Journal articles: 'Carissa spinarum'

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Rana, Shiwank, Nitin Sharma, Sunil Dutt, Rajendra Damu Patil, and Deepika Rana. "Histological Investigation to Verify the Protective Advantages of Carissa Spinarum Leaves Extract in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 4 (2024): 160–72. https://doi.org/10.55940/medphar202499.

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Background: Carissa spinarum, a traditional medicinal plant, is known for its therapeutic properties, including hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. Objective: A study was conducted to determine whether the herb Carissa spinarum leaf extract has a protective impact on certain organs. Methods: Adult wild strain zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used in an acute toxicity study, and a dose of 5 ppm (parts per million) of carbon tetra chloride was used to cause multiple organ damage. An aqua-alcoholic extract made from the shadow-dried leaves of the plant Carissa spinarum was administered to the animals in seven groups of ten each at concentrations of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, and 2 ppm. Standard protective medication utilized was silymarin at a dose of 50 ppm. Results: Plant extract was administered to the groups at levels of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, and 2 ppm; in all of these groups, the multiple organ protective effect was seen. At the highest dose of 2 ppm, the greatest protective effect was observed. The tissue of the skeletal muscles showed no effects. Conclusion: : The goal of the entire experiment was to determine whether an extract made from Carissa spinarum plant leaves had any protective effects on organs. The kidney, gut, and gills of zebrafish recovered more quickly after the plant extract was administered, demonstrating that it also had regenerative qualities. Lastly, the results showed that the extract made from the leaves of the Carissa spinarum plant had several organ protective effects in addition to hepatoprotective effects

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Assefa Sisay, Melaku, Estifanos Ele Yaya, and Wendimagegn Mammo. "Essential oil and smoke components of Carissa spinarum." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 36, no. 3 (2022): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i3.13.

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ABSTRACT. Carissa spinarum Linn. is an incense plant traditionally used in Ethiopia and other countries for the treatment of numerous diseases. It also exhibits different biological activities, and different classes of natural compounds were previously reported from the plant. In this study, the essential oil from the roots of C. spinarum together with medicinal smoke obtained from burnt roots of C. spinarum were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil of C. spinarum roots was predominantly composed of 2-hydroxyacetophenone (82.97%). The dominant components in the n-hexane soluble fraction of the smoke derived from the roots of C. spinarum were 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (14.16%), 2-methoxyphenol (10.34%) and 2-hydroxyacetophenone (9.51%). On the other hand, the major components in the MeOH-soluble fraction were 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (17.51%), 2-methoxyphenol (13.02%) and 2-hydroxyacetophenone (10.98%). The smoke derived from the roots of C. spinarum showed 92.60 ± 0.34% DPPH inhibition at concentration of 100 µg/mL. At the same concentration, standard ascorbic acid scavenged the DPPH radical by 96.09 ± 0.16%. This result supports the traditional medicinal use of the plant material as a skin-care and wound healing agent most likely due to the presence of simple phenols and other biologically active compounds.  KEY WORDS: Carissa spinarum Linn., Medicinal smoke, Essential oil, Antioxidant activity, Phenolic compounds Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(3), 641-649.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i3.13

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Khatri, S., P. P. Kurmi, and G. D. Bhatt. "Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae): A new addition to the fl ora of Nepal." Banko Janakari 21, no. 2 (2013): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i2.9144.

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The genus Carissa L. consists about 30 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia and Australia (Shu, 1995). Five species are reported from India, four from China and two from Bhutan (Hooker, 1882; Shu, 1995 and Watson, 1999). In Nepal, Carissa represent one species namely Carissa carandus L. (Chater, 1982; Joshi, 1997; Press et al., 2000 and Bista et al., 2001). Carissa spinarum L. has been so far not reported from Nepal. This herbarium specimens was collected by Puran P. Kurmi from Udayapur at Udayapur Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kapilvastu district at an altitude of 150m. It has been identifi ed as Carissa spinarum L. and therefore, it is found to be a new addition to the fl ora of Nepal. This species is distinguished from the others by its secondary veins conspicuous on adaxial leaf surface; branches and abaxial leaf surface puberulent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i2.9144Banko Janakari Vol. 21, No. 2, 2011 Page: 55-56 Uploaded date: November 11, 2013

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Maobe, Moses A. Guto, Leonard Gitu, and Erastus Gatebe. "Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Herbs Used in Treatment of Diabetes, Malaria and Pneumonia in Kisii and Nyamira Counties Region, Kenya." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2021): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i4.314.

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The herbs Carissa spinarum, Physalis minima and Toddalia asiatica have traditionally been used in healing diabetes, malaria and pneumonia by the communities around the Kisii region, Kenya. However in the available literature, there is scanty information on effectiveness of different plant parts of the herbs in healing the ailments. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential antimicrobial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of whole plant Physalis minima, leaf and root of Carissa spinarum and Toddalia asiatica against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and fungus Candida albicans (ATCC14053). Antibiotic disc methicillin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ampicillin, nalidixic and nitrofurantoin were used in the study. In each herb, plant part was extracted by soaking in methanol/dichloromethane in ratio 1:1 for a week, filtered, concentrated by rotary vapor and cooled. The same process was repeated three times for all samples. The study was conducted by agar well diffusion method. Methanolic root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), root extract of Carissa spinarum had highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) while root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antifungal activity. It was concluded that root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antibacterial activity 16.7mm against Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923), root extract of Carissa spinarum had highest antibacterial activity 10 mm against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) while root extract of Toddalia asiatica had highest antifungal activity 18 mm against Candida albicans.

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Dossou-Yovo, Komlan M., Aboudoulatif Diallo, Povi Lawson-Evi, et al. "A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats." Journal of Toxicology 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570206.

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Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

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Rana, Shiwank, Nitin Sharma, Sunil Dutt, and Rajendra Damu Patil. "Hepatoprotective Effects of Carissa spinarum Extract on Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Liver Damage in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal 2, no. 4 (2023): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55940/medphar202362.

