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1
Aloba, Olutayo, Olayinka Ajao, Taiwo Alimi, and Olufemi Esan. "Psychometric Properties and Correlates of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in Family Caregivers of Nigerian Patients with Psychiatric Disorders in Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 07, S 01 (December 2016): S018—S025. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.196434.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine the construct and correlates of hopelessness among family caregivers of Nigerian psychiatric patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 264 family caregiver-patients’ dyads recruited from two university teaching hospitals psychiatric clinics in Southwestern Nigeria. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor 9-item model of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) among the family caregivers. Confirmatory factor analysis of the model revealed satisfactory indices of fitness (goodness of fit index = 0.97, comparative fit index = 0.96, Chi-square/degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) = 1.60, root mean square error of approximation = 0.048, expected cross-validation index = 0.307, and standardized root mean residual = 0.005). Reliability of the scale was modestly satisfactory (Cronbach’s alpha 0.72). Construct validity of scale was supported by significant correlations with the family caregivers’ scores on the Zarit Burden Interview, mini international neuropsychiatric interview suicidality module, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The greatest variance in the family caregivers’ scores on the BHS was contributed by their scores on the psychological distress scale (GHQ-12). Conclusions: The BHS has adequate psychometric properties among Nigerian psychiatric patients’ family caregivers. There is the need to pay attention to the psychological well-being of the family caregivers of Nigerian psychiatric patients.
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Vincent-Onabajo, Grace, Pwadi Gayus, Mamman Ali Masta, Muhammad Usman Ali, Fatima Kachalla Gujba, Ali Modu, and Saleh Usman Hassan. "Caregiving Appraisal by Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors in Nigeria." Journal of Caring Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2018.028.
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Introduction: Attending to caregiving experiences of family caregivers of stroke survivors is important in person-centered stroke rehabilitation. This study explored caregiving appraisals by family caregivers of stroke survivors in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of family caregivers’ negative and positive appraisals of caregiving was conducted using the 24-item 4-domain revised Caregiving Appraisal Scale (rCAS). Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to identify differences in caregiving appraisals based on specific caregiver and stroke survivor variables. Results: Seventy-three caregiver and care recipient dyads participated in the study. Mean age of the caregivers was 31.51 (9.82) years. From a score of 5, and higher scores depicting higher appraisal, mean (SD) score for caregiving satisfaction and caregiving mastery (positive appraisal domains) was 4.23 (0.97) and 4.04 (0.92) respectively while 2.29 (0.98) and 2.11 (0.93) were respectively recorded for caregiving burden and environmental impact (negative appraisal). Caregivers’ gender, age, and employment status resulted in significantly different appraisals with female caregivers having higher caregiving mastery (U = 446, P<0.05), caregiving satisfaction (U = 384.5, P<0.01), and also caregiving burden (U = 382.5, P<0.01) compared to their male counterparts; while older (U = 330; P<0.05) and employed (U = 437.5, P<0.05) family caregivers reported higher caregiving satisfaction and burden respectively than younger and unemployed family caregivers. Conclusion: Given the comparatively higher positive caregiving appraisal, and the documented benefits of positive caregiving appraisal, efforts should be geared towards identifying effective means of reinforcing positive appraisal, and reducing negative stroke caregiving appraisal, especially for female, older and employed family caregivers.
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Adegoke, Samuel, Kehinde Omole, Chidozie Mbada, Ganiyu Adedeji, Olanrewaju Adeyemi, and John Omole. "Levels, Correlates, and Predictors of Stress and Caregiver Burden among Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Nigeria." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 17, no. 01 (December 13, 2017): 013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612639.
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AbstractCerebral palsy (CP) is a major cause of physical disability in childhood. Caregivers are often subjected to both stress and burden due to prolonged care. This article assesses levels, correlates, and predictive factors of stress and caregiver burden among primary caregivers of children with CP. A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals within the Osun State, Nigeria. Two hundred and nine caregivers were interviewed with both the Parental Stress Scale and Caregiver Difficulty Scale to assess for stress and burden of caregivers, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences for Windows version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States) with alpha set at p < 0.05. Two hundred and nine children with CP aged 12 months to 12 years were seen during the 6-month period. Mothers constituted 87.1% of the total caregivers. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) stress seen in caregivers was 44.8 ± 10.1, while the mean (SD) caregiver burden was 45.2 ± 13.4. Both these scores were above the minimum score of 42, which signifies high psychosocial stress and burden. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between clinical and sociodemographic and each of stress and caregivers' burden. Severity of CP and level of education were the most important predictors of stress, while severity of CP, level of education, and male child were the most important predictors of caregivers' burden. Caregivers' burden and stress are known to result in negative outcomes. Identifying factors that can predict caregivers' burden and stress could help develop an early intervention strategy to minimize these negative effects while promoting caregivers' psychosocial well-being.
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Okafor, Chidi John, and Thomas Emedoh. "Caregivers of schizophrenic patients in Calabar: Extent and predictors of burden." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 4 (February 12, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_24_2020.
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Objectives: Caregivers of people with mental disorders usually experience consequences which might generate burden and have an effect on each aspect of their life. This study aimed to assess the extent and associated factors of burden on caregivers of schizophrenic patients seen at the Federal Psychiatric Hospital Calabar, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used to study 100 consecutive caregivers of patients with schizophrenia seen at the outpatient clinic of the hospital between 15 December 2019 and 21 April 2020. Data were collected from the study participants using socio-demographic questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and Family Burden Interview Schedule. Quantitative data were presented as mean (standard deviation) and categorical data as frequency/percentages. Statistical analysis was performed using independent sample t-test. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the predictors of burden on caregivers. All values of P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Ninety percent and 88% of the caregivers, respectively, had some level of objective and subjective burden. The factors associated with objective burden on the caregivers were employment status of the patient, BPRS score, number of suicide attempts, and number of hours per week the caregiver was in contact with the patient. The subjective burden was associated with BPRS score, number of hospitalization, number of relapses, monthly income of the caregiver, and caregiver’s level of education. The employment status of the patient significantly predicted objective burden on the caregiver (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that caregivers of patients with schizophrenia experience high level of burden. The study also identified factors which might guide clinicians to institute intervention programs aimed toward reducing burden on the caregivers of schizophrenic patients.
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Bamgboye, Elijah, Tayo Odusote, Iyabode Olusanmi, Joshua Akinyemi, Yussuf Bidemi, Ayo Adebowale, Ashaolu Gbenga, and Oladapo Ladipo. "Socio-economic status and hunger among orphans and vulnerable children households in Lagos State, Nigeria." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.47.
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Background: HIV/AIDS has contributed to increasing orphans and vulnerable children in Nigeria. A measure of vulner- ability is household hunger.
Objective: To assess level of household hunger and associated factors among OVC households in Lagos State.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1300 OVC households in 5 selected Local Government Areas. The LGAs were select- ed using the Household Vulnerability Assessment index. Data collection was by personal interview of households’ heads/ caregivers using a structured questionnaire capturing socio-demographic, household economic profile and food-related variables. A multivariate logit model was fitted to identify independent predictors of household hunger after adjusting for confounding variables.
Results: The population density was 5.1 and 52.8% were females. A larger proportion of females (84.6%) than males (78.3%) reported that they had no food to eat in the last four weeks prior the survey. Poor household economic status (OR=1.41, CI: 1.03-1.92), age and marital status of caregiver were independent predictors of household hunger. The odds of hunger increased with caregiver’s age; higher in households headed by never married (OR=3.99, CI: 1.15-13.89) and di- vorced/separated caregivers (OR=2.39, CI: 1.11-5.12).
Conclusion: OVC households experienced severe hunger. Household economic strengthening would be useful strategy to mitigate the nutrition challenges of OVC in Lagos state.
Keywords: Orphans; vulnerable; children; households food security; caregivers; economy; Nigeria.
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Adeosun, Increase Ibukun. "Correlates of Caregiver Burden among Family Members of Patients with Schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/353809.
