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Journal articles on the topic 'Cargo flights'
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Peng, Yang, Pu Wang, Xiaolong Zhao, Meilin Chen, Jun Zhang, and Fan Zhang. "A data-driven air cargo redistribution model based on multiple programming." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 17 (July 10, 2019): 1950176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219501765.
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Air cargo transportation is an essential mode of cargo transportation. How to distribute air cargo into flights better is an important operational problem. In this paper, air cargo data collected by CAAC (Civil Aviation Administration of China) during the first three months of 2018 are analyzed. We find that the available capacity for cargo transportation shows great variations, and the cargo compartment utilization rates of flights are heterogeneously distributed. Next, a data-driven air cargo redistribution model is developed based on multiple programming (MP). The proposed model can effectively transport high-priority goods and balance cargo compartment utilization rates of flights. In addition, the proposed model framework can provide a new solution to multi-objective or multi-stage optimization problems.
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Siahaan, Juanda. "Penetapam Flow Cargo di Bandara Soekarno Hatta." WARTA ARDHIA 36, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v36i4.93.302-316.
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As a cargo hub airports, at Soekarno Hatta Airport happen every activities of air cargo transport service is very solid, both for domestic and international flights, domestic foreign. For air cargo transport service activities with overseas flight routes, there are two types of service activities that outgoing and incoming cargo export import cargo. Both types of activities are certainly bureaucratic administrative proceess requires that long.As a country that has the potential to increase the capacity of cargo transportation, and has a tremendous opportunity increase economic growth through air freight cargo, then the need for discussion between various parties associated with flow cargo process in Indonesia.
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Sugiyanto, Gito, Purwanto Bekti Santosa, Jajang, Ari Fadli, and Mina Yumei Santi. "Evaluation of hub-spoke airport networks in Sumatra island, Indonesia to increase efficiency of air transportation." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819504009.
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Kualanamu International Airport is the busiest airport in Sumatra. In 2015, it served 8 million passengers and 41.6 thousand tons of goods for international and domestic flights. Hub-spoke networks are optimized when generally having a transport efficiency of at least 49-52% as well as providing air service in a wide geographic area and to many destinations. The aim of this study is to analyse the hub-spoke airport networks based on the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI) to increase air transport efficiency in Sumatra Island. This study uses data from cargo production and couple’s flights from 10 airports in Sumatra Island for domestic flight route pairs and 6 airports for international flight route pairs. The results of the study show that route networks in Sumatra Island in existing conditions have not developed with the hub-spokes concept. The HHI analysis, indicates 2 hubs for domestic flights and 1 hub (Kualanamu) for international flights. Kualanamu International Airport and Hang Nadim International Airport were indicated as hub airports in Sumatra Island for domestic flights. The efficiency of air cargo transportation through the system (2 hubs and 8 spokes) results in a transport efficiency at 68.37%, which is still far above the efficient range at 49-52%.
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Virág, László. "Perspectives of air cargo activities in case of Debrecen International Airport." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 47 (July 18, 2012): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/47/2443.
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The improvement of Debrecen International Airport has been taking place for more than a decade. The goal is to revitalise the domestic and international aviation of regional centres and connect the Debrecen centred economy zone with other industrial and commercial regions. Considering the market segments of the air cargo industry, and sizing up the requirements of the enterprises, we are seeking to answer for what possibilities an air cargo operation has, and scheduled cargo flights, what alternatives the location of a cargo base has. Getting to know the technical background of ground handling, communication, safety, and security, we can state that the airport is able to handle international cargo aircrafts as well. Regarding to the quantity of frights, we find that there is a possibility of two flights per week. There is minor need of handling dangerous or unique parcels. The surrounding area of working zone is an excellent territory for locating and building cargo facilities, and its technical background. In case of continuously increasing traffic it is suggestible to use the territory behind the apron as a first step of the development. As the activity extends the second step could be the improvement of the southern zone just beside the runway. This way primarily thescheduled air cargo flights could appear, then as the traffic of commercial scheduled flights increases simultaneously could grow the amount ofsmall parcel transportation.
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Sahun, Yelyzaveta, Anatoliy Zalevskii, Natalya Chornohor, and Yuliya Sikirda. "Development and visualization of the computer loadıng plannıng model for the cargo aırcraft." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 3 (111) (June 30, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235629.
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Loading an aircraft is an extremely complex process with many variable aspects that determine the planning of each flight separately. The article is devoted to the development of an algorithm and a computer model for planning the loading of a cargo ramp aircraft in a multi-lag route. The essence of the algorithm consists in a predetermined arrangement of cargo containers relative to the cargo compartment, taking into account the general limitations of the aircraft and the priority of the cargo, which directly affects the planning of loading in a multi-lag route. The use of a visualized computer model created on the basis of the algorithm can reduce the average time of loading operations for a number of direct flights by almost 7 %, and on multi-lag flights by 12 %. Implementation of the model in the activities of an air carrier avoids a situation where certain criteria and restrictions entail sorting «manually» by all indicators, which is very time-consuming in the context of the urgency of servicing the aircraft at the airport. The visualized load planning computer model enables flight planning personnel to make faster decisions and predict additional load on other sections of the route. The successful application of the model to the airline’s operations contributes to the efficiency and safety of ground handling services. This contributes to the intensification of the use of the aircraft fleet by increasing the speed of commercial cargo handling. In the future, the computer model can serve as the basis for a rule-based expert system in order to prevent containers from being overloaded at intermediate sections of the route
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Mrňa, Dominik. "Space flights a new option for intercontinetal travel – solution desing." AEROjournal 16, no. 2 (2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/aer.c.2020.2.4.
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This paper describes problem of space flight intercontinental flight with passengers or cargo via suborbital orbits. It describes the necessary monitoring network as well as the operating procedures with connection of flights in airspace and in space itself. Paper takes into account existing models of spacecraft (space vessels) and concept designs to introduce possible solutions to this type of travelling. Last section deals with the issue of ground infrastructure – spaceport, for a given type of transport and focuses on the existing spaceport in USA and presents it as a model for future spaceports around the world.
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Baxter, Glenn, Panarat Srisaeng, and Graham Wild. "The Air Cargo Carrying Potential of The Airbus A350-900XWB and Boeing 787-9 Aircraft on Their Ultra-Long-Haul Flights: A Case Study for Flights from San Francisco to Singapore." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0025.
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Abstract The introduction of the Airbus A350-900 (A359) and the Boeing B787-9 (B789) have enabled airlines to operate ultra-long-range services. Using a mixed methods research design, this study has examined the air cargo-carrying potential of Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB (A359) and United Airlines Boeing B787-9 (789) aircraft on their ultra-long-haul San Francisco to Singapore and the Singapore to San Francisco air routes. The qualitative data was analysed using document analysis, and the air cargo payload was modelled by simulation. The air cargo-carrying potential of the two aircraft types was significantly influenced by enroute weather. In the event of eastbound winds, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 16.9 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 11.5 tonnes, when these flights had a full passenger payload. In the case of westbound winds with a full passenger payload, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 13.1 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 7.9 tonnes. When there were no winds on the air routes, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB offered 15.0 tonnes and the United Airline Boeing 787-9 offered 9.7 tonnes of air cargo payload, respectively.
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Mrozowska, Alicja. "ORGANIZATION OF FLIGTHS ON THE DRILLING AND PRODUCTION INSTALLATIONS, IN THE FIELD OF THE SAFETY OF FLIGHT`S PASSANGER." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIII (January 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7505.
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The paper discusses the rules of organizing flights to offshore installations in the wide aspect of safety of passenger and cargo transport by air. The study, analysis the institutions responsible for the safety and organization of air transport, with particular emphasis on the work carry out on the British Shelf and the Baltic Sea. In addition, selected requirements for helicopters, air operators and offshore installations, in particular landing area, equipment and installations readiness to take the helicopter were presented in terms of on board, along with operational procedures for ensuring safety and flight organization.
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Banaszak, David, Dansen Brown, and David Laird. "Antonomous Environmental Definition of C-130 Flap Well Skin Panel." Journal of the IEST 48, no. 1 (September 1, 2005): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.48.1.pw070l022uu28503.
