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1
Witcher, T. R. "Zion-Mount Carmel Highway and Tunnel." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 86, no. 2 (February 2016): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001074.
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Upchurch, Jonathan. "Evaluating the Traffic Capacity of the Zion–Mt. Carmel Tunnel in Zion National Park." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119899670.
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Constructed in 1930 and recently designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, the 1.1 mile long Zion–Mt. Carmel Tunnel has served Zion National Park in Utah well for several decades. With the passage of time, however, vehicles have become larger and this has necessitated the use of one-way operation to allow large vehicles to pass through the narrow tunnel. In recent years the number of visits to National Parks in the Colorado Plateau region has greatly increased. For example, visits to Zion National Park increased by 69% from 2010 to 2017. Accompanying the increase in visitor numbers has been an increase in traffic volume. As traffic volume has grown, two questions have become more obvious: What is the highway capacity of the Zion–Mt. Carmel Tunnel? And, how soon will the tunnel reach capacity? This paper covers a unique traffic engineering/highway capacity problem and describes: (a) the current method of operating the tunnel (both two-way and one-way operation); (b) data collection and analysis; (c) how one-way operation degrades tunnel capacity; (d) calculation of tunnel capacity and waiting times; (e) how soon the tunnel will reach capacity; and (f) alternatives for addressing the capacity problem.
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Valdivia, Hugo O., Victor O. Zorrilla, Liz J. Espada, Jocelyn G. Perez, Hugo R. Razuri, Hubert Vera, Roberto Fernandez, et al. "Diversity, distribution and natural Leishmania infection of sand flies from communities along the Interoceanic Highway in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0009000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009000.
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The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carmen, Florida Baja, Mazuko and Mavila) and an undisturbed area (Malinowski). Collected specimens were identified based on morphology and non-engorged females of each species were pooled and screened by kinetoplast PCR to detect natural Leishmania infections. A total of 9,023 specimens were collected belonging to 54 different Lutzomyia species including the first report of Lu. gantieri in Peru. Four species accounted for 50% of all specimens (Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai, Lu. davisi, Lu. shawi and Lu. richardwardi). El Carmen, Alto Libertad, Florida Baja and Malinowski presented higher Shannon diversity indexes (H = 2.36, 2.30, 2.17 and 2.13, respectively) than the most human disturbed sites of Mazuko and La Novia (H = 1.53 and 1.06, respectively). PCR detected 10 positive pools belonging to Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. Positive pools from 1,000 m transects had higher infectivity rates than those from 600 m and 200 m transects (9/169 = 5.3% vs 0/79 = 0% and 1/127 = 0.8%, p = 0.018). El Carmen, accounted for eight out of ten positives whereas one positive was collected in Florida Baja and Mazuko each. Our study has shown differences in sand fly diversity, abundance and species composition across and within sites. Multiple clustered Lutzomyia pools with natural Leishmania infection suggest a complex, diverse and spotty role in leishmaniasis transmission in Madre de Dios, with increased risk farther from the highway.
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Ponce, Carlos J., and Flavia Roldán. "Cartels as Small World Networks: Evidence from Graphite Electrode Cartel." Review of Network Economics 16, no. 1 (March 26, 2017): 27–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2016-0047.
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Abstract This article contributes to understanding the organization of collusive agreements by studying the inner-workings of the graphite electrode cartel. For this purpose: (i) we construct a database that comprises 49 meetings between 24 cartel members during the life period of the agreement, and (ii) we develop a conceptual framework that captures the affiliation of cartel members to meetings. Using statistical methods of social networks, we find that the cartel is organized around a few highly connected sub-networks that are close to each other.
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Stark, Benjamin C., M. Hunter Lanier, and John A. Cooper. "CARMIL family proteins as multidomain regulators of actin-based motility." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 13 (July 2017): 1713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0019.
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CARMILs are large multidomain proteins that regulate the actin-binding activity of capping protein (CP), a major capper of actin filament barbed ends in cells. CARMILs bind directly to CP and induce a conformational change that allosterically decreases but does not abolish its actin-capping activity. The CP-binding domain of CARMIL consists of the CP-interaction (CPI) and CARMIL-specific interaction (CSI) motifs, which are arranged in tandem. Many cellular functions of CARMILs require the interaction with CP; however, a more surprising result is that the cellular function of CP in cells appears to require binding to a CARMIL or another protein with a CPI motif, suggesting that CPI-motif proteins target CP and modulate its actin-capping activity. Vertebrates have three highly conserved genes and expressed isoforms of CARMIL with distinct and overlapping localizations and functions in cells. Various domains of these CARMIL isoforms interact with plasma membranes, vimentin intermediate filaments, SH3-containing class I myosins, the dual-GEF Trio, and other adaptors and signaling molecules. These biochemical properties suggest that CARMILs play a variety of membrane-associated functions related to actin assembly and signaling. CARMIL mutations and variants have been implicated in several human diseases. We focus on roles for CARMILs in signaling in addition to their function as regulators of CP and actin.
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Liang, Jinjun, Pingyin Guan, Zhenhua Liu, Yan Wang, Jiayi Xing, and Jianfang Hu. "The VvSUPERMAN-like Gene Is Differentially Expressed between Bicarpellate and Tricarpellate Florets of Vitis vinifera L. Cv. ‘Xiangfei’ and Its Heterologous Expression Reduces Carpel Number in Tomato." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 10 (August 6, 2020): 1760–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa103.
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Abstract Multicarpellate fruits are larger and produce more seeds than mono- or bicarpellate fruits, enhancing the reproductive capacity of the plant. To identify the phenotypic and molecular differences among florets of different carpel types, we studied carpel formation and fusion in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivar ‘Xiangfei’, which produces a high proportion of multicarpellate fruit. We also determined the function of VvSUPERMAN-like (VvSUP-like) and explored its relationship with VvWUS (VvWUSCHEL) and VvAG1 (VvAGAMOUS), which is related to the formation of carpel primordia. We showed that carpel formation and fusion were largely consistent between bicarpellate and tricarpellate ovaries, which both involve congenital fusion; rather, the differences between these ovary types arose from variation in carpel primordia number and location. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing VvSUP-like produced significantly fewer carpels and other floral organs than the wild type. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing results indicate that VvSUP-like was more highly expressed in bicarpellate than in tricarpellate ‘Xiangfei’ florets. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that VvSUP-like inhibits the expression of VvAG1 and VvWUS by directly binding to their promoters, and VvWUS promotes VvAG1 expression by directly binding to its promoter. VvSUP-like inhibits the feedback signaling between VvWUS and VvAG1. Together, these results suggest that VvSUP-like negatively regulates the number of carpels that develop by inhibiting VvAG1 and VvWUS expression.
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Kerber, Alessander. "A PORTUGUESA REPRESENTANDO O BRASIL E O URUGUAIO OU FRANCÊS REPRESENTANDO A ARGENTINA: AS TURNÊS INTERNACIONAIS DE CARMEN MIRANDA E CARLOS GARDEL." Revista Prâksis 3 (August 27, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rpr.v3i0.2281.
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ResumoNo presente artigo, proponho uma análise das representações de identidades nacionais nas músicas e trajetórias de Carlos Gardel e de Carmen Miranda. Mais especificamente, proponho analisar a forma como ambos os artistas lidaram com a questão de representarem as identidades nacionais argentina e brasileira dentro desses países e em suas turnês no exterior sendo que não nasceram neles, mas eram imigrantes. Carmen e Gardel foram os artistas de maior sucesso no rádio, cinema e indústria fonográfica da Argentina e do Brasil no Entreguerras, constituindo também uma carreira internacional de grande sucesso através desses mesmos meios de comunicação. Eles também construíram e difundiram versões acerca dessas duas identidades nacionais. Na obra musical e na trajetória de ambos os artistas, buscamos e analisamos essas representações das identidades nacionais.Palavras-chave: Identidade nacional. Representações. Carlos Gardel. Carmen Miranda. AbstractIn this article, I propose an analysis of the representations of national identities in the musics and trajectories of Carlos Gardel and Carmen Miranda. More specifically, I propose to analyze how both artists dealt with the issue of representing Argentine and Brazilian national identities within these countries and on their tours abroad, since they were not born in them, but were immigrants. Carmen and Gardel were the most successful artists in the radio, cinema and recording industry in Argentina and Brazil between Wars, also constituting a highly successful international career through these same means of communication. They also built and disseminated versions of these two national identities. In the musical work and trajectory of both artists, I search and analyze these representations of national identities.Keywords: National identities. Representations. Carlos Gardel. Carmen Miranda.
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Rodríguez-Salas, Gerardo. "Communitarian Theory and Andalusian Imagery in Carmel Bird’s Fiction. An Interview." IRIS, no. 35 (June 30, 2014): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35562/iris.1803.
