Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Career in journalism'

This study examined Australian freelance journalists' careers and their role in the 21st century news industry. It discovered the skills, working life and professional identity of freelance journalists continue to be shaped by an industry undergoing rapid change. The findings indicated that, while freelance journalists were unable to influence some aspects of their role within the media industry, the changes had created new work opportunities and the chance for them to develop new skills and diversity in their careers. Perhaps most importantly, the project provided evidence that freelance journalists could create a viable and rewarding career in the 21st century.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"May 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-109). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Except for employing their journalistic skills in traditional positions at newspapers and magazines, journalists today also have a choice of a variety of interesting communication careers. A journalist may choose to be, among others, a copywriter at an advertising agency, a translator, a presenter on television or radio, a publisher, as well as a public relations officer (PRO). Public Relations, especially, has become an increasingly popular career choice for journalists, mostly at a later stage of their careers. Public relations is a professional career, and practitioners have long been trained as specialist in their field. Also, career-orientated courses in public relations are offered at tertiary institutions countrywide. Despite this, experienced journalists are still top candidates for positions as PROs at a variety of organisations. However, because public relations has become considerably specialised and professional over the past 20 years, journalists should acquire extra, "specialised" skills to practise public relations. Their journalistic skills do, however, form a basis for a career in public relations. But the skills and techniques of public relations should still be acquired and applied. The purpose of this mini-thesis is to discuss these skills, and ultimately prepare journalists for a career in public relations. Many definitions of public relations exist, but essentially it is a continuous, systematic and cyclical process that aims to create and maintain a positive image of an organisation. This process consists of four phases. Research is the continuous gathering and interpretation of information to determine who the organisation's publics are (demographic information) and what their attitudes towards and perspectives of the organisation and its products and/or services are. Planning is in itself a process. Through planning the PRO determines the objectives and strategy of a communication programme, which should influence the attitudes and perspectives of the publics. Communication is the execution of the planning through the techniques of, among others, writing and public addresses. Evaluation determines whether the objectives of a communication programme have been met. In addition to these techniques, it should further be noted that public relations is applied differently within different organisations because the objectives and publics of organisations differ. A career change from journalism to public relations demands adjustment. This is discussed in the second part of the mini-thesis. For a journalist to become a successful PRO, he should acquire and apply the skills discussed, as well as be prepare to experience the adjustments that distinguish public relations from journalism.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Behalwe dat joernaliste hul vaardighede inspan in tradisionele poste by koerante en tydskrifte, kan hulle vandag ook 'n verskeidenheid beroepe in die kommunikasiewese beoefen. Joernaliste word, onder andere, kopie-skrywers in die advertensiewese, vertalers, aanbieders op televisie en radio, taalversorgers by uitgewers, asook openbare skakelbeamptes. Dit is veral die skakelwese wat 'n al hoe meer gewilde beroepskeuse word onder joernaliste, veral in 'n latere stadium van hul loopbane. Skakelwese is 'n professionele beroep, en praktisyns word reeds lank as spesialiste op dié gebied opgelei. Talle beroepsgerigte openbare skakelwese-kursusse word landwyd by tersiêre inrigtings aangebied. Maar, ten spyte hiervan, is ervare joernaliste steeds van die top-kandidate VIr skakelwese-poste by 'n verskeidenheid organisasies. Omdat die skakelwese oor die afgelope 20 jaar aansienlik meer gespesialiseerd en professioneel geword het, is dit moeiliker vir joernaliste om dié beroep te betree met net hul joernalistieke vaardighede. Dit vorm wel die basis vir 'n loopbaan in die skakelwese. Vir joernaliste om suksesvolle skakelbeamptes te word moet hulle ook die "gespesialiseerde" vaardighede van die skakelwese aanleer en toepas. Hierdie werkstuk se doel is om die vaardighede van die skakelwese wat joernaliste moet verwerf, te bespreek en uiteindelik die joernalis toe te rus vir 'n loopbaan in die skakelwese. Verskeie definisies van die beroep bestaan, maar essensieel is dit 'n deurlopende, sistematiese en sikliese proses wat poog om 'n positiewe beeld van 'n organisasie te skep en te behou. Om die proses in werking te stel moet deur vier fases gegaan word. Navorsing is die gedurige versameling en interpretasie van inligting waardeur die skakelbeampte bepaal wie sy gehoor is (demografiese inligting) en wat hul houdings teenoor die organisasie en sy produkte en/of dienste. Beplanning is 'n proses op sy eie. Hiermee bepaal die skakelbeampte die doelwitte en strategie van 'n kommunikasieprogram wat die houdings van sy gehoor moet beïnvloed. Kommunikasie is die inwerkingstelling van die beplanning deur die tegnieke van , onder andere, skryf en openbare optredes. Deur evaluering word bepaal of die gestelde doelwitte bereik is deur die inwerkingstelling van 'n spesifieke kommunikasieprogram. Hierby moet skakelbeamptes daarop let dat die skakelwese op 'n unieke manier binne verskillende tipes organisasies toegepas moet word omdat die doelwitte en gehoor van organisasie tot organisasie verskil. Om 'n loopbaanverskuiwing van die joernalistiek na die skakelwese te maak verg 'n aanpassing. Hierna word in die tweede deel van die werkstuk gekyk. As 'n joernalis 'n suksesvolle openbare skakelbeampte wil word, sal hy hierdie vaardighede moet aanleer en toepas, asook bereid wees om die aanpassings, wat die skakelwese anders as joernalistiek maak, te ervaar.

Dans un contexte d'érosion des ventes, de diminution des recettes publicitaires et de bouleversements induits par les innovations technologiques, cette thèse analyse les récentes évolutions, réelles et ressenties, des conditions d'emploi et de travail des journalistes de la presse quotidienne belge francophone. Son objectif est de comprendre comme les journalistes vivent ces évolutions et, à ce titre, comment elles influencent leur trajectoire professionnelle.Cette thèse se fonde sur une démarche de recherche mixte, associant des instruments quantitatifs et qualitatifs. Elle commence par la présentation des résultats d'une large enquête quantitative conduite auprès des journalistes belges titulaires de la carte de presse. Cette partie apporte de nombreuses données sur les profils, les situations d'emploi et les conditions de travail du groupe journalistique. Par ailleurs, elle met en évidence le regard porté par les journalistes à l'égard des changements qui traversent leur métier. Étudier les évolutions des conditions d'emploi et de travail nécessitait la mise en œuvre d'une approche socio-historique et inductive :cette thèse s'est dès lors centrée sur l'étude d'une grande entreprise de presse belge. Elle s'est employée à retracer l'histoire des relations de travail du quotidien de référence Le Soir depuis la fin des années 1990 à 2013. Cette approche met en lumière les logiques managériales qui sous-tendent ces évolutions et la manière dont les différents acteurs de l'entreprise y réagissent. Enfin, cette recherche repose également sur des entretiens biographiques conduits auprès de journalistes qui travaillent ou qui ont travaillé pour le journal Le Soir au cours de la période étudiée. Ces entretiens permettent d'appréhender les principales dynamiques qui fondent les trajectoires professionnelles dans le but de comprendre comment celles-ci sont influencées par les transformations intervenues au sein du journal.Les mutations récentes des conditions d'emploi et de travail des journalistes du quotidien Le Soir ont entrainé de profonds bouleversements identitaires pour les journalistes qui sont de plus en plus confrontés à des tensions entre leur identification au groupe professionnel, leur appartenance au milieu organisationnel et leur trajectoire individuelle. Elles remettent en question l'attachement et l'engagement des journalistes envers leur quotidien et peuvent, à ce titre, conduire à des changements importants dans les parcours professionnels.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