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Air Force C-130 aircraft require numerous aluminum doubler repairs on the wing flap skin aft of the right-hand outboard engine. These repairs are costly and require riveting. Rivets often provide new areas of stress concentration, which causes new cracks to develop elsewhere. Boeing and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) are measuring the thermal and strain environment behind the right-hand outboard engine of a North Carolina Air National Guard (NCANG) operational C-130 aircraft (TN 93-1456) for use in design of a damped repair patch to prevent the growth of cracks in skin under the wing flap panel. During June 2003. AFRL engineers and technicians acquired data using an autonomous damage dosimeter during five operational C-130 flights. The damage dosimeter measures structural strains and temperatures on in-service aircraft to diagnose structural conditions that are difficult to analyze, such as acoustics and high cycle fatigue (HCF). The first flight was from Charlotte, North Carolina to Warner Robins Air Force Base (AFB), Georgia and returned to Charlotte. The last four flights were assault flights where the C-130 simulated cargo drops. Pilots logged the altitude and indicated airspeed, engine speed, and flap positions for the first four flights. Flap position settings were compared with dosimeter temperature and root mean square (rms) strain measurements. This paper presents typical third octave plots showing engine speed vibratory frequencies, rms time histories (TH), and correlation data for a flight. This paper also presents typical limited data in TH, probability density function (PDF), power spectral density (PSD), and rain flow formats.
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Veatch, Michael, and Jarrod Goentzel. "Feeding the bottleneck: airport congestion during relief operations." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 8, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-01-2018-0006.
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Purpose Scheduling the airlift of relief supplies into a damaged or small airport during a crisis is complex yet crucial. The volume of cargo and flights can temporarily overwhelm the airport’s capacity and the mix of flights adds complexity. The purpose of this paper is to better characterize airport operations during a crisis, to develop a model that can assess strategies for scheduling flights and to draw implications for decision makers. Design/methodology/approach First, empirical data are analyzed to characterize airport operations. Previously unreported data from the 2010 Haiti earthquake response in the form of a “flight log” are analyzed to provide new insights and parameters. Alternate scheduling strategies are drawn from review of the literature and After Action Reports. Second, a queuing model is developed to understand operations in past crises and predict the impact of alternate scheduling strategies. Empirical data provide the parameters for airport scenarios evaluated. Findings Unloading capacity is seen to be the bottleneck but also to not be fully utilized, suggesting that a more aggressive flight schedule is needed. Scheduling flights is shown to be a tradeoff between volume of aid delivered and flights that must be diverted. The proper mix of aircraft and prioritized divert policies also provide benefits. Finally, it is beneficial, though perhaps counterintuitive, to create a parking buffer upstream from the unloading bottleneck. Originality/value Analysis of previously unreported data from the Haiti earthquake provides new insights regarding airport parking and unloading operations. A new model of airport scheduling for disaster response is proposed. The model differs from other humanitarian airlift models in that it focuses on aircraft parking and unloading. It differs from commercial aircraft scheduling and gate assignment in the objective used.
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Серебрянникова, В. Ю. "НАБЛИЖЕНИЙ МЕТОД ЕКСПРЕС-ОЦІНКИ ЕФЕКТИВ-НОСТІ АВІАПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ЗА СОБІВАРТІСТЮ РЕЙСУ ПО-ВІТРЯНОГО СУДНА." Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, no. 89 (March 23, 2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2020.89.02.
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It is known that the main goal of passenger and cargo airlines is the most stable profitability with a positive gradient of its growth. This goal is provided by a number of factors, among which the prime cost of operating aircraft (AC) on the routes of passenger and cargo transportation lines plays an important role. Based on the analysis of the world and domestic air transportation market, the article highlights the main factors that determine the level of the cost of flights. The analysis of these factors showed that the cost of flights is a complex multifactorial problem that is solved by air carrier companies sequentially at a number of stages as a large amount of information accumulates.At the same time, an air carrier needs a very approximate, but prompt method of assessing this cost, especially at the stage of its entry into the air transportation business.A detailed analysis of the dependence of the cost of air transportation on the length of the runway, proposed by the General Designer O.K. Antonov for an express assessment of this complex parameter in relation to cargo aircraft, which we have expanded for the type of passenger aircraft. The analysis showed the admissibility of considering the curve Scost=f(LRS) as a function of the mathematical expectation of the cost of air transportation, and the points lying outside this curve as the variance of the cost, i.e. as the risk of choosing an alternative aircraft option.The main factors that predetermine the level of the cost of air transportation have been synthesized, among which the factor of non-stop flight is of particular importance, i.e. range. This made it possible to develop the idea of O.K. Antonov to present as an approximate criterion of efficiency the dependence of the cost of air transportation on the range of the aircraft in the form of a hyperbolic dependence of a similar type.The analysis of the efficiency of the proposed method for assessing the effectiveness of the criterion of the cost of air transportation from the flight range of the aircraft showed the validity of its application for the express assessment of the preliminary choice by the aircraft operator at the initial stage of his development of the air transportation business.
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Chatterjee, Amlan Chatterjee. "Dynamic Flight Routing Using Internet of Things Framework." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 20 (June 22, 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v20i.8771.
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With increased demand of quicker travel, both for passengers and cargo, there has been major advancements in commercial airlines and number of flights have increased significantly over the last few years. Novel challenges have been introduced due to the rising number of flights in the areas of safety, route planning and maintenance. In addition, for commercial flights, the surge in the number of passengers have also exposed avenues for improving the quality of flight travel, from entering the airport premises to leaving the same at the destination. Although there are many areas of flight and airport operations that can benefit from leveraging technological advancements, choosing safe flight path and making dynamic modifications to it is the critical aspect that needs to be addressed. Comprehending available information to adhere to the provided route and also avoiding known areas of air turbulence, adds to the financial benefit of the commercial airline as well as the safety of the airplane and the passengers are ensured. In this paper, the various aspects of improving the flight routing by providing dynamic intelligent path options to ensure adherence to the provided flight path possible is studied; options for improving the flight safety and turbulence avoidance, which benefits both the passengers and the aircraft are also explored. In addition, keeping aircraft away from conflict zones or war zones, and also from areas of natural disaster, like erupting volcanic ash or forest fires is relevant. Although these issues have been studied before, most of the techniques depend heavily on infrastructure that is on the ground. The basic model requires constant communication with an air traffic control tower, that would provide updates and changes to the flight path as necessary. This leads to some of these methods being unusable on flights operating on oceanic routes and away from the communication zone of the devices placed on land masses. Therefore, in this paper an Internet of Things based framework is proposed to address and handle the above mentioned issues. The framework is structured on the communication model of information exchange among aircraft within the range, as well as taking advantage of ground infrastructure if there is a possible network link to the same. A number of algorithms are proposed for dynamic intelligent routing of flights as well as detection and avoidance of air turbulence. The implementations of the proposed algorithms show improvements ranging from 10% to 30% in the methods as compared to using the infrastructure based conventional techniques.
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Hylton, Peter, and Catherine L. Ross. "Air Cargo Forecasting in an Age of Electronic Retail." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 29 (October 17, 2018): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118799708.
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Airports face numerous difficulties in capital planning as a result of instability and unpredictable demand. Some trends such as excess bellyhold capacity have depressed demand for dedicated cargo flights, whereas others like growth in electronic retail (e-retail) are stimulating demand unevenly among airports. If e-retail distribution is following a different pattern from general cargo, then it may reshuffle cargo volumes among airports in a way that is unforeseeable by most forecasting approaches. It has been difficult to estimate whether e-retail shipments would follow the same geospatial patterns as general cargo because of the dearth of data on e-retail distribution networks. This study examines domestically oriented e-retail logistics to test its relationship with airport cargo throughput controlling for regional variables that also influence cargo volume. The regression models show that an airport’s accessibility to landside e-retail logistics activity helps predict that airport’s cargo volume in a way that access to traditional retail logistics does not. The findings support the alternative hypothesis that e-retail may reconfigure distribution networks and boost cargo volume at some airports, opening opportunities to gain market share for airports that are new to e-retail. Depending on the extent of the reconfiguration, e-retail growth could temporarily degrade the accuracy of common forecasting methods. Airports can respond by collecting qualitative and quantitative data where possible and adopting scenario-based, adaptive policy making that hedges risks.