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Objectives: A study was performed to check if the leaf extract of the plant Carissa spinarum exhibits a hepatoprotective effect. As there is an increase in demand for hepatoprotective drugs, this study was an attempt to introduce an alternative to hepatoprotective drugs. Material and Methods: An acute toxicity study was performed on adult wild strain Zebrafish (Danio rerio), and carbon tetra chloride (5 ppm) (parts per million) was utilized to induce hepatic damage. A preliminary study was also performed for the standardization of doses. Animals were divided into seven groups, consisting of 10 each, and treated with an aqua-alcoholic extract prepared from the shadow dried leaves of the plant Carissa spinarum at doses of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, and 2 ppm. Silymarin (50 ppm) was used as a standard hepatoprotective drug. Results: Groups received plant extract at doses of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, and 2 ppm; a hepatic-protective effect was seen in all these groups. The most hepatic-protective effect was seen at the highest dose (2 ppm). Phytochemical studies also verified the presence of various plant secondary metabolites. Conclusions: The whole experiment was aimed at finding out the hepatoprotective effect of an extract prepared from the leaves of the plant Carissa spinarum. After the administration of the plant extract, it helped the liver and other organs heal faster, which proves it also exhibits regenerative properties.

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Reddy, P. Vishnu Mohan, Pulala Raghuveer Yadav, A. Lakshmi Devi, Lepakshi Md Bhakshu, and K. Venkata Ratnam. "Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Pslants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 17, no. 1 (2024): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2870.

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The objective of the present investigation is to appraise the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity along with a total antioxidant capacity of water extract obtained from six medicinal plants, i.e., Acalypha alnifolia, Caesalpinia bonduc, Carissa spinarum, Commiphora caudata, Moringa concanensis and Terminalia tomentosa. The phytochemical analysis of the six medicinal plants water extracts revealed total phenolic content (TPC) in the range of 27.77 to 3.35 GAE mg/g dwt. The highest TPC is present in A. alnifolia and the lowest is noticed in T. tomentosa. The total flavonoid content is present in between 1.68 to 1.48 QE mg/g dry weight and a higher amount of flavonoid content was observed in A. alnifolia and lowest present in C. bonduc. Antioxidant activity results of the six medicinal plants showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in Carissa spinarum and lowest in T. tomentosa. DPPH method was used to know the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of the six medicinal plants. Among the tested plants A. alnifolia, Carissa spinarum and Moringa concanensis strongly reduced DPPH purple color by expressing ~80% as maximum inhibition. DPPH was strongly inhibited by T. tomentosa (IC50 value 25 μg/ml). Hydroxyl radical was strongly (~96%) inhibited by T. tomentosa and lowest IC50 value was expressed by A. alnifolia (36.4 μg/ml). The study results indicate that all six medicinal plants are rich sources of natural antioxidant components.

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Janardhan, Bhavya, Vineetha M. Shrikanth, Veena S. More, et al. "Inhibitory Effect of Carissa spinarum Linn Methanolic Leaf Extract Against Vipera russelli." Venoms and Toxins 1, no. 1 (2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666121701999201216144752.

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Background: Carissa spinarum Linn has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including snakebite. It is found in India, Ceylon and Thailand. Objective: The study was performed to determine the inhibiting potential of Carissa spinarum methanolic leaf extract on the pharmacological effects of Viper venom. Methods: The dose-dependent enzymatic studies, pharmacological and in vivo studies were conducted using standard methods. Results: It neutralized toxic enzymes in a dose-dependent manner with concentrations ranging from 53.3 –1190.4 μg/mL, inhibited lysis of fibrinogen at 1:8 (venom: extract, w/w), and increased the procoagulant activity and lecithin lysis at 1:25 (venom: extract, w/w). The extract neutralized the LD50 of venom in mice and embryos, reduced haemorrhage, myotoxicity and edema induced by the venom in mice. Conclusion: The observed results confirm that the leaf extract possesses adequate phytochemicals that could neutralize the toxic properties of the venom.

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Liu, Ye, Felix Wambua Muema, Yong-Li Zhang, and Ming-Quan Guo. "Acyl Quinic Acid Derivatives Screened Out from Carissa spinarum by SOD-Affinity Ultrafiltration LC–MS and Their Antioxidative and Hepatoprotective Activities." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (2021): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081302.

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Carissa spinarum Linn. has been utilized both in the food industry and as a traditional medicine for various ailments, while the responsible chemical components and action mechanisms of its antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities remain unclear. In this work, at least 17 quinic acid derivatives as potential ligands for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme from Carissa spinarum L. were screened out using the bio-affinity ultrafiltration with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UF–LC/MS), and 12 of them (1–12), including, three new ones (1–3), were further isolated by phytochemical methods and identified by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. All of these isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. As a result, compounds 4 and 6–11 displayed similar or better antioxidant activities compared to vitamin C, which is in good agreement with the bio-affinity ultrafiltration with SOD enzyme. Then, these compounds, 4 and 6–11, with better antioxidant activity were further explored to protect the L02 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative injury by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) production and activating the SOD enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use an efficient ultrafiltration approach with SOD for the rapid screening and identification of the SOD ligands directly from a complex crude extract of Carissa spinarum, and to reveal its corresponding active compounds with good antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities.

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Rubaka, Clarence, Jeremiah Waweru Gathirwa, Hamisi M. Malebo, Hulda Swai, and Askwar Hilonga. "Development and Characterization of Nanovesicles Containing Phenolic Compounds of Carissa spinarum: Encapsulation, Release Kinetics, Antimicrobial Activity and Mathematical Modeling." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 60 (May 31, 2023): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8mzn1a.