There has been a considerable growth in research in recent years into the history of both journalism and sport, two hugely influential areas of popular culture. The two fields cover a wide spectrum of interests and there is much ground that is common to both. However, studies of journalism and the growth of the newspaper industry have largely ignored the role of the sports journalist and the place of sport within a developing press. Moreover, studies of the expansion of commercial sport and the games-playing habit, whilst touching on the place of the press in their development, and utilising newspapers as primary source material, have paid little or no attention to the place of the sports reporter in the promotion and recording of the sporting sub-culture. This thesis aims to address the shortcoming in current research with a study centring on the growth of the occupation of sports reporting from the mid-Victorian era to the inter-war years. The thesis notes the adoption of sport as a circulation aid by the popular press, considers the type of recruit attracted to sports reporting, the job's practical aspects, the position of the sports journalist within the editorial hierarchy, and the acceptance of sports reporting as a legitimate specialism within a widening editorial agenda. The career of journalist James Catton is introduced to the study to examine in detail the manner in which occupational trends impacted upon the individual reporter, and in order to trace the manner in which sports reporting could be said to have adopted a 'professional' outlook during the period of this study. The thesis reveals the uncertain standing of the sports journalist within the newspaper industry, the part-time nature of much sports reporting, with sport regarded as an occupational rite of passage for the young and the trainee, and the struggle to rid the occupation of a reputation sullied by a perception of hackneyed journalism. The biographical section of the thesis introduces a contemporary voice, that of James Catton, to let it speak to an experience that might otherwise prove difficult to capture. Catton's working life highlights the possibilities and the demands of a career in sports journalism, and the success that the adoption of a 'professional' approach to the work could secure.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the career ladder achievement, length of service in the vocation, salary, career status and professional aspirations of community college transfer (two-plus-two) graduates and university (four-year) graduates from universities and colleges offering academic and professional training in news-editorial journalism. Procedure. California newspapers were randomly selected and 436 surveys were mailed out to the editorial staffs of 36 weekly and 19 daily newspapers. Responses were received from 12 daily newspapers and 31 weekly newspapers. The final survey population was 111 editors and reporters working on daily newspapers and 70 editors and reporters working on weekly newspapers. Each member of the survey population was asked to give academic information and employment and salary history before and after graduation from a college or university. The period of employment was from 1970 to 1984. The survey focused on writing and editing experiences and sought an evaluation of journalism education and professional experiences. Descriptive information and differences between three identified groups (University-Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, Community College-Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, and University-Bachelor of Arts in Other Field) were analyzed using Chi Square and analysis of variance. Sources of significance were further analyzed using Scheffe tests of multiple comparisons. Findings and Conclusions. The level of achievement, both personally and professionally, indicates continued post-baccalaureate equality among each of the three groups under study. The sample population worked an average of 6.81 years. Men worked more years in the profession than women; community college women worked the least number of years. Community college journalists tended to change jobs less often; women journalists with degrees in other fields tended to have more jobs. Graduates with degrees in other fields entered the journalism profession later than did those trained in journalism. No differences were found in the career advancement and level of leadership of the three groups. Salaries between the three groups were not significantly different. The average salary per month in 1984 was $1846. Women journalists earned less than men, and community college women earned the least. Recommendations. The central question still to be answered is whether it is an advantage or disadvantage for the person who wishes to become a journalist to begin as a freshman at a four-year university or begin as a freshman in a community college and complete his/her studies at the university. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

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This research project identified relationships between career anchors and the activities of journalists that work in a large printing media company in Brazil. Through the analysis of a case study with 56 journalists from Grupo Estado editorial office, the survey focused on how the journalists perform and adapt their careers in an increasingly transforming scenario, under the influence of new technologies and media convergence. Life style and autonomy and independence were the prevalent carrer anchors found among editors and reporters. It was observed that not only reporters with this profile have better chances to become editors but the latter will have preference for hiring reporters with similar career anchors. Also, at least within this case study, to verify elements that include journalists within boundaryless and protean careers were observed
Nesta pesquisa foram identificadas relações entre as âncoras de carreira e as atividades dos jornalistas que atuam dentro de uma grande empresa de comunicação impressa. Por meio de pesquisa descritiva de estudo de caso com 56 jornalistas que atuam na redação do Grupo Estado, procurou-se elucidar de que forma o contexto em transformação em que estes jornalistas atuam, sob influência das novas tecnologias e da convergência dos meios, interfere em sua carreira. As âncoras de carreira mais encontradas foram as de estilo de vida e autonomia e independência, sendo esta última com maior incidência tanto em editores como em repórteres. Constatou-se que tanto repórteres com esta âncora têm mais chance de tornarem-se editores quanto que editores têm mais propensão a contratar repórteres com esta âncora. Foi possível também observar elementos que, ao menos dentro deste estudo de caso, incluem os jornalistas dentro das carreiras sem fronteiras e das carreiras proteanas

Die Leipziger Journalistik führte im Projekt „Zukunft des Journalismus“ (ZdJ) am Lehrstuhl Journalistik des Instituts für Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft der Universität Leipzig unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Michael Haller 2005 die bislang umfangreichste Online-Befragung unter Deutschlands Journalisten durch. Sie liefert erste Befunde über die Zukunft einer bedrohten Profession.