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Australian writer Carmel Bird writes fiction that, while being highly individual and varied, settles within the Australian traditions of both Peter Carey’s fabulism and Thea Astley’s humane wit. As William H. Wilde, Joy Hooton and Barry Andrews state (1994), Bird is a “witty writer with a wide but always highly original tonal range”, who “raises what is often potentially sinister or horrific to something approaching comedy. Disease, deaths and violence are staples in her fictional world, which has similarities with Barbara Hanrahan’s Gothic sensuality and feminist irony, although Bird’s deadpan humour is a distinctive, determining element”. The present interview focuses on an unexplored area in Bird—Andalusia, Spain—which, paradoxically, becomes the backcloth of some of her fiction—like the recent Child of the Twilight (2010)—and a prolific source of inspiration. The following pages explore Bird’s Andalusian/Spanish visions as regards nationalistic, religious, and cultural constructions. To that end, the theoretical communitarian discussion of figures like Ernest Gellner, Ferdinand Tönnies, Benedict Anderson, Jean-Luc Nancy and Maurice Blanchot will prove useful in the structural framework of this interview. Bird herself clarifies that her contribution is not offered from an academic perspective; she speaks about herself as a writer largely unaffected by academic bias. However, communitarian theorisation will prove useful in clarifying her depiction of nationalistic and religious values, while, in the process, she sheds some light on the slippery concept of “Australian writing” and the construction of Spanish cultural values from the perspective of an Australian writer. This interview offers a fresh rendition marked by the humorous, spontaneous and truthful tone that characterises Bird’s fiction.
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Tang, Yong Zheng, Bao Chen Du, and Hui Zhou. "Study on Zostera marina L. Seed Germination Ecological Characteristics in Variable Environmental." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.866.
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The paper is mainly concerned with two parts in morphological observation and tissue culture of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.).The results areas follows: 1.The microstructure of the plant showed that the cell wall exposing to seawater in epidermal cells of leaves was highly thickened, but the other sides were normal. It was also highly thickened in the side exposing to seawater in the epidermal cells of roots and stems. This structure may function as a barrier against toxic ions to enter the epidermal cells. Chloroplasts were found mainly in the epidermal cells, indicating that epidermal cells were main site where photosynthesis occurred. Aerenchyma was found everywhere in the plant which showed the ability of adaptation to submerged life. Anatomical observation of the inflorescence showed that eelgrass was a monoecious plant; the male flower and carpel were alternating arrangement on the inflorescence. SEM photographs of the stamen and the carpel indicated that the carpel had two stigmas; the pollens of the eelgrass were filamentous. All of the above observation showed that eelgrass is able to adapt to submerged life. The explants were dipped in 75%Alcohol for 10 seconds firstly, they were dipped in 1%NaClO 10 minutes, and this was the best way of sterilization than other treatments.
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Lewis, Maxine. "Audience, Communication and Textuality in Catullus Carmen 67." Antichthon 43 (2009): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400001933.
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Catullus c. 67 is a problematic piece that has proved troublesome for scholars, primarily because its story of sexual scandal is highly ambiguous. Various scholars have claimed that they have finally solved the details of the poem's slippery narrative, and have identified the author's intention in creating such obscurity. Copley, Giangrande and Richardson argue that the story is clear, and then create a web of hypothetical events to explain the ambiguities in the text. Unfortunately, the hypotheses contradict one another, and none provides an account of the story that explains away all the problems. So far, consensus on a ‘solution’ has not been reached. More recently, scholars have turned away from this controversial topic, focusing instead on the poetic and thematic effects of the poem.
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Tessler, Naama, Lea Wittenberg, and Noam Greenbaum. "Soil water repellency persistence after recurrent forest fires on Mount Carmel, Israel." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12063.
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Variations in forest fires regime affect: (1) the natural patterns of community structure and vegetation; (2) the physico-chemical properties of soils and consequently (3) runoff, erosion and sediment yield. In recent decades the Mediterranean ecosystem of Mount Carmel, north-western Israel, is subjected to an increasing number of forest fires, thus, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the long-term effects of single and recurrent fires on soil water repellency (WR) and organic matter (OM) content. Water repellency was studied by applying water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests at sites burnt by single-fire, two fires, three fires and unburnt control sites. Water repellency in the burnt sites was significantly lower than in the unburnt control sites, and the soil maintained its wettability for more than 2 decades, whereas after recurrent fires, the rehabilitation was more complicated and protracted. The OM content was significantly lower after recurrent than after a single fire, causing a clear proportional decrease in WR. The rehabilitation of WR to natural values is highly dependent on restoration of organic matter and revegetation. Recurrent fires may cause a delay in recovery and reduced productivity of the soil for a long period.
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ANGELO, K. M., A. R. CONRAD, A. SAUPE, H. DRAGOO, N. WEST, A. SORENSON, A. BARNES, et al. "Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to whole apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples: United States, 2014–2015." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 5 (January 9, 2017): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816003083.
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SUMMARYWhole apples have not been previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne bacterial illness. We investigated a nationwide listeriosis outbreak associated with caramel apples. We defined an outbreak-associated case as an infection with one or both of two outbreak strains of Listeria monocytogenes highly related by whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) from 1 October 2014 to 1 February 2015. Single-interviewer open-ended interviews identified the source. Outbreak-associated cases were compared with non-outbreak-associated cases and traceback and environmental investigations were performed. We identified 35 outbreak-associated cases in 12 states; 34 (97%) were hospitalized and seven (20%) died. Outbreak-associated ill persons were more likely to have eaten commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples (odds ratio 326·7, 95% confidence interval 32·2–3314). Environmental samples from the grower's packing facility and distribution-chain whole apples yielded isolates highly related to outbreak isolates by wgMLST. This outbreak highlights the importance of minimizing produce contamination with L. monocytogenes. Investigators should perform single-interviewer open-ended interviews when a food is not readily identified.
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Ardila, Marlon Mauricio, Lina Carrillo-Bonilla, Adriana Pabón, and Sara M. Robledo. "Surveillance of phlebotomine fauna and Didelphis marsupialis (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) infection in an area highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia." Biomédica 39, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v39i2.3905.
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Introduction: The study of the interaction between the parasite, the vector and the mammalian hosts, including man, allows to understand the behavior of the leishmaniases.Objective: To determine the presence of Lutzomyia species and to detect the Leishmania infection in Didelphis marsupialis in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis.Materials and methods: Phlebotomine fauna and individuals of D. marsupialis were collected with CDC and Tomahawk™ traps, respectively. The species of Lutzomyia were identified using the Young and Duncan key (1994). Ear and tail biopsies and blood samples from D. marsupialis were taken to identify the Leishmania species by amplifying a fragment of the gene associated with the 70 kD heat shock protein.Results: Seven Lutzomyia species were identified: Lu. evansi, Lu. gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. dubitans, Lu. cayennensis cayennensis, Lu. rangeliana and Lu. trinidadensis. The first three species have epidemiological importance in Colombia because of their implications in the transmission of the Leishmania parasite. Sixty-five tissue samples from 19 D. marsupialis individuals were negative for Leishmania spp. Conclusions: The presence of the Lutzomyia species that have been identified as vectors for Leishmania inside and around houses in the village of El Bledo, in El Carmen de Bolívar represents a risk of infection. Furthermore, the presence of Lu. panamensis is reported for first time in El Carmen de Bolívar in Colombia. Although the lack of detection of Leishmania spp. in D. marsupialis samples may suggest that D. marsupialis does not play an important role in the transmission cycle of Leishmania in this region, it is necessary to carry out further longitudinal studies to confirm this hypothesis
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Bolleyer, Nicole, and Evelyn Bytzek. "Beyond Duverger: party ideology, party-state relations and informal finance strategies in advanced democracies." European Political Science Review 6, no. 4 (January 23, 2014): 503–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391300026x.
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This article examines one widespread but widely overlooked informal party practice to access state resources indirectly: the ‘taxing’ of MP salaries, which obliges candidates who win elected office on a party ticket to regularly donate a fixed share of their private income to party coffers. Linking Duverger’s classical approach on party organization that stresses the importance of party–society relations with the more recent, highly influential cartel party theory that argues that parties are shaped by their relationship with the state, we specify factors that shape the acceptability of this informal practice and thus parties’ capacity to extract rent from their MPs. The analysis of an original dataset covering parties across a wide range of advanced democracies reveals that demanding salary transfers from national MPs to their parties are not only more common in leftist parties as argued by Duverger but also in systems in which the penetration of the state apparatus by political parties is intense as argued by the cartel party approach. Linking the two perspectives further reveals that ideological differences between parties shape their relative capacity to collect higher payments from MPs in systems where parties and the state are less intertwined.