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Family members of patients with schizophrenia have enormous roles in the care of their patients, which could negatively impact their well being. Development of interventions targeted at alleviating the burden of informal care giving is hinged on the recognition of the factors associated with the various dimensions of burden. This study determined the correlates of caregiver burden among family members of patients with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. The study instruments included the Zarit burden interview (ZBI) and the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia (PANSS). Exploratory factor analysis of the ZBI produced a five-factor structure with “financial/physical strain”, “time/dependence strain”, “emotional strain”, “uncertainty”, and “self-criticism” domains. On multiple regression analyses, total PANSS scores, poor social support, and lower educational levels of caregivers were predictive of higher burden scores on the “financial/physical strain”, “time/dependence”, and “emotional strain” domains. Longer duration of illness, shorter patient-caregiver contact time, and being a female caregiver were predictive of higher burden scores on the “uncertainty”, “self-criticism”, and “emotional strain” domains, respectively. There is need for interventions to alleviate the burden on caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Nigeria. These strategies must include comprehensive social support and improve access to services for patients and their caregivers.
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Nwakasi, Candidus, Kate de Medeiros, and Darlingtina Esiaka. "Stigmatization and the Experience of Informal Dementia Caregivers in Nigeria." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.887.
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Abstract There is no formal word for dementia in Nigeria. Instead, some Nigerians, in their effort to make sense of dementia symptoms, use descriptions that may result in stigmatization of people living with dementia and their families. With Nigeria’s rapid aging, increased risk of dementia, and lack of formal long-term care, this study focused on the impact of stigma on the caregiving experiences of Nigerian women. This exploration is significant as adult females in Nigeria are the pillar of informal caregiving in the country. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 adult informal female caregivers in Anambra, Nigeria. Data were then transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes. Afterwards, focus groups of 21 adult Nigerians residing in Ohio, US, were conducted to offer more contextual insight on the findings. The three major themes identified were: 1) negative views of dementia symptoms (e.g., witchcraft, madness), 2) caregiving protects against stigmatization (e.g., by keeping family members out of sight), and 3) stigma and caregiving support such as adult children abandoning parents with dementia because of the stigma associated with dementia. Given the overwhelming presence of stigma in all aspects of dementia to include dementia caregiving, results point to the critical need for better strategies to help strengthen informal caregiving in Nigeria. This includes culturally appropriate dementia education for families and caregivers, and formal long-term care policies that include care support in a rapidly aging Nigeria.
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Esezobor, Christopher I., Adaobi U. Solarin, and Andrew T. Olagunju. "Significant Burden and Psychological Distress Among Caregivers of Children With Nephrotic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 7 (January 2020): 205435811989801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054358119898016.
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Background: Childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) follows a chronic course in most children. However, little is known about the psychosocial burden of NS on the caregivers despite evidence that caregiver burden or impairment in their well-being may alter the outcome of chronic childhood illnesses. Objectives: To determine the frequency and predictors of significant caregiver burden and psychological distress among caregivers of children with NS. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Two pediatric nephrology clinics in Lagos, Nigeria. Patients: We included primary caregivers of children with idiopathic NS for at least 6 months. Measurements: The primary outcomes were psychological distress and significant caregiver burden among caregivers. Methods: We interviewed caregivers using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the 6-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-6). The GHQ-12 scores ≥ 3 and ZBI-6 scores ≥ 6 indicated psychological distress and significant caregiver burden, respectively. Results: The caregivers were mostly mothers (77.9%) and married (92.4%), whereas the children (n = 172) were mainly male (65.1%). Most of the children (n = 152; 88.4%) had steroid-sensitive NS including 24 (14%) children with frequent relapses or steroid dependence and 20 (11.6%) with steroid-resistant NS. Of the 172 caregivers, 53 (30.8%) and 30 (17.4%) reported psychological distress and significant burden, respectively. Caregivers of children in relapse had adjusted an odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.45 (1.05-5.67) and 3.30 (1.22-8.92) of psychological distress and significant caregiver burden, respectively. Furthermore, caregivers of male children and those who needed help paying for health care had an aOR of 4.61 (1.34-15.68) and 3.06 (1.06-8.87) of significant caregiver burden, respectively. Limitations: The study was limited by its cross-sectional design and the use of generic rather than disease-specific instruments. Conclusion: One in every 6 caregivers of children with idiopathic NS reported significant caregiver burden, and it was associated with psychological distress. Our findings underscore the need for psychosocial support for caregivers of children with NS, especially those with identifiable vulnerability.
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Akerele, Adekunle, Oyindamola B. Yusuf, Catherine O. Falade, Ikeoluwapo O. Ajayi, and Franco Pagnoni. "Factors Associated with Use of Guideline in Home Management of Malaria among Children in Rural South West Nigeria." Malaria Research and Treatment 2011 (July 14, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/701320.
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The dosage regimen for artemether-lumefantrine which is the standard of care for malaria in most of Sub-Saharan countries requires use of treatment guidelines and instructions to enhance caregivers' performance in the treatment of malaria. As part of a larger study evaluating its effectiveness in a rural local government area in southwestern Nigeria, 552 caregivers whose children had fever two weeks preceeding the survey were recruited. Information was collected with interviewer administered questionnaire. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted using the gllamm approach in Stata to determine the factors associated with use of guideline. Age and educational background of caregiver were significantly associated with guideline use. Caregivers aged 26–30 years were 4 times more likely to use guideline than those aged >40 years. Caregivers with primary education were 4 times more likely to use guideline compared with caregivers with no formal education. Between-village variance was 0.00092 ± 0.3084. Guideline use reduced with increasing age and lower education.
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Oluchi, Sampson, Rosliza Manaf, Suriani Ismail, and Theophilus Udeani. "Predictors of Health-Seeking Behavior for Fever Cases among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Malaria-Endemic Area of Imo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 4, 2019): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193752.
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Fever is one of the most common symptoms of pediatric illnesses; it is an important early symptom of malaria. Fever had served as the entry point for presumptive treatment of malaria among children in Nigerian. Appropriate HSB is important when seeking treatment for fever among under-five children; this will help for better prognosis because treatment will be initiated early. This study attempted to identify caregiver’s HSB for under-five children with fever. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Imo-State, Nigeria. Appropriate HSB was operationally defined as seeking treatment from health facility within 24 h of fever. Data were obtained using pretested self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Simple and multiple logistic regression were used to determine predictors of appropriate HSB. A total of 559 eligible respondents were recruited; 103 (18.6%) caregivers had appropriate HSB. The predictors of HSB are being male child (aOR = 2.760; 95% CI:1.536–4.958), the age of child younger than 27 months (aOR = 2.804; 95% CI:1.485–5.295), employed caregivers (aOR = 1.882; 95% CI:1.014–3.493), number of household members (aOR = 2.504; 95% CI:1.464–4.283), and caregivers who decided to seek treatment at early stage (aOR = 7.060; 95% CI:1.616–30.852). Only 18.6% caregivers practiced appropriate HSB for fever cases among under-five children. It is essential to educate caregivers and emphasise on early treatment of fever and appropriate use of health facilities for fever. The findings will be used to improve intervention at the community level and will be compared with follow-up data to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Nwakasi, Candidus C., Kate de Medeiros, and Foluke S. Bosun-Arije. "“We Are Doing These Things So That People Will Not Laugh at Us”: Caregivers’ Attitudes About Dementia and Caregiving in Nigeria." Qualitative Health Research 31, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10497323211004105.
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Some Nigerians, in their effort to make sense of dementia symptoms, use descriptions that may stigmatize people with dementia and their families. This qualitative descriptive study focused on the everyday understanding of dementia and the impact of stigma on the caregiving experiences of informal female Nigerian dementia caregivers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 adult informal female caregivers in Nigeria and analyzed for themes. Afterward, results were presented to focus groups of 21 adult Nigerians residing in the United States for more contextual insight on the findings. The three major themes were misconceptions about dementia symptoms, caregiving protects against stigmatization, and stigma affects caregiving support. Overall, we argue that knowledge deficit, poor awareness, and traditional spiritual beliefs combine to drive dementia-related stigmatization in Nigeria. Strategies such as culturally appropriate dementia awareness campaigns and formal long-term care policies are urgently needed to help strengthen informal dementia caregiving in Nigeria.