Cette thèse analyse les conditions sociales, institutionnelles et politiques de l'utilisation de la formation supérieure pour l'admission dans le journalisme et de l'ascension professionnelle dans la Province brésilienne du Rio Grande do Sul. Les discussions nationales concernant l'exigence de la formation universitaire dans journalisme pour l'exercice de cette activité, surtout à partir de 2001, ont révélé heurtes sur la réglementation de la profession. L´hiphotèse du travail est que une profession n'est pas seulement un espaces de conflit et disputes par des réserves de marché, mais est encore la place de confrontation entre des structures de capitaux différenciés. Dans ce sens, les conflits autour de l'imposition du diplôme sont révélateurs non seuls d'une dispute par marché, comme ils aussi permettent de montrer aux luttes pour définition des ressources légitimes pour entrée et la croissance dans la hiérarchie interne du journalisme. Dans ces disputes, les agents compromettent les ressources elles lesquelles ont accumulées pendant son passage social et professionnel et ils que résultent de son origine sociale, la formation scolaire et l'insertion dans autres sphères d'activité. Pour comprendre les utilisations du diplôme, l'analyse a rendu fondamental des insertions et des sphères sociales dans lesquelles les journalistes s'insèrent et comme elles permettent d'acquérir des ressources qui peuvent contribuer pour valoriser leur titre académique. L'univers empirique considéré est constitué par des journalistes qui occupent des positions dirigeantes dans le journalisme. Pour donner compte des questions posées, cette thèse est divisée au trois moments principaux. Au un premiers moments, se sont analysées les conditions sociales et historiques qui ont consolidé l'exercice ils dont du journalisme et ont permis certaines formes d'insertion et reconversion de ressources pour performance dans cette activité. Au un seconds moments, s'est enquêté comme s'est produite le processus de réglementation officielle du journalisme en considérant la période de la première réglementation, dans la décennie de 1930, jusqu'aux confrontations actuelles autour de l'exigence du titre académique. Et finalement, un dernier niveau d'analyse a eu objectif appréhender les déterminants sociaux et culturels qui pèsent sur les formes de recrutement et de modalités d'investissement dans le journalisme. Cette thèse a permis de montrer que la profession de journaliste se caractérise par la reconversion de ressources diverses dans des ressources professionnelles. De cette manière, le diplôme de journaliste seul acquiert de la valeur pour occupation de positions et de l'ascension professionnelle si articulé avec des ressources sociales variées, surtout ceux obtenus à travers les origines sociales privilégiées, de l'intense contact avec les sources d'informations des observations et, encore, de l'investissement dans le militantisme político-partidária. L'effet de cette reconversion de ressources sociales dans des ressources professionnelles est la diversification et l'élargissement des espaces de performance et d'intervention professionnelle.
Esta tese analisa as condições sociais, institucionais e políticas do uso da formação superior para o ingresso no jornalismo e ascensão profissional no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As discussões nacionais a respeito da exigência da formação universitária em jornalismo para o exercício dessa atividade, sobretudo a partir de 2001, trouxeram a tona embates sobre a regulamentação da profissão. Parte-se do princípio que uma profissão não é apenas um espaço de conflito e disputas por reservas de mercado, mas é ainda o lugar de confronto entre estruturas de capitais diferenciados. Nesse sentido, os conflitos em torno da imposição do diploma são reveladores não só de uma disputa por mercado, como também permitem mostrar as lutas para definição dos recursos legítimos para entrada e crescimento na hierarquia interna do jornalismo. Nessas disputas, os agentes comprometem os recursos que acumularam durante seu trajeto social e profissional e que resultam de sua origem social, formação escolar e inserção em outras esferas de atividade. Para compreender os usos do diploma, tornou-se fundamental a análise das inserções e das esferas sociais nas quais os jornalistas se inserem e como elas permitem adquirir recursos que podem contribuir para valorizar seu título acadêmico. O universo empírico considerado é constituído por jornalistas gaúchos que ocupam posições dirigentes no jornalismo. Para dar conta das questões colocadas, esta tese está dividida em três momentos principais. Num primeiro momento, analisaram-se as condições sociais e históricas que consolidaram o exercício do jornalismo e que permitiram determinadas formas de inserção e reconversão de recursos para atuação nessa atividade. Num segundo momento, investigou-se como ocorreu o processo de regulamentação oficial do jornalismo considerando o período da primeira regulamentação, na década de 1930, até os confrontos atuais em torno da exigência do título acadêmico. E por fim, um último nível de análise teve por objetivo apreender os determinantes sociais e culturais que pesam sobre as formas de recrutamento e modalidades de investimento no jornalismo. Esta tese permitiu mostrar que a profissão de jornalista se caracteriza pela reconversão de recursos diversos em recursos profissionais. Desse modo, o diploma de jornalista só adquire valor para ocupação de posições e ascensão profissional se articulado com recursos sociais variados, sobretudo aqueles obtidos através das origens sociais privilegiadas, do intenso contato com as fontes de informação das notícias e, ainda, do investimento na militância político-partidária. O efeito dessa reconversão de recursos sociais em recursos profissionais é a diversificação e a ampliação dos espaços de atuação e intervenção profissional.
This thesis analyzes the social, institucional conditions and politics of the use of the superior formation for the ingression in the journalism and professional ascension in the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul. The national quarrels regarding the requirement of the university formation in journalism for the exercise of this activity, over all from 2001, had disclosed strike on the regulation of the profession. The hypothesis of this work is of that a profession is not only one space of conflict and disputes for market reserves, but is still the place of confrontation between differentiated structures of capitals. In this direction, the conflicts around the imposition of the university formation are revealing not alone of a dispute for market, as also they allow to show to the fights for definition of the legitimate resources for entrance and growth in the internal hierarchy of the journalism. In these disputes, the agents compromise the resources that they had accumulated during its social and professional trajectory and that they result of its social origin, pertaining to school formation and insertion in other spheres of activity. To understand the uses of the university formation, the analysis of the insertions and the social spheres in which became basic the journalists if they insert and as they allow to acquire resources that can contribute to value its academic heading. The considered empirical universe is constituted by journalists who occupy leading positions in the journalism. To give account of the placed questions, this thesis is divided at three main moments. At a first moment, the social and historical conditions had been analyzed that had consolidated the exercise of the journalism and that they had allowed to definitive forms of insertion and reconversion of resources for performance in this activity. At as a moment, it was investigated as the period of the first regulation occurred the process of official regulation of the journalism considering, in the decade of 1930, until the current confrontations around the requirement of the academic heading. E finally, a last level of analysis had for objective to apprehend determinative social and the cultural ones that weighs on the forms of conscription and modalities of investment in the journalism. This thesis allowed to show that the journalist profession if characterizes for the reconversion of diverse resources in professional resources. In this way, the journalist university formation alone acquires value for occupation of position and professional if articulated ascension with social resources varied, over all those gotten through the privileged social origins, of the intense contact with the sources of information of the notice and, still, the investment in the militancy politician-partisan. The effect of this reconversion of social resources in professional resources is the diversification and the magnifying of the spaces of performance and professional intervention.

This, the first study at doctoral level of any white female jazz instrumentalist, provides an overview to the long, active and enduring musical career of British-born, New York-based jazz pianist, Marian McPartland (born 1918). For over six decades, besides being a pianist and a composer, she has been prominent in the professional roles of educator, writer, record producer and recording artist, radio broadcaster and advocate. The scope and impact of this multi-layered career are conveyed through the medium of a Website profiling significant aspects of her professional life through textual, aural and visual presentation. Although not claiming to be exhaustive, this Website brings together a comprehensive collection of data covering all aspects of Marian McPartland's career. Data have been gathered and collated from material in the public domain, and all such sources are acknowledged and referenced. The Website is navigable through three links at the bottom of the Home Page - 1) Historical Perspective; 2) Selected Analyses; and 3) Marian McPartland In Context. Part One of the Website provides access to Marian McPartland's various professional roles in jazz, as well as public profiles, and is consolidated by listings of support material. Part Two of the Website contains formal analyses of four of her compositions, each preceded by a short introduction. The analyses are based on scores transcribed from her recorded improvisations. A discussion of her stylistic approach follows the analyses. Part Three of the Website contextualizes Marian McPartland as a woman in jazz during its major historical and stylistic movements. An Introduction and a Conclusion provide the academic framework for this study. The Introduction outlines the rationale for the study, the dimensions of the study, the methodologies used, and the research process. The Conclusion provides critical commentary on Marian McPartland's musical career, and deductions are made about her significance in and contribution to jazz, based on the evidence presented in the Website. A CD of the entire Website completes the presentation of this thesis, included under Supplementary Material in the back pocket of the thesis. This overview of Marian McPartland's entire career makes an original contribution to knowledge on this jazz artist, and, in a broader sense, provides an important resource for future research in the area of jazz music and musicians.

