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Journal articles on the topic 'Carnallitit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lee, R., and E. De Souza. "The effect of brine on the creep behaviour and dissolution chemistry of evaporites." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-050.

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To evaluate operational problems in evaporite deposit utilization associated with brine, halite, sylvinite, and carnallitic ore were creep tested under unconfined conditions, both with and without added brine. Axial deformation and dissolution chemistry where observed throughout the tests. In both the sylvinite and carnallitic ore tests, selective dissolution of sylvite and carnallite minerals was associated with the precipitation of halite. The nature of this process was dependent on temperature and initial brine and ore composition. Generally, the presence of brine caused a decrease in the resistance to creep deformation. It is suggested that observed weakening in evaporites under dilatant conditions and in the presence of brine is due primarily to the enhancement of fracture mechanics processes through selective dissolution from stressed areas in the rock, such as fracture-process zones and asperities acting as barriers to slip. Correlation of results with a variety of practical environments, including brine inflow problems, waste salt backfilling practices, and underground storage facilities, was possible. Since there is always inherent brine in salt rock deposits, the results also add to the existing body of knowledge regarding advanced evaporite rock mechanics in general.Key words: evaporite, potash, salt, brine, creep, mining.

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2

Fabricius, Johannes. "Paragenese- og geokemistudier af K-Mg-zoner i det nordjyske Zechstein bassin." Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Serie D 5 (July 31, 1988): 1–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/seried.v5.7122.

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Parageneseprojektets formål var at forbedre indsigten i relationerne mellem på den ene side Zechstein saltbjergarternes, specielt K-Mg bjergarternes, kemiske og mineralogiske sammensætning og på den anden side de temperatur- og trykforhold, som findes i saltforekomsterne. Som følge af den begrænsede rådige tid i forbindelse med visse tidsrøvende vanskeligheder under opbygningen og driften af autoklavelinien, blev det besluttet at gennemføre undersøgelserne på salt med dissemineret carnallit fra boringen E+slev-1. Undersøgelserne blev udført som en termometrisk undersøgelse af det system i indeslutninger indfanget kombination af 1. Mikronaturlige Na-K-Mg-Cl-H20 af kvartskrystaller, der krystalliserede i saltet i perioden mellem trias - nedre kridt, og 2. Autoklaveundersøgelse af saltmineralet carnallits barotermale stabilitetsforhold. Da det viste sig, at saltet i kerne 30 fra boringen Erslev-1 var bedst egnet til ovennævnte parallelt løbende undersøgelser, blev hovedvægten lagt på dette salt. Delresultater er blevet publiceret, medens projektet stod på: Fabricius, J., 1984: The thermal stability of natural carnallite in cognate geological environments. DGU Serie c. Nr. 1, IV. 63-83. Fabricius, J., 1987a: Natural Na-K-Mg-Cl solutions and solid derivatives trapped in euhdral quartz from Danish Zechstein salt. Chem. Geol. 61, 95-112. Fabricius, J., 1987b: Geochemical investigation. of potassium- magnesium chloride mineralization of Zechstein 2 salt, Mors Dame, Danmark. Microthermometry on solid inclusions in quartz crystals. DGU Serie A. Nr. 19. 48 pp. Fabricius, J. and Rose-Hansen, J., 1987: Pressure-dependent melting curve of natural carnalli te, KMgCl3 • 6H2O, in a closed system, where evaporation is prevented. Bidrag til IX Symposium on Fluid Inclusions, Oporto. Nærværende tekst er et oversat uddrag af ovenstående publikationer. For at fremme læseligheden og overskueligheden er referencer udeladt. De i publikationerne anvendte referencer fremgår af litteraturlisten, Appendix II.

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3

Solomon, M. V., O. P. Goncharenko, and G. A. Moscowsky. "Potash and potassium-magnesium salt of Pogojskoe rhythmic member of the western part of the northern outer side of the boarder of the Caspian depression: lithological features and formation conditions." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2019-1-51-59.

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The data has been given on the possible commercial potassium content of halogen sediments from the Pogozhskaya rhythmic member within the Western part of the North Caspian depression. It has been shown that the detailed lithological and geochemical studies, with the construction of the thickness maps, allow allocating in the section the most promising intervals with the potassium mineralization, as well as the taking into account the direction of nipping of the productive intervals and, as a consequence, choosing the priority of the sites for prospecting. Chloride type of potassium mineralization is represented by carnallites and sylvinites. The latter are the main source of the potassium ore. Sulfate salt — kainite and kieserite - are allocated only within the North-Western part of the basin. It has been found that the sylvinite layer was formed as a result of entering of the solutions with lower concentration (at the level of the halite stage) to the water basin with the strong brine of carnallite-bischofite stage . It has been revealed that the sylvite from the potash intervals of the section of the pogozhskaya rhythmic member is a product of the decomposition of carnallite.

