Academic literature on the topic 'Carhart four-factor model'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Carhart four-factor model.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Carhart four-factor model"
1
Khan, Muhammad Saifuddin, and Md Miad Uddin Fahim. "THE FOUR-FACTOR MODEL AND STOCK RETURNS IN BANGLADESH." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 6, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v6i2.1122.
Full textAbstract:
For determining the expected return, and asset pricing, CAPM (Capital asset pricing model) is being used dominantly grounded on only the market (systematic) risk-factor though several anomalies have been revealed in this model. Fama and French (1993) have addressed those anomalies and developed the Three-factor model by combining size and value factors besides market factors. Over time, Carhart (1997) has further developed a model addressing momentum factor besides the three factors of Fama and French (1993) which is known as the Carhart four-factor model. Though several kinds of research have been conducted on the CAPM and three-factor model, little works have been accompanied by the Carhart four-factor model in an evolving market like Bangladesh. The goal of this work is to examine the validity of the Carhart four-factor model and examine the loftier explanatory power in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). From the regression analysis of the Carhart model, we have found that market, size, value, and momentum explain the excess stock return. This study indicates that the Carhart model has the lowest GRS F-statistic, highest adjusted R-squared, and lowest Sharpe ratio in contrast to the CAPM and three-factor model which indicates the superior explanatory power and statistical validity of the Carhart model.
JEL Classification Codes: G12, G13, G14.
2
Boamah, Nicholas Addai. "Robustness of the Carhart four-factor and the Fama-French three-factor models on the South African stock market." Review of Accounting and Finance 14, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 413–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-01-2015-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of the Fama–French and Carhart models on the South African stock market (SASM). It examines the ability of the models to capture size, book-to-market (BM) and momentum effects on the SASM. The paper, additionally, explores the ability of the Fama–French–Carhart factors to predict the future growth of the South African economy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper relies on data of 848 firms from January 1996 to April 2012 to examine the size, BM and momentum effects on the SASM. The paper constructs the test assets from a 3 × 3 sort on size and BM and a 3 × 3 sort on size and momentum. The paper estimates momentum as the past six-months’ cumulative return. The momentum portfolios are monthly rebalanced. Additionally, the size and BM portfolios are formed annually at the end of each June. Findings – Evidence is provided that size, BM and momentum effects exist on the SASM; also, the small- and high-BM firm portfolios, respectively, appear riskier than the big- and low-BM firm portfolios. The paper provides evidence of past winners outperforming past losers aside from the small-firm group. Additionally, the models only partially capture the size and value effects on the SASM. The Carhart model partly captures the momentum effects, but the Fama–French model is unable to describe the returns to the momentum-sorted portfolios. The evidence shows that the models’ factors predict future gross domestic product growth. Originality/value – The models do not fully describe returns on the SASM; any application of the models on the SASM should be done with caution. The Carhart model better describes returns than the Fama–French model on the SASM. The Fama–French–Carhart factors may relate to the underlying economic risk of the South African economy.
3
Candika, Yossy Imam. "TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CARHART MODEL FOUR FACTORS ON EXCESS RETURNS IN INDONESIA." TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business) 1, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/tijab.v1.i1.2017.60-74.
Full textAbstract:
One crucial information for investor in making their investment decision is to estimate asset-pricing level. The basic principle would be high risk, high return. This research is using Carhart model (1997): market return, size, book to market, and momentum. The goal of this research is to test and analyze the influence of Carhart Four Factor Model toward Indonesian stock' excess return. Dependent variable used in this research is stock' excess return, while independent variable used are Carhart four factor model. Population used is all non-financial firms listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia from year 2010 to 2012. Total samples are 150 firms. To test the model in this research, we firstly create ten portfolio groups by combining size-book to market and size-momentum. We use multiple regression analysis by using 10 regression analysis model based on previously built 10 portfolio combinations. Statistical test on variable excess market return toward stock return on 10 portfolio shows that there exist positive significant relationship to all models. SMB is significantly impacting portfolio return to 5 models. HML is significantly impacting portfolio return to 6 models. UMD impacting positively significant toward portfolio return on 2 models. Keywords: stock excess return, Carhart four factor model, market return, size, book to market, momentum.