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Griffin, William L., Sarah E. M. Gain, Martin Saunders, Luca Bindi, Olivier Alard, Vered Toledo, and Suzanne Y. O'Reilly. "Parageneses of TiB2 in corundum xenoliths from Mt. Carmel, Israel: Siderophile behavior of boron under reducing conditions." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7375.
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Abstract Titanium diboride (TiB2) is a minor but common phase in melt pockets trapped in the corundum aggregates that occur as xenoliths in Cretaceous basaltic volcanoes on Mt. Carmel, north Israel. These melt pockets show extensive textural evidence of immiscibility between metallic (Fe-Ti-C-Si) melts, Ca-Al-Mg-Si-O melts, and Ti-(oxy)nitride melts. The metallic melts commonly form spherules in the coexisting oxide glass. Most of the observed TiB2 crystallized from the Fe-Ti-C silicide melts and a smaller proportion from the oxide melts. The parageneses in the melt pockets of the xenoliths require fO2 ≤ ΔIW-6, probably generated through interaction between evolved silicate melts and mantle-derived CH4+H2 fluids near the crust-mantle boundary. Under these highly reducing conditions boron, like carbon and nitrogen, behaved mainly as a siderophile element during the separation of immiscible metallic and oxide melts. These parageneses have implications for the residence of boron in the peridotitic mantle and for the occurrence of TiB2 in other less well-constrained environments such as ophiolitic chromitites.
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Zhou, Yong, Lifang Hu, Lingli Ge, Guanghua Li, Peng He, Lunwei Jiang, and Shiqiang Liu. "Ectopic expression of CsMADS24, an AGAMOUS ortholog from cucumber, causes homeotic conversion of sepals into carpels in transgenic arabidopsis plants." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 1 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs180528037z.
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The floral homeotic C-function MADS gene AGAMOUS (AG) in Arabidopsis plays crucial roles in specifying stamen and carpel identities as well as determining floral meristem. However, there have been only a few studies of floral homeotic C-function genes in cucumber thus far. In the present study, CsMADS24, a putative AG ortholog from cucumber, was isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis and protein sequence alignment revealed that the deduced CsMADS24 protein contained the typical MIKC structure and the N-terminal extension, as well as two highly conserved AG motifs (I and II). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsMADS24 fell into the clade of core eudicots, while being distant from the AG orthologs of basal eudicots, monocots and gymnosperms. Expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that CsMADS24 was exclusively expressed in female flower buds. In situ hybridization revealed that CsMADS24 expression was only detected in the carpels. Functional analyses indicated that the sepals were partly converted into carpelloid-like structures in 35S::35S::CsMADS24 transgenic plants. In addition, earlier flowering and delayed floral organ abscission during the development of siliques were also observed in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our findings demonstrate that the AG ortholog plays an exclusive role in carpel specification of cucumber, providing a basis for revealing the mechanisms of reproductive development in cucumber.
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Reich, Leonard S. "Lighting the Path to Profit: GE's Control of the Electric Lamp Industry, 1892–1941." Business History Review 66, no. 2 (1992): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116940.
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Founded in 1892, General Electric set out to dominate the American electrical industry. This article is an explanation of how the company accomplished this goal in the highly profitable electric lamp (“light bulb”) market. GE's techniques included technology leadership through in-house development and the purchase of patent rights, discriminatory agreements with suppliers based on market power, and cartel arrangements of various sorts, both foreign and domestic. The article shows how one company was able to use financial and market power, combined with early control of a rapidly developing technology, to gain and then hold a major American market for half a century.
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Heron, Robert. "Internet – information super-highway." Australian Critical Care 10, no. 3 (September 1997): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1036-7314(97)70407-7.
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Mateo-Fernández, Marcos, Pilar Alves-Martínez, Mercedes Del Río-Celestino, Rafael Font, Tania Merinas-Amo, and Ángeles Alonso-Moraga. "Food Safety and Nutraceutical Potential of Caramel Colour Class IV Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays." Foods 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090392.
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Nutraceutical activity of food is analysed to promote the healthy characteristics of diet where additives are highly used. Caramel is one of the most worldwide consumed additives and it is produced by heating natural carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the food safety and the possible nutraceutical potential of caramel colour class IV (CAR). For this purpose, in vivo toxicity/antitoxicity, genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity and longevity assays were performed using the Drosophila melanogaster model. In addition, cytotoxicity, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, single cell gel electrophoresis and methylation status assays were conducted in the in vitro HL-60 human leukaemia cell line. Our results reported that CAR was neither toxic nor genotoxic and showed antigenotoxic effects in Drosophila. Furthermore, CAR induced cytotoxicity and hipomethylated sat-α repetitive element using HL-60 cell line. In conclusion, the food safety of CAR was demonstrated, since Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) was not reached in toxicity assay and any of the tested concentrations induced mutation rates higher than that of the concurrent control in D. melanogaster. On the other hand, CAR protected DNA from oxidative stress provided by hydrogen peroxide in Drosophila. Moreover, CAR showed chemopreventive activity and modified the methylation status of HL-60 cell line. Nevertheless, much more information about the mechanisms of gene therapies related to epigenetic modulation by food is necessary.
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Grant, Alasdair C. "Pisan Perspectives: The Carmen in victoriam and Holy War, c.1000–1150*." English Historical Review 131, no. 552 (October 1, 2016): 983–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cew343.
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Abstract The Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum, a verse account of a successful Pisan and Genoese attack of 1087 on the Zīrid King Tamīm ibn al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs of al-Mahdiyya and Zawīla, should be dated to 1087–95, making it a source of huge importance both for the maritime cities’ wars against the ‘Saracens’, and for the pre-First Crusade development of ideas of holy war. This study argues that the expedition was to a large degree motivated by local, economically charged adventurism in Pisa, but that it found itself under the leadership and intellectual domination of a close-knit, pro-Gregorian party. This party, based around Matilda of Canossa, Pope Victor III, Bishop Benedict of Modena and, most probably, the Pisan author of the Carmen himself, ensured that the attack was publicised as a great success for the Gregorian papacy, at this time in competition with Antipope Clement III. The attack also set a seal upon Pisa’s return from a pro-imperial to a pro-papal position. In publicising the victory, the poet expounded a highly developed discourse of holy war that, while representing his own party’s particular interests, is indicative of wider trends in the Mediterranean that developed over the course of the second half of the eleventh century, rather than appearing suddenly after 1095.
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Nevo, Eviatar. "Evolution of wild barley at Evolution Canyon: adaptation, speciation, pre-agricultural collection, and barley improvement." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, no. 1-2 (May 18, 2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.940783.
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The present paper reviews the state of cultivated barley,Hordeum vulgare, in Old World agriculture and its domestication through its progenitor, wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum. It focuses on the adaptation, incipient sympatric speciation, and domestication ofH. spontaneumin the “Evolution Canyon” model. The “Evolution Canyon,” at lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel, revealsevolution in actionat a microsite caused by interslope microclimatic divergence across life from viruses and bacteria through fungi, plants, and animals including mammals. The interslope adaptive complexes ofH. spontaneumat “Evolution Canyon” include genetic diversity, drought resistance bydehydrin I, rhizosphere bacteria, andEibi Igene promoter.Isadefense locus and vitamin E components also diverge between the opposite tropical and temperate abutting slopes. A highly likely pre-agricultural collection site ofH. spontaneumis described on the Natufian cemetery of the Oren and Um Usba caves in “Evolution Canyon”. Finally, the paper briefly reviews the remarkable interslope incipient sympatric speciation ofH. spontaneumat “Evolution Canyon”, as is true for other organisms such as bacteria,Drosophila, and spiny mice,Acomys. Sympatric ecological speciation is still controversial and “Evolution Canyon” provides an appropriate site to explore it inH. spontaneumand other organisms across life.
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Eddie, W. M. M., C. N. Cupido, and J. J. Skvarla. "Pollen and reproductive morphology of Rhigiophyllum and Siphocodo (Campanulaceae): two unique genera of the fynbos vegetation of South Africa." Bothalia 40, no. 1 (July 22, 2010): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v40i1.200.
