaesthetist, and from the options available, it is often tailored to the individual. Awareness of common postoperative complications is necessary, as perioperative interventions aimed at reducing postoperative risk can improve patient outcome.
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46

Allen, Brian F. S. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity in Pregnancy. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0059.

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Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a concern for all practitioners who administer local anesthetics, including neuraxial and regional analgesia and anesthesia for pregnant patients. Toxicity can manifest as neurologic (e.g., seizure) or cardiac (e.g., dysrhythmia) sequelae and even death. Management of LAST differs from advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) in several important ways, and the parturient suffering LAST requires even more specific therapy. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology, assessment, and management of LAST in pregnancy, highlighting key differences from ACLS and LAST therapy in the nonpregnant patient. Prevention of this complication is also discussed. Knowledge of this material is essential for timely and appropriate care in order to ensure optional outcome.
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47

Ortiz, Julian Arias, Raphaël Favory, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting effective therapies. The time window for intervention is relatively short, and treatment must promptly control the source of infection, restore haemodynamic homoeostasis, and support failing organ systems.
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48

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_001.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting effective therapies. The time window for intervention is relatively short, and treatment must promptly control the source of infection, restore haemodynamic homoeostasis, and support failing organ systems.
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49

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_002.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting effective therapies. The time window for intervention is relatively short, and treatment must promptly control the source of infection, restore haemodynamic homoeostasis, and support failing organ systems.
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50

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_003.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting effective therapies. The time window for intervention is relatively short, and treatment must promptly control the source of infection, restore haemodynamic homoeostasis, and support failing organ systems.
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