4
Sehgal, Sanjay, and Sonal Babbar. "Evaluating alternative performance benchmarks for Indian mutual fund industry." Journal of Advances in Management Research 14, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 222–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-04-2016-0028.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to perform a relative assessment of performance benchmarks based on alternative asset pricing models to evaluate performance of mutual funds and suggest the best approach in Indian context. Design/methodology/approach Sample of 237 open-ended Indian equity (growth) schemes from April 2003 to March 2013 is used. Both unconditional and conditional versions of eight performance models are employed, namely, Jensen (1968) measure, three-moment asset pricing model, four-moment asset pricing model, Fama and French (1993) three-factor model, Carhart (1997) four-factor model, Elton et al. (1999) five-index model, Fama and French (2015) five-factor model and firm quality five-factor model. Findings Conditional version of Carhart (1997) model is found to be the most appropriate performance benchmark in the Indian context. Success of conditional models over unconditional models highlights that fund managers dynamically manage their portfolios. Practical implications A significant α generated over and above the return estimated using Carhart’s (1997) model reflects true stock-picking skills of fund managers and it is, therefore, worth paying an active management fee. Stock exchanges and credit rating agencies in India should construct indices incorporating size, value and momentum factors to be used for purpose of benchmarking. Originality/value The study adds new evidence as to applicability of established asset pricing models as performance benchmarks in emerging market India. It examines role of higher order moments in explaining mutual fund returns which is an under researched area.
5
Mahmud, Delvira. "Testing the Four Factors of the Carhart Model Against Excess Return of Shares in Companies Registered in the Kompas 100 Index for the 2014-2016 Period." Jambura Science of Management 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37479/jsm.v1i1.1983.
Full textAbstract:
The researcher intends to test the four carhart factor model of stock excess return in companies incorporated in Kompas 100 for the 2014-2016 period. Regression analysis was performed on four carhart factor models, namely market returns, firm size, book to market, and momentum towards excess return. The results of this study indicate that in the partial hypothesis testing market return, firm size, and book to market equty variables significantly influence the excess return, while the momentum variable does not significantly influence the magnitude of excess return.Keywords: Four factors, market returns, firm size, book to market equity, momentum, excess stock returns
6
Costa, Bruce A., Keith Jakob, Scott J. Niblock, and Elisabeth Sinnewe. "Australian Stock Indexes and the Four-Factor Model." Applied Finance Letters 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/afl.v3i1.17.
Full textAbstract:
Stock indexes are passive ‘value-weighted’ portfolios and should not have alphas which are significantly different from zero. If an index produces an insignificant alpha, then significant alphas for equity funds using this index can be attributed solely to manager performance. However, recent literature suggests that US stock indexes can demonstrate significant alphas, which ultimately raise questions regarding equity fund manager performance in both the US and abroad. In this paper, we employ the Carhart four-factor model and newly available Asian-Pacific risk factors to generate alphas and risk factor loadings for eight Australian stock indexes from January 2004 to December 2012. We find that the initial full sample period analysis does not provide indication of significant alphas in the indexes examined. However, by carrying out 36-month rolling regressions, we discover at least four significant alphas in seven of the eight indexes and factor loading variability. As previously reported in the US, this paper confirms similar issues with the four-factor model using Australian stock indexes and performance benchmarking. In effectively measuring Australian equity fund manager performance, it is therefore essential to evaluate a fund’s alpha and risk factors relative to the alpha and risk factors of the appropriate benchmark index.