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The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a delivery system for polyphenols from an extract of Carissa spinarum leaves, based on liposomes. Liposomes loaded with Carissa spinarum polyphenols (nanoliposomal CsP) were prepared by ethanol-solvent injection method and characterized in terms of zeta potential, size, and polydipersity index by using Zeta sizer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum analysis. Total Phenolic content was measured by using Folin-Ciocalteu method and entrapment efficiency was evaluated. The release behavior was conducted in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution at pH, 7.4 and Kinetic model fitted to evaluate mechanism of release. Disc diffusion sensitivity test was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity of free extract and nanoliposomal CsP. The mean diameter of nanoliposomal CsP was 181 ± 1.02 nm and had 0.345 ± 0.014 polydipersity index. Zeta potential value for nanoliposomal CsP was-45.6 ± 8.84 mV. Entrapment efficiency under the optimum conditions was 66.11 ± 1.11%. and the nanoliposomal CsP was stable over 30 days. The antibacterial activity of nanoliposomal CsP exhibited inhibition zone diameter of 14.33 ± 1.53 mm and 12.00 ± 1.23 mm against S. aureus and E. coli respectively The results reveal the Carrisa spinarum liposome can be applied as potential carrier for delivery of polyphenols to improves therapeutic action against bacterial strain.

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Wabai, Yvonne W., Charles G. Githinji, Joseph N. Ngeranwa, and John K. Mwonjoria. "Teratogenic Effects of Carissa spinarum and Azadirachta indica Aqueous Extracts in Mice." Journal of Phytopharmacology 12, no. 1 (2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2023.12103.

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Carissa spinarum (mũkawa in Kikuyu, lamuriak in Maasai) and Azadirachta indica (neem, mwarubaini in Kiswahili) are widely used in African communities. C. spinarum is used as food and as treatment for gonorrhoea, cancer, and abnormal pain in pregnancy. A. indica is used as a mosquito-repellent and as treatment for malaria and dental carries. Both plants have broad biological activities including anticancer, hypoglycaemic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activity. However, data on their safety for use during pregnancy is scarce. This study aimed to determine the teratogenic effects of C. spinarum and A. indica in mice. FDA guidelines for reproduction studies were used. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=5) for the assay. Plant extracts were prepared in the doses 100, 250, and 500mg/kg body weight. Phenytoin sodium 100mg/kg body weight was used as the positive control and distilled water was used as the negative control. Treatments were administered orally and began from gestation day 6 and ended on gestation day 15. On gestation day 18, the mice were weighed and euthanized and the pups were recovered. Weights of the gravid uteri, number of pups and their body measurements, and incidences of foetal resorption were also recorded. Data were expressed as means and their standard errors and analysed using one-way ANOVA/Dunnett’s post hoc test. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Heavy metal concentrations in the plant samples were determined using flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All doses of C. spinarum and A. indica caused significant (p<0.001) weight loss and foetal resorption in the gravid mice. Reduced head sizes (microcephaly) and elongated limbs were observed in the C. spinarum 100mg/kg and A. indica 500mg/kg groups. Premature birth and high birth weights were also observed in the latter group. The plant samples were found to have high concentrations of lead, cadmium, iron, chromium, manganese, and zinc and this may have added to the teratogenicity observed. C. spinarum and A. indica exhibited significant teratogenicity and should be used with caution during pregnancy. In addition, the level of heavy metal contamination in Kenya should be assessed.

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Sanwal, Ritu, Madan Lal Kaushik, and Shradha Bisht. "Carissa spinarum (L) extracts significantly decreasing TSH levels and balancing tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) levels with protective effect on thyroid tissue in wistar rats with thyroid disorder." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 5 (2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2605rjce119125.

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In India, endocrine disorders, especially thyroid disorders are prevailing. Among different thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism precedes and stands as a challenge in our society. There is a strong need to control its prevalence because it majorly contributes to a large number of chronic disorders. Presently the major choice of therapy is intake of Thyroxine hormone. However, there are various alternative medicines, specifically herbal treatments, being reported in the literature and nowadays the authentic investigation of such herbal treatments is gaining popularity. Present study explores the antihypothyroid potential of Carissa spinarum (L) rhizome extracts. The rhizome extracts were prepared and acute toxicity studies (425) were performed. Hypothyroidism was induced in female albino rats using Propylthiouracil(PTU) at a dose of 60 μg/kg bodyweight orally for one month. Hypothyroidism was confirmed by increased TSH levels in blood. Those animals which were exposed to PTU were treated with standard thyroxine at a dose of 10μg/kg bodyweight by oral route and different extracts were given at a dose of 200mg/kg bodyweight by oral route to their respective groups. Treatment was carried for two months. Methanolic extract at dose of 200mg/kg bodyweight was found more effective in restoring the elevated levels of TSH when compared to the other treated groups. The results of extract indicate less damage to the follicles of thyroid tissue showing minimizing effect of Carissa spinarum (L) rhizome extracts over PTU induced hypothyroidism. Histopathological examination shows the restoration of thyroid follicles by Thyroxine hormone and Rhizome extracts as compared to untreated groups. This study depicts the Thyroid protective and enhancing property of Carissa spinarum (L) rhizome extracts by lowering TSH levels and by reducing damage to thyroid tissues.

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V, MATHURAM, BRAHMADHAYALASELVAM A., JAFFARHUSSAIN A., BHIMA RAO R., and PATRA A. "Chemical Constituents of Carissa spinarum and their Antibacterial Activity." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 75, Apr 1998 (1998): 262–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5924077.

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Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug Research Institute for Ayurveda, Arumbakkam, Madras-600 106 Department of Botany, Presidency College, Madras-600 005 Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Calcutta-700 009 Manuscript received 14 March 1997, revised 12 June 1997, accepted 18 August 1997 Chemical Constituents of Carissa spinarum and their Antibacterial Activity

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Singh, Lal, and C. Murugan. "Carissa Andamanensis (Apocynaceae) - A New Species from Bay Islands, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 4 (2012): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-hi067n.

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Carissa andamanensis L.J. Singh & Murugan is described and illustrated here as a new species from the Bay Islands, India. It is closely allied to C. spinarum L. but differs in vegetative, floral and fruit characters. A brief description along with relevant notes, illustration, photograph is provided here for easy identification and further collection in field.

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Venkatachalapathi, A., Abdul Kaffoor H, and S. Paulsamy. "In vitro antioxidant activity and polyphenol estimation of methanolic fruit extract of Carissa spinarum L." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3, no. 3 (2017): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3304.