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4

Fabricius, Johannes. "Geochemical investigation of NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-CaCl2-FeCl2 solutions in Zechstein 2 salt, Suldrup Dome, Denmark. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions in halite." Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Serie A 27 (October 3, 1989): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/seriea.v27.7047.

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Large, irregular fluid inclusions with daughter bischofite, MgCl2 • 6H2O, in recrystallized halite from former brine pockets in grey Zechstein 2 rock salt from the Suldrup dome, Denmark, were studied by means of microthermometry. The test material consists of ca 3 kg cleavage pieces and a piece of core of extremely clean, colourles, limpid halite. Anhydrite and pyrrhotite are present as solid inclusions in trace amounts only. The irregular inclusions studied all contain daughter bischofite at room temperature. Optical, crystallographic, and chemical (melting) methods proved the daughter mineral to be bischofite. The mean dissolving temperature Tmhex = 56.5 ± 0.9°C, 95% confidence limit, of 117 measurements yields, from pertinent phase diagrams, a quantitative composition of the equilibrium solution: 114 mol MgCl2 + 1.2 mol K2Cl2 per 1000 mol H2O, saturated with NaCl (ca. 2 mol Na2Cl2 per 100 mol H2O). Exposed to the atmosphere, the equilibrium solution becomes orange yellowish after some days, thus proving the presence of FeCl2 (5-10 mol/1000 mol H2O). In one inclusion carnallite (KMgCl3 • 6H2O) was observed, the dissolving temperature Tmcar = 81.9°C of which is a minimum trapping temperature. The minimum trapping pressure is calculated at slightly higher than 65 MPa. The viscosity at 80°C is estimated at ca. 4 centipoise. Measurements of the homogenization temperature in fluid phase are meaningless due to the presence of compressed gas, possibly H2S. The following model is proposed concerning the formation of the studied halite: During the end of the diapiric penetration phase in Lower Cretaceous, a metamorphic lye mixed with concentrated sea water in NaCl facies in brine pockets within the grey Zechstein 2 rock salt, causing salting out of the studied halite. The metamorphic lye derived from a metamorphosed carnallitic potash zone. The carnallitic solution was mixed with an infiltrating rinneitic (3KC1 · NaCl · FeCl2) solution. The mixture was squeezed out from the potash zone during the diapiric penetration phase, leaving a trail of disseminated grains and fracture fillings of carnallite all the way up to the former brine pockets. The minerals bischofite and pyrrhotite, Fe1-xS, are reported from Denmark for the first time.

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5

Richter, Albrecht. "Deformationsverhalten tektonisch unterschiedlich beanspruchter Carnallitite." Geologische Rundschau 81, no. 2 (June 1992): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01828609.

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6

Li, Da, Fang Qin Cheng, Xu Ming Wang, and Yun Shan Guan. "Study on Preparation Techniques of Carnallite with Waste Brine." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1082.

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In this work, the crystallization of Carnallite from waste brine of Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province was studied based on NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-H2O phase diagram. According to this study, a new crystallization pathway to recycling waste brine was developed. The carnallite salt was formed by using this technology during the waste brine evaporation. The experiment data shows that 5 tons of waste brine was required to form one ton of the carnallite. The average grade of carnallite prepared by using this procedure was about 19.40 % of KCl, 16.92% of NaCl, 28.80% of MgCl2, and 0.82% of CaSO4. This study provides an opportunity to utilization of the waste brine.

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7

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, A. I. Voitenko, and O. V. Smetanina. "Carnallite synthesis from magnesium and potassium chloride solutions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 57, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2021-57-1-87-93.

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The influence of the main parameters on the process of obtaining artificial carnallite and its quality has been established. It is shown that to obtain a product with a high content of the carnallite phase and a low content of bischofite and KCl, it is necessary to use magnesium chloride solution with the concentration of 27-30 % and preheated ground potassium chloride. The process should be carried out at the temperature of 80 °C. The formation of synthetic carnallite, close in composition to the enriched one, occurs when the ratio of potassium chloride to magnesium chloride in the initial mixture is equal or close to their stoichiometric ratio in carnallite. With an excess of potassium chloride in the reaction mixture, an increased content of potassium and sodium chlorides in the product is observed, and with its deficiency, the product contains an increased amount of bischofite phase. To reduce the hydrolysis of magnesium chloride during dehydration, a slight excess of potassium chloride should be maintained in the mixture entering the synthesis. It is shown that the most advantageous scheme for producing artificial carnallite provides for incomplete evaporation of desulfurized liquor in the presence of potassium chloride with the return of circulating carnallite liquor to the desulfurization stage.

