Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caribou des bois – Habitat'
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Stronen, Astrid Vik. "Habitat selection and calf survival in the Telkwa caribou herd, British Columbia, 1997-2000." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ66939.pdf.
Full textLemay, Evelyne. "Conséquences de l'arbustation sur les ressources alimentaires estivales du caribou migrateur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67572.
Full textShrub expansion in arctic and subarctic regions has been widely observed over the last decades, raising questions about implications on the food resources of large herbivores. Increased snow cover and attenuation of light created by a denser shrub canopy can lead to changes in quantity and nutritional quality of resources for caribou (Rangifer tarandus), an arctic herbivore. Our main objective was to determine the effects of a deeper snow cover and light attenuation throughout a growing season on the quantity and quality of two major components of migratory caribou’s diet: dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) and sedges (Carex spp.). Using a controlled experiment, we demonstrated that shading improved the nutritional quality of birch and sedges throughout the growing season by increasing nitrogen concentration and decreasing total phenol concentration in leaves. The combination of deeper snow cover and full light increased the biomass of leaves produced by B. glandulosa, which increased the quantity of food available for caribou. Our results support that our experimental treatments had a positive impact on some food resources for migratory caribou. Since shrub densification may have nutritional impacts on other groups of plant species, we propose to continue research on other food components of migratory caribou, such as lichens and forbs.
Gagné, Caroline. "Le potentiel de compétition apparente entre l’orignal (Alces alces) et le caribou forestier (Rangifer tarandus caribou) varie le long d’un gradient latitudinal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25498.
Full textMoose benefit from deciduous vegetation that becomes increasingly available during the regeneration of logged forests. This numerical response of moose populations can lead to an increase in gray wolf abundance, which impacts forest-dwelling caribou populations. This study evaluates if the contribution of logging to such apparent competition could vary along the latitudinal axis. We modelled habitat selection behaviour of moose, wolves and caribous monitored by telemetry. After controlling for time since harvest, deciduous vegetation availability decreased with increasing latitude. Moose and wolves avoided cutovers with low deciduous vegetation availability, while they selected harvested stands with high deciduous vegetation availability. Caribou avoided cutovers, and their avoidance increased with the level of deciduous regeneration. The co-occurrence between moose and wolves in cutovers increased with deciduous vegetation availability. Therefore, the contribution of logging to the apparent competition in the moose-wolf-caribou system should be stronger in southern than in northern boreal forest.
Losier, Chrystel. "Les réponses fonctionnelles dans la sélection de l'habitat influencent la survie du caribou forestier ( Rangifer tarandus ) en fôret boréale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30448/30448.pdf.
Full textThe goal of this study was to determine the link between functional responses in habitat selection and adult survival in forest-dwelling woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus). A functional response occurs when the selection for a cover type varies as a function of its availability or the availability of another cover type. Habitat selection was modeled for 83 caribou, of which 20 died during the monitoring period. A strong probability of occurrence in proximity to cutovers was associated with a high mortality risk, especially if the probability increased with the abundance of cuts. In addition, caribou avoided mixed stands, and this avoidance was especially strong for individuals with a high proportion of cuts in their home range. This behaviour was similar for caribou that died and those that survived the monitoring period. Thus, functional responses are not necessarily adaptive behaviours and may reflect decisions compromising survival.
Moreau, Guillaume. "Réponse fonctionnelle dans la sélection d'habitat du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28843/28843.pdf.
Full textTaillon, Joëlle. "Condition physique, allocation maternelle et utilisation spatio-temporelle des aires de mise bas du caribou migrateur, rangifer tarandus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29639/29639.pdf.
Full textCyr, Guillaume. "Optimisation de la récolte de bois dans un contexte de protection de l'habitat du caribou forestier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30624/30624.pdf.
Full textBeguin, Julien. "Analyse spatiale, sélection des paysages et stratégies de conservation en présence de régimes multiples de perturbation : le cas du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30203/30203.pdf.
Full textLinking spatial patterns of species distribution and population dynamics with biotic and abiotic processes is central to inform effective conservation planning for endangered species. This thesis investigated how linking spatial patterns of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), hereafter boreal caribou, to processes can 1) improve our understanding of landscape selection of this ecotype and 2) inform the efficiency of current land use policies in practice. I first present a new powerful numerical method that allows integrating properly spatial information present in species distribution data to make accurate statistical inference. This method uses integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) as an alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. I show that, in addition of being accurate and rapid, the use of INLA with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models efficiently accounted for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals and fairly evaluated uncertainty in parameter estimates and predictions. I then used INLA to test which ecological processes, among climate and the distance to roads, drove the existence of geographical patterns in boreal caribou landscape selection. Data supported road-driven selection over a climate influence. Moreover, I show that boreal caribou avoidance of logged areas was two-fold stronger than burned areas. Together these results indicated that limiting the spread of road networks and accounting for the uneven impact of logging compared to wildfire should be integral parts of any habitat management plan and conservation measures within the range of this ecotype. Finally, I use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to explore how spatial interactions among protected area networks, industrial forestry and fire regimes impacted the population dynamics of boreal caribou and the economic costs related to forest management. I show that the current policy of conservation planning and forest management in the Côte-Nord region in Québec is unlikely to be sustainable for either boreal caribou conservation or timber supply mainly because of current overestimated planned harvest levels. Fire increased antagonisms between current practices of forest management and habitat conservation, irrespective of the presence of salvage logging. This study illustrates that efficient conservation planning requires a better understanding of spatial interactions among population dynamics, protected area networks, forest management, and fire regimes.
Bélanger, Édouard. "Sélection de l'habitat, dynamique de population et utilisation de l'espace du caribou des monts Torngat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27772.