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ISHIKURA, Tomoki, Yuji SATO, and Hajime INAMURA. "Determination of Air-cargo Flights Frequency at Local Airport under the Demand Uncertainty." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 18 (2001): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.18.713.
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BAXTER, Glenn S., and Nicholas S. BARDELL. "Can the renewed interest in ultra-long-range passenger flights be satisfied by the current generation of civil aircraft?" Aviation 21, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2017.1336485.
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A number of full service network carriers have recently stated their ambition to develop certain ultra-long-range (ULR) routes, such as Doha to Auckland, Dubai to Auckland, Dubai to Panama City, Singapore to San Francisco, Singapore to New York, all of which require a great circle distance between 7,000–9,000 nautical miles (nm) with an estimated travel time between 15 and 20 hours. This paper examines the capability of the current generation of wide-bodied passenger aircraft to satisfy this evolving strategy, and the impact, if any, on the provision of air cargo transportation. An exploratory study is presented herein based on an assessment of each aircraft type’s payload-range envelope, taken from the appropriate Aircraft Airports Handling Characteristics Manual. The key findings reveal that airlines wishing to pursue this ultra-long-range strategy have a surprisingly limited choice of current-generation passenger aircraft which are capable of flying the desired mission profile without compromising significantly on passenger numbers and cargo payload.
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GOUDIE, R. IAN. "Multivariate behavioural response of harlequin ducks to aircraft disturbance in Labrador." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 1 (March 2006): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002724.
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The effects of low-level aircraft over-flights on behaviour of harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) breeding in central Labrador were quantified during 2000–2002. The Canadian Department of National Defence supports a low-level training programme in the 130 000 km2 Military Training Area of Labrador involving military jets. The Institute for Environmental Monitoring and Research (IEMR) undertakes scientific research into environmental impacts of low-level military jet over-flights. A suite of 17 behavioural categories of paired male and female harlequin ducks was modelled, and a canonical variable representing alert behaviour, inactivity on the water and decreased inactivity out of water in response to over-flights represented 73.1% of the variance in the data cluster and provided marked separation of disturbed and undisturbed groups. Behavioural responses of harlequin ducks to military jets were 23 times stronger than their responses to floatplanes, helicopters and military cargo planes, and the significant interaction of aircraft type and noise indicated that noise may be the primary stressor affecting behaviour. A quadratic response of the canonical variable to noise generated from aircraft during standardized 30-minute observation periods was defined. The multivariate analyses were more robust because they indicated covariance in behavioural categories associated with disturbance that was not originally detected in univariate analyses, suggesting the importance of integrating behaviours other than overt responses. The significant effects of military jet over-flights on harlequin duck behaviour emphasize the need to evaluate potential population consequences of aircraft disturbance.
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Hospodka, Jakub, and Zdeněk Houfek. "Efficiency in Carrying Cargo to Earth Orbits: Spaceports Repositioning." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 4, no. 20 (October 17, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2016.20.01.
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Space flights are in these days not any more question of technology, but more question of costs. One way how to decrease cost of launch is change of home spaceport. Change of home spaceport for different rockets is a way to achieve more efficient launches to space. The reason is different acceleration achieved from Earth rotation. We added several mathematical calculations of missions to Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Earth Orbit to show bonuses from Earth rotation and effect of atmospheric drag on specific rockets used these days. We discussed only already used space vessels. Namely Arianne 5, Delta 4 heavy, Proton-M, Zenit and Falcon9. For reaching GEO we discuss possibility of using Hohmman transfer, because none of aforementioned vessels is available for direct GEO entry. As possible place for launch we discussed spaceports Baikonur, Kennedy Space center, Guyana Space center and Sea Launch platform. We present results in form of additional acceleration for each spaceport, and we also project this additional acceleration in means payload increase. In conclusion we find important differences between vessel effectivity based on spaceport used for launch. Change of launch location may bring significant cost decrease for operators.
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Read, Scott Jeremy. "Packaging of Tier 3 Oil Spill Equipment for a Faster Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1219.
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ABSTRACT To mount an effective world wide response, oil spill clean-up equipment and experienced personnel need to quickly reach the scene. The distance and often remoteness of the incident from an International response centre (Tier 3) dictates that to achieve this rapid response air transport will be required. Speed, flexibility and frequency of scheduled flights combined with increased availability on the charter market have made air transport a realistic option to most areas of the world. Chartered aircraft are most likely to be side-loading cargo jets and as such response equipment needs to be suited both in size and ease of loading/offloading. To assist in the air transportation of response equipment, a specialised aircraft pallet system has been developed. The system comprises of four pallet modules per aircraft pallet station which have been profiled to fit within the most commonly used cargo jets. Pre-packing the pallet modules decreases loading times considerably, they can also be declared as known cargo helping move them through the air cargo security procedures. An assessment of type and quantity of equipment required will be made before dispatch, these small packages present maximum flexibility and allow “mix and match” of different pallet modules to create the final load. The modules can be delivered to airports with low capacity offloading equipment. This is enhanced by a specialist self build rapid equipment delivery and deployment system.
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Górzyński, Mikołaj, and Przemysław Bibik. "Designing and Building Heavy Lifting Modification of a Radio Controlled Helicopter." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2017, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2017-0027.
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Abstract The paper presents the heavy lifting modification of radio controlled T-Rex 700 DFC PRO helicopter which was originally designed as acrobatic machine. The purpose of designing machine like this is a need for a cheap and reliable machine specifically designed to carry weights for research and development purposes. Thanks to its design there is a possibility to attach to it a measuring apparatus, modules like auto-pilot, and weights. It can be also used to test wide range of rotors and other components which makes it very universal research tool. To achieve those goals the whole frame and landing gear has been redesigned using NX 11 CAD/CAM/CAE to achieve desired cargo space and weight distribution. Additionally the tail has been lengthened to allow use of the rotors with bigger diagonal. All the applied changes has been made to increase the machine payload. The designed elements were fabricated and the helicopter has been tested in flight. During the test flights several performance parameters were measured.
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Wąsowska, Katarzyna, and Jan Žukovskis. "AIR FREIGHT TRANSPORT IN POLAND." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie 50, no. 50 (April 9, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/zn.2019.50.08.
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Air transport is currently one of the major branches of transport both in the national – and global – economies. It is one of the fastest, most expensive, but at the same time also most effective types of transportation. It plays a fundamental role in the global economy, particularly in the transcontinental carriage of goods and passengers. Its availability and quality constitute a powerful driving force for a country’s development. Air freight transport, both in Poland and worldwide, is seen mostly from the angle of long-distance passenger flights. Given that, one often tends to forget the role of this transport branch in the case of freight transport. Air cargo transport is a booming branch with great development potential. The development of air freight is the key for gaining a competitive advantage by Polish enterprises. This, however, is related to considerable experience and knowledge on the part of both the carrier and the owner of goods with regards to the technical capacities of a given aircraft, maintenance costs, and rule awareness. The objective of the paper is to present the volumes of air cargo shipments in Poland and to identify the hazards and obstacles to its development. The study authors endeavour to analyse air freight transport in Poland. To this end, details will be presented regarding air cargo transport at Polish airports based on the Civil Aviation Authority (ULC) and Central Statistical Office (GUS) data and air market reports.
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Vanker, Signe, Mart Enneveer, and Margit Mäsak. "IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MEASURES AT TALLINN AIRPORT." Aviation 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2013.774938.
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This paper aims at studying the problems of aviation noise and air, soil and water pollution in Tallinn Airport and the implementation of measures to make the airport more environmentally friendly. At present Tallinn Airport has two stationary noise level monitoring terminals and one mobile terminal for metering and modelling the noise level caused by aircraft taking-off and landing. Research shows that Tallinn Airport has not yet exceeded the noise limits stipulated by regulations. The area surrounding Tallinn Airport has been divided into four noise zones. Zone 1, where the noise level does not exceed 55 dB, is suitable for a majority of types of buildings, whereas Zone 4, where the noise level exceeds 70 dB and the highest level measured was 105 dB, is absolutely unacceptable as a building area. In recent years the number of flights flying over the residential areas of Tallinn has been reduced significantly, i.e. the number of flights taking off from runway 26 and landing on runway 08. In suitable weather conditions, noisy aircraft are directed to land on RWY 26 and take off from RWY08. Thanks to the measures mentioned above, air pollution from aircraft exhaust gases has been reduced considerably in Tallinn. After the completion of the military airfield at Ämari in the nearest future, it is going to be possible to transfer the cargo flights, usually made by large noisy jets, from Tallinn Airport to Ämari. Various measures have also been taken to reduce the pollution of soil and water within the area of Tallinn Airport.