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8

Pannach, Melanie, Iris Paschke, Horst Schmidt, Daniela Freyer, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Crystallization of metastable monoclinic carnallite, KCl·MgCl2·6H2O: missing structural link in the carnallite family." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 76, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229620005197.

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During evaporation of natural and synthetic K–Mg–Cl brines, the formation of almost square plate-like crystals of potassium carnallite (potassium chloride magnesium dichloride hexahydrate) was observed. A single-crystal structure analysis revealed a monoclinic cell [a = 9.251 (2), b = 9.516 (2), c = 13.217 (4) Å, β = 90.06 (2)° and space group C2/c]. The structure is isomorphous with other carnallite-type compounds, such as NH4Cl·MgCl2·6H2O. Until now, natural and synthetic carnallite, KCl·MgCl2·6H2O, was only known in its orthorhombic form [a = 16.0780 (3), b = 22.3850 (5), c = 9.5422 (2) Å and space group Pnna].

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9

Schmidt, Horst, Bernhard Euler, Wolfgang Voigt, and Gerhard Heide. "Lithium carnallite, LiCl·MgCl2·7H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 65, no. 9 (August 22, 2009): i57—i59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270109029448.

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10

Muhammad, N., JHP De Bresser, CJ Spiers, and CJ Peach. "Creep behaviour of bischofite, carnallite and mixed bischofite-carnallite-halite salt rock." Geotectonic Research 97, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-5658/2015-07.

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11

Strauch, Bettina, Martin Zimmer, Axel Zirkler, Stefan Höntzsch, and Anja M. Schleicher. "The influence of gas and humidity on the mineralogy of various salt compositions – implications for natural and technical caverns." Advances in Geosciences 45 (August 29, 2018): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-227-2018.

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Abstract. Storage caverns are increasingly located in heterogeneous salt deposits and filled with various fluids. The knowledge of phase behaviour in heterogeneous systems of salt, liquid and gas and the requirements for reliable analytical techniques is, therefore, of growing interest. A method that allows for the continuous monitoring of mineral compositions at distinct humidity and gas content using XRD measurements is presented here. Various saliniferous mineral compositions have been investigated in pure CO2, N2 or CH4 atmospheres with varying humidity in a closed chamber. All mineral compositions experience dissolution and/or mineral conversion reaction accompanied by volume loss. Dissolution-recrystallization reactions of complex mineral assemblages involving halite, sylvite, kieserite, carnallite and kainite were observed using this method. For carnallite-rich mineral assemblages, the mineral conversion from carnallite to sylvite was observed when humidity exceeded 50 % RH. In the presence of CO2, acidification of the aqueous phase occurs which enhances the dissolution rate and reaction kinetics.

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12

Raith, Alexander F., Janos L. Urai, and Jacob Visser. "Structural and microstructural analysis of K–Mg salt layers in the Zechstein 3 of the Veendam Pillow, NE Netherlands: development of a tectonic mélange during salt flow." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 96, no. 4 (December 2017): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2017.31.

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AbstractIn fully developed evaporite cycles, effective viscosity contrasts of up to five orders of magnitude are possible between different layers, but the structures and mechanics in evaporites with such extreme mechanical stratification are not well understood. The Zechstein 3 unit in the Veendam salt pillow in the Netherlands contains anhydrite, halite, carnallite and bischofite, showing this extreme mechanical stratification. The Veendam Pillow has a complex multiphase salt tectonic history as shown by seismic reflection data: salt withdrawal followed by convergent flow into the salt pillow produced ruptures and folds in the underlying Z3-anhydrite–carbonate stringer and deformed the soft Z3-1b layerWe analysed a unique carnallite- and bischofite-rich drill core from the soft Z3-1b layer by macroscale photography, bulk chemical methods, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Results show high strain in the weaker bischofite- and carnallite-rich layers, with associated dynamic recrystallisation at very low differential stress, completely overprinting the original texture. Stronger layers formed by alternating beds of halite and carnallite show complex recumbent folding on different scales commonly interrupted by sub-horizontal shear zones with brittle deformation, veins and boudinage. We attribute this tectonic fragmentation to be associated with a softening of the complete Z3-1b subunit during its deformation. The result is a tectonic mélange with cm- to 10 m-size blocks with frequent folds and boudinage. We infer that these structures and processes are common in deformed, rheologically strongly stratified evaporites.

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13

Krutko, N. P., V. V. Shevchuk, A. D. Smychnik, and T. N. Potkina. "COLD DECOMPOSITION OF CARNALLITE ORE." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 54, no. 2 (June 24, 2018): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2018-54-2-231-237.