Full textThe Torngat Mountains caribou herd in northeastern Québec-Labrador is rapidly declining. Few studies have examined the causes of this decline and little is known about the habitat selection, survival and space use of this herd. Using 35 caribou equipped with satellite collars between 2011 and 2015, we evaluated the Torngat Mountains caribou habitat selection at two different spatial and temporal scales, survival, and effect of harvest on future population trends. We also evaluated the Torngat Mountains caribou space use in relationship with its neighbor, the Rivière-George migratory caribou. We found little variation in habitat selection between the two spatial scales studied. However, there was variation in factors limiting habitat selection among different seasons. Habitat selection was primarily driven by resource availability and abundance during winter and pre-calving, by insect avoidance in summer and by the presence of graminoids during the rut. Although predation is known to be the main limiting factor of caribou populations and habitat selection by female caribou during calving, we found no evidence of predator avoidance behavior during this season. Moreover, we showed that the population decline was primarily attributed to low survival of adult females due to subsistence hunting and predation. We also found that the overlap between the two populations has decreased in the last 25 years due to a decline in Rivière-George herd abundance. This could result in decreased genetic exchanges and immigration between herds. Using demographic models, we showed that the Torngat Mountains caribou would rapidly decline if no management actions were taken to increase adult survival.
Bichet, Orphé. "L'aménagement de l'habitat du caribou forestier permet-il la conservation de la biodiversité?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30642/30642.pdf.
Full textThis study assessed the effect of habitat management for the recovery of boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus) on the diversity of boreal birds. An index of occupancy was estimated for 29 bird species from surveyed data, and then compared among seven simulated landscapes contrasting in cut-block distribution and harvest rotation. Whereas cut-block distribution had little effect on bird assemblages, bird diversity was better maintained under a 100-year harvest rotation than a 60-year rotation. Bird assemblages for both harvest rotations differed significantly from assemblages expected in an uncut landscape, implying that rotations shorter than natural disturbance cycles could affect regional biodiversity. Our method thus allows the assessment of the long-term impact of various management strategies on biodiversity prior their implementation. On this basis, we showed that the current habitat management guidelines for boreal caribou recovery would not be sufficient to conserve bird diversity in the boreal forest.
Prima, Marie-Caroline. "Utilisation de l'espace par les grands herbivores dans un environnement hétérogène et dynamique : méthodologie et applications." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34748.
Full textIn my thesis, I develop mechanistic models of space use based on animal movement, to understand and to predict population distribution in heterogeneous and dynamic landscapes. Used and developed methodologies couple mathematical modelling of the spatio-temporal dynamics of animal movement together with statistical analysis of simulated and empirical movement datasets. In my first chapter, I proceed in a series of simulations to clarify how many clusters are needed when using generalized estimating equations to correctly account for the correlation in movement data and to obtain robust inference on habitat selection. My simulations reveal that 30 independent individuals, each assigned to a cluster, are sufficient to avoid biased evaluation of the uncertainty on habitat selection along movement in heterogeneous environments. When less than 30 individuals are available, destructive sampling can be used but solely when temporal correlation is present and inter-individual heterogeneity is low in the data. In my second chapter, I develop a statistical movement model that allows to identify successive behavioral phases (e.g., foraging phase, inter-patch movement) together with behavior-specific habitat selection parameters, over the whole population and using temporally irregular data. Analysis of simulated and empirical movement data from three large herbivores including plains bison (Bison bison bison), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and plains zebra (Equus quagga) show the robustness and the high predictive capacity of the model. This statistical tool is also flexible since I assess multiple ecological processes from those datasets such as foraging behavior, migratory behavior or prey-predator interactions. In addition, I show how accounting for behavioral phases in habitat selection analysis is crucial to correctly characterize habitat selection along animal movement. In my third chapter, I develop a mathematical framework to couple movement of individuals among a network of resource patches with residency time in patches to mechanistically predict space use in heterogeneous landscapes. In addition, I illustrate a methodology to identify and predict the most representative theoretical network for the target species. I show from model application on data of plains bison that the theoretical network topology is crucial to correctly infer population space use and implement realistic management and conservation planning. In my chapter 4, I empirically assess the robustness of a network of resource patches following landscape fragmentation from anthropogenic source. The analysis shows that woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) reconnect some patches, thus causing robustness in their spatial networks. However, predictions on space use from the mechanistic model developed in chapter 3 reveal that, despite the rewiring, patch use change following the fragmentation. Moreover, this change is stronger when the most connected patches (i.e., the hubs) are impacted. My thesis provides a methodological contribution to better account for correlation in movement data and integrate behavioral phases in habitat selection analysis in heterogeneous landscapes. Besides, my work links network theory and space use to mechanistically predict population distribution in heterogeneous and dynamic environments. My research also assesses the context in which network theory can be applied to spatial ecology. Finally, my thesis improves our mechanistic understanding of animal movement in four species of large herbivores.
Anderson, Robert B. "Peatland habitat use and selection by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northern Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ47003.pdf.
Full textWhite, Lori. "Long-term Habitat Trends in Barren-ground Caribou." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23752.
Full textHirai, Tamaki. "An evaluation of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) calving habitat in the Wabowden area, Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ32130.pdf.
Full textWilson, John E. "Habitat characteristics of late wintering areas used by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northeastern Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61308.pdf.
Full textMartinez, Isabel M. "Winter habitat use by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in the Owl Lake region of Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ41662.pdf.
Full textCampeau, Allen. "Remotely-sensed changes in the primary productivity of migratory caribou calving grounds and summer pasture : the mixed influences of climate change and caribou herbivory." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27199.