This, the first study at doctoral level of any white female jazz instrumentalist, provides an overview to the long, active and enduring musical career of British-born, New York-based jazz pianist, Marian McPartland (born 1918). For over six decades, besides being a pianist and a composer, she has been prominent in the professional roles of educator, writer, record producer and recording artist, radio broadcaster and advocate. The scope and impact of this multi-layered career are conveyed through the medium of a Website profiling significant aspects of her professional life through textual, aural and visual presentation. Although not claiming to be exhaustive, this Website brings together a comprehensive collection of data covering all aspects of Marian McPartland's career. Data have been gathered and collated from material in the public domain, and all such sources are acknowledged and referenced. The Website is navigable through three links at the bottom of the Home Page - 1) Historical Perspective; 2) Selected Analyses; and 3) Marian McPartland In Context. Part One of the Website provides access to Marian McPartland's various professional roles in jazz, as well as public profiles, and is consolidated by listings of support material. Part Two of the Website contains formal analyses of four of her compositions, each preceded by a short introduction. The analyses are based on scores transcribed from her recorded improvisations. A discussion of her stylistic approach follows the analyses. Part Three of the Website contextualizes Marian McPartland as a woman in jazz during its major historical and stylistic movements. An Introduction and a Conclusion provide the academic framework for this study. The Introduction outlines the rationale for the study, the dimensions of the study, the methodologies used, and the research process. The Conclusion provides critical commentary on Marian McPartland's musical career, and deductions are made about her significance in and contribution to jazz, based on the evidence presented in the Website. A CD of the entire Website completes the presentation of this thesis, included under Supplementary Material in the back pocket of the thesis. This overview of Marian McPartland's entire career makes an original contribution to knowledge on this jazz artist, and, in a broader sense, provides an important resource for future research in the area of jazz music and musicians.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Cette thèse vise à analyser les règles et les conditions sociales, institutionnelles et politiques pour l'insertion et la performance professionnelle dans le journalisme. Il est, plus particulièrement, d'identifier les accréditations, les compétences et autres ressources sociales qui guident l'entrée et à la croissance de position en journalisme et comprendre ce que l'importance des investissements professionnels dans la presse propre et l'insertion dans d'autres domaines pour obtenir de telles ressources. Par conséquent, il était nécessaire d'analyser la carrière des journalistes, l'ensemble de ses performances dans la presse et aussi de leurs inserts dans divers domaines, et comment ils rendu possible l'acquisition des ressources qui peuvent être converties en meilleure position dans le journalisme. L'univers empirique qui a servi de base à cette enquête correspond à un groupe de journalistes qui occupent des positions élevées dans la presse de Sergipe. Ils étaient considérés comme des journalistes occupant actuellement des postes de direction journalistique dans des journaux imprimés et des chaînes de télévision, ainsi que d'autres journalistes qui occupaient ces postes récemment. En ce qui concerne ses subdivisions, cette thèse est structurée en trois moments. Tout d'abord, les conditions socio-historiques du journalisme et de l'activité journalistique au Brésil sont analysées. Par conséquent, nous nous concentrons sur les itinéraires professionnels de certains personnages qui se sont consacrés au journalisme à des moments différents, mais aussi dans les processus de formation de la presse en Sergipe et dans d'autres régions du pays. Dans un second temps, nous traitons de l'institutionnalisation du journalisme, ou plutôt du processus de transformation de l'activité journalistique en une profession dotée de règles institutionnelles définies. Les principales ressources analytiques pour ce second moment sont des références bibliographiques traitant de la question dans plusieurs régions, ainsi que des documents et des lois qui nous ont fourni des données sur ce processus au Brésil et, plus particulièrement, dans Sergipe. Enfin, dans la dernière étape, nous avons consacré à retracer les schémas et/ou des modalités d'entrée et montée dans le journalisme cet état. A ce stade, nous cherchons à identifier les compétences et les principales ressources sociales qui définissent l'occupation des positions proéminentes dans cet univers professionnel, et à comprendre les combinaisons de ressources les plus efficaces pour agir dans cet espace. Tout au long de cette thèse, nous nous efforçons de démontrer que les possibilités de montée de position dans le journalisme en Sergipe sont particulièrement liés à la mobilisation des fonds levés dans l'investissement professionnel dans la presse elle-même, comme les réseaux de relations personnelles et certaines compétences développées par les activités dans cet espace. Ou plutôt, sans pour autant négliger l'analyse des origines sociales et titrages scolaires des journalistes considérés, nous comprenons que les ressources liées au développement d'une carrière dans le journalisme sont cruciales pour l'avancement de carrière au sein de la presse à Sergipe et le réseau de contacts et/ou des liens tissés à l'intérieur et même "en dehors" de la presse (espace politique, par exemple) agissent directement comme facteur de différenciation professionnelle dans cet espace. Enfin, le point central de cette thèse est de démontrer que les réseaux de relations personnelles tissées, les compétences et l'expérience acquise par la pratique du journalisme lui-même et d'autres fonds accumulés dans divers inserts jouent un rôle important dans l'entrée, la pratique professionnelle et le développement carrières dans la presse.
This thesis aims to analyze the rules and social, institutional and political conditions for the insertion and professional performance in journalism. More specifically, it is a question of identifying the credentials, competences and other social resources that guide entry and positional growth in journalism and of understanding the importance of professional investment in the press itself and of insertion into other spaces for obtaining of such resources. In order to do so, it was necessary to analyze the careers of journalists, all their activities in the press and also their insertion in different spheres, and how they made possible the acquisition of resources that could be converted into better positions in journalism. The empirical universe that served as the basis for this investigation corresponds to a group of journalists who occupy high positions in the press of the Sergipe. They were considered as journalists who currently occupy positions of journalistic direction in printed newspapers and TV stations, as well as other journalists who have occupied these positions recently. With respect to its subdivisions, this thesis is structured in three moments. First, the socio-historical conditions of journalism and journalistic activity in Brazil are analyzed. In order to do so, we focus on the professional itineraries of some of the characters who dedicated themselves to journalism in different periods, but also in the processes of constitution of the press in Sergipe and in some other parts of the country. In a second moment, we deal with the institutionalization of journalism, or rather the process of transforming journalistic activity into a profession endowed with definite institutional rules. The main analytical resources for this second moment are bibliographical references dealing with the matter in several regions plus documents and laws that have given us data about this process in Brazil and, more specifically, in Sergipe. Finally, in the last stage we are dedicated to outlining the patterns and/or modalities of entry and rise in journalism in this state. At this stage, we seek to identify the competences and the main social resources that define the occupation of outstanding positions in this professional universe, and also to understand the most effective combinations of resources for acting in this space. Throughout this thesis, we strive to demonstrate that the possibilities of positional rise in journalism in Sergipe are especially linked to the mobilization of resources collected in the professional investment in the press, such as the networks of personal relationships and certain skills developed by the acting in this space. Or rather, without neglecting an analysis of the social origins and educational qualifications of the journalists considered, we understand that the resources linked to the development of a career in journalism are determinant for the professional rise in the press space in Sergipe and that the networks of contacts and/or linkages woven inside and even "outside" the press (political space, for example) act directly as a factor of professional differentiation in this space. Finally, the central focus of this thesis is to demonstrate that the networks of personal relationships we have, that the skills and experiences accumulated by the exercise of journalism itself, and that other resources accumulated in diverse insertions play an important role in the entry, the professional exercise and the development of careers in the press.
Esta tese busca analisar as regras e as condições sociais, institucionais e políticas para a inserção e a atuação profissional no jornalismo. Trata-se, mais especificamente, de identificar as credenciais, as competências e os demais recursos sociais que pautam a entrada e o crescimento posicional no jornalismo e de entender qual a importância do investimento profissional na própria imprensa e da inserção em outros espaços para a obtenção de tais recursos. Para tanto, fez-se necessária a análise das carreiras dos jornalistas, do conjunto de suas atuações na imprensa e também de suas inserções em esferas diversas, e de como elas possibilitaram a aquisição de recursos passíveis de serem convertidos em melhores colocações no jornalismo. O universo empírico que serviu de base para esta investigação corresponde a um conjunto de jornalistas que ocupam posições elevadas na imprensa do estado de Sergipe. Foram considerados tanto jornalistas que atualmente ocupam cargos de direção jornalística em jornais impressos e emissoras de TV, como também outros jornalistas que já ocuparam esses postos recentemente. Com relação às suas subdivisões, esta tese está estruturada em três momentos. Primeiramente, são analisadas as condições sócio-históricas da constituição do jornalismo e da atividade jornalística no Brasil. Para tanto, nos centramos nos itinerários profissionais de alguns personagens que se consagraram ao jornalismo em períodos distintos, mas também nos processos de constituição da imprensa em Sergipe e em algumas outras partes do país. Num segundo momento, tratamos da institucionalização do jornalismo, ou melhor, do processo de transformação da atividade jornalística em uma profissão dotada de regras institucionais definidas. Os principais recursos analíticos para esse segundo momento são referências bibliográficas tratando do assunto em diversas regiões acrescidas de documentos e leis que nos forneceram dados a respeito desse processo no Brasil e, mais especificamente, em Sergipe. Por fim, na última etapa nos dedicamos a traçar os padrões e/ou modalidades de entrada e ascensão no jornalismo deste estado. Nessa etapa, buscamos identificar as competências e os principais recursos sociais que definem a ocupação de posições destacadas nesse universo profissional, e também compreender as combinações de recursos mais efetivas para a atuação neste espaço. Ao longo desta tese, nos empenhamos em demonstrar que as possibilidades de ascensão posicional no jornalismo em Sergipe estão especialmente vinculadas à mobilização dos recursos arrecadados no investimento profissional na própria imprensa, tais como as redes de relações pessoais e certas competências desenvolvidas pela atuação nesse espaço. Ou melhor, sem desprezar uma análise das origens sociais e das titulações escolares dos jornalistas considerados, entendemos que os recursos ligados ao desenvolvimento de uma carreira no jornalismo são determinantes para a ascensão profissional no espaço da imprensa em Sergipe e que as redes de contatos e/ou vinculações tecidas dentro e até “fora” da imprensa (espaço político, por exemplo) agem diretamente como fator de diferenciação profissional nesse espaço. Enfim, o foco central desta tese é demonstrar que as redes de relações pessoais tecidas, que as competências e as experiências acumuladas pelo exercício do próprio jornalismo e que outros recursos acumulados em diversas inserções desempenham papel importante na entrada, no exercício profissional e no desenvolvimento de carreiras na imprensa.
São Cristóvão, SE

Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des relations entre les reporters de la presse quotidienne japonaise et les entreprises dont ils sont salariés. À la croisée de la sociologique interactionniste des professions, de la sociologie de la presse et de la sociologique économique, elle prend appui sur une enquête de terrain centrée sur la rédaction d’un grand quotidien national, l’Asahi Shimbun, le deuxième plus grand journal au monde de par le nombre de ses lecteurs. Le journalisme de presse au Japon est en effet organisé autour d’un élément central : l’entreprise de presse. De grandes entreprises s’occupent de la formation professionnelle et protègent les reporters de la concurrence, en les intégrant à leur marché du travail interne et en contrôlant l’accès aux sources permettant l’exercice de l’activité. En retour, elles attendent des reporters un engagement fort et l’acceptation d’une appropriation de leur travail par l’entreprise. Ces éléments forment la logique organisationnelle du journalisme japonais.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les principaux traits de ce modèle, tout en montrant comment coexistent des éléments relevant d’une logique de métier. Le second est d’analyser les conséquences de deux grands mouvements. Propre à l’industrie de la presse, le premier concerne l’évolution du lectorat et les transformations éditoriales auxquelles procèdent les entreprises afin d’y répondre. Le second, qui touche plus largement le monde du travail japonais, renvoie aux transformations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société.Des observations menées pendant trois ans au sein de la rédaction du journal, des entretiens qualitatifs et l’analyse de données statistiques d’origine institutionnelle permettent d’analyser les carrières et la division du travail, et de voir par quelles évolutions concrètes se traduit l’effritement de la logique organisationnelle
This thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between Japanese daily press reporters and the newspaper companies for which they work. At the crossroad of the interactionist sociology of professions, sociology of journalism and economic sociology, this work is mainly built on fieldwork conducted within the newsroom of one national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, the second biggest newspaper in the world regarding circulation and readership. Journalism in Japan is structured around one central element: the company. Large companies train their employees, protect reporters from labor competition by integrating them in their internal market, and by controlling access to the main news sources. In turn, they expect from their reporters a strong commitment in work and the acceptance of the appropriation of their work by the company. All those items constitute the organizational logic of Japanese journalism. The first aim of the thesis is to describe the main features of this model, while showing how some elements related to an occupational logic subsist. A second aim is to analyze the impact of two movements. Specific to the newspaper industry, the first one is related to the evolution of the readership and the editorial policies established by newspaper companies confronted to this evolution. The second, which is more generally related to the world of work in Japan, refers to the transformation of the role played by the company in society. Observations conducted within the newsroom of this newspaper company during three years, qualitative interviews and a statistical analysis has allowed us to examine the careers and the division of labor, and to see what concrete evolutions are related to the weakening of the organizational logic

Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution des relations entre les reporters de la presse quotidienne japonaise et les entreprises dont ils sont salariés. À la croisée de la sociologique interactionniste des professions, de la sociologie de la presse et de la sociologique économique, elle prend appui sur une enquête de terrain centrée sur la rédaction d’un grand quotidien national, l’Asahi Shimbun, le deuxième plus grand journal au monde de par le nombre de ses lecteurs. Le journalisme de presse au Japon est en effet organisé autour d’un élément central : l’entreprise de presse. De grandes entreprises s’occupent de la formation professionnelle et protègent les reporters de la concurrence, en les intégrant à leur marché du travail interne et en contrôlant l’accès aux sources permettant l’exercice de l’activité. En retour, elles attendent des reporters un engagement fort et l’acceptation d’une appropriation de leur travail par l’entreprise. Ces éléments forment la logique organisationnelle du journalisme japonais.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les principaux traits de ce modèle, tout en montrant comment coexistent des éléments relevant d’une logique de métier. Le second est d’analyser les conséquences de deux grands mouvements. Propre à l’industrie de la presse, le premier concerne l’évolution du lectorat et les transformations éditoriales auxquelles procèdent les entreprises afin d’y répondre. Le second, qui touche plus largement le monde du travail japonais, renvoie aux transformations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société.Des observations menées pendant trois ans au sein de la rédaction du journal, des entretiens qualitatifs et l’analyse de données statistiques d’origine institutionnelle permettent d’analyser les carrières et la division du travail, et de voir par quelles évolutions concrètes se traduit l’effritement de la logique organisationnelle
This thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between Japanese daily press reporters and the newspaper companies for which they work. At the crossroad of the interactionist sociology of professions, sociology of journalism and economic sociology, this work is mainly built on fieldwork conducted within the newsroom of one national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, the second biggest newspaper in the world regarding circulation and readership. Journalism in Japan is structured around one central element: the company. Large companies train their employees, protect reporters from labor competition by integrating them in their internal market, and by controlling access to the main news sources. In turn, they expect from their reporters a strong commitment in work and the acceptance of the appropriation of their work by the company. All those items constitute the organizational logic of Japanese journalism. The first aim of the thesis is to describe the main features of this model, while showing how some elements related to an occupational logic subsist. A second aim is to analyze the impact of two movements. Specific to the newspaper industry, the first one is related to the evolution of the readership and the editorial policies established by newspaper companies confronted to this evolution. The second, which is more generally related to the world of work in Japan, refers to the transformation of the role played by the company in society. Observations conducted within the newsroom of this newspaper company during three years, qualitative interviews and a statistical analysis has allowed us to examine the careers and the division of labor, and to see what concrete evolutions are related to the weakening of the organizational logic

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The aim of this study is to analyze how professionalism, difference, gender and generation in the journalism career are articulated, from the exam of the journalists’ discourses in the city of São Paulo. We use up the concept of professionalism and the Sociology of the Professions theoretical reference, based on the contributions of Eliot Freidson and Julia Evetts to understand the values of journalism, the representations around what it would be the journalist’s function, the meaning of the changes in the profession, with the emergency of a new journalist’s profile, the relations of the profession with the learning at the universities and at the editorial rooms, the historical changes according to the orientation of the journal and the professional, and their specificities with reference to the process of professionalization of the journalism in Brazil. Our aim is to comprehend how female journalists are represented in different discourses of difference. For this, our approach is set on the Avtar Brah’s theoretical assumptions, highlighting the concept of difference as an analytical category and its several meanings. We have also based our analysis on other cultural studies agents that discuss about the decentralization of the subject and its identity, as the internal diversity that characterizes gender. Fifteen journalists were interviewed, women and men, who live and work in the city of São Paulo, of different generations who act in different types of media and with different types of hire in their relations of work. The selection of the interviewed women searched, contemplate single women professionals, married, with or without children, with different time of work, that represent the time dedicated to the personal and professional lives, corresponding to the impact of personal life in the construction of the career and to the possibilities to balance between these two dimensions in the social life.
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar de que forma se articulam profissionalismo, diferença, gênero e geração na carreira de jornalismo, a partir do exame dos discursos de jornalistas da cidade de São Paulo. Empregamos o conceito de profissionalismo e o referencial teórico da sociologia das profissões, embasados nas contribuições de Eliot Freidson e Julia Evetts, para entendermos os valores do jornalismo, as representações em torno do que seria a função do jornalista, o significado das mudanças na profissão, com a emergência de um novo perfil de jornalista, as relações da profissão com o aprendizado nas universidades e nas redações, as mudanças históricas quanto à orientação dos jornais e dos profissionais, e suas especificidades no que se refere ao processo de profissionalização do jornalismo no Brasil. Nosso propósito é compreender como as profissionais do jornalismo são representadas em distintos discursos da diferença. Para isso, nossa abordagem apoiou-se nos pressupostos teóricos de Avtar Brah, com destaque para o conceito de diferença como categoria analítica e seus vários significados. Também fundamentamos nossa análise em outros representantes dos estudos culturais, que tratam do descentramento do sujeito e de sua identidade, assim como da diversidade interna que caracteriza o gênero. Foram entrevistados 15 profissionais do jornalismo, mulheres e homens, que residem e exercem suas atividades profissionais no município de São Paulo, de diferentes gerações, que atuam em diversos tipos de mídia e com distintos tipos de contratação em suas relações de trabalho. A seleção das entrevistadas procurou contemplar profissionais solteiras, casadas, com e sem filhos, com diferentes jornadas de trabalho, que representam o tempo dedicado à vida pessoal e profissional, correspondendo ao impacto da vida pessoal na construção da carreira e às possibilidades de equilibrar estas duas dimensões da vida social.

This study highlights the stereotypical depictions of journalists in film using a narrative analysis of four major Hollywood productions, starting with All the President’s Men from 1976 through The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo from 2011. Its purpose is to highlight traits given to journalists in the movies and re-occuring themes in the portrayal of the media and the journalistic occupation. Differences and commonalities between the films are concluded in a discussion of ethics, personalities and the media’s self image. The paper can be seen as a contribution to the paradigm in which journalism in the movies is perceived at the moment. It offers a wide explanation to how the image of the journalist is conveyed to the public, an image that differs from how real life journalists go about in daily work life. This is essential, since most people never get to experience journalistic work in reality – but solely from popular culture – which distorts the perception of the media as the fourth estate.