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14

Kostiv, I. J., and O. J. Ivanyuk. "Kinetics of the carnallite synthesis." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 82, no. 8 (August 2009): 1494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427209080321.

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15

Kern, Hartmut, and Jörg-Heinrich Franke. "Carnallite -- The Thermal and Thermomechanical Behaviour in a Salt Diapir considered as a Final Disposal Site." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 137, no. 1 (December 1, 1986): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/137/1986/1.

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16

Andreyko, S. S., O. V. Ivanov, T. A. Lyalina, and E. A. Nesterov. "Free gas content of the rocks of the silvinite and silvinite-carnallite zones at the Upper Kama Districts." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2021 (August 25, 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-4-125-133.

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The results of the mine and the laboratory studies of the free gas content of the sylvinite and sylvinite-carnallite zones of the Upper Kama districts are presented. In the process of the experimental studies, the quantitative characteristics of the free gas content were obtained for sylvinite, carnallite and rock salt layers. In the process of the laboratory studies by the gas chromatography of the natural gas samples, the component composition of the free gases was assessed. Based on the geological structure analysis and the gas content study, the assessment of the composition, the volume, the location and the intensity of the natural gases release is given. Based on the experimental studies results of the free gas content, and an analysis of the locations, the volume and the intensity of the gas emissions, the probable places of the free gases accumulation are installed. The main which are the anticlinal folds inflection the rupture and the crushing, the fractures, the tectonic disturbances, the transition of the sylvinites into the carnallite and the composition changes of the layers.

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17

Kozłowska, Monika, Hanna Bandurska, and Włodzimierz Breś. "Response of Lawn Grasses to Salinity Stress and Protective Potassium Effect." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050843.

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The salinity effects on lawn grasses caused by mine salts (halite and carnallitite) due to road de-icing processes was the aim of this study. Biometric and physiological parameters were evaluated after salt dosage of 50 and 100 g m−2 applied to a lawn surface twice and four times, in weekly intervals. The alleviating effect to the salinity on the grasses from potassium enriched soil was also evaluated. Protective effect of potassium included mostly plasma membrane integrity and an increase in the level of photosynthetic pigments. This probably resulted in more efficient photosynthesis and thus increased lawn growth. Simultaneously, only a slight reduction in relative water content (RWC) was noted, so the recorded increase in proline level may indicate its participation in osmotic adjustment. Our results confirm the importance of proper, and even over-optimal, potassium fertilization of lawn grasses exposed to salinity. Moreover, it is advisable to use other fossil salts instead of halite for the de-icing of near-green areas. The mined salt carnallitite which, besides NaCl, contains about 30% of carnalite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O) could be such a substance.

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18

Cheng, Huaide, Qingyu Hai, Jianguo Song, Xuehai Ma, and Changzhong Li. "The role of Mg value and moisture content of decomposed products during the decomposition process of carnallite in aqueous solution: a novel monitoring method." RSC Advances 10, no. 35 (2020): 20529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03567j.

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19

Tavares, J. A., L. F. Moura, A. Bernardo, and M. Giulietti. "Crystallization and separation of KCl from carnallite ore: Process development, simulation, and economic feasibility." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2018): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq170119036t.

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Given an increasing demand for potassium in Brazil, the mining and use of carnallite is becoming increasingly important, because the current source of potassium (sylvinite) is being depleted and there is a risk of shortages. Based on theoretical and practical data available in the literature, this work describes the development, simulation, and economic feasibility of a process for dissolution and crystallization of potassium chloride from carnallite ore. Positive results were obtained following application of the Hoffman diagram and determination of the corresponding equation. The proposed process provided over 85% potassium chloride crystallization, demonstrating its superior performance, compared to existing procedures.

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20

Teofilovic, Branislava, Nevena Grujic-Letic, Strahinja Kovacevic, Sanja Podunavac-Kuzmanovic, and Slobodan Gadzuric. "Analysis of operating variables for Yerba mate leaves supercritical carbon dioxide extraction." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2018): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq170217035t.

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Given the increasing demand for potassium in Brazil, the mining and use of carnallite is becoming increasingly important, because the current source of potassium, sylvinite, is being depleted and there is a risk of shortages. Based on theoretical and practical data available in existing literature, this work describes the development, simulation, and economic feasibility of a process for dissolution and crystallization of potassium chloride from carnallite ore. Positive results were obtained following the application of the Hoffman diagram and determination of the corresponding equation. The proposed process provided over 85% potassium chloride crystallization, demonstrating its superior performance, compared to existing procedures.

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21

Song, Weijun, Shizhong Yang, Serge Maurice Mbadinga, Xiaoyong Sun, and Bozhong Mu. "Non-destructive characterization using MCT reveals the composition and distribution of impurities in solar carnallite." RSC Advances 5, no. 21 (2015): 16230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00989h.