Full textThis thesis used remote sensing to examine how changes in caribou abundance can impact forage availability, and how these changes might in turn affect the population dynamics and space use patterns of migratory caribou. We investigated these relationships for the Rivière-George caribou herd (RGH) and its calving grounds and summer range in Northern Quebec and Labrador (Canada) from 1991-2011. We modelled the relationships between primary productivity and various climatic variables, allowing us to isolate the effects of non-climatic factors, such as caribou herbivory, on primary productivity. We found a negative relationship between caribou density and primary productivity at the range-scale, suggesting that caribou herbivory can reduce forage abundance and contribute to habitat degradation. However, a strong warming trend over the study period, coupled with a decline in RGH population size, meant that we observed a trend towards higher primary productivity. This greening trend may represent vegetation recovery following the reduction in caribou herbivory and/or an effect of climate warming.
Wolfe, Scott Adrian. "Habitat selection by calving caribou of the central arctic herd, 1980-95." PURL, 2000. http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/76789631.pdf.
Full textStepaniuk, Darin W. "Planning for woodland caribou winter habitat needs in west-central Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22677.pdf.
Full textCichowski, Deborah B. "Seasonal movements, habitat use, and winter feeding ecology of woodland caribou in West-Central British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28941.
Full textForestry, Faculty of
Graduate
Gagnon, Marianne, and Marianne Gagnon. "Associations entre la diversité génétique et la performance individuelle chez le caribou migrateur (Rangifer tarandus) du nord du Québec et du Labrador." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32635.
Full textLes liens entre la diversité génétique et la performance individuelle peuvent révéler l’existence de dépression de consanguinité ou de sélection naturelle à certains loci fonctionnels dans une population. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l’association de la diversité génétique avec des traits de performance (survie annuelle et masse corporelle) chez le caribou migrateur appartenant à deux populations en déclin au Québec et au Labrador. Nous avons évalué la diversité génétique à deux échelles génétiques: i) à l’échelle du génome (22073 polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples) et ii) chez un locus (DRB) du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH), un gène d’immunité. Pendant les 20 années de notre période d’échantillonnage, la diversité génétique globale et celle du locus CMH-DRB sont restées stables. La diversité génétique globale n’était pas associée aux traits de performance, mais la diversité fonctionnelle de CMH-DRB était associée négativement à la survie annuelle des adultes. Par ailleurs, nous avons détecté une faible différentiation génétique entre les deux troupeaux qui étaient considérés jusqu’ici comme une seule population d’un point de vue génétique. Nos résultats suggèrent que le déclin rapide des deux troupeaux de caribous n’a pas entraîné de perte de diversité génétique, même si une augmentation de la dérive génétique pourrait être à l’origine de la structure génétique observée. Ils supportent aussi l’hypothèse qu’il n’y aurait pas de dépression de consanguinité dans les troupeaux, malgré leur déclin démographique marqué. L’association négative de la diversité au CMH avec la survie que nous avons détectée va à l’encontre de la majorité des études publiées sur ce sujet, qui montrent en général une association positive. Nos résultats suggèrent que la diversité au CMH n’est peut-être pas avantageuse dans des écosystèmes où la diversité de pathogènes est faible ou dans lesquels l’abondance de pathogènes change rapidement en réponse aux changements climatiques.
Associations between genetic diversity and individual performance may indicate inbreeding depression or selective pressures applied on some functional loci in a population. In this study, we looked at the association of genetic diversity with performance traits (annual survival and body mass) in migratory caribou of two declining herds in Québec and Labrador. We assessed genetic diversity at two genetic scales: i) genome-wide diversity estimated with 22,073 single nucleotide polymorphisms and ii) diversity of one locus (DRB) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During the 20-year sampling period, genome-wide and MHC-DRB diversity remained stable. Genome-wide diversity was not associated with performance, but MHC-DRB functional diversity showed a negative association with annual survival of adults. Furthermore, we found a slight differentiation of the two herds that were considered until now as a single population from a genetic point of view. Our results suggest that the rapid decline of both herds did not lead to a loss of genetic diversity, even though an increase in genetic drift could be responsible for the genetic structure we observed. They also suggest that the herds do not suffer from inbreeding depression despite their marked decline. The negative association of MHC-DRB diversity with survival is opposite to the majority of studies published on this matter that usually show a positive association. Our results suggest that MHC diversity might not be beneficial in ecosystems with low pathogen diversity or in which pathogen abundance changes quickly in response to climate change.
Associations between genetic diversity and individual performance may indicate inbreeding depression or selective pressures applied on some functional loci in a population. In this study, we looked at the association of genetic diversity with performance traits (annual survival and body mass) in migratory caribou of two declining herds in Québec and Labrador. We assessed genetic diversity at two genetic scales: i) genome-wide diversity estimated with 22,073 single nucleotide polymorphisms and ii) diversity of one locus (DRB) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During the 20-year sampling period, genome-wide and MHC-DRB diversity remained stable. Genome-wide diversity was not associated with performance, but MHC-DRB functional diversity showed a negative association with annual survival of adults. Furthermore, we found a slight differentiation of the two herds that were considered until now as a single population from a genetic point of view. Our results suggest that the rapid decline of both herds did not lead to a loss of genetic diversity, even though an increase in genetic drift could be responsible for the genetic structure we observed. They also suggest that the herds do not suffer from inbreeding depression despite their marked decline. The negative association of MHC-DRB diversity with survival is opposite to the majority of studies published on this matter that usually show a positive association. Our results suggest that MHC diversity might not be beneficial in ecosystems with low pathogen diversity or in which pathogen abundance changes quickly in response to climate change.
Atkinson, Brain M. "Characterization and delineation of caribou habitat on Unimak Island using remote sensing techniques." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1566796.