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TUNCAL, Arif, Suat USLU, and Erdal DURSUN. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EUROPEAN AND TURKEY AIR TRAFFIC NETWORKS." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 33, no. 2 (September 7, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol33n2.603.
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Covid-19, which was defined as a result of research conducted in a group of patients developing respiratory symptoms in late December 2019 in Wuhan province of China, spread to other countries in a very short time by infecting from people to people. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the “International Public Health Emergency” due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Travel restrictions have been imposed by countries to prevent the pandemic. With these restrictions, air traffic has come to a halt, only health, humanitarian, military, repatriation and cargo flights have been carried out. Due to the Covid-19, more than 6 million traffic losses occurred in the European air traffic network. There were 0.2 million flight losses in the 9/11 attacks and 0.8 million flight losses in the great financial crisis. It is not known how long the recovery will take to reach traffic data in 2019. In this study, the impact of Covid-19 on the European and Turkey air traffic networks in 2020 was analyzed compared to the 2019 data. Within the scope of forecasts published by aviation authorities, assessments regarding the recovery process are also included. It is predicted that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the air traffic networks will not be compensated for a long time in line with current data and predictions for the pandemic.
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Popa, І. С., and І. Cetină. "FORECASTS OF THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AFTER THE COVID-19 CRISIS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 209 (2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2020/209-2/6.
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The air transport services industry is one of the most affected branches of the global crisis industry caused by the new COVID- 19 coronavirus. After a sustained growth in the last decade, this industry came to report declines of almost 50% at the end of the first quarter of 2020. Given that no one can approximate how long the global pandemic will end, it is very difficult to predict how long the air transport services will return to January 2020, as well as how many operators will declare insolvency or how many they will be able to adapt their strategies so that they can make a profit. Part of global airline operators have managed to adapt their activity by operating mainly cargo flights, but even so, a very large part of the fleet remained on the ground. Through this article to followed highlighting the situation in which air transport services are found, almost half a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic by highlighting the amounts that some European countries have not received while issuing forecasts on how in which the staged resumption of flights will take place and how the air operators will manage to follow common return policies or will develop their strategies.
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Jansen, Cassie C., Jonathan M. Darbro, Frances A. Birrell, Martin A. Shivas, and Andrew F. van den Hurk. "Impact of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mosquito-Borne Diseases in 2020 in Queensland, Australia." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061150.
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We describe the impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on mosquito-borne diseases in Queensland, Australia, during the first half of 2020. Implementation of restrictions coincided with an atypical late season outbreak of Ross River virus (RRV) characterized by a peak in notifications in April (1173) and May (955) which were greater than 3-fold the mean observed for the previous four years. We propose that limitations on human movement likely resulted in the majority of RRV infections being acquired at or near the place of residence, and that an increase in outdoor activities, such as gardening and bushwalking in the local household vicinity, increased risk of exposure to RRV-infected mosquitoes. In contrast, the precipitous decline in international passenger flights led to a reduction in the number of imported dengue and malaria cases of over 70% and 60%, respectively, compared with the previous five years. This substantial reduction in flights also reduced a risk pathway for importation of exotic mosquitoes, but the risk posed by importation via sea cargo was not affected. Overall, the emergence of COVID-19 has had a varied impact on mosquito-borne disease epidemiology in Queensland, but the need for mosquito surveillance and control, together with encouragement of personal protective measures, remains unchanged.
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Tsuboi, K., H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, Y. Niwa, M. Nakamura, D. Kuboike, K. Saito, et al. "Development of a new JMA flask sampling and trace gas measuring system for observation on a cargo aircraft C-130H." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 21, 2012): 7067–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-7067-2012.
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Abstract. We developed and evaluated a flask air sampling system for atmospheric trace gas observation on a cargo C-130H aircraft, as well as an automated analysis system for the flask samples, as part of a new operational monitoring program of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Air samples were collected during each flight, between Kanagawa Prefecture (near Tokyo) and Minamitorishima (an island located nearly 2000 km southeast of Tokyo), from the air-conditioning system on the aircraft. The quality assurance test of the flask sampling air was made by specially coordinated flights at a low altitude of 1000 ft over Minamitorishima and comparing the flask values with those obtained at the surface. Based on our storage tests, the flask samples remained stable until analyses. The concentration measuring system for the flask samples has, in addition to the conventional sensors, two laser-based analyzers using wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS). Laboratory tests of the measuring system indicated relatively high reproducibility with overall precisions of less than 0.06 ppm for CO2, 0.68 ppb for CH4, 0.36 ppb for CO, and 0.03 ppb for N2O. Inter-comparison experiments for ambient air measurements showed excellent agreements between the laser-based measurement techniques and the conventional methods currently in use. We also found that there are no significant influences of isotope effects for the laser-based analyzers.
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Beifert, Anatoli. "Air Cargo Development in the Regional Airports of the Baltic Sea Region Through Road Feeder Services." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2015-0010.
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Abstract As issued in the Competition Policy Brief on the new state aid rules for a competitive aviation industry by the Competition Directorate-General of the European Commission in February 20141, it will be more difficult for unprofitable airports, to obtain financial public subsidies on EU, national or regional level. Although the positive impact of small airports on the regional development and general accessibility was mentioned, still the operating aid to the airports shall be cut out over a maximum of 10 years. It has been further stated that the vast majority of small and regional airports experience problems to cover their running operative costs, as a result from an intensive market competition and overlapping of airports’ catchment areas preventing even some promising airports from growth. Public subsidies are mostly used by the airport management for infrastructural investments, to cover operating losses or to attract price-sensitive airlines. Herewith, among other things, the EU Commission is pointing out at the lack of cooperation structures and network strategies among the regional airports and at rather isolated and individual approach during elaboration of the airport development scenarios. However, the Competition Policy Brief permits public aid to regional airports, among other things if there is sufficient transports need to establish transition periods for small airports; the need for more flexibility of the regional airports in the remote areas has been underlined. The EU Commission is expecting herewith not to close the regional airports, but to stimulate them to operate on cost efficient and profitable basis, and that only the most inefficient airports will be closed. To cope with the upcoming challenges the regional airports are demanded now to revaluate and reconsider their future development plans. While focusing on the passenger traffic many regional airports ignore or underestimate the benefits of the airfreight market. Although the air cargo has rather a low volume, but very high revenue yield part. Business internationalization is one of the important driving forces for the airfreight nowadays as well as decreasing air transport costs due to improving efficiency and growing competition among the air carriers. Most regional airports in the Baltic Sea region that act totally isolated, do not have a clear picture of the current situation on the international air cargo market, its future perspectives and sustainable development plans. Trying to meet the market demand, the regional airports are making huge and unjustified investments, e.g. improving airport infrastructure. It is not clear till now which elements of the Pan-Baltic cargo market could be managed as an alternative revenue yielding services for consolidated operation by air or what infrastructure is needed to provide the opportunity for an optimal economic mix of road-rail-air-sea transport? Nowadays, to a large degree air cargo traffic relies on scheduled, frequent passenger services in hub-and-spoke as well as in point-to-point traffic. Regional airports are presently suffering from a lack of scheduled uplift capacity. The volume currently transported by air in the regional airports is almost entirely based on the occasional charter flights. However, the growth of the air cargo business is likely to be based not only on cargo charters, but to a larger extend on truck-based services for transit shipments. Onward transportation by truck may occur on road feeder service, so called “flying trucks”, where a real truck substitutes a flight. “Flying trucks” are having flight numbers etc., therefore they must be prioritized in many ways in the BSR transport policy. This paper investigates the role of Road Feeder Services concept (thereafter named here as “Flying Truck”) as an optional freight value proposition for the development of the regional airports and their possible participation in the air cargo market as a supplement instrument to generate additional revenue, thus making the airports more profitable and attractive.