7
M. Sembiring, Ferikawita, and . "How Well the Implementation of Carhart Model in Market Overreaction Condition? Evidence in Indonesia Stock Exchange." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27611.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine an ability of the four-factor model of Carhart in explaining the portfolio returns formed in condition of market overreaction. The four-factor model is basically a model proposed by Fama and French and then developed by Carhart which adds price momentum factor into the model. While market overreaction is a market condition caused by excessive reactions from investors when receiving information. The portfolios used are the winner and loser formed based on the returns of each portfolio to the average of the returns. Both portfolio consist are the stocks of non-financial sector in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period July 2005 - December 2015. The data used are the Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI), stock market capitalization, book to market ratio of each shares and the difference of returns of the loser over of the winner, as an indicator of price momentum factor that formed in market overreaction condition characterized by occurance the reversal of returns.The results show that the four-factor model can explain the portfolio return well. Implementation of the GARCH (1,1) model to improve the accuracy of the estimation results also shows similar findings.
8
Abeysekera, Amal Peter, and Nimal Pulukkuttige Don. "The Impact of the Financial Sector on Asset Pricing Tests: Evidence from the Colombo Stock Exchange." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 8, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v8i2.10056.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This paper aims to identify how the inclusion of financial sector affects the ability of asset pricing models to explain the average stock returns in the CSE. Most of the asset pricing researches, the firms in the financial sector are excluded on the basis that their characteristics and the leverage are notably different than firms in other industries. Therefore the objective of this study is to identify the impact of the inclusion of financial sector on the ability of the Carhart four-factor model to explain the average stock returns in the CSE and to compare its performance with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Fama and French three-factor model. The study finds that the four-factor model; incorporating the market premium, size premium, value premium and momentum premium provides a satisfactory explanation of the variation in the cross-section of average stock returns in the CSE, even when the financial sector is included. It is found that the Carhart four-factor model performs better than the CAPM in all scenarios; and that it performs notably better than the Fama and French three-factor model.However, there is no notable difference in the findings either the financial sector is included or not. </p>
9
Molele, Mashukudu Hartley, and Janine Mukuddem-Petersen. "Emerging market currency risk exposure: evidence from South Africa." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-07-2019-0123.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of foreign exchange exposure of listed nonfinancial firms in South Africa. The study spans the period January 2002 and November 2015. Foreign exchange risk exposure is estimated in relation to the exchange rate of the South African Rand relative to the US$, the Euro, the British Pound and the trade-weighted exchange rate index. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on the augmented-market model of Jorion (1990). The Jorion (1990) is a capital asset pricing model-inspired framework which models share returns as a function of the return on the market index and changes in the exchange rate factor. The market risk factor is meant to discount the effect of macroeconomic factors on share returns, thus isolating the foreign exchange risk factor. In addition, the study further added the size, value, momentum, investment and profitability risk factors in line with the Fama–French three-factor model, Carhart four-factor model and the Fama–French five-factor model to account for the fact that equity capital markets in countries such as South Africa are known to be partially segmented. Findings Foreign exchange risk exposure levels were estimated at more than 40% for all the proxy currencies on the basis of the standard augmented market model. However, after controlling for idiosyncratic factors, through the application of the Fama–French three-factor model, the Carhart four-factor model and the Fama–French five-factor model, exposure levels were found to range between 6.5 and 12%. Research limitations/implications These results indicate the importance of controlling for the effects of idiosyncratic facto0rs in the estimation of foreign exchange risk exposure in the context of emerging markets of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Originality/value This is the first study to apply the Fama–French three-factor model, Carhart four-factor model and the Fama–French five-factor model in the estimation of foreign exchange exposure of nonfinancial firms in the context of a SSA country. These results indicate the importance of controlling for the effects of idiosyncratic factors in the estimation of foreign exchange risk exposure in the context of emerging markets.
10
Misra, Dheeraj, Sushma Vishnani, and Ankit Mehrotra. "Four-moment CAPM Model: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 18, no. 1_suppl (April 2019): S137—S166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652719831564.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims at analysing the impact of co-skewness and co-kurtosis on the returns of the Indian stocks by incorporating co-skewness and co-kurtosis in the traditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe, in a three-factor model of Fama and French and in a four-factor model of Carhart. The results of the study show that co-skewness and co-kurtosis have significant impact on the returns of the Indian stock. However, the impact of co-skewness is higher than co-kurtosis. JEL Classification: G11, G12
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carhart four-factor model"
1
Rehnby, Nicklas. "Does the Fama-French three-factor model and Carhart four-factor model explain portfolio returns better than CAPM? : - A study performed on the Swedish stock market." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43784.