Full textThe assessment of herbivore habitat quality is traditionally based on quantifying the forages available to the animal across their home range through ground-based techniques. While these methods are highly accurate, they can be time-consuming and highly expensive, especially for herbivores that occupy vast spatial landscapes. The Unimak Island caribou herd has been decreasing in the last decade at rates that have prompted discussion of management intervention. Frequent inclement weather in this region of Alaska has provided for little opportunity to study the caribou forage habitat on Unimak Island. The overall objectives of this study were two-fold 1) to assess the feasibility of using high-resolution color and near-infrared aerial imagery to map the forage distribution of caribou habitat on Unimak Island and 2) to assess the use of a new high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery platform, RapidEye, and use of the "red-edge" spectral band on vegetation classification accuracy. Maximum likelihood classification algorithms were used to create land cover maps in aerial and satellite imagery. Accuracy assessments and transformed divergence values were produced to assess vegetative spectral information and classification accuracy. By using RapidEye and aerial digital imagery in a hierarchical supervised classification technique, we were able to produce a high resolution land cover map of Unimak Island. We obtained overall accuracy rates of 71.4 percent which are comparable to other land cover maps using RapidEye imagery. The "red-edge" spectral band included in the RapidEye imagery provides additional spectral information that allows for a more accurate overall classification, raising overall accuracy 5.2 percent.
Le, Corre Mael René Vincent. "Influence du climat, de la disponibilité des ressources et de la taille des populations sur la phénologie et les patrons de migration du caribou migrateur, "Rangifer tarandus"." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27020.
Full textSeveral populations of migratory species are actually declining. Climate changes affect the habitat of migratory species and the phenology of natural processes, and impact the migration, a critical period for migratory species. Thus, it is crucial to understand how environmental and climatic variables affect the timing and the patterns of migration. This thesis assesses the impact of climate, food resources and competition on the spring and fall migrations of migratory caribou, Rangifer tarandus, from the Rivière-George (RGH) and Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) herds, in Northern Québec and Labrador. The first part of my thesis presents an objective approach, based on the detection of changes in the structure of seasonal movements, to assess the departure and the arrival dates of the migrations. The approach was validated on simulated paths, and was then applied on the spring and fall migrations of female caribou. The second part focuses on the impact of environmental conditions on the phenology of the spring and fall migrations. It revealed that migration is mainly affected by the climatic conditions encountered during migration, snow conditions partly determining the cost of movements. In the spring, caribou suffer from adverse conditions when the snowmelt is early. In the fall, caribou adjust their movements and migrate faster when snowfall occurs early to limit the cost of moving through deep snow. The third part of my thesis focuses on fall migration patterns and revealed that migration patterns are mainly affected by intra- and inter-herds competition for the winter ranges. Caribou from RGH migrate preferentially toward the furthest winter ranges in response to increased competition, linked with a high population size, limiting the competition on the closest winter ranges. The use of the winter ranges by caribou from RFH is constrained by the abundance of RGH. This constraint decreased as RGH declined and abandoned the migrations toward the winter ranges commonly used by both herds. My thesis increases our knowledge of the environmental factors that affect the phenology and patterns of caribou migrations. This knowledge is useful to understand the impact of climate changes and establish conservation plans for migratory species.
Vanlandeghem, Virginie, and Virginie Vanlandeghem. "Modélisation des effets de la configuration spatiale des interventions de coupes sur la mortalité du caribou des bois en forêt boréale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37594.
Full textCe projet vise à évaluer l’effet de la configuration spatiale des coupes forestières et des routes sur la mortalité des adultes du caribou des bois (Ranfiger tarandus), écotype forestier, dans des paysages habités par le loup gris (Canis lupus) et une proie alternative, l’orignal (Alces alces). Nous avons utilisé un modèle centré sur l’individu pour modéliser les déplacements d’agents, représentant des individusfictifs de chaque espèce, dans des environnements virtuels. Les agents se déplaçaient selon des règles de déplacement établies à partir de l’analyse des données de suivis télémétriques de caribous, d’orignaux et de loups. Les environnements virtuels étaient façonnés par différents aménagements forestiers se distinguant par leur niveau de perturbations et par la configuration spatiale des coupes et du réseau routier. Le nombre de caribous morts par la prédation augmentait avec le niveau de perturbations des scénarios d’aménagement forestier. De plus, pour un même niveau de perturbations, la mortalité des caribous différait selon la configuration spatiale des activités forestières. Le risque de prédation des caribous était plus élevé lorsque la configuration des coupes dans le paysage engendrait un dense et vaste réseau routier et une fragmentation importante de l’habitat du caribou. Ainsi, en plus du niveau de perturbations, les plans de gestion de l’habitat de l’écotype forestier du caribou des bois devraient prendre en compte l’effet de la configuration spatiale des coupes et des routes sur la mortalité du caribou afin d’atténuer l’impact dela prédation sur ces populations dû à l’extraction des ressources.
The aim of this project was to assess the impact of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on adult mortality of the boreal ecotype of woodland caribou (Ranfiger tarandus)in landscapes inhabited by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and an alternative prey, the moose (Alces alces). We used an individual-based model to simulate movements of agents, which are virtual individuals of each species, moving in virtual landscapes. Agents moved according to movement rules determined from field studies conducted on radio-collared caribou, moose and wolves. Virtual landscapes were shaped by various forest managements, differing in disturbance level sand spatial configuration of cuts and roads. The number of caribou killed by wolves increased with increasing disturbance levels. Also, for a given level of disturbance, caribou mortality varied with the spatial distribution of forest activities. Predation risk of caribou was higher in landscapes with extensive road networksand high degree of forest fragmentation. Thus, habitat management plans for boreal caribou should not only focus on assessing habitat disturbance thresholds but also consider the effect of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on caribou mortality in order to reduce the impact of predation due to natural resource extraction on the ecotype’s populations.