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Elimian, Kelly O., Puja R. Myles, Revati Phalkey, Ayebo Sadoh, and Catherine Pritchard. "‘Everybody in Nigeria is a doctor…’: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on lay diagnosis of malaria and pneumonia in Nigeria." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa015.
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Abstract Background Lay diagnosis is a widely used diagnostic approach for home management of common illnesses in Nigeria. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of caregivers and healthcare professionals on lay diagnosis of childhood malaria and pneumonia. Aligned to this, the study sought to explore the feasibility of training caregivers in the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines for improved recognition and treatment of these diseases. Methods A qualitative study using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews was conducted in Benin City, Nigeria. Participants included 13 caregivers with children under 5 years and 17 healthcare professionals (HPs). An inductive approach to thematic analysis was used to generate themes and analyses. Results Caregivers relied on lay diagnosis but recognised its limitations. The perceived severity of malaria and pneumonia significantly influenced caregivers’ preference for reliance on lay diagnosis practices, health-seeking behaviour and willingness to undertake training in IMCI guidelines for home management of diseases. Safety and potential unintended misuse of medications were recognised by caregivers and HPs as the main challenges. Conclusions The high level of acceptance among caregivers to receive IMCI training could help improve effective management of childhood malaria and pneumonia at the community level through early recognition and prompt treatment.
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Gracia Ker Eke and Nsirimobu Ichendu Paul. "Caregivers’ burden of caring for children with chronic illnesses at a tertiary health facility in southern Nigeria." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0128.
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Background: The responsibilities perceived by caregivers of children with chronic diseases can impose significant burden on their physical, emotional and mental well-being. Objective: To explore the burden of caregivers of children with chronic illnesses at a tertiary-care health facility in southern Nigeria, in order to devise effective ways of reducing them. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional survey amongst parents/caregivers of children with chronic illnesses in the Children’s Outpatient clinics /wards and emergency room, who presented for care and/or follow-up visits between October and December 2020. A validated Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) that assesses the level of burden in five domains: general strain, isolation, disappointment, emotional involvement and environment, was used to obtain data. Caregivers’ and the children’ socio-demographic characteristics were also ascertained and compared with the level of burden. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Result: A total of 109 caregivers completed the questionnaire. Half (n=55; 50.5%) of the caregivers were aged 30-39years; 88 (80.7%) were females; 58 (53.2%) had post-secondary education and 51 (46.8%) were self-employed. Of the 109 children studied, 70 (64.2%) were males and the commonest diagnosis was sickle cell anaemia (SCA) (n=62; 56.9%) followed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease (n=35; 32.1%). The age at diagnosis was 1-5years in 70 (64.2%) of cases while 76 (69.7%) of them had received care for 1-5years. The mean caregiving burden score was highest in disappointment (2.0) and lowest in the domain of isolation (1.5), while the overall mean score was 1.7 (SD=0.6). There was a statistically significant relationship between the caregivers’ age and all the domains studied except the general strain, while the other socio-demographic variables had varying significance with the different domains of burden. Conclusion: Severe burden of caregiving was experienced by more caregivers in the domains of disappointment and general strain while the isolation domain experienced the lowest frequency of caregivers with severe burden. Improving social support and advocacy to stakeholders, including the government to take over the financing of medical expenses of children with chronic diseases will reduce the burden of care experienced by their caregivers.
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Yusuf, Abdulkareem Jika, Folorunsho Tajudeen Nuhu, and Akinsola Akinbiyi. "Caregiver burden among relatives of patients with schizophrenia in Katsina, Nigeria." South African Journal of Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v15i2.187.
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<p><strong>Objective</strong>: Caring for patients’ with schizophrenia leads to an enormous burden on the caregivers. However, the magnitude of this problem remains largely unknown in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of care giving among relatives of patients with schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Materials and method</strong>: A total of 129 primary care-givers of patients with schizophrenia attending out-patient clinic of Katsina state Psychiatric Hospital were interviewed using a socio-demographic data collection sheet and Zarith Burden Interview (ZBI). Data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 13. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the respondents was 45.07±8.91. Majority of the caregivers are females. High level of burden was found in 47.3% of the respondents. The level of burden experienced was significantly associated with place of residence and family size. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Schizophrenia is associated with high level of caregiver burden and effort should be made at alleviating this burden for better out come in both the patients and caregivers.</p>
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Baiyewu, Olusegun, Andrew F. Bella, Joseph D. Adeyemi, Benson A. Ikuesan, E. Afolabi Bamgboye, and R. Olukayode Jegede. "Attitude to Aging among Different Groups in Nigeria." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 44, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ef2a-xful-dx07-n2l3.
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Attitude to aging and the aged was surveyed in three groups of Nigerians, 1) caregivers living at home with the elderly, 2) various categories of hospital workers, and 3) the general public. Based on scores of an eleven-item questionnaire the best attitude was in caregivers, and the poorest in hospital workers. Years of education had an overall negative effect on attitudinal measurement. An inference from this study is that the elderly are still valued, but caregivers could be under some stress and would appreciate assistance. It is important for developing countries like Nigeria to begin to think seriously of what types of public assistance the elderly and their families would need.
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Mukhtar-Yola, M., and M. Kuczawski. "Barriers and impact of disclosure of HIV status to children at the National Hospital, Abuja Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 47, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v47i4.2.
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Background: HIV infected children survive to adolescence because of anti retroviral therapy, however, only a small proportion know their diagnosis.Disclosure is critical to long-term disease management, yet little is known about if, how, and when disclosure takes place and the barriers associated with it, and its impact on children in resourcelimited settings.
Objective: This study set out to determine the process of and barriers to HIV disclosure in children as well as the immediate impact of this on children and their caregivers.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done June-July 2016 using a structured questionnaire, convenience sampling and quantitative methods at the infectious disease clinics of National Hospital Abuja. A sample of 164 caregivers of HIV positive children aged 5 to 16 years receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least one year were enrolled. Results: Prevalence of full disclosure was 24.5%, partial 22.7% with overall prevalence of 47.2%. Main barrier to disclosure was child’s age and fear of informing others. The impact of disclosure on caregivers was relief in 45.5% but emotional and difficult for others. Immediate reactions by children were sadness; tearfulness and worry in 28.6%, some showed no reaction while others even expressed relief. On a longer term, disclosure had several effects. Main predictors of disclosure on regression were the child’s age and caregiver’s opinion on disclosure.
Conclusion: The prevalence of full disclosure is low and several barriers affect disclosure. Caregiver’s and HCWs need empowerment and support with culturally appropriate skills and platforms to deal with the barriers, process and impact of disclosure.
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Asuquo, Ekaete F., Regina E. Ella, Paulina A. Akpan-Idiok, and Easter E. Osuchkwu. "The Synergy between Burden and Anticipatory Grief among Caregivers of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria." Evidence-Based Nursing Research 2, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47104/ebnrojs3.v2i4.162.
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Contents: Caregiving remains the crux of management in terminal diseases, but little attention is given to the effects of terminal illnesses on the caregivers and the associated anticipatory grief that aggravates caregivers' burden.
Aim: This study assesses the correlations between burden and anticipatory grief experienced among caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Methods: Correlations and descriptive cross-sessional design were utilized to assess and purposefully recruit 231 eligible caregivers of PLWHA, respectively. Validated revised Zarit Burden Interview scale (ZBI) and Anticipatory Grief Scale were the primary data collection instruments. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.