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Leonov, V. V., V. S. Zarubin, and M. A. Ayrapetyan. "Analysis of the Anisotropic Heat-Protective Material Application Effectiveness in the Implementation of Trajectories with Multiple Re-entries into the Atmosphere." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 2 (731) (February 2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-2-56-68.
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In the case of full implementation of the programs of studying and developing the Moon, announced in recent years (“Luna”, Artemis, Chang’e), significant increase in cargo turnover between the Moon and the Earth is expected. Therefore the research and development of appropriate spacecrafts and their structural elements is believed to be promising, especially thermal protection coatings ensuring spacecraft safety during movement (descent) in the dense atmosphere layers. A special characteristic of the trajectory of the spacecraft returning from the Moon’s orbit is the closeness of the speed of its entry into the Earth’s atmosphere to the parabolic one. This circumstance significantly complicates solving the problem of creating thermal protection for such a vehicle, because of higher convective and radiative heat flows compared to those acting on orbital landers. The analysis showed that when implementing the trajectory of the return of spacecraft with multiple re-entries into the Earth’s atmosphere, a trajectory can be selected (at least for cargo flights) so that the intensity of heat exchange on the surface of the coating does not exceed the permissible level. In this case, use of modern and advanced anisotropic heat-protective composite materials can reduce the spacecraft surface temperature to a level that does not cause destruction of the thermal protection coating.
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Reut, Justyna, Jacek Caban, and Bożena Widzicka. "The role of human element in aviation safety." Transport and Communications 4, no. 1 (2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2016.1.4.
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Each industry is characterized that without human factor will not be able to function. This also applies to aviation, which focuses mainly on human labour. This sense of security what provides staff workers, on what the shoulders are the duty of care not to create a hazard before, during and after the flight. On the civil and military airports they employ staff not only flying but also ground handling. These include: auditors, managers flights, technicians, ground handling runway and apron, cargo department employees, firefighters and other emergency services, personnel service to passengers in the terminals, customs, security, and even people like hawkers, law enforcement officers, managers and managers of the various sectors. Each of these professions is responsible for a different aspect of the airport, and is necessary for the proper conduct of flight operations and passenger services and ensuring security. In the largest airports with lots of terminals with dense air traffic performance characteristics of employed people, the variety of tasks, and thus the level of complexity of the operation resemble a small town. In order for it to function efficiently is all you need is a good organization, through which cooperation between all departments of work is smooth and provides quick action in dangerous situations. Each employee should know their role and perform the desired function best, so to fill up the board and the workforce to reliably performed its duties and to the performance of their work brought economic profits.
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Gueorguiev, Nikolay, Aleksandar Kolarov, and Ilian Iliev. "Module for wireless communication in aerospace vehicles." Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 32 (2020): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v32.e14.
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The increase in air traffic and space flights, the rising cargo volumes and passenger numbers all set complex research and applied scientific tasks and therefore pose more complex requirements for obtaining up-to-date information on the system parameters and on the environment in which they function. After the advent of IoT platforms, their use in all areas of technology has been growing rapidly, as for instance in data collection and processing systems that are fully applicable to aviation needs. One of the major problems in the building of new systems or upgrading existing ones in line with current trends is the high cost of the innovations and the long time before their implementation. In line with the current trends in aviation, this paper proposes an approach for unified modules comprising a large set of possible sensors operating on a wireless standard for transmitting information and connected in a single and cost-effective network and with minimal time for construction, upgrading and renovation.
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Трегубов, Павел Геннадьевич. "The concept of creation a high-speed delivery cargo transport system using passenger flights on the basis of the Moscow aviaknot." Automation and Control in Technical Systems, no. 2 (January 4, 2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2306-1561-2014-2-8.
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Kapp, E. Andrew, David S. Wroth, and J. Thomas Chapin. "Analysis of Thermal Runaway Incidents Involving Lithium Batteries in U.S. Commercial Aviation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120947711.
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Thermal runaway incidents involving lithium batteries as cargo, in luggage, or as personal property in the cabin have been associated with fatalities, the destruction of cargo, and even the loss of entire aircraft. This research represents the first examination of the incidence of lithium battery thermal runaway incidents involving a variety of rechargeable lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries on commercial flights in the U.S.A. The objective is to examine the occurrence of these thermal runaway incidents and the circumstances surrounding them from the best available data source, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) hazardous material incident database. Using descriptive statistics, the frequency of incidents and the circumstances surrounding these incidents, including incident characteristics, device type, preceding event, activity of device, and location of incident between 1996 and July 2019, are examined. There were records of 274 thermal runaway incidents in U.S. commercial air transportation during the approximately 23-year period., with 76% of these incidents reported since 2015. Fire was the most commonly reported characteristic and loose lithium batteries not otherwise specified were the most common device involved in these thermal runaways. Missing information on the circumstances surrounding incidents among was a common condition, and “Not Specified” represented the largest categorization of preceding events, activity of device and the second largest category of location. The focus of this paper is aviation, but it is expected that some of the insights and lessons learned from incidents in aviation can be extended to other modes of transportation as well.
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Zinko, Roman, Orest Gorbay, Andriy Polyakov, Vitaliy Popovych, and Mykhailo Shchokin. "Research of stresses in the frame of the car crane." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 13, no. 1 (2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2021-13-1-45-53.
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The problem of truck cranes is considered, in particular, the issues of ensuring the strength of the supporting structure of the chassis in different modes of operation, taking into account the peculiarities of the technological cycle. In truck cranes, the load loads are unevenly distributed. They depend not only on the weight of the crane and the load, but also on the position of the rotating part of the crane relative to the non-rotating, as well as on the departure of the boom. Loads on the support surface are transmitted through the outriggers. During the operation of the truck crane, the load on each remote support does not remain constant. Estimated loads, namely loads from the crane installation and cargo, will take into account different values of cargo weight, departure and crane height. Their size and location are determined according to the crane capacity diagram. Based on the analysis of scientific works on the impact of subsidence of outriggers in the ground during the operation of truck cranes, it can be argued that this factor is quite significant and must be taken into account when calculating the strength of the truck crane. Moreover, the load on each of the supports is different and changes with each operating cycle, when changing the trajectory and working with different loads. Based on the comparative analysis of existing analogues, the limits of variation of the main technical parameters for the design of a family of special chassis for truck cranes are determined. The dangerous modes of operation of the truck crane, the influence of both the main parameters and external factors on the magnitude and nature of the load were calculated. The results of the calculations are plots of complete deformation, equivalent stresses and margin of safety. In maximum load mode, the main load falls on the rear of the frame and the rear outriggers. Maximum and minimum altitude modes are not particularly dangerous. In addition, the greater the height, the less dangerous is the high flight of the arrow. Large capacity is possible only on small flights and heights.
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Qian, Jingming, Shujiang Miao, Nigel Tapper, Jianguang Xie, and Greg Ingleton. "Investigation on Airport Landscape Cooling Associated with Irrigation: A Case Study of Adelaide Airport, Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198123.
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Extreme summertime heat is becoming a major issue for aircraft operations. As global temperatures continue to rise, some of the heaviest planes on the longest flights may eventually be unable to depart during the hottest part of summer days. During summer days, some airports have to reduce the payload of aircraft, including cargo and/or passengers in the hotter days of summer. Nonetheless, there is no existing body of research on the potential for airport cooling. Furthermore, extreme heat on the ground also affects airport workers; loading and unloading luggage and servicing platforms between flights could become more arduous. With global warming proceeding, it is becoming increasingly urgent to find a suitable strategy to cool airport environments, perhaps by irrigation of a vegetated landscape. All airports have large enclosed areas (usually of grass) acting as a buffer between airport activities and the adjacent industrial, commercial and residential land utilization. This paper describes the trial of irrigating the buffer area of Adelaide airport and analyzes the performance of irrigation cooling for Adelaide airport, examining whether this can benefit human thermal comfort. Results indicate that irrigation provides cooling, and the cooling effect reduces along with the increasing instance from the middle of the irrigation area. At 15:00, the average air temperature was 1.8 °C cooler in the middle of the irrigation area than in the non-irrigation area, and the relative humidity was 5.8% higher during the trial period. On an extremely hot day (the maximum air temperature was 45.4 °C), it was 1.5 °C cooler in the middle of the irrigation area than upwind the of irrigation area, and 0.8 °C cooler than downwind of the irrigation area at 13:00. Human thermal comfort (HTC) is unfavorable in the runway, but greater improvements can be made through promotion of irrigation.