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22

Zelek, S. M., and K. M. Stadnicka. "Carnallite and pseudo-carnallite as solid inclusions in blue halite from Klodawa Salt Mine, Poland." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308083943.

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23

Shirev, M. Yu, and V. A. Lebedev. "New process of synthetic carnallite production." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 52, no. 6 (December 2011): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821211060150.

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24

Schmidt, Horst, Bernhard Euler, Wolfgang Voigt, and Gerhard Heide. "ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Carnallite, LiCl·MgCl2·7H2O." ChemInform 40, no. 48 (November 6, 2009): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200948003.

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25

Jurišová, Jana, Pavel Fellner, Vladimír Danielik, Marek Lencsés, Milan Králik, and Rastislav Šípoš. "Preparation of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride and magnesium nitrate in a laboratory scale using industrial raw materials." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0003.

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Abstract Preparation of potassium nitrate from magnesium nitrate and potassium chloride was investigated. Prepared potassium nitrate contains less than 0.5 % chlorides and it can be applied as environmentally friendly fertilizer in hydroponic systems. After filtration out potassium nitrate crystals from the reciprocal system K+, Mg2+//Cl-, NO3- - H2O, the mother liquor still contains reasonable amount of potassium cations. By evaporation of the mother liquor, carnallite (MgCl2・KCl・6H2O) with admixture of MgCl2・6H2O crystallizes out. Decomposition of carnallite with cold water makes it possible to separate potassium chloride from this compound. When this KCl is returned back to the process of KNO3 making, utilization of potassium as high as 97 % can be achieved.

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26

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, A. I. Vaitenka, and O. V. Smetanina. "Obtaining artificial carnallites from magnesium chloride brines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-2-229-234.

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The excess of magnesium chloride brines is formed during the polymineral ores processing in order to obtain potassium sulfate. One way to regenerate such brines is to produce artificial carnallite. It is necessary to purify these brines from sulfates for their further use as raw materials for the artificial carnallite production. In this work, the process of desulfurization of magnesium chloride brines with a solution of calcium chloride is studied. The temperature and the processing time, the magnesium chloride solutions concentration and the consumption of desulfurizing agent (calcium chloride) influence on the degree of magnesium chloride solutions purification from sulfate ions was determined. It has been established that almost all sulfate ions interact with calcium ion in 15 minutes and the desulfurization degree reaches 98,08 %. The increase in duration of the suspension mixing is necessary in order to establish equilibrium in the system and relieve the supersaturation in the solution. It has been shown that with increasing solutions saturation with MgCl2, the degree of the magnesium chloride brines purification from SO4 2– ion increases. Complete precipitation of calcium sulfate requires a certain excess concentration of calcium chloride.

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27

Kharlamova, Nelli, and Mariia Konovalova1. "Relationship between crack length, wedge-shaped cutter geometry, and salt rocks viscosity in a cross-cutting scheme." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal 1, no. 8 (December 21, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-8-26-34.

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Introduction. Existing publications lack studies on the relationship between salt rocks physical properties, cutters geometry, cutting force, and intergranular fracture of rock under the cutter. By analyzing the system of cracks formed by the cutters between the cutting lines, it is possible to estimate the effi ciency of fracture and design the nature and conditions of cutting. Research aim is to obtain an analytical dependence that links cracks size, cutter geometry, and salt rocks crack resistance; calculate the cutting force; experimentally determine sylvine, halite and carnallite fracture toughness coeffi cients necessary for the calculation. And fi nally, based on the obtained data, the research aimed to build 3D graphs of crack length dependence on cutter geometry for a cross-cutting scheme. Methodology. Sylvine, halite and carnallite crack resistance coeffi cients were obtained by indentation. The coeffi cient values were used in the formula for calculating the size of cracks between the cutting lines in these rocks. The formula was corrected after D6.22 cutter indentation test in salt rocks. Light microscopy technique was used to study fl uid inclusions in salt rocks. Results. Analytical dependence, values of crack resistance coeffi cients were obtained. 3D graphs for halite, sylvine and carnallite were constructed for the cross-cutting scheme. The type, size and concentration of fl uid inclusions along the grain boundaries are given that accelerate intergranular fracture under the cutter. Conclusions. The resulting formula relates cutter geometry (cutting rim width and cutting angle) to the cutting force and viscosity of rocks. The formula was used to build the 3D graphs for sylvine, halite and carnallite for the cross-cutting scheme. The size of cracks under the cutter is connected with the presence of fl uid inclusions. The obtained analytical dependence allows to model the spatial distribution and size of microfractures in salt rocks under the action of the cutting tool. Excessive branching of cracks, energy intensity, and the number of small fractions decrease, when the trajectory of the cutter partially passes through the “technogenic” cracks of the previous bed. This is implemented in the cross-cutting scheme, where this group of cracks plays the role of “starting” ones. Their length in actual practice is important for justifying the optimal cutting parameters and estimating the cutter’s effi ciency.