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Antioxidant property of methanolic fruit extract of the medicinal tree species, Carissa spinarum was evaluated by studying the contents of total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picryl hydrozyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power activity, ABTS•+ assay and metal chelating activity. The results of the study revealed that both the parts studied were found to have potent antioxidant activity against DPPH, hydroxyl and ABTS•+ radicals with the IC50 value of 88.98 for methanolic fruit extract for DPPH radicals and 849.70 for hydroxyl radicals. Therefore methanolic fruit extract of C. spinarum can be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidants for pharmaceutical industries.

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Saka, Abel, Jule Leta Tesfaye, Lamessa Gudata, et al. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles from Fresh Leaf Extracts of Apocynaceae, Carissa spinarum L. (Hagamsa)." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6230298.

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Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a new way to produce nanoparticles by using bioorganic foundations. It is attainment care because it is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and comprehensive measure manufacture potentials. The application of leaf extract to depose nanoparticles has been taken as a green method. In this study (Carissa spinarum L.), leaf extracts were reserved for examining their possibility to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Zinc acetate is used as the source of zinc; deposition temperature and time were 80 degree Celsius and 60 minutes, respectively. The characterization study was done by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The surface plasmon resonance around 358 nm from the UV–Vis qualitative evaluation result represents the ZnO NPs formation. The crystalline shape of nanoparticles is disclosed inside the XRD result, morphology confirmed through SEM effects, and consequently, the ZnO NPs scale was predicted. We have given allotted the image-catalytic degradation of excitement dye at 365 nm in image reactor victimization ZnO NPs. This will be our preliminary strive at the Carissa spinarum L. extract on ZnO NPs guidance, and degradation reveals that ZnO NPs showcase clever image-catalytic belongings, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were created to be operative against Bacillus and Staphylococcus.

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Hegde, Karunakar, Satyanarayana D, and Arun B. Joshi. "Phytochemical investigation of root extract of the plant Carissa spinarum." RGUHS Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2012): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/rjps.2012.1.7.

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C, Ahuja, S., Siddharth Ahuja, and Uma Ahuja. "Carissa carrandas L. and C. spinarum L. – Ignored Nutraceutical Fruits." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 12, no. 06 (2024): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i06.002.

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Carissas (C. carandas and C. spinarum) are natives of India. Duo is evergreen, hard, diffuse and spiny shrub that being highly drought-resistant grows well in semiarid and arid areas, may serve as a wind break and protective hedge. The plants offer multifarious uses in landslide protection and as a live fence, food (direct and processed, beverages, wine, salad, vegetable, jam), fodder, timber, fuel, wood, a green source of dye and diesel, and of sacred value and sorcery. Unripe fruits are used in pickling while ripe ones are edible. People in various states of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Senegal and West and South African countries eat raw fruit. Fruit also serves as a spice and a condiment. Known as Karonda (in vernacular language) duo has been used as a folk, veterinary and traditional medicine in the Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and Chinese and Thai systems. Additionally, duo serves as nutraceutical being rich in iron and vitamins. C. carandas finds place in historical accounts, Ayurvedic and culinary treatises as well in literature and folklore. The multifarious uses of C. spinarum in traditional medicine has earned it epithet as ‘magic tree’ in East Africa. The present paper reviews the history, distribution, folklore, uses as food, forage, feed, folk medicine, and the pharmaceutical, therapeutic, cultural, ecological and nutritional value of Karandas.

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Dhatwalia, Jyoti, Amita Kumari, Rachna Verma, et al. "Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Nutraceutical Profile of Carissa Species: An Updated Review." Molecules 26, no. 22 (2021): 7010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227010.

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Carissa, a genus of the Apocynaceae family, consists of evergreen species, such as shrubs as well as small trees that are native to Asia, Africa, and Oceania’s subtropical and tropical regions. Most of the Carissa species are traditionally used to treat various diseases, such as chest pain, headaches, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, oedema, rabies, stomach pain, hepatitis, cardiac diseases, and asthma. The pharmacological studies on Carissa species revealed its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, antipyretic, analgesic, wound healing, anticonvulsant, antiarthritic, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, thus validating its use in indigenous medicine systems. The review article summarised the comprehensive literature available, including morphology, indigenous uses, bioactive composition, nutraceutical, and pharmacological activities of Carissa species. A total of 155 research papers were cited in this review article. The Carissa fruits are rich in dietary fibre, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamin C, and macro- and micro-elements. A total of 121 compounds (35 polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), 30 lignans, 41 terpenoids, 7 steroids, 2 coumarins, and 6 cardiac glycosides) have been extracted from C. spinarum, C. carandas, and C. macrocarpa. Among all chemical constituents, lupeol, carissol, naringin, carisssone, scopoletin, carissaeduloside A, D, J, carandinol, sarhamnoloside, carissanol, olivil, carinol, 3β-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13β-oilde, ursolic acid, and carissone are the key bioactive constituents responsible for pharmacological activities of genus Carissa. The gathered ethnopharmacological information in the review will help to understand the therapeutic relevance of Carissa as well as paving a way for further exploration in the discovery of novel plant-based drugs.

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Sharma, Nitin, Vikas Kumar, Nidhi Gupta, Pratyush Shekhar, and Palki Sahib Kaur. "Traditional Importance, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicological Attributes of the Promising Medicinal Herb Carissa spinarum L." Separations 10, no. 3 (2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10030158.

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Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae), commonly known as Garna or Jungli Karonda, has a rich history of use in indigenous traditional medicinal systems owing to its tremendous medicinal and nutritional benefits. The present review aims to discuss the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, toxicity analysis, and biotechnological applications of Carissa spinarum L. (CS) to identify the gap between current applications and research conducted on this plant. We collected the literature published before December 2022 on the phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and biotechnological applications of CS. Literature in English from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley, along with books on CS, was analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified using the “World Flora Online” database (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/). The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on CS revealed its anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, vasorelaxant, antihypertensive, antitumor, wound-healing, anti-venom, and antipyretic effects. Toxicological studies on CS also indicated the absence of any adverse effects even at high doses after oral administration. Although CS showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases—such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, and hepatitis B virus—there are several drawbacks in previous reports, including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract or the phytocompounds responsible for its activity. Extensive research with proper in vivo or in vitro model systems is required to validate its reported activities.