Full textAbstract:
This essay will compare the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), Fama and French threefactor model and Carhart´s four-factor model, to see which of these models that can explain portfolio excess returns best on the Swedish stock market. This thesis will tempt to validate the three and four-factor models because of the limited amount of research done on the Swedish stock market. The results indicate that the three-factor model improves explanatory power for portfolio returns in comparison to the CAPM, and the four-factor model gives a small improvement in the explanatory power compared to the three-factor model. The results also indicate that all models have a low explanatory power when the market is volatile.
2
Åman, Antti, and Toni Åman. "ESG-betygs inverkan på riskjusterad avkastning : En granskning av finansiella bolag i norden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32792.
Full textAbstract:
Syfte: Företagens påverkan på samhället kopplat till ansvarsfulla investeringar är inget nytt. De senaste årens ökade kapitalflöden från en bred samling investerare mot hållbara investeringar leder fram till den här studiens syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom en uppdelning av nordiska finansiella bolag i portföljer utifrån ESG-betyg undersöka om ESG-betyget påverkar den riskjusterade avkastningen i de olika portföljerna. För att svara på denna högaktuella fråga genomför författarna i studien en tidsresa bakåt i tiden bland tongivande forskare, och, i flera fall nobelprisvinnares finansiella teorier för att finna svar. Önskan är att binda samman dessa med 2020-talets investerare och dess frågeställning om hållbara kapitalplaceringar. Metod: Genom en kvantitativ forskningsansats avser denna att studie att kontrollera om det finns ett samband mellan finansiella bolags ESG-betyg och den riskjusterade avkastningen under perioden 2011 till 2020. Totalt analyseras 48 bolag med ESG-betyg och 84 bolag utan betyg. Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar inget tydligt samband mellan ESG-betyg och riskjusterad avkastning för nordiska finansiella bolag. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till forskningsområdena CSR, ESG-betyg och hållbara investeringar genom att visa på att dessa inte har något tydligt samband till varandra. Det praktiska bidraget visar att fondinvesterare inte bör betala en premie för hållbara fonder samt att det står aktieinvesteraren fritt att välja mellan finansiella bolag med eller utan ESG-betyg. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det föreslås att forska vidare på ämnet insiderhandel kopplat till hållbarhet, för att se om företagsledning agerar opportunistiskt på information rörande hållbarhet på ett liknade sätt som vid finansiell information.Purpose: The link between the impact of corporations on society when it comes to responsible investing is no new thing. The latest years increased capital flows from a wide range of investors to sustainable investing leads to the purpose of this study; The purpose is to investigate how ESG score is impacting the risk adjusted return in a range of portfolios based on the ESG score of the underlying companies. To answer this current question the writers are making a time travel backwards to see what the theories of renounced, and sometimes Nobel Prize awarded, scientists can tell. Then connect these theories with the investors of 2020 and their questions on sustainable investing. Method: Through a quantitative research approach, this study intends to check whether there is a connection between financial companies' ESG score and the risk-adjusted return they provide during the period 2011 to 2020. A total of 48 companies with ESG score and 84 companies without score are analyzed. Result & Conclusions: The study shows no clear relationship between ESG score and risk-adjusted return for Nordic financial corporations. Contribution & Conclusions: The study contributes to the research areas CSR, ESG score and sustainable investments by showing that these have no clear connection to each other. The practical contribution shows that fund investors should not pay a premium for sustainable funds and that it shows that stock investors can freely choose between financial companies with or without ESG score. Suggestions for future research: It is suggested to study the field of insider trading linked to sustainability, to see if that information is valued in the same way as financial information.