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Pollen grains of Rhigiophyllum squarrosum Hochst., Siphocodon spartioides Turcz. and S. debilis Schltr., are flattened and triangular with pores at the angles. This morphology is radically different from known pollen of the Campanulaceae s.sfr:: the Campanulaceae are treated here as a family separate from the Lobeliaceae, Cyphiaceae, Nemacladaceae, Pentaphragmataceae and Sphenocleaceae (Lammers 1992). As traditionally conceived, the Campanulaceae is very heterogeneous and, in many classifications, these families were treated as subfamilies of a much-enlarged Campanulaceae. The consistently different floral morphology, biochemistry and pollen structure of the Lobeliaceae favours the recognition of this predominantly tropical group as a separate family.The pollen grains of these species are described in comparison with other members of the Campanulaceae. Based on surface characteristics of their pollen grains, we conclude that they represent an early offshoot o f the wahlenbergioid lineage in southern Africa. We suggest that this unique pollen may also be the result of a highly selective regime in the fynbos, associated with specialized pollinators, and base-poor soils, in addition to possible adaptations for ant dispersal and fire. Rhigiophyllum Hochst. and Siphocodon Turcz. are also unique in having free carpel-like structures within the ovary. These shrink to form seed pockets around the seeds and disperse as units when the capsule matures. Data from molecular studies support the contention that these taxa form a sister group to all other wahlenbergioids and that this should be formally recognized in a classification system. We treat Rhigiophyllum and Siphocodon within the Campanulaceae: Wahlenbergioideae, as a separate tribe, the Rhigiophylleae tribus nov., the species of which are distinguishable from other wahlenbergioids by unique angulaperturatc pollen, epipetalous stamens, free carpel-like structures and seed pockets.
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Cachia, Amanda. "Reflections on Access: Disability in Curatorial Practice." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 8, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v8i1.472.
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Access is a vital tool to deploy within a critical disability curatorial practice and can embody both conceptual and physical possibilities, whereby the very idea of access can be discovered in an artist’s work, and, at the same time, be productively curated into both gallery spaces and the exhibition of the artwork. This essay reflects on the author’s critical disability curatorial practice with the exhibitions Marking Blind (2015) and Sweet Gongs Vibrating (2016). Through the curation of works by Raphaëlle de Groot and Carmen Papalia, and through the artist curator relationship between the artists and the curator, the author of this paper, both exhibitions incorporated access in order to benefit the artists, the artworks, as well as diverse audiences. This paper argues that through the guidance of the curator, access can be incorporated into the exhibition in highly imaginative and artistic ways.
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Broza, M., and I. Izhaki. "Post-Fire Arthropod Assemblages in Mediterranean Forest Soils in Israel." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 4 (1997): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970317.
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The presence of soil micro- and macroarthropod species was surveyed after severe fire in a mixed forest dominated by Aleppo pine on Mt. Carmel, Israel. Arthropods were sampled, and separated into 19 taxa (mainly orders or classes). The effects of 2nd-5th post-fire years, seasons, habitats (burned and unburned) and tree species (pine or oaks) on the relative abundance of soil arthropods were analyzed by linear redundancy analysis. Arthropod distribution along the first axis of the analysis was non-random, so all these factors influenced arthropod community composition. Arthropod composition in the 2nd and 3rd postfire years was different from later years, demonstrating outbreaks of pioneers. After five post-fire years arthropod populations were not completely recovered. Significant seasonal differences in population size were detected, indicating summer, and to lesser extent also winter, as unfavorable periods in that region, as was well demonstrated with Collembola. The resilience of arthropods under burned oaks differed from the arthropods sampled under burned pines. Seven taxa were highly correlated to the unburned zone and included the main microarthropod groups (Collembola, Protura, Acari, and Pauropoda) and Coleoptera, Thysanoptera and Chilopoda. Only two orders showed a distinct association with-the burned zone: Psocoptera and Homoptera; the latter was represented almost solely by specimens of a pioneer species, Rhizoicus sp. (Pseudococcidae).
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Zilberberg, Marya D., and Thomas L. Higgins. "Translational highway: It helps to have a map*." Critical Care Medicine 35, no. 5 (May 2007): 1416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000262937.10340.02.
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Madenova, A. K., K. Galymbek, A. M. Kokhmetova, M. N. Atishova, S. B. Bakirov, and Zh S. Keishilov. "SEARCHING FOR RESISTANCE SOURCES TO WHEAT COMMON BUNT (Tilletia caries (DC.)." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.7.
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Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) the disease occurs in areas where autumn wheat is grown. In our country, most of the zoned wheat varieties are infected with this disease. Therefore, foreign germoplasm should look for sources of strength. In our research in the field of artificial epizootic environment, the Hungarian 21 varieties of soft wheat Tilletia caries (DC.) of the pathogen was made the phytopathological and genetic-selection analysis. The study revealed that 15 wheat varieties are resistant to diseases, of which 8 wheat varieties were highly resistant to diseases (IT-0). They are; Ati, Békés, Berény, Csillag, Futár, Pilis, Szala and Rege. We say 7 varieties that are resistant to common bunt (IT-1), they are Kalász, Mentor, Göncöl, Fény, Garaboly, Szemes and Vitorlás. The indicator of the biomass index (NDVI) was determined at the stages of vegetative development of plants in ears, flowering phase and milky stage. The average value of the biomass index is higher than 0.70, with a high score of 9 varieties that have Ati, Mentor, Hajnal, Göncöl, Tisza, Csillag, Futár, Garaboly and Szala. As a result of the analysis of structural characteristics, the varieties Körös, Mentor, Tisza, Szala, Szemes and Rege showed a high index for all characteristics. As a result, disease-resistant and high-performance varieties can be presented as common bunt resistant specimens in immune selection.
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Gerlach, Frank, Aaron Avivi, Alma Joel, Thorsten Burmester, Eviatar Nevo, and Thomas Hankeln. "Genomic Organization and Molecular Evolution of the Genes for Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin in the Hypoxiatolerant Israeli Mole Rat, Spalax Carmeli." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 52, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2006): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee_52_3-4_389.
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The genes for the two respiratory proteins neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) in the subterranean Israeli mole rat Spalax carmeli have been sequenced and compared to other mammals including human. Coding regions of both Spalax genes are highly conserved on the nucleotide and amino acid level. The ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions suggest strong purifying selection acting on Ngb and Cygb in all mammals. Thus, there appears to be no special sequence level adaptation in the two respiratory proteins within the hypoxia-tolerant mole rat. On the genomic level, Spalax Ngb and Cygb gene regions revealed the conserved 4-exon-3-intron structure and conserved CpG-rich islands in the 5' region. The Spalax Cygb gene promoter contains a conserved hypoxia-responsive transcription factor binding site, indicating a possible up-regulation of Cygb under oxygen deprivation. In Cygb intron 1, we observed a stretch of highly conserved putatively non-coding sequence of yet unknown (regulatory?) importance. In the Spalax Ngb gene, we note the presence of candidate hypoxia-responsive elements, which are not conserved in Ngb of hypoxia-sensitive mammals. Both globin gene regions harbor Spalax-specific simple sequence regions, which might be of adaptive value. We conclude that adaptations for hypoxia in mole rats are most likely to be found in regulatory functions rather than in protein structure.
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Sokal, Aurélien, Thomas de Nadaï, Thibault Comont, Nicolas Limal, Marc Michel, Odile Beyne-Rauzy, Bertrand Godeau, et al. "Immune Thrombocytopenia in Very Elderly Patients: Particularities in Presentation and Management. Results from the Multicenter Prospective Carmen-France Registry." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126019.