Le processus de « peer-review » est considéré comme la pierre angulaire de la publication scientifique. Or, des travaux ont démontré que les évaluations des peer-reviewers sont souvent discordantes, qu’ils ne parviennent pas à détecter la fraude, les erreurs et que leur évaluation est influencée par les résultats. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’explorer et de repenser le processus de la peer-review éditoriale. Dans un premier temps, nous avons identifié les tâches attendues des peer-reviewers lors de l'évaluation d'un manuscrit rapportant un essai contrôlé randomisé et, comparé l’importance de ces tâches selon le point de vue des peer-reviewers et des éditeurs. Notre étude a permis de démontrer que les tâches les plus importantes pour les peer-reviewers n'étaient pas conformes aux tâches les plus souvent demandées par les éditeurs. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une revue systématique ainsi qu’une méta-analyse des essais contrôlés randomisés évaluant une intervention visant à améliorer la qualité de la peer-review dans les journaux biomédicaux. Nous avons identifié 22 essais contrôlés randomisés qui ont évalué 5 interventions. Ces essais incluaient un faible nombre de participants, étaient pour la majorité monocentriques, et avaient des biais qui limitaient l’interprétation de leurs résultats. Enfin, nous avons développé et évalué un outil d’aide à la réalisation de la peer-review d’essais randomisés, associé à une formation en ligne. Cet outil vise spécifiquement à évaluer la qualité de la présentation des essais, c’est-à-dire le respect des recommandations du CONSORT statement (i.e., recommandations internationales exigées par les éditeurs pour rapporter les essais randomisés de façon complète et transparente). Nous avons comparé la performance de jeunes peer-reviewers formés utilisant l’outil, avec la performance de reviewers ayant évalué le manuscrit dans le cadre du processus de peer-review classique. Nous avons inclus 120 essais contrôlés randomisés. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que l'outil a amélioré le nombre d’items correctement classés par manuscrit par les jeunes peer-reviewers. Cette constatation suggère que l'utilisation d'une checklist de type CONSORT se focalisant sur certains items précis pourrait améliorer la qualité du processus de peer-review, et donc la qualité du manuscrit publié. À l’issue de ce travail, nous proposons de repenser le processus de peer-review qui pourrait être réalisé en 2 étapes avec : des peer-reviewers juniors évaluant le respect des recommandations du CONSORT statement et des reviewers expérimentés évaluant la méthodologie et la pertinence de la question
The peer-review process is a cornerstone of biomedical research publication. However, studies have shown that peer-reviewers' evaluations are often discordant, that they fail to detect fraud, errors and that their evaluation is influenced by the results. The objective of this thesis work was to explore and rethink the process of peer-review editorial. As a first step, we identified the tasks expected of peer-reviewers when evaluating a randomized controlled trial report and compared the importance of these tasks from the points of view of peer-reviewers and editors. Our study showed that the most important tasks for peer reviewers were not congruent with the tasks most often requested by journal editors in theirs guidelines to reviewers. In a second step, we conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating an intervention aimed at improving the quality of peer-review in biomedical journals. We identified 22 randomized controlled trials that evaluated 5 interventions. These trials included a small number of participants, were mostly monocentric and had biases that limited the interpretation of their results. Finally, we have developed and evaluated a tool to help achieve the peer-review of randomized trials associated with online training. This tool is specifically aimed at evaluating the quality of the reporting that means the compliance with the recommendations of the CONSORT statement (i.e., international recommendations required by publishers to report randomized trials in a complete and transparent manner). We compared the performance of young trained peer-reviewers using the tool with the performance of reviewers evaluating the manuscript as part of the usual peer-review process. We included 120 randomized controlled trials. Our results showed that the tool improved the number of items correctly classified per manuscript by young peer-reviewers. This finding suggests that the use of a CONSORT checklist focusing on specific items could improve the quality of the peer-review process, and thus the quality of the published manuscript. At the end of this work, we propose to rethink the peer-review process that could be carried out in 2 stages with junior peer-reviewers assessing compliance with the recommendations of the CONSORT statement and experienced reviewers evaluating the methodology and relevance of the question

This thesis provides the first rigorous history of the concept of midlife crisis. It highlights the close connections between understandings of the life course and social change. It reverses accounts of popularization by showing how an idea moved from the public sphere into academia. Above all, it uncovers the feminist origins of the concept and places this in a historically little-studied tradition of writing about middle age that rejected the gendered "double standard of aging." Constructions of middle age and life-planning were not always oppressive, but often used for feminist purposes. The idea of midlife crisis became popular in the United States with journalist Gail Sheehy's Passages (1976), a critique of Erik Erikson's male-centered model of ego development and psychoanalytic constructions of gender and identity more generally. Drawing on mid-century notions of middle life as the time of a woman's entry into the public sphere, Sheehy's midlife crisis defined the onset of middle age, for men and women, as the end of traditional gender roles. As dual-earner families replaced the male breadwinner model, Passages circulated widely, read by women and men of different generations, including social scientists. Three psychoanalytic experts-Daniel Levinson, George Vaillant, and Roger Gould-rebutted Sheehy by putting forward a male-only concept of midlife as the end of a man's family obligations; they banned women from reimagining their lives. Though this became the dominant meaning of midlife crisis, it was not universally accepted. Feminist scholars, most famously the psychologist and ethicist Carol Gilligan, drew on women's experiences to challenge the midlife crisis, turning it into a sign of emotional instability, immaturity, and egotism. Resonating with widespread understandings of mental health and social responsibility, and confirmed by large-scale surveys in the late 1990s, this relegated the midlife crisis to a chauvinist cliché. It has remained a contested concept for negotiating the balances between work and life, production and reproduction into the present day.

碩士
臺灣大學
新聞研究所
98
Recently the decline of the newspaper industry in Taiwan has become more and more serious. The news about WantWant Group Taiwan purchased China Times Group, which is one of the oldest newspaper groups in Taiwan, also shocked the society. Facing the joblessness, salary reduction, or even company bankruptcy, in order to survive, more and more newspaper employees decide to look for other job opportunities. This depth report will focus on newspaper journalists’ career plan. Through interview with those journalists, who have left or changed their original position in journalism, this depth report will find out why they want to leave their position, how they think of this issue and also the possibility of future development. This depth report will also show the different thoughts between these economic journalists and those, who regard journalism as their aspiration. This depth report has found out that journalists feel more worried about their future, instead of the pressure from salary reduction. Part of the journalists who chose economic beat because they expect to transfer to other industries in the near future, or get certain professional training in other fields from their present position. They do not intend to stay as a journalist for too long. Furthermore, the pressure from survival has become the excuse for bad quality of news or not avoiding certain interests that are against the profession of journalism. This depth report will assist the understanding of how journalists represent the news value based on their own thoughts which is affected by the whole environment.

Die Leipziger Journalistik führte im Projekt „Zukunft des Journalismus“ (ZdJ) am Lehrstuhl Journalistik des Instituts für Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft der Universität Leipzig unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Michael Haller 2005 die bislang umfangreichste Online-Befragung unter Deutschlands Journalisten durch. Sie liefert erste Befunde über die Zukunft einer bedrohten Profession.

碩士
國立中山大學
傳播管理研究所
96
1987, Taiwan government announced the lifting of martial law. After that, it provides the open space for media industry with free market mechanism. Therefore, it was a popular job working in medium for fresh man. "Management magazine" finishing 1992-2001 ideal corporate ranks, TVBS found on the top 10 three times, but they found that journalists intended to have a career transition was up to 90% in the 2006 survey by "1111 Manpower Bank". These studies were aimed at local journalist career planning process and business model. It has tried to depict a background of journalist in other workplace on the advantages and disadvantages with purposive sampling from depth interviews with ten journalists about their career transition. Ten interviewees indicated that the reason for them to be journalists is due to personal interests. However, in terms of the motive for career transition, "interests" is considered less important and "life stability", "family" and "dissatisfaction with wider social contexts" are instead highlighted. Six of the above interviewees took advantages of "interpersonal network" to seek for new jobs. Three factors make their working performance distinguished from other new colleagues, namely, "interpersonal network", "previous working experiences as journalists", "a sense of responsibility towards the society as a whole and insistence on fulfilling tasks". However, three of the interviewees had returned to the original occupation and one is actively seeking for such a chance. Reasons for that are that working as non-journalists was not as good as they had expected or they simply started again another circle of career transition. In addition, this study also suggests that journalists may be less objective and over-optimistic when evaluating the adequacy of personal capacity for a career transition. This also happens when they need to infer or express viewpoints regarding the world. All above is due to the fact that being a journalist is constantly involved with all sorts of people, occurrences and circumstances. This statement can be supported by Krumboltz''s third determinant of career development, which is the possession of "task approach skills". Furthermore, the review of previous studies with respect to summaries of news in southern Taiwan as well as reasons why journalists resign may be of use for future research.