The aim of this project was to assess the impact of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on adult mortality of the boreal ecotype of woodland caribou (Ranfiger tarandus)in landscapes inhabited by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and an alternative prey, the moose (Alces alces). We used an individual-based model to simulate movements of agents, which are virtual individuals of each species, moving in virtual landscapes. Agents moved according to movement rules determined from field studies conducted on radio-collared caribou, moose and wolves. Virtual landscapes were shaped by various forest managements, differing in disturbance level sand spatial configuration of cuts and roads. The number of caribou killed by wolves increased with increasing disturbance levels. Also, for a given level of disturbance, caribou mortality varied with the spatial distribution of forest activities. Predation risk of caribou was higher in landscapes with extensive road networksand high degree of forest fragmentation. Thus, habitat management plans for boreal caribou should not only focus on assessing habitat disturbance thresholds but also consider the effect of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on caribou mortality in order to reduce the impact of predation due to natural resource extraction on the ecotype’s populations.
Deuling, Medina J. "Quantification and assessment of caribou habitat fragmentation, an integrated remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology method." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ49605.pdf.
Full textRickbeil, Gregory James Melville. "How are changing environmental conditions affecting barren ground caribou movement and habitat use in Canada’s north?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62178.
Full textForestry, Faculty of
Graduate
Plante, Sabrina, and Sabrina Plante. "Effets simples et cumulés des perturbations humaines sur l'utilisation de l'habitat et la survie du caribou migrateur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38097.
Full textLes perturbations humaines sont en augmentation dans de nombreuses régions du monde et entraînent des conséquences graves sur les écosystèmes. Les régions nordiques et arctiques pourraient être particulièrement touchées par le développement anthropique à cause du fort potentiel en ressources naturelles et la faible résilience de ces écosystèmes. Le caribou migrateur (Rangifer tarandus) est au coeur de ces préoccupations puisqu’il constitue une espèce clé de cet écosystème. La majorité des troupeaux de caribous est toutefois en déclin et la nature généralisée et parfois synchrone de ces déclins suggère que des changements globaux, comme les changements climatiques et le développement anthropique, pourraient être responsables. Dans le nord du Québec et au Labrador, les caribous migrateurs des troupeaux Rivière-aux-Feuilles (TRAF) et Rivière-George (TRG) ne font pas exception à la tendance observée. Ces troupeaux ont subi une importante diminution au cours des dernières décennies. Simultanément à ces déclins, la région a connu une augmentation marquée des activités humaines, particulièrement dans le secteur minier. Toutefois, la contribution des perturbations humaines aux déclins de populations actuellement observés reste inconnue. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je me suis intéressée à quantifier les effets des perturbations humaines sur l’utilisation de l’espace et la survie des caribous migrateurs du TRAF et TRG. Mes travaux sont divisés en quatre objectifs : 1) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le comportement des caribous en évaluant l’impact des infrastructures linéaires sur les déplacements et en estimant les zones d’influence autour des infrastructures; 2) Évaluer la perte cumulée d’habitat associée à l’évitement des perturbations; 3) Évaluer l’effet des perturbations humaines sur la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive; 4) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le risque de mortalité des caribous et leur importance relative par rapport aux facteurs naturels; Mes travaux ont démontré que les caribous migrateurs répondent aux perturbations humaines à différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. À fine échelle, les caribous accéléraient leurs déplacements lors de la traversée d’une route. Une des routes sur l’aire de répartition du TRAF (route Raglan) semblait jouer un rôle de barrière aux mouvements des caribous. Les caribous évitaient les infrastructures sur des distances pouvant aller jusqu’à 23 km et l’évitement semblait exacerbé durant la période de chasse sportive. À plus large échelle, l’évitement des infrastructures s’est traduit en une perte cumulée d’habitat qui pouvait atteindre jusqu’à 30% des aires saisonnières et jusqu’à 37% des habitats fortement utilisés par les caribous. Mes travaux ont également démontré que la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive était principalement affectée par les caractéristiques du paysage qui influencent la visibilité et l’accessibilité des chasseurs aux zones de chasse. Les caribous étaient plus vulnérables sur les lacs gelés, près des infrastructures de chasse, comme les pourvoiries et les routes, et dans les terrains moins accidentés. Ces résultats suggèrent que le développement anthropique pourrait augmenter l’accessibilité des chasseurs sur l’aire de répartition des caribous et donc augmenter leur vulnérabilité à la chasse. Finalement, mes travaux ont permis de démontrer que les perturbations humaines ont des effets négatifs limités sur le risque de mortalité des caribous. Leurs effets étaient typiquement moins forts que les facteurs naturels, tels que les patrons individuels d’utilisation de l’habitat, le risque de prédation et les conditions météorologiques, pour expliquer les variations du risque de mortalité des caribous. Ces résultats suggèrent que les impacts des perturbations humaines sur la survie des caribous sont limités, mais sont néanmoins présents. Le développement humain se poursuit dans les régions nordiques, ce qui pourrait rendre les caribous de plus en plus vulnérables aux impacts négatifs des perturbations humaines. Le niveau actuel de développement anthropique étant actuellement faible dans la région, il est possible de suggérer un changement dans l’élaboration et l’application de mesures de gestion pour les populations de caribou migrateur. Au lieu de tenter de mettre en place des mesures de gestion et de restauration coûteuses, il est encore possible aujourd’hui de restreindre le développement dans les zones critiques pour le caribou. Une approche proactive serait plus efficace afin de limiter les impacts négatifs sur la distribution et l’abondance des caribou. Les changements climatiques constituent une menace grandissante pour les populations de caribous, l’atténuation des impacts anthropiques pourrait donc augmenter la résilience des populations à ces changements globaux.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Rasiulis, Alexandre. "Survie et dynamique de population des caribous migrateurs du Québec-Labrador." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26075.