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Introduction: The incidence of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is high in the elderly. Observational studies demonstrated that age above 65 years impacts ITP presentation and management. However, data are lacking in very elderly patients (VEP) with ITP. The aim of this study was to describe the presentation and the management of primary ITP that occurs in VEP (≥80 year-old) in comparison with elderly patients (EP; ≥65-79 year-old). Methods: Data source was the CARMEN-France registry. The CARMEN (Cytopénies Auto-immunes : Registre Midi-PyréneEN) registry is aimed at the prospective follow-up of all incident ITP adult patients in the French Midi-Pyrénées region (South-West of France, 3 million inhabitants) since June 2013. Each investigator follows all adult patients (aged ≥18 years) newly diagnosed for ITP in routine visit or hospital stay and detailed information on patients' characteristics and management of ITP are prospectively recorded. This registry has been implemented in the French referral center for ITP (Créteil) since October 2015, taking the name of CARMEN-France. Inclusion criteria in the present study were: inclusion in the CARMEN-France registry between June 2013 and December 2018; age ≥65 years at ITP onset; primary ITP defined by international criteria (platelets count <100 x 109/L and exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia) and with normal bone marrow examination. Patients were then categorized by age groups (VEP vs EP). We compared patients' characteristics, ITP presentation including bleeding by platelet counts, exposure to first and second-line treatments. We also assessed the factors associated to any and severe (hematuria, gastro-intestinal tract or intracranial) bleeding at ITP onset in the VEP group using logistic regression models. Results: Out of 541 patients included in the CARMEN-France registry, 184 fulfilled inclusion criteria: 87 in the VEP group and 97 in the EP group. Mean age was 85.7 years in the VEP group versus 71.8 in the EP group. Male:female sex-ratio was similar (63.2% vs. 60.8%). Patients in the VEP group had more frequently comorbidities of the Charlson's Index (67.4% versus 47.9%) and polypharmacy (≥4 drugs; 63.3% versus 45.4%); they were more frequently exposed to antiplatelet drugs (37.9% versus 23.7%) and to anticoagulant (18.4% versus 10.3%). Median platelet counts at ITP onset were similar (22.0 versus 18.0 x 109/L). The frequencies of any bleeding were similar (58.6% versus 54.6%) as well as mucosal bleeding (25.3% versus 26.8%), but severe bleeding was more frequent in the VEP group (10.3% versus 4.1%). The frequencies of any bleeding and mucosal bleeding were higher in case of platelet count <20 x 109/L in both groups. Severe bleeding occurred with platelet count <20 x 109/L in all EP cases (n=4) while they occurred at any platelet count in the VEP group. In the VEP group, 85.1% of the patients were treated for ITP, versus 80.4% in the EP group. Among treated patients, 36.5% in the VEP group had steroids alone and 60.3% steroids plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), in comparison with 50.0% and 48.7% in the EP group, respectively. Second-line treatment was prescribed in 39.1% of VEP versus 37.5% of EP: thrombopoietin receptor agonists (13.8% versus 13.4%), dapsone (8.1% versus 8.2%), rituximab (6.9% versus 6.2%), and danazol (6.9% versus 4.1%). In univariate analysis, the factors associated with any bleeding in the VEP group were: female sex (odds ratio - OR: 1.97; 95% confidence interval - CI: 0.79-4.93), polypharmacy (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.08-6.48); infection within the six weeks before ITP onset (OR: 2.60; 95% CI: 0.66-10.4) and platelet count < 20 x 109/L (OR: 10.0; 95% CI: 3.49-28.63). In univariate analysis, the main factors associated with severe bleeding were exposure to anticoagulant (OR: 7.61; 95% CI: 1.77-32.83), polypharmacy (OR: 5.28; 95% CI: 0.63-44.30), a Charlson's Comorbidity Index score ≥1 (OR: 4.32; 95% CI: 0.51-36.38); the OR for a platelet count <20 x 109/L was 1.54 (95% CI: 0.38-6.16). Conclusion: VEP had more frequently severe bleeding at ITP onset. They were more frequently exposed to IVIg but did not require more frequently a second-line treatment. The pattern of second-line treatment was similar between VEP and EP. Platelet count <20 x 109/L was a major risk factor for any bleeding in VEP. In contrast, exposure to anticoagulant, and not platelet count <20 x 109/L, was highly associated with severe bleeding in VEP. Introduction: The incidence of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is high in the elderly. Observational studies demonstrated that age above 65 years impacts ITP presentation and management. However, data are lacking in very elderly patients (VEP) with ITP. The aim of this study was to describe the presentation and the management of primary ITP that occurs in VEP (≥80 year-old) in comparison with elderly patients (EP; ≥65-79 year-old). Methods: Data source was the CARMEN-France registry. The CARMEN (Cytopénies Auto-immunes : Registre Midi-PyréneEN) registry is aimed at the prospective follow-up of all incident ITP adult patients in the French Midi-Pyrénées region (South-West of France, 3 million inhabitants) since June 2013. Each investigator follows all adult patients (aged ³18 years) newly diagnosed for ITP in routine visit or hospital stay and detailed information on patients' characteristics and management of ITP are prospectively recorded. This registry has been implemented in the French referral center for ITP (Créteil) since October 2015, taking the name of CARMEN-France. Inclusion criteria in the present study were: inclusion in the CARMEN-France registry between June 2013 and December 2018; age ≥65 years at ITP onset; primary ITP defined by international criteria (platelets count <100 x 109/L and exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia) and with normal bone marrow examination. Patients were then categorized by age groups (VEP vs EP). We compared patients' characteristics, ITP presentation including bleeding by platelet counts, exposure to first and second-line treatments. We also assessed the factors associated to any and severe (hematuria, gastro-intestinal tract or intracranial) bleeding at ITP onset in the VEP group using logistic regression models. Results: Out of 541 patients included in the CARMEN-France registry, 184 fulfilled inclusion criteria: 87 in the VEP group and 97 in the EP group. Mean age was 85.7 years in the VEP group versus 71.8 in the EP group. Male:female sex-ratio was similar (63.2% vs. 60.8%). Patients in the VEP group had more frequently comorbidities of the Charlson's Index (67.4% versus 47.9%) and polypharmacy (³4 drugs; 63.3% versus 45.4%); they were more frequently exposed to antiplatelet drugs (37.9% versus 23.7%) and to anticoagulant (18.4% versus 10.3%). Median platelet counts at ITP onset were similar (22.0 versus 18.0 x 109/L). The frequencies of any bleeding were similar (58.6% versus 54.6%) as well as mucosal bleeding (25.3% versus 26.8%), but severe bleeding was more frequent in the VEP group (10.3% versus 4.1%). The frequencies of any bleeding and mucosal bleeding were higher in case of platelet count <20 x 109/L in both groups. Severe bleeding occurred with platelet count <20 x 109/L in all EP cases (n=4) while they occurred at any platelet count in the VEP group. In the VEP group, 85.1% of the patients were treated for ITP, versus 80.4% in the EP group. Among treated patients, 36.5% in the VEP group had steroids alone and 60.3% steroids plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), in comparison with 50.0% and 48.7% in the EP group, respectively. Second-line treatment was prescribed in 39.1% of VEP versus 37.5% of EP: thrombopoietin receptor agonists (13.8% versus 13.4%), dapsone (8.1% versus 8.2%), rituximab (6.9% versus 6.2%), and danazol (6.9% versus 4.1%). In univariate analysis, the factors associated with any bleeding in the VEP group were: female sex (odds ratio - OR: 1.97; 95% confidence interval - CI: 0.79-4.93), polypharmacy (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.08-6.48); infection within the six weeks before ITP onset (OR: 2.60; 95% CI: 0.66-10.4) and platelet count < 20 x 109/L (OR: 10.0; 95% CI: 3.49-28.63). In univariate analysis, the main factors associated with severe bleeding were exposure to anticoagulant (OR: 7.61; 95% CI: 1.77-32.83), polypharmacy (OR: 5.28; 95% CI: 0.63-44.30), a Charlson's Comorbidity Index score ³1 (OR: 4.32; 95% CI: 0.51-36.38); the OR for a platelet count <20 x 109/L was 1.54 (95% CI: 0.38-6.16). Conclusion: VEP had more frequently severe bleeding at ITP onset. They were more frequently exposed to IVIg but did not require more frequently a second-line treatment. The pattern of second-line treatment was similar between VEP and EP. Platelet count <20 x 109/L was a major risk factor for any bleeding in VEP. In contrast, exposure to anticoagulant, and not platelet count <20 x 109/L, was highly associated with severe bleeding in VEP. Disclosures Comont: BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Michel:Rigel: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy. Beyne-Rauzy:Cellgene: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Godeau:Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Moulis:Amgen pharma: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis pharma: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Research Funding.
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Zhang, Jiyu, Min Wang, Zhenghai Mo, Gang Wang, and Zhongren Guo. "Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of an AGAMOUS-like Gene CiAG from Pecan." HortScience 51, no. 6 (June 2016): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.6.664.
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The floral homeotic C-function gene AGAMOUS (AG) has been shown to be critical in the determination of stamen and carpel identity in Arabidopsis. In the present study, a new homologue of AGAMOUS gene from pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], denoted by CiAG, was isolated and its function was characterized. The complementary DNA (cDNA) of CiAG contains an open reading frame of 687 base pairs (bp) encoding 227 amino acids. Multiple sequence comparisons revealed that CiAG had the typical MIKC structure. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CiAG is closely related to C-lineage AG. The expression of CiAG was highly accumulated in the reproductive tissues (staminate flowers, pistillate flowers, and fruitlets) than in vegetative tissues (leaves and current-growth branches). Arabidopsis overexpressing CiAG exhibited earlier flowering. The homeotic transformations of petals into stamen organs were observed in 35S::CiAG transgenic plants. All these results indicated that CiAG plays a key role in the process of flower development of pecan.
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LYMAN, RICHARD F., EVIATAR NEVO, and TRUDY F. C. MACKAY. "Variation in Drosophila sensory bristle number at ‘Evolution Canyon’." Genetical Research 80, no. 3 (December 2002): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672302005876.