Results: Study findings revealed that the highest percentage, 36.4% (84) participants experienced a moderate burden, while 22.1% (51) experienced a severe burden. Similarly, the highest percentage, 33.3% (77) of the participants experienced moderate anticipatory grief at the range of 57-76, while 30.7% (71) participants experienced severe anticipatory grief within 77- 135. Positive and significant correlations (r = 0.61, P < 0.05; r = 0.53, P < 0.05; r = 0.66, P < 0.05) were obtained for the relationship between no anticipatory grief/burden; mild anticipatory grief/ burden and severe anticipatory grief/ burden respectively) during the study. These positive correlations revealed a strong synergy between the two variables, caregiver’s burden and anticipatory grief.
Conclusion: As sub-Saharan African disproportionately bears the burden of HIV, more persons will have to take up family caregivers' roles despite the high level of burden and associated anticipatory grief. The need for educational intervention backed by the policy cannot be over-emphasized and should be implemented to enhance and acquaint caregivers on the nature of anticipatory grief and its connection with a terminal disease like HIV/AIDS.
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Onyeneke, Robert, Chinyere Nwajiuba, Christiana Igberi, Mark Umunna Amadi, Francis Anosike, Anthony Oko-Isu, Jane Munonye, Christian Uwadoka, and Adewale Adeolu. "Impacts of Caregivers’ Nutrition Knowledge and Food Market Accessibility on Preschool Children’s Dietary Diversity in Remote Communities in Southeast Nigeria." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061688.
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Empirical evidence is scanty on the nexus between caregivers’ nutrition knowledge, market accessibility, and preschool children’s dietary diversity in remote communities of Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria. To fill this gap, this study evaluated the effects of caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and access to food market on dietary diversity of preschool children. We used cross-sectional data from four hundred households selected from twenty remote communities in Southeast Nigeria. The study adopted instrumental variable regression to estimate the impacts of nutrition knowledge and food market access on preschool children’s dietary diversity. The findings show that in remote communities, caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and households’ closeness to the market improved preschool children’s dietary diversity. The study demonstrates the potential of improving preschool children’s nutrition outcomes through enhancing access to food market and the nutrition knowledge of the caregivers.
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Udoh, Ekerette Emmanuel, Deborah Eunice Omorere, Olarewaju Sunday, Olotu Sunday Osasu, and Babatunde Abiodun Amoo. "Psychological distress and burden of care among family caregivers of patients with mental illness in a neuropsychiatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250309.
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Background The wellbeing of family caregivers of mentally ill persons has often been ignored, despite that family caregivers can be predisposed to psychiatric morbidities and burden in caring for their mentally ill family members. This study examined the levels of psychological distress and burden of care experienced by family caregivers who care for their mentally ill relatives in Edo State, Nigeria. Methods This study assessed psychological distress using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Burden of care was measured using the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was done to determine factors associated with burden of care and psychological distress, while factor analysis was used to determine the underlying forms of burden of care and psychological distress among participants. Results Caregivers studied were relatives of patients diagnosed for depression (25.1%), substance use disorder (22.2%), schizophrenia (20.2%) and bipolar affective disorder (11.1%). Approximately 15% experienced no-to-mild burden, 51.3% mild-to-moderate burden and 34.0% high-or-severe burden. Nearly halve (49.0%) of participants experienced psychological distress. Severe rate of psychological distress was observed among subjects caring for patients with schizophrenia (60.7%), epilepsy (60.0%), substance use disorder (52.2%) and depression (49.0%). High burden of care was more preponderant among caregivers of relatives with mental retardation and epilepsy (50% each) and schizophrenia (39.3%). Having a higher educational qualification and being self-employed was a predictor of psychological distress. Gender of caregiver and the diagnosis schizophrenia among relatives of caregivers predisposed to burden of care. Three factors including social and emotional dysfunction, psychological distress and cognitive dysfunction were identified as components of psychological health through factor analysis. On the burden scale, six factor components were identified as: personal strain, role strain, intolerance, patients’ dependence, guilt and interference in personal life. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of psychological morbidity and burden of care among family caregivers providing care for persons with mental illness.
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Diameta, Emofe, Isreal Adandom, Samuel U. Jumbo, Henrietha C. Nwankwo, Perpetua C. Obi, and Michael E. Kalu. "The Burden Experience of Formal and Informal Caregivers of Older Adults With Hip Fracture in Nigeria." SAGE Open Nursing 4 (January 2018): 237796081878515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960818785155.
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Introduction The incidence of hip fracture among older adults in Nigeria is on the rise. As a result, there is increased frequency of hospitalization, patient suffering, family burden, and societal cost. One dimension that has not been sufficiently explored is the burden of care experienced by informal and formal caregivers. Objectives To describe the care burden experience of informal and formal caregivers for older adults with hip fractures in a specialized orthopedic center in Nigeria and to explore in detail how their experience differs in caregiving roles. Method This study was conducted in the phenomenological approach of qualitative methods. Face-to-face interviews and focus group interaction with 12 family caregivers and 5 health-care professionals were carried out until data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The physical, emotional, and general health of elderly hip fracture patients are issues that affect caregiving. Factors that contribute to increased caregivers’ burden include system factors (lack of personnel and health-care facilities) and patient factors: comorbidity, patient’s cognitive status, and challenges completing activities of daily living (ADL). Social and financial barriers to care contribute to the type of burden experienced by the participants. Conclusions Caregivers experience difficulty in helping patients complete their ADL because patients with hip fracture have mobility issues that are often complicated by comorbid physical and cognitive problems. Strategies to reduce caregivers’ burden for older adults with hip fracture in Nigeria are needed. Greater access to health-care services and ADL aids, and training of caregivers on how to deal with cognitive and multimorbid health problems are potential solutions.
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Kuti, BP. "Childhood Asthma in Nigeria: A Review of the Burden and Challenges of Management." Annals of Health Research 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0604-01-99.
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Bronchial asthma care professionals all over the world are faced with many challenges in managing children with asthma. This narrative review highlights the burden and specific challenges encountered by Nigerian health care professionals in the care of children with bronchial asthma and attempts to suggest ways of overcoming some of these challenges for optimal bronchial asthma care.
Electronic search of relevant published articles from year 2000 to date was carried out using appropriate search engines for the following search words and phrases: “asthma in Nigerian children”, “childhood asthma in Nigeria”, “burden of asthma”, “challenges,” “prevalence” and “cost of bronchial asthma care.”
The findings revealed that childhood bronchial asthma was reported in all the geo-political zones of the country with evidence of increasing prevalence and male preponderance. Higher prevalence rates were reported in urban settings compared to rural settings and intermittent asthma was the most frequently reported form of the disease in Nigeria. Allergic rhinitis, with or without conjunctivitis were the most common co-morbidities, while respiratory tract infections, exposure to dust and physical exercise were the common triggers. Bronchial asthma was reported to affect school attendance, family finances and the quality of life of children and their caregivers.
Reported challenges of childhood bronchial asthma in Nigeria included ignorance, poverty, stigma and poor adherence to medications by affected children and caregivers; inadequate work force and suboptimal knowledge of various cadres of health workers and poor health system as well as little or no availability of standard asthma care facilities at all levels of health care in Nigeria.
Awareness creation, routine training and re-training of all cadres of health workers, provision of basic asthma care facilities and revamping of the health system may assist in overcoming the challenges.
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Olawande, Tomike I., Mofoluwake P. Ajayi, Emmanuel O. Amoo, and Charles T. Iruonagbe. "Variations in Family Attitudes towards Coping with People Living with Mental Illness." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 12 (June 30, 2019): 2010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.071.
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BACKGROUND: The major challenge faced in Nigeria regarding the care of people living with mental illness are a stigma, caregiver burden and financial aid. This has led to high premature deaths and has also hindered the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 3 target 4. In an attempt to find lasting solutions to increased mortality caused by mental illness, it is important to evaluate family attitudes towards people living with mental illness.AIM: To examine variations in family attitudes towards coping with people living with mental illness in Nigeria.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty In-Depth Interview (IDI) were conducted among caregivers of people living with mental illness (those presently receiving treatment and those recovering). During all the interview sessions, field notes were taken. Responses from interviewees were transcribed and analysed with the aid of ‘systematic-content analysis.RESULTS: It found out that family members of people living with mental illness or caregivers usually suffer from stress and stigma, which affects adherence to treatment.CONCLUSION: Caregivers must have sufficient knowledge and support to assume the responsibilities of caring for the mentally ill, leading to recurrence. The caregiver remains in contact with professional healthcare workers and helps the mentally ill with decision-making and matters affecting their daily life.