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28

Wang, Chun-Lian, Li-Hong Liu, Jiu-Yi Wang, Xiao-Can Yu, and Kai Yan. "Micron-Nanometer Evaporite Mineral Compositions in the Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin, China, by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18564.

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze and study micron-nanometer evaporite samples collected from Paleocene and Eocene drill cores in the Jiangling Depression. Accordingly, seven beds of potassium-bearing solid rocks were accurately identified. Sylvite, carnallite, syngenite, dolomite, thenardite, anhydrite, glauberite, halite, barite, celestite, and other solid salt minerals were found, and carnallite, syngenite, and thenardite were found for the first time in the Jiangling Depression. Sylvite, syngenite, and carnallite indicate that the Paleogene salt lakes in the Jiangling Depression had evolved to the sylvite stage and that prospecting for solid sylvite would be satisfactory. Micron-nanometer celestite is contained in the evaporites, from which we can infer that strontium may have been provided by deep formation water (or oil-field water). This finding is of great significance to studying the genesis of sylvite sediment in the Jiangling Depression. From the extensive development of primary glauberite beds typical of warm salt minerals in the Shashi Formation, it can be inferred that the late Paleogene paleoclimate in the Jiangling Depression of the Jianghan Basin was dry and hot. Based on the extensive distribution of micron-nanometer pyrite, siderite, iron and Fe2O3/FeO ratios in evaporite sediments and color analysis of mudstones, the evaporites in the study area formed in an underwater anoxic, reducing environment during sedimentation. Therefore, the evaporite sediments in the Paleocene–Eocene interval of the Jiangling Depression are proposed to have formed in a saltwater lake sedimentary environment, and the ancient lake was characterized by a deep-water salt lake sedimentary model.

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29

Christov, Christomir, and Christo Balarew. "Effect of Temperature on the Solubility Diagrams of Ammonium Bromcarnallite." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 7 (1994): 1620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941620.

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The solubility isotherms of the systems NH4Br - MgBr2 - H2O and NH4Br . MgBr2 . 6 H2O - MgBr2 - H2O have been investigated by the physicochemical analysis method at 75 °C and formation of carnallite type double salt is established. The effect of temperature on the crystallization conditions is discussed.

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30

Emons, H. H. "Mechanism and kinetics of formation and decomposition of carnallitic double salts." Journal of Thermal Analysis 33, no. 1 (March 1988): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914590.

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31

Zhang, Zhimin, Xuchen Lu, Suping Yang, Feng Pan, and Yun Wang. "Preparation of Anhydrous Magnesium Chloride from Ammonium Carnallite." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 28, no. 1 (December 2012): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2012.718479.

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32

Weck, Philippe F., Eunja Kim, Carlos F. Jové-Colón, and David C. Sassani. "First-principles study of anhydrite, polyhalite and carnallite." Chemical Physics Letters 594 (February 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2014.01.015.

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33

Christov, C., S. Petrenko, C. Balarew, and V. Valyashko. "Thermodynamic simulation of four-component carnallite type systems." Monatshefte f�r Chemie Chemical Monthly 125, no. 12 (December 1994): 1371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00811086.

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34

Mamani, V., A. Gutiérrez, A. I. Fernández, and S. Ushak. "Industrial carnallite-waste for thermochemical energy storage application." Applied Energy 265 (May 2020): 114738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114738.

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35

Balarew, Chr, Chr Christov, Vl Valyashko, and S. Petrenko. "Thermodynamics of formation of carnallite type double salts." Journal of Solution Chemistry 22, no. 2 (February 1993): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00650683.

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36

Cheng, Huaide, Qingyu Hai, Jun Li, Jianguo Song, and Xuehai Ma. "The Sensitivity of Temperature to Tachyhydrite Formation: Evidence from Evaporation Experiments of Simulated Brines Based on Compositions of Fluid Inclusions in Halite." Geofluids 2019 (July 3, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7808036.