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‘Evolution Canyon’ on Mount Carmel, Israel, displays highly contrasting physical and biotic environments on a micro-geographic scale, and is a natural laboratory for investigating genetic responses to variable and extreme environments across species. Samples of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected from three sites each on the north- and south-facing slopes of the canyon along altitudinal transects, and one site on the valley floor. Numbers of abdominal and sternopleural sensory bristles were recorded for each of these subpopulations in three thermal environments. In D. simulans, sternopleural bristle number exhibited micro-geographic differentiation between the north- and south-facing slopes, while abdominal bristle number was stable across subpopulations. In D. melanogaster, the magnitudes of the difference in mean sternopleural bristle number between the north- and south-facing slopes and of mean abdominal bristle number along the altitudinal gradients were both conditional on rearing temperature. Thus, the pattern of genetic variation between sites was consistent with underlying heterogeneity of genetic mechanisms for response to the same environmental gradients between traits and sibling species. In contrast, the genetic architecture of bristle number at the level of variation within populations was very similar between species for the same bristle trait, although the two traits differed in the relative contribution of genotype by temperature and genotype by sex interaction.
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Comes, H. P. "THE OCCURRENCE OF SENECIO VULGARIS L. VAR. VULGARIS AND S. × HELWINGII BEGER EX HEGI (S. VULGARIS × S. VERNALIS WALDST. ET KIT.) IN ISRAEL." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, no. 2 (May 13, 1994): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676562.
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Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL. var.vulgaris(2n = 40)) is widespread in the northern hemisphere. In Israel, judging from a herbarium survey, records taken from the Israel Plant Information Center (ROTEM), and field studies, it has a restricted and widely disjunct pattern of geographical distribution, and, thus, is another example of the comparatively large group of weeds in Israel which are extremely stenochorous. The remarkable gaps in its distribution, from the Upper Golan to Mt. Carmel and to the Jerusalem area, are considered primarily to be the result of paleoclimatic changes, whereas its occurrence outside these centers of distribution is probably related to long-distance dispersal events. Natural hybridization ofS. vulgariswith its closest ally,S. vernalisWaldst. et Kit. (2n = 20), results in formation of their shortly ligulate and highly sterile hybrid,S. × helwingiiBeger ex Hegi (2n = 30), which is reported for the first time from the Israel area. Hybrid frequencies of 8.7 and 9.8%, respectively, were found in the two mixed populations examined in the Upper Golan. These are higher than previously reported for two localities of hybridization in Central Europe (1.1 and 1.5%), and probably indicate a closer genetic affinity ofS. vulgarisvar.vulgaristoS. vernalisfrom Israel than toS. vernalisfrom Central Europe. It is likely that reports of radiate variants ofS. vulgarisvar.vulgarisfrom the Israel area, none of which could be confirmed, refer toS. × helwingii.
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Ren, Y. Z., Y. Q. Liu, S. L. Ding, G. Y. Li, and H. Zhang. "First Report of Boll Rot of Cotton Caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China." Plant Disease 92, no. 9 (September 2008): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-9-1364b.
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Since the summer of 2006, bacterial boll rot of cotton has been observed on fruits of ‘Xinluzao 31’ (Xinluzao 6 × Acala) in Xinjiang Province. It resulted in as much as 20% yield loss in several fields. Symptoms do not appear on the outer carpel. In the infected cotton bolls, fibers do not mature completely and seed tissue exhibits brown necrotic coloration. Lint and seeds from 24 surface-disinfested cotton bolls were triturated and plated onto King's medium B (KB). Plates were incubated at 28°C for 48 h. Forty eight strains with yellow pigmentation on KB were characterized. All were nonfluorescent on KB, gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, unable to produce indole from tryptophan, able to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and produce acid from glucose, cellobiose, lactose, melibiose, and melonate. In addition, 16S rDNA in seven strains was amplified with universal primers (1). The PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T easy vector and sequenced. A BLAST search of the seven sequences against the GenBank nucleotide library indicated 100% identity with the 16S rDNA sequence of Enterobacter agglomerans strain A80. Then an additional primer pair, pagF and pagR (3), was used for more specific amplification of Pantoea agglomerans 16S rDNA, which resulted in single highly specific fragments of approximately 1 kb. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we identified the bacterium to be P. agglomerans. To confirm pathogenicity, cell suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) of eight representative strains were used to inoculate cotton at peak bolling stage in the field. Cell suspensions, or water as the control, were applied to stigma scars, wall sutures, and scratch wounds on bracts, calyxes, and bolls. Alternatively, a needle was used to puncture through a drop of suspension placed on the boll wall suture and bracts. At least 20 bolls or flowers were inoculated with each bacterial strain per inoculation method. Infection occurred only when bacterial injections breached the endocarp of the boll either through the carpel wall or a suture between carpel sections. Disease symptoms developed 1 week postinoculation. The inoculated organism was reisolated from the diseased tissues. P. agglomerans is generally regarded to be a soil saprophyte or leaf epiphyte, but strains can opportunistically infect plants triggering gall formations or human wounds causing septic arthritis. The disease symptoms and pathogen characteristics observed in this study are identical to those reported in the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. agglomerans causing boll rot of cotton in China. References: (1) S. Manulisi and I. Barash. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4:307, 2003. (2) E. G. Medrano et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103:436, 2007. (3) S. Vorwerk et al. Agric. For. Entomol. 9:57, 2007.
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Humphrey, Carolyn J. "We??re on the Information Highway." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 14, no. 2 (February 1996): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-199602000-00001.
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Bellit, S. "The career paths of agricultural workers: What is the impact of temporary contracts? ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 12 (December 1, 2014): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2014-agricecon.
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Agriculture, more than any other sector, is a provider of temporary jobs. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of the temporary contract in agriculture on the probability of remaining employed in this sector. There is used a discrete-time competing risks duration model with two sub-samples, consisting of seasonal contracts and fixed-term contracts. The results show that while the probability of a worker finding a job increases with the number of temporary jobs already amassed in his or her career, this probability decreases with the number of interruptions in employment. There is also shown the effect of time dependence on the transition probabilities. Whether the temporary contract is seasonal or not, the risks of exiting towards non-employment are greatest for the shortest contracts, but the prospects for finding a job do improve thereafter. In the specific case of the fixed-term contract, the chances of converting this to a permanent contract are greater at the legal limit. Finally, the most highly qualified workers are those who leave the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, the risks of exiting are relatively low: agricultural jobs require a specific capital which is difficult to transfer to other sectors.
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Velez, Patricia, María C. González, Silvia Capello-García, Edmundo Rosique-Gil, and Richard T. Hanlin. "Diversity of marine ascomycetes from the disturbed sandy beaches of Tabasco, Mexico." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 5 (January 14, 2015): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414002112.
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The coastline of Tabasco State in the Gulf of Mexico represents a highly deteriorated ecosystem, where densely populated human settlements and large offshore petroleum developments are negatively affecting the marine biodiversity. Previous work on marine ascomycetes reported that in the Gulf of Mexico the diversity of these fungi might be threatened by anthropogenic activities. Therefore we evaluated the diversity of marine ascomycetes in this area, and registered 19 taxa. Ceriosporopsis capillacea was recorded for the first time for Mexico. The highest diversity was obtained in the beach of Sánchez Magallanes, which receives a great quantity and diversity of organic remains originating from El Carmen/Machona mangrove forests via the Santa Ana mouth, benefiting the proliferation of marine fungi. The lowest diversity was documented in the beach of Paraíso, which is close to the delta of one of the most polluted rivers in Mexico and to off-shore oil extraction platforms. We found a significant correlation between the community composition and abundance, implying that the overall abundance is defined by the community structure, perhaps as a result of competition. Additionally, our results indicated that there is no relationship between the grain size and the biodiversity observed.
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Dafoe, Allan. "Science Deserves Better: The Imperative to Share Complete Replication Files." PS: Political Science & Politics 47, no. 01 (December 29, 2013): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104909651300173x.
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In April 2013, a controversy arose when a working paper (Herndon, Ash, and Pollin 2013) claimed to show serious errors in a highly cited and influential economics paper by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff (2010). The Reinhart and Rogoff paper had come to serve as authoritative evidence in elite conversations (Krugman 2013) that high levels of debt, especially above the “90 percent [debt/GDP] threshold” (Reinhart and Rogoff 2010, 577), posed a risk to economic growth. Much of the coverage of this controversy focused on an error that was a “perfect made-for-TV mistake” (Stevenson and Wolfers 2013) involving a simple error in the formula used in their Excel calculations. The real story here, however, is that it took three years for this error and other issues to be discovered because replication files were not publicly available, nor were they provided to scholars when asked. If professional norms or theAmerican Economic Reviewhad required that authors publish replication files, this debate would be advanced by three years and discussions about austerity policies would have been based on a more clear-sighted appraisal of the evidence.
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Elhoff, Justin J., and Javier J. Lasa. "Intubation in the Cardiac ICU: Highway to the Danger Zone?*." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 21, no. 12 (December 2020): 1102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000002529.
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卢, 贝思. "Stability Analysis And Reinforcement Technology Study of A Highway Slope in Cambodia." Hans Journal of Civil Engineering 10, no. 05 (2021): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2021.105048.