Esta Dissertação tem como temática o sonho de muitos portugueses em ser Jornalista. Este sonho dá-se em meados dos anos 90, com uma adesão intensa aos cursos de Comunicação Social em Portugal. Mas com o passar dos anos, os media têm passado por várias mudanças que acabaram por influenciar o Jornalismo praticado em Portugal. Aborda o tema do Desemprego no Jornalismo em Portugal, nomeadamente, as mudanças e os impactos ocorridos no exercício da profissão. Desde as percepções e motivações que tinham antes de entrar na profissão, quando entraram e o momento actual em que se encontram, a exercer ou não a profissão dos seus sonhos. A problemática deste trabalho vai ser analisado através do âmbito social, que engloba esta questão do desemprego como sendo uma ameaça à democracia actual; através do âmbito profissional, que remete para como é feito o acesso à profissão, bem como as motivações de cada jornalista e como é visto o seu estatuto hoje em dia; e por último será analisado através da parte tecnológica, que se refere ao desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias com o desempenho da profissão.
This dissertation aims to shed lights on the Portuguese journalists’ context. This dream begins in the mid-‘ 90 led by an intense adherence to the media courses in Portugal. However, the media have gone through several changes throughout the years that have influenced the Journalism in this country. This study investigates the topic of unemployment of Portuguese Journalists as well as the changes occured. This research also explores the perceptions and motivations before journalists began their career and their current professional situation: If they are or are not working on what they studied for. To illustrate the situation, this observation will examine three perspectives: The social one, which encompasses the issue of unemployment as a threat to the current democracy, the professional one, wich draws how the acess to the job is made as well as the motivations of each journalist, how his role is seen today, and finally the technological aspect, referring to the developments that journalism has brought to technology.

Canadian women print journalists both protest against and acquiesce to the patriarchal culture of newspapering in their daily work. Utilizing narrative analysis and the feminist theory of intersectionality, this dissertation argues that other social characteristics interact with gender as practitioners negotiate the multiple hegemonies of their workplace, and that the impacts of these characteristics change over time. The purpose of the qualitative study was to do fieldwork needed to respond to scholarly uncertainty about journalists’ individual motivations on the job and their perceived impact on the socio-political agenda. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted over 2010-2011. Participants included 26 Canadian women print journalists in five newspapers across Canada, as well as one former journalist, now an academic. Key generational differences appeared when participants’ stories were examined with age and gender intersecting as an organizing theme. Senior participants tended to see themselves as lucky survivors in frustratingly gendered newsrooms; those in mid-career were self-sacrificing, hard workers who needed, but were not getting, workplace flexibility; and the most junior ones presented themselves as individual strategists, capable of handling whatever routine injustices were thrown at them. They wanted to stay in the business long enough to “choose” between careers and parenthood, with technological proficiency as a lifeline. Participants’ narratives revealed how the most senior tended to combine their multiple identities and externalities into a coherent whole, while younger participants experimented with and exploited aspects of their complex identities and larger societal influences to survive in a high-stress, gendered environment. This study produces evidence that the participants’ career paths are influenced in fluid and often hidden ways by other characteristics as they intersect with gender. Assumptions about these characteristics, such as age, race, parenthood status and class, further complicate the shaping of participants’ experiences in their workplaces, offering them other possible positions from which to either reinforce or resist the newsroom culture. The participants take up navigating these confused seas in ways that often leave them frustrated and angry, but ultimately most say they feel they make a difference in the socio-political agenda because of their complex identities and as voices for those deemed “voiceless.”
Graduate
0453
0391
0708
viviansmith@telus.net

This research aims to understand the different practices and strategies early career researchers and PhD students from the social sciences have in Social Networking Sites (SNSs) for science communication in one particular country: Brazil. Following this purpose, the central research question is which are the motives and rationale of the researchers for using social networking sites for science communication. Two sub-questions arise from this general research question: How do practices and strategies relate to the academic system of this country? And How do the traditional science communication practices translate into the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS)? This research is empirically oriented building up on case studies in Brazil. This study makes use of the adaptation that Van Dijck (2013) made of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and the review of affordances of social media platforms (Bucher & Helmond, 2016) to apply it to the study of social media as the theoretical approach. The methodological approach of this research is qualitative, using both interviews and netnography as research methods. The primary motivations for using different Social Networking Sites are all related to connectivity: communication with peers, to the public and research subjects, updating themselves about their research issue, dissemination of research, availability of papers, self-branding and participation in interest groups are the most mentioned. These motivations translate into cross-posting practices and integrated communication strategies -combining online and offline elements- on the different Social Networking Sites. These motivations translate into perceived affordances all related to social affordances, therefore, social capital processes: availability, scalability, visibility and multimediality. The academic system of the country has remained unchanged as it privileges traditional scholarly academic formats; therefore, early career researchers and PhD students from the social sciences only use the different Social Networking Sites (SNS) as a side aid but not as a primary means of communication. Social media is underused as a means of public science communication, even though these platforms offer a lot of advantages for pursuing such issue. Traditional science communication practices translate into the use of Social Networking Sites (SNSs). The most important issue that came out in this report was the fact that social affordances provided by Social Networking (SNSs) are still required to be endorsed by real life meeting to start further collaboration and the fact that English is the preferred language for such issues.

This thesis examines the discipline of English studies in South Africa through a review of articles published in 11 academic journals over the period 1958-2004. The aims are to gain a better understanding of the functions of peer-reviewed journals, to reveal the presence of rules governing discursive production, and to uncover the historical shifts in approach and choice of disciplinary objects. The Foucauldian typology of procedures determining discursive production, that is: exclusionary, internal and restrictive procedures, is applied to the discipline of English studies in order to elucidate the existence of such procedures in the discipline. Each journal is reviewed individually and comparatively. Static and chronological statistical analyses are undertaken on the articles in the 11 journals in order to provide empirical evidence to subvert the contention that the discipline is unruly and its choice of objects random. The cumulative results of this analysis are used to describe the major shifts primarily in ranges of disciplinary objects, but also in metadiscursive and thematic debates. Each of the journals is characterised in relation to what the overall analysis reveals about the mainstream developments. The two main findings are that, during the period under review, South African imaginative written artefacts have moved from a marginal position to the centre of focus of the discipline; and that the conception of what constitutes the `literary' has returned to a pre-Practical criticism definition, broadly inclusive of a variety of types of artefact including imaginative writing, such as autobiography, letters, journals and orature.
English Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (English)