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Igberase, Osayi, and Esther Okogbenin. "Beliefs about the cause of schizophrenia among caregivers in Midwestern Nigeria." Mental Illness 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2017.6983.
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Schizophrenia is a devastating illness with a chronic and relapsing course. While Western countries may endorse, biological and psychosocial causes more commonly than supernatural causes, non-western cultures like Nigeria in contrast, tend to endorse supernatural causes. Belief in supernatural causes has been reported to have consequences for treatment seeking behavior. This study aimed to examine the causes of schizophrenia reported by family members of outpatients with schizophrenia in a neuropsychiatric hospital in Midwestern Nigeria. In this study, we recruited a convenient sample of 200 consecutive caregivers of patients visiting the outpatient department of the Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. These primary caregivers were unpaid relatives who provided support to patients. The patients were service users who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Disease [ICD-10; World Health Organization 1993] for schizophrenia and had been on treatment for at least two years. Majority (72.0%) of caregivers endorsed supernatural causes as most important in the etiology of schizophrenia, while 28.0% endorsed natural causes. Every participant without formal education endorsed supernatural attribution. In our study, it was evident that participants embraced multiple causal attributions for schizophrenia.
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Lempp, H., S. Abayneh, D. Gurung, L. Kola, J. Abdulmalik, S. Evans-Lacko, M. Semrau, A. Alem, G. Thornicroft, and C. Hanlon. "Service user and caregiver involvement in mental health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-country qualitative study." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000634.
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Aims.The aims of this paper are to: (i) explore the experiences of involvement of mental health service users, their caregivers, mental health centre heads and policy makers in mental health system strengthening in three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Ethiopia, Nepal and Nigeria); (ii) analyse the potential benefits and barriers of such involvement; and (iii) identify strategies required to achieve greater service user and caregiver participation.Methods.A cross-country qualitative study was conducted, interviewing 83 stakeholders of mental health services.Results.Our analysis showed that service user and caregiver involvement in the health system strengthening process was an alien concept for most participants. They reported very limited access to direct participation. Stigma and poverty were described as the main barriers for involvement. Several strategies were identified by participants to overcome existing hurdles to facilitate service user and caregiver involvement in the mental health system strengthening process, such as support to access treatment, mental health promotion and empowerment of service users. This study suggests that capacity building for service users, and strengthening of user groups would equip them to contribute meaningfully to policy development from informed perspectives.Conclusion.Involvement of service users and their caregivers in mental health decision-making is still in its infancy in LMICs. Effective strategies are required to overcome existing barriers, for example making funding more widely available for Ph.D. studies in participatory research with service users and caregivers to develop, implement and evaluate approaches to involvement that are locally and culturally acceptable in LMICs.
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Sani, Isah Dantani, Nma Aliyu Ibrahim, and John Saidu. "TRANSFORMATION OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN NIGERIA FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT." Sokoto Educational Review 17, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35386/ser.v17i1.24.
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This paper examined the existing management strategies for funding Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nigeria with a view to proposing better funding approach and sustainability. It recognized the commitment of the Nigerian Government (Federal, State and Local), the support of the community, individuals and donor agencies in funding ECE programmes. It argued that, nevertheless, much more needs to be done towards providing adequate funds for quality training of teachers/ caregivers, provision of appropriate ECD facilities, and stimulating learning materials as well as supervision/ monitoring of ECE programmes. Towards this end, increased government allocations, sustained international support, financial allocation to ECE teacher training institutions, equity funding and cost-sharing strategies were recommended.
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Joseph, A., A. Zubair, and C. Opara. "Childhood Cancer in an LMIC: Navigating the Wilderness." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 245s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.98300.
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Background and context: When a child has cancer, the entire family is affected. Parents and caregivers lose work days while caring for the child. Many parents blame themselves and wonder if some action or decision of theirs contributed to; or caused the cancer. In addition, and especially for families falling within the low socioeconomic demographic groups, there may be poor understanding of the treatment process and expectations from treatment. Aim: To assess the most common challenges or concerns faced by parents, family members, or caregivers of a child living with cancer in Nigeria. Strategy/Tactics: A series of 10 focus group sessions were held with different groups of parents, family members, or other caregivers of children being treated for cancer at 2 teaching hospitals in Nigeria. Groups consisted of a minimum 8, and maximum of 12 participants in addition to a moderator. At the beginning of every session, participants were asked to submit 2 most pressing questions. Open-ended questions were also used with every attendee given a turn to give their answer. Participants were also given a chance to ask questions or bring up issues they had difficulty with. The single most prevalent concern raised in every focus group was lack of information or understanding. The 2 most common questions were: 1. What is cancer? 2. Why does my child have cancer? Program/Policy process: Data from the sessions were painstakingly compiled. The questions and concerns the attendee raised; and the degree of understanding they had regarding the diagnosis, treatment process, and expectations bring and after treatment. This data were collated and a team of experts including oncologists, nurses, and health workers in cancer were brought together to answer the questions. A compilation was made and a plan to disseminate the information was formulated. This culminated in the publishing of a free childhood cancer handbook; the first of its kind in Nigeria; with plans to translate the handbook into the common colloquial and vernacular languages in Nigeria. Outcomes: Participants of the focus groups were given a handbook, including some whose child had passed on since the sessions were held. 29% of the original participants were unreachable or declined the handbook. They were assessed to see if the handbook provided information that could have eased their cancer journey. 91% of assessed participants responded that having the handbook at diagnosis would have significantly increased their level of information and made the cancer journey easier. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text] The most appreciated information in the handbook was contact details of an organization dedicated to supporting them financially to pay treatment fees. What was learned: Many Nigerian families go through the entire childhood cancer journey completely in the dark. No dedicated information source on child cancer exists in Nigeria. Many parent and caregiver questions remain unanswered, and concerns remain unresolved.[Figure: see text]
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Alabi, AT, and NYS Ijaiya. "Management Strategies for Funding and Sustaining Early Childhood Education in Nigeria." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v4i1.5.
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This paper examined the existing management strategies for funding Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nigeria with a view towards its better funding and sustenance. It recognised the commitment of the Nigerian Governments and the support of the community, individuals and foreign sponsors in funding ECE programmes. It argued that, nevertheless, much more needs to bedone towards providing adequate funds for quality teachers/ caregivers, supply of appropriate facilities and stimulating learning materials as well as supervision of ECE programmes. Towards this end, increased government allocations, sustained international support, financial allocation to ECE teacher training institutions, equity funding and cost-sharing strategies were recommended.Keywords · Early Childhood Education · Management Strategies · Funding
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Oyegbile, Yemisi Okikiade, and Petra Brysiewicz. "Exploring caregiver burden experienced by family caregivers of patients with End-Stage Renal Disease in Nigeria." International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 7 (2017): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2017.11.005.
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Farouk, Zubaida Ladan, Tina M. Slusher, Abba Ahmed Danzomo, and Ida L. Slusher. "Factors Influencing Neonatal Practice in a Rural Community in Kano (Northern), Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmz012.
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Abstract Nigeria has the highest number of neonatal and under-five deaths in Africa. Socio-cultural determinants play an important role in disease burden in low-middle income countries. This study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes and neonatal care practice among household caregivers in a rural community in Nigeria, specifically uvulectomy, female genital mutilation (FGM), failure to routinely immunize and unsafe cord care. Further, relationships between demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes and neonatal care practices among caregivers were analyzed. The study design was descriptive correlational and cross-sectional. Consented caregivers (N = 298) were enrolled and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected on demographic characteristics of the study participants and practice of uvulectomy, FGM, immunization and cord care. Statistically significant correlations were found between the practice of uvulectomy, FGM and failure to immunize based on occupation (p = 0.0202, p = 0.0290, p = 0.0071) and educational level (p =< 0.0001, p =< 0.0001, p =< 0.0001), with variations by ethnicity. Intense, preventative health measures and maternal education to eliminate harmful care practices are essential to influence outcomes.