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杨, 建伟. "Investigation and Treatment of Complex Rock Landslide on a Highway in Tianjin." Hans Journal of Civil Engineering 10, no. 08 (2021): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2021.108083.
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Rizvi, Sajjad. "Epistles of the Brethren of Purity. On the Natural Sciences." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1046.
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One does not need to repeat the oft-stated observation that editing and translatingthe epistles of the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-Safa’) will greatly enhanceour understanding of the pre-Avicennan period’s intellectual history ofthe philosophical sciences. Carmela Baffioni, senior research fellow at the Instituteof Ismaili Studies, which sponsors this project, is a leading specialiston the Brethren, having spent an illustrious career at Naples – twenty-fiveitems in the bibliography constitute her major contributions, alongside the editionsand translations she has contributed to this series. She has already editedand translated the epistles on logic in an earlier volume of this series – thoseepistles come immediately before the seven that are published here (out ofthe seventeen epistles that comprise the second section on the natural sciences)and are the culmination of the first section on the mathematical sciences. Thevolume immediately after on epistle 22 on animals has been published manytimes and is arguably one of the most famous of the Epistles: The Case of theAnimals versus Man before the King of the Jinns (published in this series inthe translation of Lenn Goodman and Richard MacGregor).With this highly useful and impressive volume, she has made a majorcontribution. This large volume (around 1,000 pages of English and Arabic)comprises a foreword by Nader el-Bizri (the project’s general editor); an ...
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Reis, Ailton, Hélcio Costa, Leonardo S. Boiteux, and Carlos A. Lopes. "First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 4 (August 2005): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000400017.
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Fusarium wilt, caused by three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Races 1 and 2 are distributed worldwide whereas race 3 has a more limited geographic distribution with no report thus far in Brazil. Seven F. oxysporum isolates were obtained from wilted tomato plants of race 1 and 2-resistant hybrids 'Carmen' and 'Alambra' in Venda Nova do Imigrante (State of Espírito Santo), Brazil. Virulence assays were performed using a set of the race differential cultivars: 'Ponderosa' (susceptible to all races), 'IPA-5' (resistant to race 1), 'Floradade' (resistant to races 1 and 2) and 'BHRS-2,3' (resistant to race 3). All isolates were highly virulent to 'Ponderosa', 'IPA-5' and 'Floradade' and were able to infect only a few plants of 'BHRS-2,3'. An additional virulence test was conducted including the same set of cultivars plus Lycopersicon pennellii 'LA 716'. Identical results were obtained with L. pennellii displaying an extreme (immune-like) resistant response. These results indicated that all seven isolates could be classified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3. This new Fusarium wilt might became an economically important disease since race 3-resistant cultivars adapted to Brazil are not yet available.
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Nugent, S. Georgia. "Ausonius' ‘Late-Antique’ Poetics and ‘Post-Modern’ Literary Theory." Ramus 19, no. 1 (1989): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00002940.
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The fourth-century Latin poet, Ausonius, enjoyed in his own time considerable prestige and success. Our witnesses for this reputation are by no means inconsiderable figures. In a letter, the emperor Theodosius proclaims that his admiration for the poet could not be greater. He equates Ausonius with the poets of the Augustan golden age and concludes that, although Augustusmighthave esteemed these authors as highly as Theodosius does Ausonius, he could not possibly have loved them more. In another fascinating document, Symmachus, one of the most influential and learned men of the age, playfully castigates Ausonius for the fact that, despite their friendship, he hasn't received a copy of the poet's latest best seller. The work in question is Ausonius' poem in praise of the Moselle river; copies of it, Symmachus punningly protests, are circulating everywhere, but they have glided right past him. Still, he has managed to obtain a copy to read, and the praise he lavishes on the work is boundless; he proclaims that the Moselle has become more famous than the Tiber and does not blush to conclude by holding up Ausonius to the master himself, Vergil:ego hoc tuum carmen libris Maronis adiungo(‘I class your poetry with Vergil's’).
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Welty, N., C. Radovich, T. Meulia, and E. van der Knaap. "Inflorescence development in two tomato species." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 1 (January 2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-154.
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The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.
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Dadpour, Mohammad Reza, Somayeh Naghiloo, and Gholamreza Gohari. "Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Osteospermum ecklonis (Asteraceae)." Botany 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-052.
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Development of the capitulum inflorescence with different types of florets in Asteraceae is an interesting issue in the field of plant evolution and development. In this study, ontogeny of the inflorescence and florets of Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl., an ornamental and evergreen subshrub, was investigated using epi-illumination light microscopy. The initiation and subsequent development of florets on the highly convex inflorescence apex occurred acropetally, except for the ray florets, which showed a lag in initiation. Organogenesis in disc florets started with unidirectional initiation of corolla lobes from the adaxial side and then proceeded by simultaneous appearance of five stamen and finally two median carpel primordia. Significant developmental features included the lack of pappus differentiation, formation of nonsyngenesious stamens, and formation of the ovule-less ovary. Ray florets showed significant differences from disc florets as reflected by the zygomorphic shape of floral apex and shift of floral merosithy from pentamery to tetramery. Also, expansion of corolla lobes to form the ligule and the formation of staminodia were observed. It is hypothesized that the actinomorphic pentamerous disc florets are most primitive among the family from which the tetramerous ray florets are derived. Accordingly, ray florets evolved from disc florets under long-term selective pressure and play a crucial role in enhancing reproductive success.
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Wilkinson, M., E. de Andrade Silva, S. Zachgo, H. Saedler, and Z. Schwarz-Sommer. "CHORIPETALA and DESPENTEADO: general regulators during plant development and potential floral targets of FIMBRIATA-mediated degradation." Development 127, no. 17 (September 1, 2000): 3725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.17.3725.
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Two Antirrhinum majus mutants, choripetala (cho) and despenteado (desp), exhibit identical highly pleiotropic phenotypes including petaloid transformation of first whorl floral organs, narrowing of both vegetative and floral organs, reduction in carpel size and fertility and delayed germination. The petaloid first whorl results from ectopic expression of the class B genes DEFICIENS and GLOBOSA and is correlated with the ectopic expression of the proposed class B/C gene regulator FIMBRIATA (FIM). Ectopic class B gene expression is apparent from the earliest point at which class B gene transcription can be detected in the wild type, indicating that the pre-patterning of the class B domain has been disrupted in these mutants. Single and double mutant analyses indicate that CHO and DESP also play a role in regulation of the class C domain. Interestingly, the cho and desp mutations partially suppress the phenotype of fim null mutants, suggesting that the F-box protein FIM may target a member of the CHO/DESP pathway for degradation. We propose that CHO and DESP are members of a ‘basal regulatory function’ influencing many processes throughout plant development and in particular are directly or indirectly required for the repression of class B and C genes during early stages of flower development.
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Sotelo Gallardo, Hugo, Armando J. Contreras Balderas, and Alejandro Espinosa Treviño. "Comparación de dos métodos de liberación del berrendo, Antilocapra americana (Artiodactyla: Antilocapridae) en Coahuila, México." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 8, 2017): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29447.
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The reintroduction of missing mammal species in former habitats has recently been of high interest. In Mexico, there have been several attempts to reintroduce Antilocapra since 1967, but until now none of the trials has been successful. Nowadays, different releasing methods have been practiced for mammal species, including soft and hard release ones. The aim of this study was to provide new information, and to evaluate the success of a recent release. The study was based on the monitoring of 100 individuals (70 females, 30 males) captured in New Mexico, USA, to be released in Maderas del Carmen, Coahuila, Mexico, in two different groups. The first group (fast release) of 45 specimens (20 females, 25 males) was released in the valley at the beginning of March 2009. The second one (soft release), with 55 individuals (50 female, 5 male), was released in March 2010. For both groups, we compared the mortality rate between dispersal and soft-release vs. hard-release methods. Our results showed that the release with adaptation gave highly significant results (χ2= 2, α= 0.05, p= 0.0001)). The comparison of mortality and dispersion among both methods was highly contrasting: with soft-release we obtained 4 % and 13 % of success, against 23 % and 46 %, respectively. Considering these results, we recommend the soft-release method to be used in future reintroduction attempts of Antilocapra, since more than 50 % of specimens from hard-releases died because of capture stress, or were dispersed, and thus reduced the reintroduction success chances.
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Luque-Tévar, M., C. Perez-Sanchez, F. U. Pilar, M. Romero-Gómez, A. M. Patiño-Trives, D. Ruiz, I. Arias de la Rosa, et al. "SAT0043 SERUM BIOMOLECULES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CLINICAL EFFICACY AND PREDICTORS OF RESPONSE TO BIOLOGIC DISEASE MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 951.2–952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4442.