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An average of concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, and Cl– in fluid inclusions, from the Khorat Plateau evaporite primary halite, was employed. The evaporation–crystallization sequence and paths were obtained under various temperature conditions for the quinary system, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+//Cl–-H2O. The results showed (1) a halite, sylvite, and carnallite stage at 25°C; (2) a halite, sylvite, carnallite, and bischofite stage at 35°C; and (3) a halite, sylvite, carnallite, bischofite, and tachyhydrite stage at 50°C. These results indicated that (1) a hot state is favorable for tachyhydrite formation, (2) tachyhydrite occurs in the late evaporation stage, and (3) the stability field of tachyhydrite increases with increasing temperature. The crystallization paths were plotted by the application of Jänecke phase diagram at 25°C, 35°C, and 50°C involving the system Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+//Cl–-H2O. The crystallization sequence predicted on the Jänecke phase diagram showed a good agreement with the experimental crystallization sequences and paths. Tachyhydrite precipitate more easily from a high Ca concentration solution during the late evaporation stage with increasing temperature under the same relative humidity condition. The evaporite mineral succession in the Khorat Plateau, Sergipe, and Congo basins agrees well with the mineral precipitation sequences predicted from their own fluid inclusions in halite. This is confirmed by the simulation of the Jänecke phase diagram at 50°C involving the system Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+//Cl–-H2O. The precipitation of tachyhydrite was sensitive to the temperature, and that the thermal resource may originate from a temperature profile in the solar pond. This study presented a simulated approach that can help in understanding similar cases that studies the sensitivity of temperature to salt formation.

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37

Top, Soner, and Mehmet Yildirim. "Preparation of synthetic carnallite and amorphous silica from chromite beneficiation plant tailings." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0016.

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Abstract In this paper, synthetic carnallite (MgCl2 ∙ KCl ∙ 6H2O) and amorphous silica (SiO2) preparation possibilities were investigated by utilizing chromite beneficiation plant tailings which contain 3.44% chromite (Cr2O3) and 30.55% magnesium oxide (MgO) by weight. Firstly, laboratory scale high intensity wet magnetic separator was applied for removing the magnetic materials such as chromite, iron (II ) and manganese (II ) minerals in the tailings. About 85.75% of chromite, 91.22% of MnO and 64.71% of Fe2O3 were removed by single stage magnetic separation. After the magnetic separation, hydrometallurgical recovery was initiated by leaching of the tailings with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Amorphous silica particles and the other solids were separated from the leach solution by filtration. Impurities were precipitated from the leach solution by elevating the solution pH via magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) adding. The purified magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution was mixed with potassium hydroxide (KOH ) at stoichiometric ratio. According to the XRD and chemical analysis, the synthetic carnallite was synthesized by controlled heating of this solution at 90-100°C. Also, the amorphous silica with 96.5% SiO2 content and 84.38% recovery yield was obtained by additional magnetic separation treatment.

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38

Cheng, Huaide, Haizhou Ma, Qingyu Hai, Zhihong Zhang, Liming Xu, and Guangfen Ran. "Model for the decomposition of carnallite in aqueous solution." International Journal of Mineral Processing 139 (June 2015): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2015.04.007.

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39

Balarew, Christo, and Stefka Tepavitcharova. "Co-Crystallization in systems with carnallite-type double salts." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 583, no. 1 (April 1990): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19905830123.

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40

Poilov, V. Z., L. V. Golovtchenko, and V. L. Rylov. "Peculiarities of carnallite crystal formation during polythermal mass crystallization." Crystal Research and Technology 24, no. 7 (July 1989): K97—K101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170240720.

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41

Gladikova, L. A., V. V. Teterin, and N. B. Ovchinnikova. "Purification of magnesium chloride solution used for carnallite synthesis." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 81, no. 5 (May 2008): 883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427208050315.

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42

Mel’nikova, G. V. "Development and testing of carnallite chlorinators with chlorine dispersers." Metallurgist 52, no. 11-12 (November 2008): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-009-9115-6.

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43

Heinrich, Frances C., Volkmar Schmidt, Michael Schramm, and Michael Mertineit. "Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in salt rocks from the German Zechstein Basin, Sondershausen mine." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 690–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz326.

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SUMMARY The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of rocks reflects the alignment of certain minerals, and therefore it can be used to investigate the deformation history of rocks. However, for salt rocks, very few studies on the AMS of salt rocks and the influence of accessory minerals exist. In this study, we analysed the potential to use the AMS of salt rocks with low impurity content for fabric characterization. Samples of rock salt, sylvinite and carnallitite from a salt mine in Sondershausen (Germany) from the Late Permian (Zechstein 2, Stassfurt series) are investigated. The results of low-field AMS (LF-AMS) measurements show a very weak but significant magnetic anisotropy for sylvinite, carnallitite, and rock salt with an elevated content of accessory minerals. The AMS results are consistent in individual layers of the same rock type. In order to identify the magnetic minerals, which cause the magnetic anisotropy, the high-field AMS (HF-AMS) was measured using a torque magnetometer in order to separate ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions to the AMS. A significant paramagnetic subfabrics exists, which reflects the alignment of phyllosilicates. The magnitude of the LF-AMS is considerably greater than that of the paramagnetic subfabric. This indicates the existence of a ferrimagnetic subfabric due to magnetite, which can have a different orientation than the paramagnetic subfabric. Differences in the orientation of the AMS in samples from two sites suggest a relationship of deformation history and AMS. At a site with dipping layers, the AMS orientation is independent of the bedding and shows large differences between individual lithological layers. In a tight fold, the AMS of all rock types has similar shape and orientation. We conclude that AMS in salt rocks can give meaningful information on the mineral fabric, which could be used in the analysis of the deformation history.