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Siyum, Zinabu Hailu, and Tassew Alemayehu Meresa. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF Carissa Spinarum L. /”AGAM” FRUIT." International Journal of Fruit Science 21, no. 1 (2021): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1936348.

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Ekalu, Abiche, Rachael Gbekele-Oluwa Ayo, James Dama Habila, and Ibrahim Hamisu. "A mini-review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of selected Apocynaceae plants." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 8, no. 4 (2019): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.39.

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This review aims at studying the phytochemistry and biological activities of some selected Apocynaceae plants. Eleven members of this family were reviewed for their phytochemistry and biological activities. Interestingly, the commonly isolated compounds reported from Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels, Secondatia floribunda A. DC, Carissa carandas, Tabernaemontana divaricate, Nerium oleander, Wrightia tinctoria, Tabernaemontana divaricate, Alstonia scholaris, Carrisa spinarum Linn, Thevetia peruviana and Caralluma lasiantha were triterpenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides and lignans. All of them exhibited remarkable biological activities, mostly similar to each other. This review provides a detailed insight into the pharmacological activities of these selected members of this family.

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Rubaka, Clarence. "Analysis of Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Carissa spinarum Linn Crude Extracts." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4, no. 8 (2014): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2014/8236.

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Tejeswari, M. N. P. "Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of whole plant of Carissa Spinarum." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2021.12.1.p37-44.

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Ansari, Imtiyaz, and Diptesh T. Patil. "A BRIEF REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CARISSA SPINARUM L." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26316.

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Carissa spinarum L. belongs the Apocynaceae family, which officially itself has 94 synonyms and misspelled, misapplied, invalid, and illegitimate names. The plant is known as “Magic Shrub” in some of the African countries, as it is a source of treatment for various diseases and disorders. The plant contains certain major bioactive constituents such as acids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins which are responsible for medicinal value. Traditionally, the plant is used for treatment of malaria, chest complaints, stomach-ache, diarrhea, worms, a cough remedy, eye cataracts, gastric ulcers, polio, cancer, hypertension, kidney complication and for treating herpes, infertility, diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, and infections such as gonorrhea, syphilis, sickle-cell anemia, hernia, rabies, typhoid fever, jaundice, sexual asthenia in males, measles, and as a cough expectorant. Apart from this, the plant is evaluated for various pharmacological activities by employing the animal models. The review has been written with the aim to provide a direction for further clinical research to promote safe and effective herbal treatments to cure a number of diseases.

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Sanwal, Ritu, and Amrendra Kumar Chaudhary. "Wound healing and antimicrobial potential of Carissa spinarum Linn. in albino mice." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 135, no. 3 (2011): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.025.

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Liu, Ye, Yongli Zhang, Felix Wambua Muema, Festus Kimutai, Guilin Chen, and Mingquan Guo. "Phenolic Compounds from Carissa spinarum Are Characterized by Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050652.

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Carissa spinarum has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases due to its different pharmacological activities. However, the active compounds responsible for its potentially specific activities have rarely been explored. To this end, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was screened out and selected for further phytochemical isolation because of its promising activities in preliminary 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and COX-2 inhibition assays. As a result, 10 compounds (1−10), including a new one (5), were isolated, with eight of these being identified as phenolic compounds, as expected. Compound 9 possessed an IC50 value of 16.5 ± 1.2 µM, which was lower than that of positive control (vitamin C, 25.5 ± 0.3 µM) in the DPPH assay, and compounds 2, 6, 7 and 9 showed better total antioxidant capacity than vitamin C in the FRAP assay. Meanwhile, compounds 1−6 and 9 also had IC50 values of less than 1.0 µM, which was even better than the positive control indomethacin in the COX-2 inhibition assay. In this context, compounds 2 and 9 were further evaluated to exhibit clear hepatoprotective activities by improving the L02 cell viability and reducing ROS production using a H2O2-induced L02 cell injury model. This study provides initial evidence revealing the most potent phenolic compounds from the root bark of C. spinarum responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities.

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Zhang, Minhua, Guowei Li, Wei Huang, et al. "Proteomic study of Carissa spinarum in response to combined heat and drought stress." PROTEOMICS 10, no. 17 (2010): 3117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200900637.

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Afanyibo, YG, K. Esseh, K. Idoh, K. Koudouvo, A. Agbonon, and M. Gbeassor. "Toxicity and antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum, Mondia whitei, Carissa spinarum and Caesalpinia bonduc." Journal of Phytopharmacology 8, no. 3 (2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2019.8307.

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Ayalew Tiruneh, Tizezew, Gebrehiwot Ayalew, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, and Teklie Mengie Ayele. "Phytochemical Investigation and Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Solvent Leave Extracts of Carissa spinarum." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 15 (March 2022): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s352049.

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Zhang, Minhua, Gwowei Li, Wei Huang, et al. "Erratum: Proteomic study of Carissa spinarum in response to combined heat and drought stress." PROTEOMICS 11, no. 8 (2011): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201190030.

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Singh, Chandra, S. Deo, and A. Vicky. "Traditional Medicinal Plants of Apocynaceae of Santhal Pargana Division, Jharkhand." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, no. 3 (2016): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-qyq0t6.

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Ethnomedicinal studies of Santhal Pargana (Jharkhand) reveal that eleven plant species belonging to altogether different genera of Apocynaceae are used by Santhal and Paharia tribes of the division in the treatment of diabetes, dysentery, eye troubles, indigestion, jaundice, malarial fever, skin diseases, stomachache, toothache, etc. The useful species for primary health care of these tribes are Allamanda cathartica L., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Carissa spinarum L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Holarrhena pubescens (Buch. – Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don, Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.Br., Nerium indicum Mill., Plumeria acuminata Ait., Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Mill. and Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze. Unfortunately these valuable natural resources are becoming rare and threatened mainly due to their over exploitation, improper collection, trade of plant parts, habitat destruction and invasion of exotic weeds in the region. The rare and threatened taxa of medicinal value need urgent ex-situ conservation.

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Munuswamy, E., V. Krishnan, and S. Amerjothy. "Occurrence, type and location of calcium oxalate crystals in selected medicinal plants." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1, no. 4 (2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2016.v1i4.44.