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Objectives:To evaluate the changes promoted in levels of circulating inflammatory mediators in RA patients in response to TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) and anti-CD20 therapies, in order to identify biomarkers of clinical efficacy and potential predictors of therapeutic response to these drugs.Methods:In a prospective RA cohort multicenter study, we collected serum from RA patients with moderate or high disease activity prior and after 6 months of treatment with TNFi or rituximab (RTX), and analyzed levels of 27 proteins that constitute a multi-biomarker test of the inflammatory profile of these samples, using a multiplex immunoassay. Patients’ response was determined according to the EULAR response criteria (good/moderate/no). We compared basal levels of inflammatory molecules between the differential response patient groups and analyzed their discriminative ability. Logistic prediction models were created to assess the added value of potential inflammatory predictors.Results:Among 111 total RA patients, 50 of 85 (59%) patients in the TNFi group and 18 of 26 patients in the RTX group (69%) responded to the biologic treatment. High DAS28 or SDAI scores, or titers of auto-antibodies (RF or ACPA) at baseline were not predictive of response to any treatment. Instead, smoking habit and hyperlipidemia at baseline were predictors of a worse response to any of these bDMARDs.Of the molecules analyzed by the multiplex assay, 14 inflammatory mediators showed a significant downregulation on patients’ responders to TNFi therapy. Moreover, the decline on 7 biomolecules was related to reduced DAS28. After RTX treatment, 15 inflammatory mediators were reduced in patients with good clinical response; downregulation in 4 of those biomolecules correlated with reduced DAS28.In the search for predictors of response to each bDMARD, by using the MetaboAnalyst software, we could classify patients with distinctive therapeutic response based on the baseline levels of the inflammatory molecules analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses for those multiple biomarkers allowed us to further identify specific signatures of inflammatory biomolecules that may serve as predictors of response to each bDMARD therapy with high sensitivity and specificity. Thus, a signature of five molecules was identified as potential predictor of TNFi response [Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Eotaxin, RANTES, IL7 and IL-17]. Indeed, a signature including three highly expressed cytokines/chemokines in RA serum were identified as predictors of RTX response [interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP10), Eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)].Conclusion:The extensive analysis of serum inflammatory profile allowed to identify specific and distinctive signatures of biomolecules that, in coordination with known clinical and serological profiles, might predict the response of RA patients to TNFi or RTX treatments.Acknowledgments :Funded by Junta de Andalucía (PI-0285-2017), ISCIII, (PI18/00837 and RIER RD16/0012/0015) co-funded with FEDERDisclosure of Interests:María Luque-Tévar: None declared, Carlos Perez-Sanchez: None declared, Font Ugalde Pilar: None declared, Montserrat Romero-Gómez: None declared, Alejandra M. Patiño-Trives: None declared, Desiree Ruiz: None declared, Iván Arias de la Rosa: None declared, Maria del Carmen Abalos-Aguilera: None declared, Rafaela Ortega Castro: None declared, Alejandro Escudero Contreras: None declared, Carlos Rodríguez-Escalera Speakers bureau: Lilly, GSK, Novartis and Sanofi, José Javier Pérez Venegas: None declared, María Dolores Ruiz Montesinos: None declared, Carmen Dominguez: None declared, Carmen Romero Barco: None declared, Antonio Fernandez-Nebro: None declared, Natalia Mena-Vázquez: None declared, Jose Luis Marenco Speakers bureau: ABbvie, Pfzer, lilly, Julia Uceda: None declared, Mª Dolores Toledo-Coello: None declared, Nuria Barbarroja Puerto Grant/research support from: ROCHE and Pfizer., Speakers bureau: ROCHE and Celgene., Maria A Aguirre: None declared, Chary Lopez-Pedrera Grant/research support from: ROCHE and Pfizer., Eduardo Collantes-Estévez Grant/research support from: ROCHE and Pfizer., Speakers bureau: ROCHE, Lilly, Bristol and Celgene.
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Mátyás, Kinga Klára, Géza Hegedűs, János Taller, Eszter Farkas, Kincső Decsi, Barbara Kutasy, Nikoletta Kálmán, Erzsébet Nagy, Balázs Kolics, and Eszter Virág. "Different expression pattern of flowering pathway genes contribute to male or female organ development during floral transition in the monoecious weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae)." PeerJ 7 (October 4, 2019): e7421. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7421.
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The highly allergenic and invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a monoecius plant with separated male and female flowers. The genetic regulation of floral morphogenesis is a less understood field in the reproduction biology of this species. Therefore the objective of this work was to investigate the genetic control of sex determination during floral organogenesis. To this end, we performed a genome-wide transcriptional profiling of vegetative and generative tissues during the plant development comparing wild-growing and in vitro cultivated plants. RNA-seq on Illumina NextSeq 500 platform with an integrative bioinformatics analysis indicated differences in 80 floral gene expressions depending on photoperiodic and endogenous initial signals. Sex specificity of genes was validated based on RT-qPCR experiments. We found 11 and 16 uniquely expressed genes in female and male transcriptomes that were responsible particularly to maintain fertility and against abiotic stress. High gene expression of homologous such as FD, FT, TFL1 and CAL, SOC1, AP1 were characteristic to male and female floral meristems during organogenesis. Homologues transcripts of LFY and FLC were not found in the investigated generative and vegetative tissues. The repression of AP1 by TFL1 homolog was demonstrated in male flowers resulting exclusive expression of AP2 and PI that controlled stamen and carpel formation in the generative phase. Alterations of male and female floral meristem differentiation were demonstrated under photoperiodic and hormonal condition changes by applying in vitro treatments.
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HUA, Len V., Kiyoshi HIDAKA, Xavier PESESSE, Larry D. BARNES, and Stephen B. SHEARS. "Paralogous murine Nudt10 and Nudt11 genes have differential expression patterns but encode identical proteins that are physiologically competent diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases." Biochemical Journal 373, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030142.
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We previously described paralogous human genes {NUDT10 and NUDT11 [where NUDT is (nucleoside diphosphate attached moiety ‘X’)-type motif, also known as the ‘nudix’-type motif]} encoding type 3 diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases (DIPP3) [Hidaka, Caffrey, Hua, Zhang, Falck, Nickel, Carrel, Barnes and Shears (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32730–32738]. Normally, gene duplication is redundant, and lacks biological significance. Is this true for the DIPP3 genes? We address this question by characterizing highly-conserved murine Nudt10 and Nudt11 homologues of the human genes. Thus these genes must have been duplicated prior to the divergence of primates and sciurognath rodents, approx. 115 million years ago, greatly exceeding the 4 million year half-life for inactivation of redundant paralogues; our data therefore indicate that the DIPP3 duplication is unusual in being physiologically significant. One possible functional consequence is gene neofunctionalization, but we exclude that, since Nudt10 and Nudt11 encode identical proteins. Another possibility is gene subfunctionalization, which we studied by conducting the first quantitative expression analysis of these genes. We demonstrated high Nudt10 expression in liver, kidney and testis; Nudt11 expression is primarily restricted to the brain. This differential, but complementary, expression pattern indicates that subfunctionalization is the evolutionary consequence of DIPP3 gene duplication. Our kinetic data argue that diphosphoinositol polyphosphates are more physiologically relevant substrates for DIPP3 than are either diadenosine hexaphosphate or 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Thus the significance of the Nudt10/Nudt11 duplication is specific hydrolysis of diphosphoinositol polyphosphates in a tissue-dependent manner.
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Franks, Robert G., Chunxin Wang, Joshua Z. Levin, and Zhongchi Liu. "SEUSS, a member of a novel family of plant regulatory proteins, represses floral homeotic gene expression withLEUNIG." Development 129, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.1.253.
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Proper regulation of homeotic gene expression is critical for pattern formation during both animal and plant development. A negative regulatory mechanism ensures that the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS is only expressed in the center of an Arabidopsis floral meristem to specify stamen and carpel identity and to repress further proliferation of the floral meristem. We report the genetic identification and characterization of a novel gene, SEUSS, that is required in the negative regulation of AGAMOUS. Mutations in SEUSS cause ectopic and precocious expression of AGAMOUS mRNA, leading to partial homeotic transformation of floral organs in the outer two whorls. The effects of seuss mutations are most striking when combined with mutations in LEUNIG, a previously identified repressor of AGAMOUS. More complete homeotic transformation of floral organs and a greater extent of organ loss in all floral whorls were observed in the seuss leunig double mutants. By in situ hybridization and double and triple mutant analyses, we showed that this enhanced defect was caused by an enhanced ectopic and precocious expression of AGAMOUS. Using a map-based approach, we isolated the SEUSS gene and showed that it encodes a novel protein with at least two glutamine-rich domains and a highly conserved domain that shares sequence identity with the dimerization domain of the LIM-domain-binding transcription co-regulators in animals. Based on these molecular and genetic analyses, we propose that SEUSS encodes a regulator of AGAMOUS and functions together with LEUNIG.