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Goncharenko, V. I., G. N. Lebedev, and V. B. Malygin. "Multidimensional routing with the increased navigation accuracy with the maintenance of flight notifications of the flight vehicles." Civil Aviation High Technologies 24, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2021-24-4-28-37.
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The article covers the problem the multidimensional routing of flights for the transportation of cargo and mail, with the condition of the corresponding equipment presence for performing navigation of increased precision to obtain the possibility of the formation flights under any weather conditions. The given circumstances are capably essential to reduce load while using the airspace, which will make it possible to achieve transportation independent of its saturation. While planning the routes it is also necessary to consider the interests of different interested groups, which are often opposite to one another. In the view of the different directivity of the tasks in question, the solution can require the sorting as excessively as large, so the smaller quantity of possible situations (versions of the solution), the lower the level of the calculation of these versions is, and the greater their quantity is. The exact example of multidimensional routing, which is affected by the interests of operational nature and the interests of the urgency of the performance of the claims, expressed by weight coefficients, is depicted in this work. The only version in favour of the general production process, which is obtained with the help of a genetic algorithm, is a solution of this problem. It was necessary to introduce some designations and assumptions, the enumeration of which can be supplemented. Optimal solution can be obtained both by the enumeration of the solution versions and with the help of the genetic algorithm, which is allowed for a smaller number of iterations, to obtain suboptimal in real time, which corresponds to the conditions of the task solution. In that the example dynamic priorities are assigned, based on multiplicative form by expert evaluation, which form criteria for the ranking of request for each step of route planning. As a result, there are the exact versions of the solution, which correspond to the interests of different groups and the version, obtained with the help of a genetic algorithm, which satisfy the opposite interests of these groups. All versions of the solution are proved to be different, which indicates the need of applying the objective and substantiated apparatus for making the decision, which the genetic algorithm actually is. The proposed mathematical apparatus has prospects for implementation.
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Herashchenko, M., S. Nesterenko, O. Isachenko, A. Los, and O. Siryk. "THE MODELS OF AUTO TARGETING STRIKE UAV AT THE MOVING TARGET." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 8 (June 29, 2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.8.2021.03.
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A special kind of use of UAVs as transport is their use to deliver the destruction means to the target on the battlefield, i.e. as strike unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), capable to inflict missile and bomb strikes on the enemy.
Of particular interest are such drones, which do not require constant aiming at the target by the flight operator (ground pilot) with the help of a video transmitting system, but are targeted independently. Such UAVs have onboard a target sighting sensor (coordinator), with which the onboard control system determines the angular position of the target relative to the UAV. It is necessary to determine the most optimal targeting algorithms to be used in onboard control systems.
UAVs due to the successful combination of cheap goods, technological availability and availability of other technical indicators (load capacity, efficiency and duration of flight, maneuverability) can be used as vehicles for cargo delivery. For example, UAVs are used to deliver ammunition and medicine to victims.
The mechanism of the primary notification to the on-board control system of the UAV of the coordinates of the target to be hit, ie the task of "primary targeting", remains not completely solved by the technical and organizational task when using strike UAVs. Targeting methods using the on-board video broadcast system and direct commands of the ground pilot require, firstly, the installation of appropriate payload on board with an understanding of the loss of this equipment in combat use of UAVs, and secondly, effective avoidance of radio suppression by the enemy.
The article presents the results of modeling with the help of Simulink models of the processes of guidance of a strike UAV with targeting on a moving aim by two methods: direct guidance and dynamic bias. The trajectories of UAV flights during diving to the target were obtained. The changes in the main working parameters during the guidance process were obtained as well. The conclusion about the advantage of the method of dynamic bias is made.
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Tsuboi, K., H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, Y. Niwa, M. Nakamura, D. Kuboike, K. Saito, et al. "Evaluation of a new JMA aircraft flask sampling system and laboratory trace gas analysis system." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 5 (May 15, 2013): 1257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1257-2013.
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Abstract. We established and evaluated a flask air sampling system on a cargo C-130H aircraft, as well as a trace gas measurement system for the flask samples, as part of a new operational monitoring program of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Air samples were collected during each flight, between Kanagawa Prefecture (near Tokyo) and Minamitorishima (an island located nearly 2000 km southeast of Tokyo), from the air-conditioning system on the aircraft. Prior to the operational employment of the sampling system, a quality assurance test of the sampled air was made by specially coordinated flights at a low altitude of 1000 ft over Minamitorishima and comparing the flask values with those obtained at the surface. Based on our storage tests, the flask samples remained nearly stable until analyses. The trace gas measurement system has, in addition to the nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence (VURF) analyzers, two laser-based analyzers using wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS). Laboratory tests of the laser-based analyzers for measuring flask samples indicated relatively high reproducibility with overall precisions of less than ±0.06 ppm for CO2, ±0.68 ppb for CH4, ±0.36 ppb for CO, and ±0.03 ppb for N2O. Flask air sample measurements, conducted concurrently on different analyzers were compared. These comparisons showed a negligible bias in the averaged measurements between the laser-based measurement techniques and the other methods currently in use. We also estimated that there are no significant isotope effects for CH4, CO and N2O using standard gases with industrial isotopic compositions to calibrate the laser-based analyzers, but CO2 was found to possess isotope effects larger than its analytical precision.
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Evans, John, and Philip M. Smith. "Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000211.
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ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.
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Кузьмичев, И. К., А. Г. Малышкин, Ю. Н. Уртминцев, and О. Л. Домнина. "Improvement of the scientific and methodological base of the system of organization of cargo transportation on inland water transport." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 3(53) (August 27, 2021): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2021.53.3.015.
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Актуальность темы обуславливается важным значением рациональной организации перевозок для повышения эффективности работы судоходных компаний. При этом в качестве форм организации понимаются типовые организационные подходы согласования взаимодействия между различными объектами и элементами транспортной системы. В работе проводится анализ существующих подходов к выявлению устойчивых форм организации движения, их влияние на показатели работы транспортных компаний. Авторами отмечается снижение эффективности использования флота в России, переформатирование отношений в России между перевозчиками и грузовладельцами, нестабильность грузовой базы речного транспорта. Это привело к трансформации форм организации перевозок и движения флота. Поэтому многие теоретические положения в области организации работы речного флота нуждаются в адаптации к новым условиям и, следовательно, в доработке. В статье формулируются актуальные научные задачи, направленные на совершенствование научно-методического обеспечения системы организации речного судоходства в современных условиях. Предлагается система оценочных показателей, характеризующих организационные формы судоходства. Для оценки степени устойчивости схем движения судов предлагается использовать показатель, учитывающий число разных переходов судов между грузопотоками за определенный период и повторяемость этих переходов. Авторами также были сформулированы признаки, свойственной каждой из форм организации судоходства. Приводятся результаты экспериментальных расчетов оценочных показателей для крупной судоходной компании России «В.Ф.Танкер», занимающейся перевозками нефтегрузов. При этом были рассмотрены рейсы, выполненные танкерным флотом компании проекта RSD-27 за навигацию. The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of rational organization of transportation to improve the efficiency of shipping companies. At the same time, typical organizational approaches to coordination of interaction between various objects and elements of the transport system are understood as forms of organization. The paper analyzes the existing approaches to identifying sustainable forms of traffic management, their impact on the performance of transport companies. The authors note the decline in the efficiency of fleet use in Russia, the reformatting of relations in Russia between carriers and cargo owners, and the instability of the cargo base of river transport. This led to the transformation of the forms of organization of transportation and fleet movement. Therefore, many theoretical provisions in the field of organizing the work of the river fleet need to be adapted to new conditions and, consequently, to be finalized. The article formulates actual scientific tasks aimed at improving the scientific and methodological support of the system of river navigation organization in modern conditions. A system of evaluation indicators that characterize the organizational forms of navigation is proposed. To assess the degree of stability of ship traffic patterns, it is proposed to use an indicator that takes into account the number of different transitions of ships between cargo flows over a certain period and the repeatability of these transitions. The authors also formulated the features inherent in each of the forms of navigation organization. The results of experimental calculations of estimated indicators for a large Russian shipping company "V. F.Tanker", which is engaged in the transportation of oil and gas cargo. At the same time, the flights performed by the tanker fleet of the RSD-27 project company for navigation were considered.