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Limaye, Rupali J., Anne Ballard Sara, Anisur Rahman Siddique, Claudia Vivas, Suleman Malik, and Kanayo Omonoju. "Interpersonal and community influences affecting childhood vaccination decision-making among Nigerian caregivers: Perceptions among frontline workers in Nigeria." Journal of Child Health Care 23, no. 3 (May 23, 2019): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493519852457.
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Although routine immunization has contributed to a substantial reduction in mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases globally, vaccine-preventable diseases are attributable for 22% of childhood deaths in Nigeria. Individual and structural level factors that influence vaccination uptake in Nigeria have been well documented. However, there is limited information about the role of interpersonal and community level factors. Frontline workers play a crucial role in delivering life-saving vaccines in Nigeria, as they are tasked with ensuring that all children are vaccinated, within the health system as well as traveling to underserved areas, where health systems are not able to reach. This qualitative study conducted focus groups to examine frontline workers’ perceptions of influences affecting caregivers’ vaccine-related decision-making. Community- and facility-based frontline workers ( n = 47) identified village and community chiefs, as well as religious leaders as influential within the context of immunization uptake because of their trusted role within communities. Male partners and husbands were identified as also holding an enormous level of influence over childhood vaccination, and the credibility of frontline workers influenced vaccination coverage. Immunization programs should target not only caregivers but also key influencers—such as interpersonal and community sources—to make progress in reaching vaccination coverage goals.
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Nwaneri, Damian, and Ayebo Sadoh. "Effect of health seeking behaviour of caregivers on severe malaria outcome in under-fives seen in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i3.6.
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Background: Recognition of the symptoms and seeking prompt treatment in a health facility is a major means of reducing morbidity and prevention of mortality from severe malaria in under-fives.Objectives: To document the effect of health-seeking behaviour of caregivers and severe malaria outcome in underfives seen in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria.Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out from July 2012 – June 2013. Data were obtained using a researcher-administered questionnaire.Subjects: Caregivers and children (6 – 59 months) who presented with features of severe malaria according to World Health Organization criteria.Results: Of the 120 caregivers mean [SD] age (31.4 [7.0] years) /child pairs (24 [14.7] months), 35 (29%) caregivers had appropriate health-seeking behaviour. The commonest place visited for initial healthcare before presentation was the patent medicine vendors by 87 (73%) caregivers. Seventy-seven per cent of caregivers who did not have appropriate health-seeking behaviour were from the lower family social class (p = 0.03). Caregivers whose children presented with severe anaemia were significantly more likely to have appropriate health-seeking behaviour (p = 0.00). The mortality rate of severe malaria was 15 per 1000; of which 94% were children whose caregivers did not have appropriate health-seeking behaviour. Age younger than 2 years (p = 0.02), cerebral malaria (p = 0.01) and jaundice (p = 0.03) significantly predicted mortality in the children irrespective of the caregivers’ health-seeking behaviour status.Conclusion: Less than a third of the caregivers had appropriate health-seeking behaviour for their under-fives with severe malaria, and the majority of these were from the lower family social class. Cerebral malaria and jaundice significantly predicted mortality in children with severe malaria irrespective of caregivers’ health-seeking behaviour status.Keywords: behaviour, caregivers, severe malaria, health-seeking, outcomeFunding: The study was self-sponsored by the authors
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Oriaku, N., M. G. Orji, R. Agbi, S. Gimba, K. Banwo-Fatai, T. Nwosu, P. Emezue, et al. "The Burden of HER-2 Positive Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Caregiver Perspective." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 155s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.73500.
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Background and context: Several studies showed that the use of the recombinant monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, in addition to adjuvant chemotherapy, for breast cancer with overexpression of the HER-2 protein or amplification of the HER-2/neu gene reduced the risk of recurrence by 50% in women irrespective of nodal status. In Nigeria, breast cancer is the leading and the most common cancer in women. A trastuzumab brand known as Herceptin is the popular brand usually prescribed by the oncologist in Nigeria. Once a histopathology/immune-chemistry result shows HER-2 positive and oncologist informs that patient of the diagnosis being HER-2 positive; most patients emotionally breaks down due to cost of the drugs. In Nigeria, as at 2015 the cost of herceptin 455mg was N650,000 ($1857). As at June 2016 that same drug increased in cost to N1,100,000 ($3142) due to the unstable exchange rate in Nigeria. In Nigeria 90% of patients pay-out of pocket for treatment and drugs as the health insurance system in my country does not cover chemotherapy drugs. Several cancer patients with HER-2 patients face serious financial challenges in Nigeria, as so many experience spread of the cancer to vital organ when they are unable to get finance to purchase the life-saving drug for their HER-2 positive breast cancer subtype. Aim: To understand the burden of HER-2 diagnosis in Nigeria and stimulate advocacy for the reduction of the cost of Herceptin in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan Africa where finance is a serious impediment to accessing medical care. Strategy/Tactics: The study will present case studies of three Nigerian women who were diagnosed of HER-2. Interview was used as a method of data collection, informed consent were also completed by the patients before the interview. Program/Policy process: Our study reveals that there is a need to engage the federal and state governments, corporate organizations, insurance schemes and most importantly pharmaceutical companies to reduce cost of cancer drugs and particularly Herceptin. HER-2 breast cancer patients need to lead the advocacy for reduction in cost of drug at all levels. Outcomes: Our qualitative findings reveal that caregivers are mostly affected by the cost of drugs such as Herceptin. In some cases caregivers, sell valuables, take loan and go public to raise funds for the cancer drugs. What was learned: Most HER-2 positive breast cancer patient could not afford Herceptin and some waited for several months to raise funds, which is probably a factor in metastasis and low-survival.
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Ohnishi, Mayumi, Keiko Nakamura, Masashi Kizuki, Kaoruko Seino, Tomoko Inose, and Takehito Takano. "Caregivers’ and non-caregivers’ knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and attitude towards HIV/AIDS and orphans in Nigeria." Health & Social Care in the Community 16, no. 5 (February 4, 2008): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00757.x.
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Adebola, Rafael A., Babatunde O. Bamgbose, Joshua B. Adeoye, and Taiwo G. Amole. "Awareness of Oral Cancer in a Northwestern Nigerian State: Assessing the Knowledge, Opinion, and Practice of Traditional Healers and Herbalists." Journal of Oral Oncology 2013 (December 18, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/263150.
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Background: Traditional healers/herbalists remain one of the most accessible and popular options of care to people suffering from cancers particularly at the community level in Nigeria. The majority of patients with oral cancer present at the terminal stage after exploring unorthodox care. This study assesses the awareness of oral cancer among traditional caregivers in Kano State, Northwestern (NW) Nigeria. Methods: Self-administered, structured questionnaires were administered to a cross section of 21 traditional caregivers. Results: Of the 21 traditional caregivers studied, the majority (66.7%) had never heard of oral cancer and only 7 (33.3%) were aware. The level of knowledge on oral cancer was assessed using a scoring system classifying respondents as having adequate (>50%) or inadequate (<50%) knowledge. There was a significant educational status gap as respondents with informal education had lesser knowledge than that of their counterparts who had formal education (61.9% versus 19.0%) (P = 0.012). Conclusions: It is important to have allied healthcare providers informed about oral cancer, as their knowledge and awareness of oral cancer and its risk factors, which were low in our study, are vital in prevention and early detection. Impact: This study provides an insight into oral cancer prevention using traditional herbalists who are popular caregivers for those seeking health-related solutions.
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Asma’u, Dr Adamu, Dr Isezuo Khadijat Omeneke, Dr Sani Usman M., Dr Ibitoye Paul Kehinde, Dr Modupe Omoshalewa Ugege, Dr Bilkisu Ilah Garba, Dr Muhammad Ali, Dr Umar Mohammad Ango, and Dr Jiya BF. "Health care providers counselling of caregivers on their children’s condition at Usmanu Danfodiyo university teaching hospital, Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 7 (October 30, 2020): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2020.i07.07.