Full textInformation on how demographic parameters such as survival and reproduction vary over time is central to understanding populationdynamics. We estimated annual survival of more than 700 marked migratory caribou in two herds in Quebec-Labrador between 1991 and 2012. In addition, we tested the effect of radio collarmass on adult femalesurvival. Our results demonstrate that when bodycondition is low, a heavy collar can reduce survival byapproximately 18% compared to a light collar. Subsequently, we developed a demographic model to estimate annual population size. We used this effective and relatively inexpensive technique to correct one aerial census with high uncertainty and confirm recent aerial censuses. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring of marked individuals.
Courbin, Nicolas. "Interactions entre le loup gris, le caribou forestier et l'orignal en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29913/29913.pdf.
Full textMy thesis explores the changes in behavioral strategies by the gray wolf (Canis lupus), moose (Alces alces) and forest-dwelling caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), in response to boreal forest management. I studied the factors that determine the spatial distribution of the three species, first by analyzing their movements and habitat selection, and then by assessing the predator-prey spatial game. My first chapter reveals that differences in movement tactics between the predator and its prey create asymetric relative probability of encounter between wolves and either of their prey along their movement paths. For example, given the time spent in the different land cover types along their paths, caribou had a relatively high risk of encountering wolves in regenerating cuts, while wolves had a relatively low probability of encountering caribou in these cuts. Overall, wolves intersected the paths of moose more often than those of caribou. My second chapter demonstrates that logging influences the residency time and inter-patch movement probabilities of caribou and moose by decreasing habitat connectivity. Graph theory showed that both prey species avoided network nodes (i.e., species-specific high-quality patches) surrounded by cuts and roads. Prey reduced their residency time in these nodes when they had to make relatively long inter-node movements to get there. Wolves selected the most connected nodes within their prey’s network, a selection that was even stronger than the selection for areas of high utilization distribution of its prey. My third chapter shows that from December to May, the relative probability of co-occurrence between wolf and caribou was highest in the vicinity of cutblocks areas, in the forest blocks protected from harvesting for the conservation of caribou. The consideration of predator-prey spatial relationships is therefore essential to the development of efficient management plans aimed at species recovery. My thesis underscores the major impact of human activities on habitat selection strategies by wolves, caribou and moose, on the dynamics of their spatial distribution, and, ultimately, on the wolf-prey game.
Henry, Adonia R. "Habitat characteristics and community ecology of waterbirds on three wetland types at the Caribou-Targhee National Forest, Idaho and Wyoming /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422930.
Full textLabbé, Marie-Claude. "Jeu prédateur-proie entre le caribou forestier et le loup gris : un effet saute-mouton spatialement structuré." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29424/29424.pdf.
Full textBenouari, Ouassima. "Critère de sélection de variables pour les modèles de régression logistique conditionnelle mixte lorsque la structure des effets aléatoires est inconnue." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36598.
Full textWe assess the perfomance of the recently proposed criterion meanAIC as a variable selection criterion for mixed conditional logistic regression models. It is a criterion based on Akaike’s information, computable when the model is fitted with a two-step estimation method. In addition, the calculation of meanAIC does not require the specification of the random effects structure; it is thus of great use as a first covariates filter in the early stage of the analysis when the random effects structure is typically unknown. This work is motivated by applications in ecology where the model selection is traditionally based on information criteria rather than on regularization. These studies use animal movement telemetric data collected using a matched case-control sampling design that are analyzed with a mixed conditional logistic regression model. We conduct a simulation study to assess the ability of meanAIC to correctly identify potentially important covariates and illustrate its use by analyzing habitat selection data collected on caribou.
Bonin, Michaël. "Application de nouvelles technologies à l'étude de la contribution du caribou migrateur au régime alimentaire des grands prédateurs arctiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67967.
Full textThe study of predator diets is widespread in ecology although observing and documenting foraging habits of predators remains challenging. Our ability to document the diet composition of predators largely determines our understanding of predator-prey interactions as well as of the structure of food webs. My Ph.D thesis focuses on the ecology and diet of the wolf (Canis lupus) and black bear (Ursus americanus) in northern Québec and Labrador over the ranges of migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles and Rivière George herds. Even though our understanding of anthropogenic impacts on populations of migratory caribou has progressed in recent years, caribou contribution to the diet of its main predators as well as the role of predation on the population dynamics of caribou herds remain mostly unknown. The first part of my thesis focuses on the complementarity of different approaches of diet reconstruction in a free-ranging context. I then took advantage of that complementarity to determine the diet of caribou predators. My work shows that the local and seasonal abundances of caribou are key factors explaining their contribution to the diet of each predator, especially for wolves. Both wolves and black bears showed great flexibility in their feeding habits taking advantage of spatial and temporal variations in the diversity and abundance of food sources. Such variability argues that caribou-predator interactions should be regarded independently and as dynamic components for each herd in order to account for the relative abundance of caribou as well as that of other food sources. My thesis also provides a new perspectiveon the ecology and the role of black bear in the food web of eastern North America by providing the first evidences of the importance of animal-based food sources in the diet of black bears in the harsh northern habitats of Québec. Although wolf-caribou and bear-caribou interactions have been widely studied, my work offers a new perspective by contrasting these interactions at the scale of two herds with distinct abundances. Finally, my work improves our understanding of caribou-predator relationships by shedding light on the contribution of migratory caribou to the diet of both predator species and provides a detailed perspective on the structure and dynamics of the food web in northern Québec and Labrador involving those species.