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44

Christov, Christomir. "Isodimorphic co-crystallization of isostructural ammonium chloro- and bromo-carnallites." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 27, no. 4 (April 1995): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1995.0044.

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45

Dikhtievskaya, L. V., L. F. Shlomina, E. O. Osipova, V. V. Shevchuk, and F. F. Mozheyko. "Flotation enrichment of potash ores of different mineralogical composition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 55, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2019-55-3-277-287.

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The studies on the development of flotation enrichment technology for potash ores (sylvinite, kainit-halite, carnallite-kainit-halite) were conducted. Optimal flotation conditions: salt composition, density and pH of the dispersion medium, collector of the useful component, auxiliary reagents-frothers, hydrophobisators, depressors for obtaining highly enriched potassium-containing concentrate have been developed for each ore. On the example of sylvinite ore enriched by direct flotation in ore-saturated solutions with a density of 1235 kg/m3, it was shown that the use of a combination of frothers (pine oil, polyethylene glycol) and apolar reagents (liquid paraffins, industrial oil) as part of a complex collector based on higher aliphatic amines (C16 –C18) provides an increase in the extraction of potassium chloride to the concentrate with high quality of the latter. For kainite-halite ore enriched by direct flotation in the saturated aqueous solution of magnesium chloride with a density of 1284 kg/m3 and pH 6–7, lower aliphatic amines (C10 –C12) in combination with amyl alcohol or caprylic acid are effective as a collector of kainite. Carnallite-kainite-halite ore is enriched by reverse flotation in aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride with a density of 1285–1295 kg/m 3 and pH 3–4 using the halite collector of the hydrochloric acid salt of alkylmorpholine.

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46

Chaikovski, I. I., E. V. Chaikovskaya, O. V. Korotchenkova, E. P. Chirkova, and T. A. Utkina. "Authigenic minerals of titanium and zirconium of the Verkhnekamskoye salt deposit." Геохимия 64, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-7525642182-194.

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Newly formed titanium oxides and zircons have been identified in the salt and suprasalt of the Verkhnekamskoye Salt Deposit. These features have been associated with the hydrolysis of clay material and the release of colloidal titanium and zirconium hydroxide during diagenesis, catagenesis, and hypergenesis. This is made possible by sulfate reduction and the acidic environment, which are caused by the radiation–oxidation of Fe2+ from sylvite and carnallite. Anatase is formed both in the suprasalt and salt measures and, only in the lower part of the salt measures, in the rutile. Such a distribution can be associated both with an increase in the degree of catagenetic transformation of salt rocks with depth and with the composition of coexisting sulfate or chloride brines. A typical form of anatase crystals is pinacoid, but this is replaced by a dipyramidal structure in the carnallite zone, which is the location of the most acidic brine. Three types of twins were recorded for rutile, the formation of which is attributable to the growth of a dehydrated colloid of titanium hydroxide on a finely dispersed aggregate. The impurities V, Cr, and Zr (Al, Si, and Fe) established in the titanium oxides reflect the geochemical specialization of the aluminosilicate terrigenous material sources.

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47

Carter, T. S., and J. E. Smith. "Magnesium Oil Mud Provides Gauge Hole in Bischofite / Carnallite Formations." SPE Drilling Engineering 1, no. 02 (April 1, 1986): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/11356-pa.

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48

Gutierrez, Andrea, Svetlana Ushak, and Marc Linder. "High Carnallite-Bearing Material for Thermochemical Energy Storage: Thermophysical Characterization." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 5 (March 23, 2018): 6135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04803.

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49

Aptukov, V. N., V. Yu Mitin, N. E. Moloshtanova, and I. A. Morozov. "Nano-range mechanical characteristics of carnallite, spathic salt and sylvite." Journal of Mining Science 49, no. 3 (May 2013): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739149030052.

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50

Podder, J., S. Gao, R. W. Evitts, R. W. Besant, and D. Matthews. "Synthesis of carnallite crystal from KCl – MgCl2solutions and its characterization." International Journal of Materials Research 105, no. 3 (March 11, 2014): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.111013.

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