3
Carlsson, Sandra, and Erica Eikner. "Mutual Fund Performance : An analysis of determinants of risk-adjusted performance for mutual equity funds available for Swedish investors." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172313.
Full textAbstract:
The mutual fund industry in Sweden has grown rapidly over the past years. Research has been made on the topic for over 50 years, however there are still uncertainties about the determinants of fund performance. The purpose of this study was to examine what determines the risk-adjusted performance of mutual equity funds available to Swedish investors. A side-purpose was included to examine to what extent the Efficient Market Hypothesis holds in Sweden. A simple random sample was conducted where 500 equity funds were included. From Refinitiv/Thomson Reuters Eikon Datastream fund characteristics were downloaded. To find the abnormal return of mutual equity funds, a hybrid Fama-French Carhart factor model was used which includes both domestic Swedish factors and global factors. The model was used to calculate the yearly risk-adjusted performance for each fund using 12 months return. This was denominated Alpha which was used as the dependent variable in the regression models. Further, to determine the characteristics which affect risk-adjusted performance two multiple regression models with six independent variables and three control variables are constructed. Further, a one sample t-test was conducted to test the market efficiency for mutual funds available to Swedish investors. Eight statistical hypotheses were created and tested in which two found a significant result which were that alpha differs from zero and Total Expense Ratio determines the risk-adjusted performance. To conclude, findings showed only the character Total Expense Ratio determines risk-adjusted performance of mutual equity funds available to Swedish investors. In conclusion the control variables year, geographical focus and currency affect the fund performance. The study is an interesting aspect for Swedish investors and fund managers since the study implies deeper knowledge about the mutual fund industry in Sweden and therefore should be concerned by the variable TER to earn abnormal returns. Further, the study contributes with a theoretical discussion in line with the results concerning Efficient Market Hypothesis, the Diversification Effect and Modern Portfolio Theory. Conclusions are drawn based on our result that the Efficient Market Hypothesis does hold in the Swedish fund market. Although only one character determines the risk-adjusted performance and average investor should choose funds that follow the market, based on the skill level of average investors.
4
Ballout, Rami, and Fredrik Nygård. "Can intangibles lead to superior returns? : Global evidence on the relationship between employee satisfaction and abnormal equity returns." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73263.
Full textAbstract:
Subject background and discussion: In recent decades, issues of human rights, labor and environmental change has been hot topics world wide, which also has influenced the financial market. More and more investors use socially responsible investing (SRI) screens when constructing their portfolios. One form of SRI screen is to choose companies that have satisfied employees. Existing theory says that employee satisfaction is an intangible asset to the firm that will positively affect a firm’s performance in the future. Intangible assets are often unrecognized by the market and thereby not incorporated in the stock price. The efficient market hypothesis has been studied and debated for several decades. Proponents of the EMH argue that all available information is incorporated in the stock price, thus it is not possible to systematically beat the market. However, EMH is controversial, since research has shown different results regarding the possibility to make abnormal return from various investing strategy. Research question: Is it possible to make abnormal returns by investing in a portfolio of worldwide firms with top scores on the SRI screen employee satisfaction? Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to examine investor’s possibility to make abnormal return with controls for multiple risk factors by investing in worldwide firms with top scores in employee satisfaction. One sub-purpose is to examine how the market values intangibles depending on the degree of market efficiency. Another sub-purpose of the study is to test two different portfolio weighting methodologies, equally- and value weighted, and observe the differences between them. Theory: This study deals with the efficient market hypothesis and the concepts of SRI, employee satisfaction, intangible assets and several risk-adjusted measurements. Method: We have chosen to perform a quantitative study with a deductive approach to answer our research question. We used a sample size of 696 firms based on “Great Place to Works”- lists of companies with high employee satisfaction to construct sex portfolios with different holding periods and strategies. These portfolios have been explored and tested significantly with both equally and value weighted methods. Result/Analysis: The study finds significant evidence of an average annual abnormal return of 3,66% and 2,43% for our main portfolio over the market for equally- and value weighted, respectively, using the three-factor model. When adjusting for momentum, thus employing the four-factor model, all the predictive variables still identify strong persistence in the abnormal return, with statistical significance. Conclusion: The results show that it is possible to make abnormal returns, during the observed time period, regardless of the weighing methodology, although the equally weighted received higher abnormal returns. Thus, the market efficiency appears to be in weak form and does not fully value intangibles.