Toussaint, Maxime. "Exploitation et exploration de la diversité génétique d’une population naturelle de Streptomyces issue d’un micro-habitat sol." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0027/document.
Full textStreptomyces are known to possess a large enzymatic arsenal which can have important roles in the soil. During this thesis, we explored their genetic, functional and ecological diversity using collections from forest soils. Thus, the exploration of their cellulolytic potential and their ability to detect complex sugars released by wood during lignivorous fungi attacks has led to the creation of a biosensor whose exploitation could constitute a new normative tool for the detection of the degradation of wood. Subsequent to comparative genomic approach carried out between sympatric isolates, our results also demonstrated that phylogenetically highly related strains exhibited large differences in the presence / absence of genes, suggesting a rapid rate of evolution of the population accessory genome. These genes, often associated with potentially transferable elements, underlined important role of horizontal transfer for population diversification. Using a reverse ecology approach, the predicted function of some of these genes could also be correlated with a potential ecological role. Thus, one of the variable gene clusters identified by genome analysis was involved in the production of secondary metabolites and would constitute a common good for the population. All of our results confirm the wide metabolic diversity of Streptomyces (and their utility for applied purposes), but also indicates that this diversification would be rapid between nearby strains and would have an important ecological role in the natural populations of Streptomyces
Thevenet, Anne. "Intérêt des débris ligneux grossiers pour les poissons dans les grandes rivières : pour une prise en compte de leur dimension écologique dans la gestion des cours d'eau." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10168.
Full textMorrissette-Boileau, Clara. "Dynamique de deux espèces arbustives de la toundra arctique en réponse aux changements climatiques et au broutement du caribou migrateur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27785.
Full textGeneralized shrub expansion has been observed over the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. This phenomenon is causing major alterations to the biotic and abiotic environments, a consequence of the increased shrub growth in height. We characterised tundra shrub species dynamics in response to climate change and migratory caribou browsing. To do so, we evaluated dominant erect shrub species dynamics and tested experimentally how shrub responds to these disturbances, using Betula glandulosa as model species. Our results show that shrub cover in Deception Bay is mainly driven by B. glandulosa, a species with increasing recruitment since early 2000s. However, it seems that this species’ vertical structure remains low which might not modify the biotic and abiotic environment normally associated with shrub expansion. We also showed experimentally that increase in shrub growth is a result of enhanced soil nitrogen fertility, a proxy of increase microbiological activity in response to global warming. Moreover, we demonstrated that caribou browsing has a negative cumulative effect on B. glandulosa growth. Thus, we showed in this study that shrub expansion is rather limited in Deception Bay and might be slowed down by the combined effects of harsh climatic conditions and herbivores. Moreover, our study stressed that herbivores must be taken into account when predicting vegetation change in the tundra.
Bauduin, Sarah. "Integrating functional connectivity and climate change in the design of protected area networks." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26897.
Full textThe world is facing worrisome declines in biodiversity. Species extinction rates have increased as a direct consequence of human activities. Protected areas have been implemented around the world in an effort to counter biodiversity loss. Although protected areas are part of the solution, they should be designed systematically in a way to maximize their effectiveness. Enhancing functional connectivity between protected areas is one way to increase their effectiveness. Climate change is disrupting environmental conditions globally. It is a threat to biodiversity that until recently was not often integrated into protected area design. Climate change has been shown to impact species movements, and therefore landscape functional connectivity. Some studies have suggested that enhancing functional connectivity between protected areas can also help species cope with climate change impacts. My thesis presents a methodology to design protected area networks while accounting for climate change and functional connectivity. My study area is located in the natural region of Gaspésie in Québec (Canada). The endangered Atlantic-Gaspésie population of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) was used as the focal species to define functional connectivity. This small population is in long-term decline due to predation and habitat change, but climate change may become an additional threat. First, I built a spatially explicit individual-based model to explain and simulate caribou movement. I used sparse VHF data available at the time of the study to select and parameterize a movement model using a pattern-oriented modeling strategy. My best model reproduced most of the movement patterns defined from the observed data. This model improved the understanding of the movement drivers for the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou. It also provided spatial estimates of caribou landscape use in the Gaspésie region. I concluded that sparse data were sufficient to fit individual-based models when coupled with a pattern-oriented modeling strategy. Second, I estimated how climate change and conservation activities may impact caribou movement potential. I used the individual-based model to simulate caribou movements in hypothetical landscapes representing the impacts of various climate change scenarios and conservation activities. Conservation activities represented the implementation of new protected areas in Gaspésie, according to the scenario developed by the government of Québec, and the restoration of secondary roads inside protected areas. Climate change impacts on vegetation, as defined in my scenarios, reduced caribou movement potential. Road restoration was able to mitigate these negative effects whereas the implementation of the new protected areas did not improve caribou movement potential. Third, I presented a methodology to design effective protected area networks and proposed new protected areas to implement in Gaspésie to conserve biodiversity in the presence of climate change. I created a large sample of protected area networks expanding the existing network to reach an areal target of 12%. I then calculated an ecological representativeness index and two measures of functional connectivity over time for each network. Functional connectivity measures represented the overall access to the protected areas and the movement potential in them for the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou. I used movement potential estimates for the current time period and for the future under different climate change scenarios to represent functional connectivity. The protected area network I proposed maximized the trade-off between the three network features I calculated. In this thesis I examined Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou movements under different environmental conditions, including climate change impacted landscapes. These results helped define new protected areas for the Gaspésie region that will protect the caribou population over time. I believe this thesis gives new insights on the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou movement behavior, as well as on the management actions that could be taken in Gaspésie to improve conservation of caribou and of other species. I believe this methodology could be applied to other ecosystems with similar characteristics and needs.