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Introduction: Counselling of caregivers about common childhood diseases is an importantcomponent of health care services. Objective: To assess the quality of counselling offered tocaregivers on their children’s condition by health care providers at Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityTeaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study carried out from1st August 2015 to 30th April 2016. Caregivers with children less than 15 years of age seen in theunits of Paediatric Department of UDUTH, Sokoto, were consecutively interviewed. Thecorresponding case notes of their children were reviewed to obtain data on the child’s diagnosis andto check whether the attending physicians have documented the content of the counselling offeredto caregivers. Results: A total of 420 caregivers were interviewed. Their mean age was 28.9±8.6years (range of 15-64 years). Only 218 (51.9%) caregivers were counselled, but there was nodocumentation of the content of counselling in the case notes of their children. 81 (37.2%) of thediagnosis mentioned by caregivers did not tally with the one documented in the case notes of theirchildren (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study revealed inadequate counselling of caregivers on theirchildren condition and poor counselling practices among healthcare providers in UDUTH, Sokoto.Hence, there is the need for training and retraining of healthcare providers on counselling ofcaregivers on their children condition in the hospital.
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Faronbi, Joel Olayiwola, and Adenike Ayobola Olaogun. "The influence of caregivers’ burden on the quality of life for caregivers of older adults with chronic illness in Nigeria." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 7 (March 13, 2017): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216002295.
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ABSTRACTBackground:This study investigated the impact of caregivers’ burden on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among the caregivers of older adults, and tested the predictive effect of burden and socio-demographic factors on HRQoL.Methods:The study employed a cross-sectional design. Three hundred and twenty-five caregivers of older adults with chronic illness were purposively selected. Data were collected using the Zarit Burden Interview and Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially.Results:Findings revealed that 59.1% of caregivers experienced severe burden. In measuring the HQRoL, respondents performed poorly in seven domains: Role limitation due to emotional problems (19.69 ± 9.46), Energy/fatigue (43.47 ± 16.46), Emotional well-being, (45.83 ± 13.93), Social functioning (49.09 ± 18.46), Role limitation due to physical function (43.33 ± 10.15), Physical functioning (43.6 ± 18.73), and General health (37.31 ± 12.09). Respondents, however, showed a higher score in the pain domain (56.77 ± 35.79). Furthermore, findings revealed a positive correlation between caregivers’ burden and General health (r = 0.342), Emotional well-being (r = 0.222), and Physical functioning (r = 0.083). Similarly, there is a negative correlation between caregivers’ burden and Social functioning (r = –0.618), Role limitation due to physical activities (r = 0.459), Role limitation due to emotional well-being (r = –0.530), and Energy/fatigue domains (r = –0.509). In addition, burden of caregiving (β=–3.142119, p = 0.000) and age (β=0.612752, p = 0.011) are predictors of the quality of life of caregivers.Discussion:This study concluded that there is a high prevalence of caregivers’ burden resulting in poor HQRoL. In addition, burden and age are predictors of the quality of life of caregivers.
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Mahmoud, Kafayat, and Candidus Nwakasi. "Cycle of Disadvantages: An Exploration of Young and Older Female Dementia Caregivers’ Experiences." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1128.
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Abstract Families play an essential role in providing care for older persons in Nigeria, a responsibility that is culturally assigned to women. Caregiving is made even more difficult given the increasing rates of older persons with dementia and the limited capacity of caregivers to provide adequate care. We explored the experiences of two female dementia caregivers and how they cope with other competing responsibilities. The research method employed a case study approach, which followed the lived experiences of two Nigerian women – a 75-year-old woman (Ada) who cares for her husband, and a 35-year old woman (Chika) who cared for her father. The research adopted the life course concept of ‘linked lives’ and the Family Stress Process model to explore and identify the continued embeddedness of persons within their family networks and relationships, which may have deleterious effects on the wellbeing of caregivers. This study revealed that married women providing care to older parents are exposed to domestic violence from their spouses who deem them uncommitted to their (husbands’) families. These women continue to remain in such abusive relationships due to financial dependence and unwillingness to leave their children. Older women caregivers, on the other hand, over time, begin to develop physical limitations, which limit their ability to provide care for their spouses and subsequently must depend on unemployed children who live close by. This study highlights the complicated cycle of exposure to socio-economic and health disadvantages which women experience as caregivers across two generations.
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Eseigbe, Edwin E., Jane O. Anyiam, Gboye O. Ogunrinde, Robinson D. Wammanda, and Hassan A. Zoaka. "Health Care Seeking Behavior among Caregivers of Sick Children Who Had Cerebral Malaria in Northwestern Nigeria." Malaria Research and Treatment 2012 (January 26, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/954975.
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Cerebral malaria is a significant cause of childhood morbidity in our region. The challenges of effective management include time and quality of treatment. The study appraised the health care seeking behavior of caregivers of sick children who developed cerebral malaria, in Zaria, northwestern Nigeria. Caregivers indentified were parents 29 (87.9%) and grandparents 4 (12.1%). Most of them were in the upper social classes. Health care options utilized before presentation at our facility were formal health facility 24 (72.7%), patent medicine seller 12 (36.4%), home treatment 10 (30.3%), and herbal concoction 6 (18.2%) with majority 24 (72.7%) using more than one option. Antimalarial therapy was instituted in 25 (75.6%) of the cases. Mortality was significantly associated with the use of herbal concoction, treatment at a formal health facility and patent medicine seller, multiple convulsions, age less than 5 years, and noninstitution of antimalarial therapy before presentation. The study showed use of inappropriate health care options by caregivers and highlighted the need to pursue an awareness drive among caregivers on the use of health care options.
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Asuquo, Ekaete Francis, Josephine B. Etowa, and Margaret I. Akpan. "Assessing Women Caregiving Role to People Living With HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, West Africa." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401769201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017692013.
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HIV/AIDS scourge remains high in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa such as Nigeria, which is home to about 3.3 million HIV positive individuals and represents the second largest burden of HIV/AIDS care, treatment and demand worldwide after South Africa. Anti-retroviral treatment options though a welcome development, has increased the number of people living with this chronic illness, and most of them depend on family members for physical and emotional support. Traditional gender norms in Nigeria ensure that legitimately, women and girls are the first options for caregiving roles. This mandatory role has in turn imposed psychosocial disruption in the lives of female family members in Calabar, Nigeria. This descriptive study utilized convenient sampling technique, Zarit Burden Interview scale and semistructured questionnaires for data collection (260 respondents), and data analyses were achieved using SPSS16.0. The study showed that a significant ( p < .05) proportion of women (91%) were involved in providing care, including children from 10 years and above. Caregivers had minimal social support which increased the burden they experienced. The need for policy that recognizes and supports female caregivers (“silent cornerstone”) to reduce burden and ensure high quality care of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nigeria is advocated.
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Gbadegesin, F., P. Jegede, and H. Ajayi. "Occupational Stress of Caregivers in Early Childhood Centres, Oyo State, Nigeria." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 4, no. 12 (January 10, 2014): 1775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2014/1332.
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Eke, Christopher B., Obianuju O. Igbokwe, and Vivian O. Onukwuli. "Caregivers’ Perception of Unintentional Child and Adolescent Injuries in Enugu, Nigeria." Open Journal of Pediatrics 09, no. 03 (2019): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojped.2019.93021.
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Kuti, BankolePeter, and KehindeOluyori Omole. "Factors associated with caregivers' knowledge about childhood asthma in Ilesa, Nigeria." Annals of Nigerian Medicine 10, no. 1 (2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.189806.
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Olawande, Tomike Ibironke, and Ayodele Samuel Jegede. "P4-466: CAREGIVERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE LIVING WITH ALZHEIMER IN NIGERIA." Alzheimer's & Dementia 15 (July 2019): P1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4138.