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Bugayko, Dmytro, and Olha Shevchenko. "Indicators of air transport sustainable development." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2020-4-1.
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World leaders gathered at the United Nations (UN) and adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It is a plan of action aimed at achieving global sustainable development in economic, social and environmental areas, which ensures that no UN member state is left behind. The 17 sustainable development goals on the 2030 Agenda can be used as benchmarks for the coordinated development of UN member states. Aviation safety is an important component of the concept of general national security, the system of personal security, ecological and public safety and transport safety from external and internal threats. Maintaining an acceptable level of national aviation safety is a priority for the industry. The aviation transport is a part of the transport complex of Ukraine, which is an important component in the structure of the national economy and a link between all components of economic security to ensure the basic conditions of life and development of the state and society. The assessment of economic, technological, safety, social and ecological hazards is an integral part of all the logical blocks of the structural and functional scheme of strategic management of aviation safety in terms of sustainable development of the national economy. The task of the article is to determine and substantiate the main indicators of economic and technological development, safety, social and environmental components of air transport and assess their level. In the article the authors propose and present the dynamics in the period from 2010 to 2020 of 29 indicators of sustainable development of air transport of Ukraine, such us share of aviation transport in the gross value added (transport and communications); level of investment in aviation transport; level of export services of air transport; level of import services of aviation transport; level of shadowing of aviation transport; coefficient of manufacturability of aviation transport; capital utilization coefficient; level of shadow capital load; level of use of passenger capacity of aircraft and helicopters; level of renewal of fixed assets; cargo transport capacity of GDP by aviation transport; passenger transport capacity of GDP by aviation transport; average distance of cargo aviation transportation; average distance of passenger aviation transportation; ratio of domestic and international aviation transportation; catastrophes, accidents, serious coefficients for regular commercial/irregular commercial/non-commercial flights and execution of aviation works/training flights; level of wages in the production of aviation transport; level of employment in air transport; coefficient of population mobility; level of official GVA created by shadow wages; level of shadow employment; level of CO2 emissions of aviation transport of Ukraine to GDP; level of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere; level of environmental costs of aviation transport. Authors determine their threshold and optimal values. Indicators are given in groups in the above areas. Indicators are divided into stimulants (indicators that contribute to the sustainable development of air transport and the national economy) and disincentives (indicators that hinder the sustainable development of air transport and the national economy). The solution of this problem will make it possible to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the current state of air transport in Ukraine on the basis of a systematic approach
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Bukhtiyarov, Igor V., Nicolay N. Courierov, Alla V. Lagutina, Lyudmila V. Prokopenko, and Evgeny V. Zibarev. "Aircraft noise in residential areas, problems of measuring and evaluation." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 10 (November 30, 2020): 1042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1042-1048.
Full textAbstract:
The intensity of civil aircraft flights elevates with the increase in the number of passenger and cargo transportation by air. Aircraft noise in the residential area near airports grows up too despite the use of low-noise aircraft models by airlines. This causes an augmentation in the number of complaints of the population in these areas. The Russian Federation’s normative and methodological documents requirements in force relating to measurements and assessment of noise in residential areas, including «aircraft noise», were analyzed. Their requirements in terms of measuring and assessing noise in residential areas, including “aircraft noise”, testifies to the insufficiency and ambiguity of these requirements. The main disadvantages are the lack of a clear definition of which sound event is considered «aircraft noise» and the lack of requirements for the duration of the reference time interval of noise measurement. The foreign experience of measuring and evaluating aircraft noise, as well as the effects of such noise on the population, are considered. This made it possible to determine the necessary and sufficient parameters for noise control in residential areas, including «aircraft noise». There were proposed both a definition of «aircraft noise» and the necessary parameters for its assessment. The necessary duration of the reference time interval for the measurement of normalized parameters was justified. Method for the normalized noise parameters in residential areas measurement using the chronograms of sound levels A was proposed. The technical implementation of such a method is presented. Proposed a definition of «aircraft noise» and measuring normalized parameters in the 15-minute reference time interval for inclusion in regulatory and methodological documents will help to eliminate ambiguity in measurements and noise assessment in residential areas.
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E.A., Kuptsova, and Ramazanov S.K. "Analysis of artificial neural networks training models for airfare price prediction." Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 3 (October 10, 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2020.03.045.
Full textAbstract:
Air transport is playing an increasing role in the world economy every year. This is facilitated by technological development and the latest developments in the aviation industry, globalization. This paper provides an overview of artificial neural network training methods for airfare predicting. The articles for 2017-2019 were analyzed in order to determine the model with the most accurate prediction. The researchers conducted research on open data collected by themselves and set themselves the goal of creating a model that would advise a user the best time to buy a ticket when the price would be the lowest. The review of the papers by similar themes revealed that the Bagging Regression Tree model has the highest results with an accuracy of 88% and the random forest method has an accuracy of 87%. Civil aviation plays an important role in the economy of each country. Aviation is the best way to cover long distances in comfort in the shortest time. Airlines offer customers a variety of opportunities to travel both within the country and abroad. The main problem of interaction between airlines and customers is the airfare: the former want to sell more at the higher price, and the latter want to buy cheaper. Therefore, companies use their own private algorithms for dynamic pricing and constantly monitor the market situation, responsive to changes in demand and the actions of competitors. This behavior allows them to achieve a balance between the desires of airlines and customers. Scientists are trying to invent a way to predict airfare so that air travelers can buy them at the lowest price. The results of the work in this area provide general rules for the best purchase. For example, according to the article (Udachny, 2016) thebest day to buy a ticket by expedia.com for a domestic flight on the United States is Sunday, and the best period is 57 days before departure. This article provides an overview of the works, the authors of which compared the models of machine learning. Achievements in this area are limited to direct flights of a certain domestic market (USA, India) and 88% accuracy of the forecast (Tziridis et al., 2017). The Bagging Regression Tree model described in the article (Tziridis et al., 2017) can be considered the best result. This trained model can make predictions based only on two parameters: the number of free cargo and the number of days left before departure and has an accuracy of 88%.
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Iwata, Kakuya, and Osamu Matsum. "Aerial Cargo Robot (Cargo UAV)." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 26, no. 3 (June 20, 2014): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2014.p0394.
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<div class=""abs_img""><img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00260003/14.jpg"" width=""300"" /> Flight test of Cargo UAV</span></div> Safety is the most important factor in the civil use of aerial robots. Research on aerial cargo robots, also known as cargo unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) started in 2004. The first ACR prototype flight was made on November 22, 2005. The ACR prototype consists of a flexible airfoil, twin microturbojet engines and a gravity center (GC) controller. The ACR meets the following four safety requirements: (i) touchability, i.e., without propellers or rotors, (ii) the low sink rate of a parachute, i.e., below 1.0 m/s, (iii) low stall speed, i.e., <30 km/h, (iv) a redundancy arrangement control. The most important safety specification of all is infallibility in ACR service applications. </span>
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Chen, Jie, Cunbao Ma, and Dong Song. "Cargo blocking failure analysis, simulation, and safety control of transport aircraft with continuous heavy airdrop." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 172988141875704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418757047.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the cargo’s blocking failure analysis, simulation, and safety control of transport aircraft with continuous heavy airdrop. As the cargos move backward and drop out, the continuous variation of center of gravity for the whole system will deteriorate flight quality dramatically. Furthermore, due to various mechanical reasons, if the cargo is blocked on the delivery channel and the airdrop process is suspended suddenly at this time, the flight safety may be threatened. In view of this, the blocking failure is analyzed based on the aircraft model in this article and then the simulation is completed to show the failure’s impact on aircraft’s flight quality. Next, based on the uncertainty analysis and introduction of interval robust control theory, the safety controller is designed to stable the closed-loop system. The final simulation shows the proposed safety control strategy’s effectiveness.