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Crystals in selected medical plants growing naturally in Place palayam reserve forest, Thiruvallur District were studied with Polarised light microscope. Four types of crystals were observed: druses, prismatics, raphide and rosettes crystal. Druses more in cortical parenchyma and ground parenchyma cells in the stem & petiole region. In contrast prismatic, raphide and rosettes present in cortical, ground, axial and phloem parenchyma in the roots and stems. The Preliminary results show the presence of four types of calcium oxalate crystals in the stems, Petiole & roots of 10 Species: Achyranthes aspera, Aerva lanata, Atalantia monophylla, Bridelia Crenulata presence of Druses crystal, Plumeria rubra, Adhatoda zeylanica presence of prismatic crystal, Asparagus racemosus, Monochoria vaginalis presence of raphide crystal and Carica papaya and Carissa spinarum presence of rosette type of crystal. These observations indicate that there is relationship between the distribution of calcium oxalate crystals and the medicinal parts of the plant and supports the view that the presence of calcium oxalate crystals may relate to the adulterants.

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Rubaka, Clarence, Patrick Ndakidemi, Hamisi Malebo, and Francis Shahada. "Individual and Combined Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts from Medicinal Plants Carissa spinarum Linn and Carica papaya Linn." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4, no. 12 (2014): 1513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2014/10599.

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MUNDARAGI, Abhishek, and Devarajan THANGADURAI. "Process optimization, physicochemical characterization and antioxidant potential of novel wine from an underutilized fruit Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae)." Food Science and Technology 38, no. 3 (2017): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.06417.

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Jan, Owais Qadir, Neyaz Kamili, Ajmal Ashraf, Asif Iqbal, R. K. Sharma, and Ankur Rastogi. "Haematobiochemical parameters of goats fed tannin rich Psidium guajava and Carissa spinarum against Haemonchus contortus infection in India." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 39, no. 1 (2013): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0278-5.

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Bongani, Z. Nkhabindze, M. Ateka Elijah, M. Earnshaw Diana, and N. Wanyika Harrison. "Regulation of the bE and bW genes in Sporisorium scitamineum using silver nanoparticles synthesized with Carissa spinarum extract." African Journal of Microbiology Research 16, no. 10 (2022): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2022.9661.

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Govindarajan, Marimuthu, Marcello Nicoletti, and Giovanni Benelli. "Bio-physical Characterization of Poly-dispersed Silver Nanocrystals Fabricated Using Carissa spinarum: A Potent Tool Against Mosquito Vectors." Journal of Cluster Science 27, no. 2 (2016): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-0977-z.

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Nazareth, Maria Sheeba, S. V. Shreelakshmi, and Nandini P. Shetty. "Identification and Characterization of Polyphenols from Carissa spinarum Fruit and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Anti-quorum Sensing Activity." Current Microbiology 78, no. 4 (2021): 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02381-4.

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Regina, Stephanie, I. Made Saka Wijaya, I. Gede Sukrasena, and Luh Putu Eswaryanti Kusuma Yuni. "Perjumpaan dan penggunaan habitat oleh rusa timor (Rusa timorensis) di Pulau Menjangan, Taman Nasional Bali Barat." Jurnal Biologi Udayana 28, no. 2 (2025): 277. https://doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2024.v28.i02.p09.

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Pulau Menjangan merupakan salah satu pulau di kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat yang memiliki satwa khas yaitu rusa timor (Rusa timorensis). Kehadiran manusia di habitat alaminya dikhawatirkan dapat mengakibatkan perubahan terhadap keberadaan rusa timor di habitatnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati perjumpaan dan penggunaan habitat oleh rusa timor di Pulau Menjangan TNBB dalam kaitannya dengan aktivitas manusia. Pengamatan dilakukan di hutan pantai, hutan musim dataran rendah, dan savana pada bulan Desember 2023 hingga April 2024. Rusa timor banyak dijumpai di habitat hutan musim dan savana, namun sedikit di habitat hutan pantai. Pada setiap tipe habitat, rusa timor lebih sering dijumpai pada habitat antropogenik dibandingkan pada habitat alami. Rusa timor menggunakan ketiga tipe habitat di Pulau Menjangan untuk aktivitas ingesti dan beristirahat. Tumbuhan yang dimakan oleh rusa timor adalah intaran (Azadirachta indica), pilang (Vachellia leucophloea), santigi (Pemphis acidula), malapari (Pongamia pinnata), widuri (Calotropis gigantea), ubi kelapa atau uwi (Dioscorea alata), walikukun (Schoutenia ovata), bakau (Rhizophora mucronata), rumput lari (Spinifex littoreus), dan alang-alang (Carex sp.). Tumbuhan yang digunakan oleh rusa timor sebagai tempat istirahat adalah intaran (Azadirachta indica), pilang (Vachellia leucophloea), malapari (Pongamia pinnata), walikukun (Schoutenia ovata), santigi (Pemphis acidula), buah renda (Carissa spinarum), kresek (Ficus superba), dan waru laut (Thespesia populnea).

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Nazareth, Maria Sheeba, S. V. Shreelakshmi, Pooja J. Rao, and Nandini P. Shetty. "Micro and nanoemulsions of Carissa spinarum fruit polyphenols, enhances anthocyanin stability and anti-quorum sensing activity: Comparison of degradation kinetics." Food Chemistry 359 (October 2021): 129876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129876.

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Ali, Hana Saif, and Ephrem Engidawork. "Antidepressant-Like Activity of Solvent Fractions of the Root Bark of Carissa spinarum Linn. (Apocynaceae) in Rodents Involves Multiple Signaling Pathways." Journal of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 14 (December 2022): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jep.s386015.

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43

Rangana, W. M. D., and H. D. Delpachithra. "Bioactive and functional properties of selected underutilized blue/purple colour fruits available in Sri Lanka: A review." Ceylon Journal of Science 54, no. 2 (2025): 583–94. https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v54i2.8589.