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Fatiregun, Akinola Ayoola, Laura Nic Lochlainn, Lassané Kaboré, Modupeola Dosumu, Elvis Isere, Itse Olaoye, Francis Adegoke Akanbiemu, et al. "Missed opportunities for vaccination among children aged 0–23 months visiting health facilities in a southwest State of Nigeria, December 2019." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 27, 2021): e0252798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252798.
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Background Despite efforts to improve childhood immunization coverage in Nigeria, coverage has remained below the national acceptable level. In December 2019, we conducted an assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Ondo State, in Southwest Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the magnitude of, explore the reasons for, as well as possible solutions for reducing MOV in the State. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. We purposively selected 66 health facilities in three local government authorities, with a non-probabilistic sampling of caregivers of children 0–23 months for exit interviews, and health workers for knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys. Data collection was complemented with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with caregivers and health workers. The proportion of MOV among children with documented vaccination histories were determined and thematic analysis of the qualitative data was carried out. Results 984 caregivers with children aged 0–23 months were interviewed, of which 869 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The prevalence of MOV was 32.8%. MOV occurred among 90.8% of children during non-vaccination visits, and 7.3% during vaccination visits. Vaccine doses recommended later in the immunization series were given in a less timely manner. Among 41.0% of health workers, they reported their vaccination knowledge was insufficient. Additionally, 57.5% were concerned about and feared adverse events following immunization. Caregivers were found to have a low awareness about vaccination, and issues related to the organization of the health system were found to contribute towards MOV. Conclusions One in three children experienced a MOV during a health service encounter. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers about immunization policies and practices, improving caregivers’ engagement and screening of vaccination documentation by health workers during every health service encounter.
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Adam, V. Y., E. D. Onowugbeda, O. I. Osuji, and O. D. Omohwovo. "Prevalence and Management of Perceived Adverse Events Following Immunization in Infants attending Well Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 32, no. 2 (August 28, 2020): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v32i2.5.
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Background: Immunization is an important public health intervention for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, adverse events may follow immunization of infants. This study determined the prevalence and management of Adverse Events following Immunization (AEFI) reported by caregivers of infants in Well-Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods: The study was carried out in 2015 among 400 caregivers of infants attending Well- Baby Clinics in Benin City, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized. Respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique. An adapted structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20.0.Results: Less than half, 169 (42.3%) of the caregivers stated that their children had AEFI. Three-quarters 126 (74.6%) and 68 (40.2%) of the AEFI occurred following vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and pentavalent vaccine. Fever and swelling of the injection sites occurred in 142 (84.0%) and 65 (38.5%) of the children, respectively. Almost all 167 (98.8%) of the respondents reported an AEFI. Few of those who reported an AEFI, 13 (7.8%) had their children hospitalized.Conclusion: A significant proportion of children vaccinated experienced side effects perceived to be AEFI that presented mainly as fever and swollen injection sites which were mainly reported at the immunization clinic. Few of the reported cases of AEFI were hospitalized. Healthcare workers should continue to educate and reassure caregivers of infants of the symptoms and signs that may occur following vaccination and how they can be managed.
Keywords: Adverse Events Following Immunization; Infants; Management; Prevalence; Nigeria.
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Mada, S. B., K. D. Bawa, M. A. Saliu, A. Garba, M. M. Abarshi, A. Muhammad, and I. Garba. "Evidence of Malnutrition and its Associated Factors among Under-five Children in Danko-Wasagu Kebbi State, North-western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 28, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v28i1.8.
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Malnutrition is a major health problem worldwide and causes about 2.3 million deaths among under-5 children in low- and middle-income countries annually including Nigeria. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the nutritional status of under-five children (0-59 months) and associated factors in Danko-Wasagu. The socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence of childhood diseases, anthropometric parameters and dietary pattern of the children were evaluated. The results indicated that 54.8% of the caregivers are young adults within 20 to 24 years of age with 41.7% having two living children. In addition, 58% of the caregivers have monthly family income below ₦20,000 with no any formal education. The Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Weight-for-Height (WFH) indices indicated that none of the children had Severe-Acute-Malnutrition (SAM). However, there was 65.5% prevalence of diarrhea, 45.2% with dermatitis and 25.0% with acute respiratory infections. In addition, stunting, underweight and wasting among the children investigated were 72.7%, 29.8% and 11.9% respectively. Consumption of cereals based diet by the children was 92.7% while 28.6% and 31.0% of the children met the minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency respectively. Caregiver’s age was observed to associate significantly (p<0.05) with wasting, underweight and stunting among the children. Altogether, the presentstudy demonstrated a high prevalence of chronic malnutrition and childhood diseases even though without any case of SAM in the study area.
Keywords: Malnutrition, Nutritional status, Under-five-children, Childhood diseases, Dietary pattern
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Adebayo Aluko, AbdulAkeem, Ahmad Mahmud, and Yusuf Mohammed. "Knowledge of foreign-body aspiration in children among caregivers in Kano Nigeria." African Journal of Trauma 6, no. 2 (2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ajt.ajt_11_18.
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Vincent-Onabajo, Grace, Helen Daniel, Aliyu Lawan, Muhammad Usman Ali, Mamman Ali Masta, and Ali Modu. "Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Family Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Stroke Survivors in Nigeria." Journal of Caring Sciences 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2018.010.
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Adeniran, Adeyinka, Esther O. Oluwole, and Omobola Y. Ojo. "The financial burden of sickle cell disease among parents of children with sickle cell disease in Lagos, Nigeria." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 10 (September 21, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20204031.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Sickle cell disease is a genetic condition that affects millions of people globally. In view of this, the study aims at determining the financial burden of sickle cell disease among caregivers of children with sickle cell disease in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a descriptive cross sectional study and systematic sampling method was used in selecting 162 caregivers amongst the patients in the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data and analysed using SPSS version 22 software and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results were presented in frequency tables, chi-square to test association between categorical variables and the statistical significance level was set at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the caregivers was 34.3 years with an increase in frequency of hospitalization 39% amongst respondents and a cost of hospital bill was over thirty thousand naira (US$76.82). The reason given mostly by 77% of the respondents for non-usage of health insurance was that the enrolment’s premium was high and 53% of the caregivers took loan to treat their wards. Catastrophic healthcare expenditure was found among a quarter 21% of the respondents due to non-usage of health insurance. There was a statistical significance association between level of education and Catastrophic healthcare expenditure at p value <0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Due to high level of financial burden on caregivers and family members, it will be an important step for the government to strengthen the health insurance scheme, intensify campaigns and subsidize costs of healthcare for these patients.</p>
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Sangowawa, Adesola O., Olukemi K. Amodu, Subulade A. Olaniyan, Folakemi A. Amodu, Peter E. Olumese, and Olayemi O. Omotade. "Factors Associated with a Poor Treatment Outcome among Children Treated for Malaria in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria." Epidemiology Research International 2014 (February 26, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974693.
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We present data on factors associated with poor treatment outcome (death or recovery with a neurological complication) among children treated for malaria in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 2468 children (1532 with uncomplicated and 936 with severe malaria) were recruited from three government facilities. History was obtained from caregivers and malarial parasite test was carried out on each child. About 76.0% of caregivers had instituted home treatment. Following treatment, 2207 (89.5%) children recovered without complications, 9.1% recovered with neurological complications, and 1.4% died. The possibility of poor treatment outcome increased with decreasing child’s age (P<0.0001). A statistically significant proportion of children with pallor, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, respiratory distress, and severe anaemia had poor treatment outcome. Following logistic regression, child’s age < 12 months compared to older age groups (O.R = 5.99, 95% C.I = 1.15–31.15, and P=0.033) and loss of consciousness (O.R = 4.55, 95% CI = 1.72–12.08, and P=0.002) was significantly associated with poor treatment outcome. We recommend interventions to improve caregivers’ awareness on the importance of seeking medical care early. This will enhance early diagnosis and treatment and reduce the likelihood of complications that lead to poor treatment outcomes.