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Li, Guozhi, Yihua Cao, and Maosheng Wang. "Modeling and Analysis of a Generic Internal Cargo Airdrop System for a Tandem Helicopter." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115109.
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This article describes the results of modeling and analysis of a generic internal cargo system using a discretization method of the vector mechanics. The model can be easily incorporated into a tandem helicopter model and is intended for use of simulation and investigating the problems of flight dynamics, control, etc., both in flight operation loading a cargo and flight operation in the process of airdrops. The model is derived by considering the main descriptions of the cargo, including the linear and rotational dynamics, the kinematics, and the forces and moments acting on the helicopter. A simulation method embedded with a numerical trim algorithm is developed for the complete coupling helicopter/cargo nonlinear dynamics system. The simulation application of the model is illustrated, including the case of flight operation loading a cargo by considering three mass configurations of 3000, 4500, and 6000 kg, and the case of flight operation in the process of airdrops at velocities of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 knots. Stabilities of the helicopter in the process of airdrops are also analyzed. The major conclusions drawn are: (i) the tandem helicopter has a good attitude maintaining ability in the whole flight velocity envelope when it conducts a flight operation loading a cargo; (ii) in the process of airdrops, the increase in flight velocity will constantly decrease the helicopter pitching attitude and increases the total airdrop time and decreases the backward moving velocity of the cargo, and helicopter flying at a velocity between 80 and 120 knots might be acceptable; (iii) the stabilities of both the longitudinal and lateral periodic modes are continuing to decrease during the backward movement of the cargo.
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Zhurin, S. V. "THE PARACHUTE SYSTEM WITH THE ELASTIC LINK AND THE LOAD DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS AS A TANDEM." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 22, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-1-29-38.
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The article suggests a new type of the parachute system (PS). Its distinctive feature is the presence of an elastic link (EL) for attaching the cargo to the parachute, and the cargo itself is divided into two parts, m1 and m2, comparable in weight and suspended one under the other. The cargo is connected by a cable through the cable length control mechanism. PS in flight consists of a parachute, stretched EL, cargo m1, the cable length control mechanism, cable, cargo m2. The main feature of this type of PS is the ability to provide low dynamic overloads of m1 cargo during the entire flight, including landing. For a soft landing of m1 cargo, it is necessary to choose the main parameters of the PS correctly: the parachute area, the EL stiffness, the weight of m1 and m2 cargo, the length of the cable. To confirm the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed concept, an experimental PS with a flight mass of m ≈ 10 kg was designed, prepared and tested. The parachute is made of zero porosity fabric, its area is S = 2.2 m2 It has a cylindrical skirt that is used to give stability to the PS in flight. As an EL a silicone tube is used with the length of l0 = 6 m when unstretched, but in flight under the weight of cargo ml and m2 it is stretched to l0 + Δl ≈ 17 m. The mass of the cargo ml is m1 - 5.5 kg, m2 cargo has a mass of m2 ≈ 4.5 kg. To raise the PS a two-seat hang-glider was used. The drop occurred from the height of H ≈ 200 m. The rate of decent before landing was Ve = 8...9 m/s. The analysis of the final records of dynamic overloads shows that during the entire flight, including landing, the total cargo overload ml did not exceed n = 5. Thereby operability, feasibility and the declared properties of the offered type of PS are confirmed.
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Lee, Carman K. M., Shuzhu Zhang, and Kam K. H. Ng. "Design of An Integration Model for Air Cargo Transportation Network Design and Flight Route Selection." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195197.
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Air cargo transportation is an essential component in the freight transportation market, primarily due to the transportation requirements of time-sensitive products. Air cargo transportation plays an increasingly important role alongside economic development. Cargo flight network design and fleet routing selection significantly affect the performance of the air cargo transportation. In this research, we propose an integrated model simultaneously considering cargo flight network design and the fleet routing selection for the air cargo transportation. Two transportation modes, the direct transportation mode in point-to-point networks and the transshipment mode in hub-and-spoke networks, are compared. In order to solve the proposed optimization problem, a swarm-intelligence-based algorithm is adapted. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine and validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm. The computational results suggest that the proper settings of hub and transshipment route selection in an air cargo transportation network can significantly reduce the transportation cost, which can provide practical managerial insights for the air cargo transportation industry.
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Dalvi B. Alledi, Carla Therezinha,
Enivaldo Minette,
Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque, and
Uberescilas Fernandes Polido. "Continuous flight auger pile instrumented: estimated load by semiempirical methods vs load test." Geotecnia 135 (November 2015): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24849/j.geot.2015.135.06.
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Sawyer, Mark, Gregory Schweitzer, Adam Davis, Jim Elliott, Gary Mauseth, and Travis M. Scott. "T/B APEX 3508: Best Practices for Detection and Recovery of Sunken Oil." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.134.
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ABSTRACT On September 2, 2015, two towing vessels collided on the Lower Mississippi River at Mile 937, near Columbus, Kentucky, resulting in the complete breach of the #3 starboard cargo tank on the T/B APEX 3508 and the release of 120,588 gallons of clarified slurry oil (CSO; Group V oil; Specific Gravity: 1.14) into the navigable waterway. The incident was classified as a Major Inland Spill in accordance with the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan and a Major Marine Casualty that was jointly investigated by the United States Coast Guard and the National Transportation Safety Board. Over flights conducted as far as 20 miles downriver indicated only light, sporadic sheening for 1–2 days. On-water and shoreline assessments conducted up to six miles downriver revealed no visible signs of surface oiling. Based on its properties, the vast majority of the CSO was presumed to have sunk, but its precise disposition and location was not confirmed. Using side scan sonar (SSS) technology, two distinct subsurface anomalies with an approximate combined area of 9,200 m2 were identified on the river bed in the vicinity of the incident. The anomalies were confirmed as oil by divers and direct sampling, and were then divided into 25 m grids for identification and tracking. The Unified Command evaluated best available technologies and determined that GPS guided environmental dredging would be the safest, most effective and efficient of the recovery options. The established cleanup endpoint was a maximum of 10% sporadic oil distribution in each grid. Two endangered mussel species were identified as potentially inhabiting the affected area. A diver survey was conducted in the area and concluded that bottom habitat was not likely to support the listed species. Further consultations with the resource manager indicated that proposed recovery operations posed low risk to the species. Recovery operations commenced on September 15, 2015 and concluded on September 25, 2015. Endpoint verification was conducted via SSS. In total, response operations lasted 23 days (eight operational periods), involved over 120 responders and 75 specialized response assets, and cost approximately $5 million. Approximately 2,524 m3 of dredged material (liquid and solids) were removed. After decanting, approximately 1,730 m3of oiled solids representing approximately 50 to 75% of the spilled product was recovered. This case serves as a benchmark for sunken oil detection and recovery operations, and identified many best practices that should be considered on future cases with similar spill conditions.
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Enciu, Jacob, Ajay Singh, and Joseph F. Horn. "Stabilization of External Loads in High-Speed Flight Using an Active Cargo Hook." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 65, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.65.022010.
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The use of an active cargo hook for stabilizing external loads during high-speed flight is demonstrated in simulation. A CONEX cargo container with two rear-mounted stabilization fins is used as the subject load. Significant nonlinearities in the dynamics of the external load result in multiple equilibria and limit cycle oscillations. A full-state feedback linear quadratic controller is developed assuming an isolated load in a wind tunnel model and shown to be successful in stabilizing the originally unstable load at a target airspeed of 100 kt. The design is then completed to cover the target carriage envelope from hover to high-speed flight. Simulations of a coupled system incorporating a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter with an actuated cargo hook and the external load show that the controller is successful in providing system stability throughout the target flight speed envelope.
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Lilienthal, Kimberly M. "Take flight with mathematics." Teaching Children Mathematics 19, no. 9 (May 2013): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.19.9.0546.
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Exploring airport traffic, usage, hours of operation, and security statistics are all ways to model and bring relevance to math. Students soar while exploring the mathematics of aircraft: dimensions, cargo, fuel, and passenger capacity. Comparing two airports or aircraft would be valuable ways to extend their mathematical journey.