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Climatic changes and human activities have brought global food security to an unbalanced stage where poor-income communities face challenges in fulfilling their dietary requirements and healthy well-being. Functional foods play a key role in these situations and their popularity increases among communities. Blue/purple colour fruits hold a unique position due to their phytochemical profile and few species are available in Sri Lanka though many are underutilized despite their both nutritional and functional benefits. Many of these fruits are rarely seen in the market and are limited to rural areas and/or forests. The review aims to summarize the available data related to bioactive compounds and functional properties of Dovyalis hebecarpa, Carissa Spinarum, Syzygium caryophyllatum L, Antidesma alexiteria, Polyalthia suberosa, and Ziziphus oenoplia, which are underutilized blue/purple fruits available in Sri Lankan soil. These fruits are evidenced to have many functional properties, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, etc. As main bioactive compounds, Anthocyanin Phenolic compounds, Flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acids are evidenced in majority of the fruits and many other important compounds are found through studies. The facts highlight these fruits can use to ensure certain nutritional requirements and well-being of the local communities while adding positive feedback to food sustainability. The studies related to many blue/purple colour fruits are highly limited and suggest further studies in the fields of nutritional composition, health benefits, and genetic traits.

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Houmènou, Victorin, Arlette Adjatin, Fidèle Assogba, Joachim Gbénou, and Akpovi Akoègninou. "Etude Phytochimique Et De Cytotoxicité De Quelques Plantes Utilisées Dans Le Traitement De La Stérilité Féminine Au Sud-Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 6 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n6p156.

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The most cited plant drugs during an ethnobotanical survey conducted for traditional healers and resource persons in southern Benin, used in the treatment of female infertility, were the subject of a phytochemical screening. It aims to determine the chemical substances that are conferred on the plants. These chemical substances are the pharmacological properties that are used for the treat of ailment recognized as being the origin of this disease. As a result, we studied the cytotoxicity of each herbal drug. In total, the organs of 17 plant species involved in this study are Aframomum melegueta, Allium cepa, Anchomanes deformants, Baphia nitida, Carissa spinarum, Elaeis guineensis, Garcinia cola, Kigelia africana, Monodora myristica, Morinda lucida, Musa sapientum, Olax subscorpioidea, Piper guineense, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Pupalia lappacea, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Xylopia aethiopica. The results obtained indicate that the richness in phytochemical element is a function of the species. Thus, Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Monodora myristica, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Xylopia aethiopica, and Anchomanes difformis are rich in catechin and/or gallic tannins, mucilages, reducing compounds, anthocyanins and/or leucoanthocyanins. On the other hand, no drugs is at same time rich in free anthracenics, steroids and / or terpernoids, alkaloids, saponosides, and quinone derivatives. The calculated CL50 values for each of the plant organs are all greater than 0.1 mg / ml. None of them is toxic. However, the non-toxicity of an herbal drug does not mean the same with the multispecies recipe in which it is used. Pharmacological tests of the various recipes used are also of significant importance.

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Aragaw, Habtamu Seyoum, Donatus Nohr, and Daniel Callo-Concha. "Nutritional potential of underutilized edible plant species in coffee agroforestry systems of Yayu, southwestern Ethiopia." Agroforestry Systems 95, no. 6 (2021): 1047–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00626-6.

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AbstractEthiopia is confronted with the paradox of hosting hundreds of edible plants and having high food and nutritional insecurity. Meals are mainly made up of staples and often lack of protein and micronutrients. Therefore, a large section of the population, particularly children and women, are malnourished. We hypothesize that wild edible plant species can contribute to fulfil the micronutrient demands of local people. Hence, we assessed the nutritional potential of underutilized edible plant species growing in understories of coffee agroforestry systems of southwestern Ethiopia. An ethnobotanical household survey (n = 300) documented the edible existing plants; and a promising subset of them (n = 12) was analysed for nutrient and antinutritional factor content in the lab. All 12 species, except fruits, have higher calcium, iron and zinc contents compared to regularly cultivated crops. Vitamin C was high in Syzygium guineense (330.72 mg/100 g edible parts or EP) and Rubus apetalus (294.19 mg/100 g). Beta-carotene ranged from 9.2 to 75 µg retinol activity equivalent (RAE) /100 g 25 among all species, but was exceptionally high in Rubus apetalus (161.7 µg RAE/100 g). Concerning the antinutritional factors, phytate content varied from 31.06 to 601.65 µg/100 g, being lower in Dioscorea prehensilis (31.06 µg/100 g) and D. alata (90.17 µg/100 g) compared to Carissa spinarum (601.65 µg/100 g) and Solanum nigrum (536.48 µg/100 g). Thus, we conclude that the assessed underutilized species are potential sources of dietary nutrients locally needed, and are notable Amaranthus graecizans, Portulaca oleracea and Dioscorea cayenensis as providers of Ca, Fe and Zn, and the fruit Rubus apetalus of provitamin A.

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Ahmed, Shemsu, Debissa Lemessa, and Abera Seyum. "Woody Species Composition, Plant Communities, and Environmental Determinants in Gennemar Dry Afromontane Forest, Southern Ethiopia." Scientifica 2022 (June 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7970435.

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Dry Afromontane forests in Ethiopia are vital for the conservation of plant diversity and climate change mitigation. However, these forest resources are rapidly degrading and shrinking, necessitating empirical scientific investigations to ensure their successful conservation and long-term management. As a result, this study was conducted to evaluate the composition, plant communities, and environmental determinants of woody species in the Gennemar dry Afromontane forest of southern Ethiopia. Environmental variables such as altitude, aspect, and geographical location were recorded from 46 plots of 20 × 20 m for trees and 92 subplots of 10 × 10 m for shrubs were laid along 10 transect lines. Vegetation structure, diversity, vegetation classification, importance value index (IVI) and correlation with environmental parameters were analyzed. A total of 55 woody species belonging to 51 genera and 34 families were identified. Among the species identified, Jasminum stans, Maytenus addat, and Pittosporum abyssinicum were endemic to Ethiopia. Celastraceae (with 659 individuals) was the most dominant family, followed by Cupressaceae (268 individuals) and Myrsinaceae (222 individuals). Four plant communities were identified: Syzygium guineense-Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Maytenus arbutifolia-Podocarpus falcatus, Myrsine africana-Erica arborea, and Juniperus procera-Carissa spinarum. Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, and Maytenus arbutifolia were species with the highest IVI, while Maesa lanceolata, Rhamnus prinoides, and Gnidia glauca had the lowest. The DBH class distribution shows an inverted J-shaped distribution. As DBH increases, the number of individuals decreases in the higher DBH class. The distribution of plant communities and the composition of the species depend on altitude and topographic aspects. The study found that the dry Afromontane Forest is rich in species and that it should be prioritized for conservation to protect endemic and native species. Decisive elements such as the type of species, altitude, and topographic aspects must be considered for forestry activities.