Dodelin, Benoît. "Ecologie et biocénoses des coléoptères saproxyliques dans quatre forêts du nord des Alpes françaises." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS040.
Full textCollard, Amélie. "Réponses des plantes de sous-bois au retrait expérimental du cerf de Virginie dans les forêts du sud du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26196/26196.pdf.
Full textWe examined the response of understory plants to deer exclusion in maple-dominated forests of southern Québec following nearly 30 years of deer overabundance. Six maple forests were selected for the study and at each site one deer exclosure and one control were established in 1998. One exclosure and one control at each of the same sites were established in 2003 under recent gap openings. We investigated deer impacts on the richness, abundance, and aboveground biomass of different plant groups. None of these variables differed significantly between treatments over the years under both forest cover and gaps, except for tree seedlings and total plant abundance under gaps. Trillium erectum recovered partially as individuals were taller and reproduced more frequently in deer exclosures under forest cover. Overall, our results suggest that plant groups did not recover from deer exclusion, likely because of low light levels that prevail in maple-dominated forests.
Glad, Anouk. "Modélisation de l'habitat des tétraonidés dans le massif du Jura : apport de la télédétection LiDAR aéroportée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV070/document.
Full textIn the general context of biodiversity erosion, two forest bird species occurring in the French Jura massif, the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and the Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia), are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation at the regional scale. In particular, intensive beech regeneration patches extension in the Jura massif is leading to the transformation of the understory cover, once suitable with bilberry and herbaceous vegetation, to closed unfavorable habitat. The fate of those two emblematic species is depending for the first on future management actions and for the second on a better knowledge of the species population’s dynamics and occurrences. In particular, the cutting of the beech regeneration patches is one of the efficient management actions undertaken to restore the habitat. However, management actions and surveys are money and time consuming due to the large area that need to be covered. The opportunity to use two Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) datasets covering a major part of the distribution of the two species in the Jura massif initiated the phD project, with the objective to support managers in their decisions and actions by the creation of adapted distribution predicted maps using Species Distribution Models (SDMs) (Hazel Grouse, Capercaillie and beech regeneration). The realization of this objective is depending on the reliability of the models produced and on the capacity of the researcher to transfer the results to managers who are not familiar with modeling methods. In a first step, the choice of the appropriate modeling method regarding the datasets characteristics and the objectives was investigated (sampling bias correction, scales, and algorithms). In addition, the use of object-oriented LiDAR predictors (trees and gaps) pertinent from both species and managers point of view to facilitate the results transfer was tested. The results obtained were used to create appropriate multi-scale SDMs and to predict distribution maps for both target species, demonstrating the capacity of LiDAR to represent vegetation structures that influence the targeted forest bird species occurrences. Models at a fine scale were also created to map the beech regeneration distribution in the Jura massif
Tillon, Laurent. "Utilisation des gîtes et des terrains de chasse par les chiroptères forestiers, propositions de gestion conservatoire." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30384/document.
Full textThe forest is the center of many interests that fuel the debates of our society. These debates are particularly exacerbated since the french " Grenelle de l'Environnement " in 2008. Among the various expectations, forest produce wood that is the subject of attentions, both by an increased demand for certain types of trees and by the naturalist world which sees in it one of last refuges for biodiversity in our modified landscapes. Thus, if the forest manager is trying to develop a management that is as much multifunctional as possible, it remains dependent on fragmented knowledge on the link between biodiversity and the forest ecosystem. Despite the establishment of a conservation policy that seeks to balance timber production and species preservation, the way to conduct such a policy is based on concrete field experiences yet scientifically unsubstantiated. Bats are good candidate species to study the response of biodiversity to forest management: they select networks of tree-roosts in which they form breeding colonies composed of several dozen individuals and they exploit forest habitats to hunt their prey, prey which themselves depend on forest microhabitats. However, their study is recent in forest and provides very vague management guidelines. To help managers implement a conservation management strategy, we thus studied the behavior of forest usage by three species of gleaning bats, Myotis bechsteinii, Myotis nattereri and Plecotus auritus. This work required to focus on the methods available to understand the use of space by each individual (home range) and how each individual selects its hunting habitats. We showed that each species had a unique response to available habitats and that the status of individuals (sex, age and reproductive status) intervenes in explaining the selection of tree roosts and hunting grounds. Both compartments are constrained by the availability of suitable habitat, helping to explain the structuring of habitat selection factors and the shape and surface of individual home ranges. Furthermore, the way networks of tree-roost are used partly explains the types of roosts selected. These different results means that it is necessary to lay down specific management strategies for each species, even each breeding colony. Finally, we studied the role of deadwood to explain the presence of bats in forests. We have shown that species richness increased from standing deadwood of 25m3 per hectare, while the response of species to deadwood was mainly restricted to forest habitat structure produced by the gaps resulting from the deadwood patch, favoring particularly edge-foraging species. Some species do however clearly benefit from insects emerging from deadwood. Five recommendations are proposed for the conservation of these species in a context of strong wood production
Marquis, Jean-Philippe. "Des hommes et des caribous : impacts de l'établissement du programme d'aide pour la chasse, la pêche et le piégeage sur la mémoire et l'identité des Naskapi de Kawawachikamach." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21185.
Full textRudolph, Tyler. "Spring dispersal and habitat selection of boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Northern Quebec." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5272/1/M12089.pdf.
Full textBergeron, Nicolas. "Utilisation des habitats par le caribou forestier (Rangifer tarandus caribou) à l'échelle des domaines saisonniers dans le Nord du Québec." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5318/1/M12724.pdf.
Full textHovington, Évan. "Évaluation de la connectivité de l'habitat du caribou forestier selon différents scénarios d'aménagement écosystémique en pessière à mousses de l'Ouest du Québec." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3624/1/M11670.pdf.
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