5
Lennhammer, Fredrik. ""European utilities´ response to Covid-19"." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/114482.
Full textAbstract:
This Work Project studies the Coronavirus impact on the stocks’ returns of four European utility companies. The method followed is the event study, performed on three dates between February and March 2020. In computing the abnormal and cumulative abnormal returns, it was implemented the Carhart Four Factor Model, the Fama- French and the market model. From the results, these four companies present resilience due to low values and significance of the HML factors. However, moving towards the end of March they reflect an increase in market betas for all the companies, enlarging the exposure to the systematic risk.
6
du, Plessis Ruschelle. "Performance of socially responsible investment funds in South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/17040.
Full textAbstract:
Socially responsible investing has presented itself as a growing, multifaceted, advanced and sophisticated investment philosophy. Socially responsible investment (SRI) involves incorporating social, ethical and responsible investment objectives with financial investment objectives during the investment decision-making process. Social, ethical and responsible investment objectives are set in line with environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) criteria which are established within the SRI strategy followed. SRI strategies include screening (negative, positive and best-of-sector), shareholder activism and cause-based investing.
Although international SRI markets such as that of the United States of America and the United Kingdom are sophisticated and established markets, the South African SRI market is still relatively new and is yet to reach its full potential. Thus, as a growing market, little research regarding the long term risk-adjusted performance of SRI funds in South Africa has been conducted. The long term risk-adjusted performance of the sample of SRI funds was measured through the use of five risk-adjusted performance measures, namely the Treynor ratio, Sharpe ratio, Jensen’s alpha, Sortino ratio and Omega ratio, and through the use of three performance measurement models which included the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), Fama-French three-factor model and Carhart four-factor model.
The risk-adjusted performance of the sample of SRI funds was measured with the intent to establish if these funds out- or underperformed against three benchmark categories, namely the Financial Times Stock Exchange/Johannesburg Stock Exchange (FTSE/JSE) SRI Index, a matched sample of conventional investment (non-SRI) funds and the FTSE/JSE All Share Index. The probable effect of the 2007/08 global financial crisis was also measured to analyse whether such a hazardous market event affected the performance of the SRI funds.
According to the results and findings, the risk-adjusted performance of the SRI funds has improved over the research period. However, the SRI funds neither outperformed nor underperformed against the three benchmark categories over the research period. The performance measurement models’ analysis indicated that the SRI funds were less sensitive to market fluctuations, more exposed to small capitalisation portfolios, more growth-oriented, and exhibited significant momentum after the period of the 2007/08 global financial crisis. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the SRI funds significantly underperformed against the non-SRI funds during the Performance of socially responsible investment funds in South Africa
research period. Mixed results were obtained with regards to the probable effect of the 2007/08 global financial crisis on the performance of the SRI funds.