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Asmerom, Demoze, Tesfay Haile Kalay, Tsgabu Yohannes Araya, Desilu Mahari Desta, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, and Gebrehiwot Gebremedhin Tafere. "Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6656406.

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Background. Erectile dysfunction has remained as one of the major global health issues. Since the discovery of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, a significant portion of the patients has solved the issue of erectile dysfunction. However, the wide distribution of phosphodiesterase type 5 enzymes at various sites of the body led phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors to cause various unnecessary outcomes. Hence, it is vital to look for and find optional agents that could solve these limitations. The people of Ethiopia depend heavily on medicinal plants to ease their ailments, including erectile dysfunction. Aim of the study. The current study was carried out to systematically review the traditional medicinal plants used for the management of erectile dysfunction in Ethiopia. Method. A systematic and manual search was conducted to retrieve relevant articles published from 2000 to August 2020. Electronic databases of PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar, and grey literature were employed to access the studies. Accordingly, fifty-four published articles and thesis papers were finally included in this study. Result. Seventy plant species have been reported for the management of erectile dysfunction in Ethiopia. The commonly recorded family was Fabaceae, followed by Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Solanaceae. The plant species that represented the highest number of citations were Asparagus africanus, succeeded by Ricinus communis and Carissa spinarum. The commonest plant part used was roots. Majority of the medicinal plants were administered orally. The growth forms of the reported species were primarily herbs followed by shrubs. Conclusion. The present review compiled medicinal plants utilized by the Ethiopian community to manage erectile dysfunction. The findings will serve as a reference for the selection of plants for further pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical investigations in developing new plant-based drugs used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

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Mwenda, Nyaga David, Catherine Lukhoba, and Gilbert Ouma. "Distribution, Diversity and Role of the Trees outside Forest in the Mount Kenya East Region." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 7, no. 1 (2024): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.7.1.2010.

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Globally, Trees outside the Forests (TOF) are essential for providing a range of ecosystem services, which lessens the demand placed on protected forests. However, the majority of native tree species outside the forests are in danger of destruction because of the effects of climate change and the increased human population in the Sahel Africa. One of the ecosystems with TOF that has experienced extensive changes due to anthropogenic disturbance is Mount Kenya East Region. The objectives of this study were to establish: The diversity and distribution of native TOF, the drivers of change in TOF cover and the role of TOF in supporting the local livelihoods. This study used a mixed technique approach that included questionnaires, interviews, PGIS, and ecological surveys. SPSS was used to analyse the data. A total of 2145 individual trees distributed in 102 species were identified in the study area with 36% of the individuals being native while 64% were exotic. Additionally, 16 of the native tree species including Pachystela brevipes, Carissa spinarum L., Faurea saligna, Delonix electa and Vitex doneana among others, previously known to the area, had disappeared, resulting in a broad loss of ecosystem functions. Across the altitudinal gradient, the perceptions of the respondents on the loss of ecosystem services were variable. Herbicide use on farms, industrial firewood, agricultural diversification, and shifting cultural values were cited as the primary causes of the change in TOF cover in the study area. The surviving native TOF were found in public institutions, road reserves, riverine and protected places and on farms. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to continually protect the remnants of indigenous TOF because the region will lose some ecosystem services exclusively obtained from native species if the business as usual is continued

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Diriba, Alemayehu, Wasihun Gizaw, and Shimelis Dekeba. "Effect of Wild Edible Fruit Plants on Socio-Economic Factor in West Hararghe Zone." EJSMT 1, no. 1 (2025): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejsmt.2025.1(1).03.

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Wild edible fruit plants are vital standing in worldwide as a subsidiary food hamper on regular mood. They are resources of existence for countryside societies with food and feed consumption, particularly during the times of scarcity, starvation, shocks, and dangers. So the study intended to evaluate, identify, and document scientific data, to get the constraint and opportunity potential of Wild edible fruit plants. Implementation through assessed species, partly used, habitat, mode of uses, flowering months, fruiting months, and factors of threats of wild edible fruits plants. In addition to food values, these floras deliver varied welfares to the existing public for income, fuel wood, barrier, manufacture, remedy, and feedstuff. The top five highly impersonated wild edible fruit plant species by respondents were Psidium guajava, Mimusops kummel, Carissa spinarum L., Rosa abyssinica, Ficus sycomorus, and Oncoba spinosa forssk. However, most of them were threatened by anthropogenic factors through misconception utilities. The threat factors such as land degradation and grazing, clearing of forests for agriculture, fire, timber and charcoal, Stem, leaves, root, and bark harvest. To alleviate, the entire threat of wild edible fruit plant species; a community-based forest management system, awareness creation, and growing of wild edible fruit plant species at farms and homesteads level, is mandatory for any forest resource users. Therefore; the most threatened and unregenerated wild edible fruit plant species of the study areas main concern should be given the acute collection, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, and promotion of on farm husbandry in the practice of agroforestry schemes. Further investigation should be considered on the collection, nutrient content analyses, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, wise utilization, and popularization of Wild edible fruit plants through forest management. These are vital points to be deliberated forward.

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Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa, Fatiany Pierre Ruphin, Robijaona Baholy, Raharisololalao Amelie, Pius T. Mpiana, and Virima Mudogo. "Ethno-botanical Survey and Assessment of Vasorelaxant Activity of Some Extracts Obtained from the Leaves of Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae) Originated from Madagascar on Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta." Pharmacologia 6, no. 3 (2015): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5567/pharmacologia.2015.88.96.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carissa spinarum'

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