7
Faro, Miguel Bernardo Dias. "Real estate investment trusts : a historical performance analysis." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32094.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese avalia a performance e os riscos de três Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) portfólios: EREIT, MREIT e AREIT. O portfólio EREIT é composto apenas por ações REIT, MREIT é composto por ações REIT hipotecárias e AREIT composto por ambas as ações descritas. Ao analisar os retornos excessivos, desvio padrão e Sharpe Ratio, os resultados sugerem que o portfólio que contém ambos os tipos de ações REIT (AREIT) teve a melhor performance de todos, para o período em análise (janeiro de 2000 até janeiro de 2020). A performance dos índices S&P500 e Russell 2000 foi igualmente avaliada. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o Russell 2000 teve melhor performance do que o índice S&P500. Quando todos os ativos foram comparados - MREIT, EREIT, AREIT, S&P500 e Russell 2000 – verificou-se que o portfólio que contém ambos os tipos de ações REIT (AREIT) teve a melhor performance, para o período em análise. O presente trabalho desenvolve a sua análise ao estudar a capacidade explicativa que o modelo de três fatores de Fama e French (1992), o modelo de três fatores de Fama e French (1992) aumentado com o fator momento (MOM) do modelo de Carhart (1997) e ainda o modelo de cinco fatores de Fama e French (2015) têm em explicar os retornos excessivos em cada um dos portfólios REIT. Os resultados obtidos sugerem os fatores MKTRF, SMB e HML como sendo os mais capazes de explicar os retornos excessivos. Quando comparando qual ou quais os modelos mais válidos para explicar os retornos de cada um dos portfólios REIT, verificou-se que o modelo de três fatores de Fama e French (1992) é o único capaz de os explicar. Verificou-se igualmente que o modelo de quatro fatores de Carhart (1997) e o modelo de cinco fatores de Fama e French (2015) não acrescentam valor, ao não serem capazes de explicar os retornos excessivos em cada portfólio.This paper examines the performance and risk sensitivities of three (Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) portfolios, when compared to more conventional funds: MREIT, EREIT and AREIT. The MREIT portfolio includes only the returns on investment of mortgage REIT stocks (MREIT), the EREIT portfolio includes the returns on investment of equity REIT stocks (EREIT) and the AREIT portfolio includes the returns on investment of both equity and mortgage REIT stocks (AREIT). Analyzing excess returns, standard deviation and Sharpe Ratio, results suggest that the portfolio holding all types of REIT stocks (AREIT) was the most attractive investment during the twenty-year period covered (January 2000 - January 2020). The performance of a large capitalization index (S&P500) and a small capitalization index (Russell 2000) were also tested. Results suggest that the Russell 2000 index outperformed the S&P500 index. When risk-adjusted returns of all commodities were evaluated - MREIT, EREIT, AREIT, S&P500 index and Russell 2000 index - results obtained indicate the AREIT portfolio as the one which performed the best among all. This thesis broadens its scope evaluating the explanatory capacity for the Fama and French (1992) asset pricing model augmented with the Carhart (1997) momentum factor and the Fama and French (2015) five-factor model to help explain excess returns in REIT portfolios. Results suggest the market risk-free (MKTRF), small minus big (SMB) factor and the high minus low (HML) factors, as the main variables capable of explaining their excess returns. Results also show that the Fama and French (1992) three-factor model is the most capable at explaining the REIT portfolio excess returns. It was also shown that Carhart (1997) four-factor model and Fama and French (2015) are insufficient at explaining excess returns in any REIT portfolio.
8
Arvidsson, Ulrica, and Ebba Ljungbergh. "Socially Responsible Investments : Are investors paying a price for investing ethically?" Thesis, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27150.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the difference in performance and management fees between ethical and conventional mutual funds registered in Sweden. Our dataset consists of 49 ethical and 254 conventional funds, estimated on a 10-year period of time between January 2005 to January 2015. Jensen’s alpha is used as a measure for risk-adjusted performance and estimated through CAPM single-index model as well as by Carhart’s four-factor model. By adding back the management fees to the net returns and then estimate Jensen’s alpha by Carhart’s four-factor model once again, evidence of any differences in the impact on return between ethical and conventional funds is found. The results obtained from the study show that there is no difference in neither the risk-adjusted returns nor management fees between ethical and conventional funds. It is concluded that Swedish mutual fund investors are not paying a specific price in terms of reduced returns or higher management fees for putting social and ethical values into their financial investment decision.
Conference papers on the topic "Carhart four-factor model"
1
Banerjee, Arindam, Gautam Bandyopadhyay, Anupam De, and L. Ramani. "A Study on Carhart four-factor model in the perspective of Indian market." In 2014 2nd International Conference on Business and Information Management (ICBIM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbim.2014.6970976.
Full text